MODULE 3: VOLLEYBALL

Volleyball – a popular and diverse sport with many variations.

- indoor, outdoor and beach volleyball
- two, three or six players each team
- mixed 6 games to 11 pts to 15 pts or by the clock
- developed as an alternative to basketball by WILLIAM G. MORGAN in 1985.
Objective:
- to send the ball over the net, to ground it on the opponent’s courts.
- the team has 3 hits for returning the ball

BRIEF HISTORY
William G. Morgan – born in the state of New York.
- inventor of the game, originally called ‘Mintonette’.
- studied in Springfield College of the YMCA
James Naismith – invented basketball in 1891.

FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT

1. Playing Area
- includes the playing court and the free zone.
- it shall be rectangular and symmetrical.

1.1 Dimension
- the court is rectangle measuring 18x9m, free zone of 3m wide on all sides
- free playing space measuring 7m height
1.2 Playing Surface
- must be flat, horizontal, and uniform.
White colors – required for the lines of Official Competitions.
1.3 Lines on the Court – all lines are 5cm wide.

Service zone – a 9m wide area behind each end line.

Substitution zone – limited by extending both attack lines to the scorer’s table.
Warm-up area – 3x3 m in both bench-side corners.
Penalty area – 1x1 m with two chairs, limited by a 5cm wide red line.

1.5 Temperature – shall not be below 10 degrees C.

1.6 Lighting – it should be 1000-1500 lux measured above the surface.

2. Net and Post

Height of the net – 2.43 m for men and 2.24 m for women.
Antenna – a flexible rod, 1.80m long and 10mm in diameter made of fiberglass.
Posts – 2.55m high and adjustable.

3. Balls
- shall be spherical made of rubber.
- circumference is 65-67cm, weight is 260-280g.

4. To score a point
- by landing the ball on the opponent’s court.
- opposing team commits a fault
- opponent team receives a penalty
Double Fault – if opponents commit two or more faults, and the rally is replayed.
Rally – when the service is hit by the server until the ball is out of play.
Set – won by the team which first scores 25 pts, min. lead of 2 pts.
Match – won by the team that wins 3 sets, in case of 2-2 tie the 5th set is played to 15 pts.

MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE BASIC SKILL

1. SERVING
Underhand Serve – the server steps the left foot forward, transferring weight to the front foot.
-Then, the right-hand swings forward. The ball can be hit with an open hand or fist.

Overhand Serve – the server stands with left foot in front, left side of the body facing toward the net
and the weight is on both feet.
- As the ball tossed, weight is shifts to the back foot.
 - suggested height of the toss is 3-5 feet.

2. PASSING OR RETURNING
Forearm Pass – or underarm pass, the trunk leans forward, and the back is straight with 90-degree
angle between the thighs and the body.
Overhand Pass/Setting – bring your hands together with your fingertips touching.
- Open your hands forming triangle.

3. SPIKING OR ATTACKING – Take 3-4 steps near the side and attack lines with the last step taken.
Step-close takes-off – transfer the body’s momentum into a vertical direction.
Blocking – jump into the air directly in front of the spike, arms extended to block the ball.

4. STATES OF PLAY
Ball in – from the moment the hit of the service authorized the 1st referee.
Ball out – out of play at the moment of the fault which is whistled by one of the referees.
Ball “in” – at any moment of its contact with the floor.
Ball “out” – ball is completely outside the boundary lines.

FAULTS IN PLAYING THE BALL

Four Hits – if the team used more than three hits for returning the ball.
Assisted Hit – a player takes support from a teammate to hit the ball within the playing area.
Catch – the ball is caught and thrown; does not rebound from the hit.
Double Contact – a player hits the ball twice in succession.

REFEREE’S OFFICIAL HAND SIGNALS

1. Authorization to Serve – move the hand to indicate direction of service.
2. Team to Serve – extend the arm to the side of the team that will serve.
3. Change of Courts – raise the forearm front and back.
4. Time-out – one hand over the fingers, forming a T.
5. Substitution – circular motion of the forearms.
6. Misconduct Warning – show a yellow card for warning.
7. Misconduct Penalty – show a red card for penalty.
8. Expulsion – show both cards jointly.
9. Disqualification – show red and yellow cards separately.
10. End of Set or Match – cross the forearms in front of the chest, hands open
11. Ball not tossed or released – lift the extended arm, palm facing upwards.
12. Delay in Service – raise eight fingers.
13. Blocking Fault or Screening – raise both arms vertically, palms forward.
14. Positional or Rotational Fault – make a circular motion with forefinger.
15. Ball “in” – point the arm and fingers toward the floor.
16. Ball “out” – raise the forearms vertically.
17. Catch – slowly lift the forearm.
18. Double Contact – raise two fingers.
19. Four Hits – raise four fingers.
20. Net touched by player – served ball touches the net
21. Reaching beyond the net – place a hand above the net, palm facing downwards.
22. Attack Hit Fault – make a downward motion with the forearm.
23. Penetration into the opponent court – point to the center line.
24. Double Fault and Replay – raise both thumbs vertically.
25. Ball Touched – brush with the palm of one hand the fingers of the other.
26. Delay Warning/Penalty – cover the wrist with a yellow (warning) and red (penalty) cards.

LINE JUDGES’ OFFICIAL FLAG SIGNAL

1. Ball “in” – point down with flag.
2. Ball “out” – raise flag vertically.
3. Ball Touched – raised flag and touched the top with the palm.
4. Crossing space faults – wave flag over the head and point to the antenna.
5. Judgement Impossible – raise and cross both arms in front of the chest.