Racial and Ethnic Groups 14Th Edition Schaefer Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Racial and Ethnic Groups 14th Edition
Schaefer Test Bank

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Schaefer, Racial and Ethnic Groups, 14/e, Test Bank
Chapter 6 – Native Americans: The First Americans
Quick Quiz
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The ________ takes the view that the global economic system is divided between nations that
control wealth and those that provide natural resources and labor.
a. world systems theory
b. allotment act
c. exploitation theory
d. quota system
Answer: a
Question Title: TB_06_01_Early European Contacts_Remember_LO 6.1

Learning Objective: 6.1: What impact have treaties had right up to the present?
Topic: Early European Contacts
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: 1 – Easy
Page Reference: 143
2. The relocation of all Eastern tribes across the Mississippi River that lasted more than a decade
is called ________.
a. the Walk for Justice
b. the Trail of Tears
c. pan-Indianism
d. the Ghost Dance
Answer: b
Question Title: TB_06_02_Treaties and Warfare_Remember_LO 6.1

Topic: Treaties and Warfare
Page Reference: 144
3. ________ refers to intertribal social movements in which several tribes, joined by political
goals but not by kinship, unite in a common identity.
a. Pan-Indianism
b. Neocolonialism
c. Nativism
d. Ethnocentrism
Answer: a
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Question Title: TB_06_03_Collective Action_Remember_LO 6.3

Learning Objective: 6.3: What collective action have Native Americans taken?
Topic: Collective Action
Page Reference: 150
4. Which of the following statements is true of pan-Indianism?

a. It is only observed among the Native Americans and not among other ethnic subgroups.
b. It serves to host cultural events within a tribal community.
c. Its proponents see the tribes as captive nations.
d. It is a result of kinship among members of a tribe.
Answer: c
Question Title: TB_06_04_Collective Action_Understand_LO 6.3

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate
Page Reference: 150
5. Which of the following statements is true of fish-ins?

a. They were protests held by Washington State officials against Native Americans.
b. They were held by Native Americans to continue fish farming.
c. They brought increased public awareness of the deprivations of Native Americans.
d. The protests were held to safeguard White society’s law.
Answer: c

Page Reference: 151
6. In the context of American Indian identity, which of the following refers to tribal self-rule and
is recognition that tribes have vibrant economic and cultural lives?
a. autonomy
b. secularity
c. diversity
d. sovereignty
Answer: d
Question Title: TB_06_06_American Indian Identity_Remember_LO 6.4

Learning Objective: 6.4: What are the different aspects of American Indian identity?
Topic: American Indian Identity
Page Reference: 153
Short Answer Questions
7. In 1824, ________ was created to coordinate the government’s relations with the tribes and to
maintain peace and friendly relations along the frontier.
Answer: Bureau of Indian Affairs

Page Reference: 144
8. ________ styles of dancing, singing, and costuming derived from the tradition of Plains tribes
of Native Americans are spreading nationwide as common cultural traits.
Answer: Powwow

Page Reference: 153
Multiple Choice Questions
9. Which of the following statements is true of the early European explorers and immigrants of
the Western hemisphere?
a. Christopher Columbus was the first explorer to reach North America.
b. The Europeans were hunters in search of wild game, including mammoths and long-horned
bison.
c. The Europeans had superior weaponry which gave them an advantage over the Native
Americans.
d. The indigenous people were immune to the diseases the explorers brought with them.
Answer: c
Question Title: TB_06_09_Early European Contacts_Understand_LO 6.1

Page Reference: 142
10. Which of the following statements is true of Native Americans?

a. They are known for speaking a single language.
b. They have their roots in the African continent.
c. They include Whites and Hispanics.
d. They are diverse in terms of cultures and religions.
Answer: d

Page Reference: 143
11. Which of the following statements is true of warfare between Native American tribes?
a. Their conflicts resulted in mass mortality.
b. Their conflicts were European-initiated warfare.
c. Their warfare was limited to specific campaigns designed for specific purposes.
d. Their warfare was never for personal reasons.
Answer: c

Page Reference: 143
12. Gradually, the policies directed from Europe toward the indigenous peoples of North
America resembled the approach described in the world systems theory. Which of the following
was the most important to the Europeans?
a. the spiritual expression of the indigenous peoples
b. the land the indigenous peoples occupied
c. the sacramental use of peyote
d. the fishing and hunting practices of the indigenous peoples
Answer: b

Page Reference: 143
13. The Bureau of Indian Affairs, created in 1824, was part of the ________.
a. Department of Interior
b. Department of Education
c. Department of Justice
d. Department of War
Answer: d

Page Reference: 144
14. The Indian Removal Act of 1830, called for the relocation of ________.
a. all northern tribes to the south
b. all Eastern tribes across the Mississippi River
c. all Western tribes across the Colorado River
d. all Native Americans to the African continent
Answer: b

Page Reference: 144
15. Which of the following statements is true of the Indian Removal Act of 1830?
a. It was carried out to protect the American Indians from an epidemic.
b. It led to annexation of tribal land in America.
c. The Native Americans were well compensated for relocation.
d. The migration was volunteered by the Native Americans.
Answer: b
Question Title: TB_06_15_Treaties and Warfare_Understand_LO 6.1

Page Reference: 144
16. In 1887, which of the following policies bypassed tribal leaders and proposed making
individual landowners of tribal members?
a. The Allotment Act
b. The Reorganization Act
c. The Indian Claims Commission
d. The Alaska Native Settlement Act
Answer: a

Page Reference: 145
17. Which of the following is true of the Allotment Act of 1887?

a. It acquainted landowners with skills necessary to make a land productive.
b. It encouraged Native Americans to sell their land.
c. It assumed the Native Americans would become homesteaders.
d. It prevented a land from being leased.
Answer: c

Page Reference: 145
18. Much of the land deeded under the Allotment Act of 1887 eventually came into the
possession of ________.
a. the tribal leaders
b. Native American families
c. non-Indians
d. the Black settlers
Answer: c

Page Reference: 145
19. Which of the following was the objective of the Allotment Act?
a. assimilation of Native Americans into the White society
b. creation of a pluralistic society of Indians and non-Indians
c. expatriation of Native Americans
d. ethnic cleansing of Native Americans from the White society
Answer: a

Page Reference: 145
20. Which of the following is true of the Indian Reorganization Act?

a. It was readily accepted by all the tribes.
b. It extended the Allotment Act for another 10 years.
c. It allowed tribes to adopt a written constitution for themselves.
d. It prohibited the tribes from electing a tribal council with a head.
Answer: c

Page Reference: 145
21. Which of the following steps taken by the government since World War II has created a new
meeting place for Native Americans in cities, far from their native homelands and the
reservations?
a. The Johnson-O’Malley Act
b. The Reorganization Act
c. The Indian Claims Commission
d. The Employment Assistance Program
Answer: d
Question Title: TB_06_21_Reservation Life and Federal Policies_Understand_LO 6.2

Learning Objective: 6.2: How do federal policies affect Native Americans?
Topic: Reservation Life and Federal Policies
Page Reference: 147
22. Which of the following statements is true of the Cobell class action lawsuit?
a. The case was filed under the trust arrangements created by the Reorganization Act.
b. The case was filed on behalf of half a million Whites in the United States.
c. The government had well documented records to present their case.
d. The government was charged with cheating billions of dollars in royalties.
Answer: d

Page Reference: 147
23. The treaty in which the Sioux lost their land is known as the ________.
a. 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty
b. 1854 Treaty of Medicine Creek
c. 1934 Treaty of Relations
d. 1944 Bretton Woods Agreement
Answer: a
Question Title: TB_06_23_Reservation Life and Federal Policies_Remember_LO 6.2

Page Reference: 148
24. Which of the following statements is true of the Termination Act of 1953?
a. It activated recommendations for a period of tax immunity for Americans.
b. It provided funding for the essential federal services.
c. It focused on individual needs in spite of maximizing costs.
d. It resulted in the withdrawal of basic services such as road repair and medical care.
Answer: d

Page Reference: 148
25. In the context of the Termination Act, the government orders on the Native Americans
resulted in ________.
a. the tribes becoming autonomous
b. tribe members joining the federal services
c. major economic upheaval for the affected tribes
d. a strong bond between local government agencies and the tribes
Answer: c
Question Title: TB_06_25_Reservation Life and Federal Policies_Remember_LO 6.2

Page Reference: 148
26. Which of the following statements is true of the Employment Assistance Program?
a. It is a successful program and is still in place for those who seek assistance.
b. It involved setting up industries near reservations.
c. It provided tax incentives that eventually paid for themselves.
d. It relocated people away from reservations for better jobs opportunities.
Answer: d

Page Reference: 149
27. Which of the following consequences of the Employment Assistance Program is accurate?
a. It resulted in a Native American version of the brain drain.
b. It increased the labor force on the reservation.
c. It helped resolve all the problems of Native Americans in cities.
d. It led to the destruction of all intertribal networks.
Answer: a

Page Reference: 150
28. ________, founded in 1944 in Denver, Colorado, was the first national organization
representing Native Americans.
a. The National Civic League
b. The American Civil Liberties Union
c. The Association of Young Americans
d. The National Congress of American Indians
Answer: d

Page Reference: 150
29. Which of the following statements is true of the National Congress of American Indians?
a. It was registered as a lobby in Washington, DC.
b. It brought out the sentiments of the Whites in America.
c. It was formed in the aftermath of the American Indian Religious Freedom Act.
d. It recommended that both Indian and non-Indian members pay equally in dues.
Answer: a

Page Reference: 150
30. The Indian Claims Commission was a significant development because it ________.
a. played an important role in creating the National Congress of American Indians
b. sits in judgment of Indians charged with criminal offenses
c. is considered the most important civil rights organization for Native Americans
d. created a patrol to monitor police actions and document charges of police brutality
Answer: c

Page Reference: 150
31. Which of the following statements is true of the American Indian Movement?
a. The group was known for its conservative ideas.
b. The group was created to provide jobs to American Indians.
c. The group documented the relocation of American Indians.
d. The group promoted programs for alcohol rehabilitation.
Answer: d

Page Reference: 150
32. Fish-ins argued in accordance with the ________.

a. 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty
b. 1854 Treaty of Medicine Creek
c. 1934 Treaty of Relations
d. 1944 Bretton Woods Agreement
Answer: b

Page Reference: 151
33. Which of the following statements is true of the seizure of Alcatraz Island in San Francisco
Bay, in 1969?
a. The island was seized by members of the Alaska Indian Center.
b. The island was an active maximum-security federal prison.
c. The federal government was undecided about how to use it.
d. The Whites cheated the Native Americans by paying them $24 for the property.
Answer: c

Page Reference: 152
34. Which of the following statements is true of the Battle of Wounded Knee II of 1973?
a. It took place between Cherokee and Apache tribes.
b. It involved the occupation of the site of the infamous cavalry assault of 1890.
c. The leader of the confrontation received no support, yet managed to get successful results.
d. The occupation received negligible press coverage.
Answer: b

Page Reference: 152
35. Wounded Knee, South Dakota, is the site of the infamous assault in 1890 by ________.
a. White ranchers
b. the Iroquois tribe
c. the Choctaw tribe
d. the U.S. Army
Answer: d

Page Reference: 152
36. A visible activity of the American Indian Movement (AIM) has been its efforts to ________.
a. gain clemency for Leonard Peltier, one of its leaders
b. prove the criminal status of Dennis Banks, an AIM leader
c. prohibit the release of the documentary Incident at Oglala
d. organize a walk called the Trail of Tears
Answer: a

Page Reference: 153
37. In the United States, ________ dominate the national organizations, not only politically but
also culturally.
a. Plains tribes
b. the Whites
c. African immigrants
d. European immigrants
Answer: a

Page Reference: 153
38. Originally, the phrase pau wau referred to ________.

a. native dances
b. the medicine man
c. the homeland
d. apples
Answer: b

Page Reference: 153
39. Which of the following is a macro level of American Indian identity?

a. how individuals view themselves as American Indian
b. the recognition of tribes
c. how the perception of American Indians is recognized
d. the status of members of a tribe
Answer: b
Question Title: TB_06_39_American Indian Identity_Understand_LO 6.4

Page Reference: 153
40. Which of the statements is true of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act?
a. It was a step to resolve sovereignty of the Alaska Natives.
b. The immigrants to Alaska gave up their claims of land in exchange for payments.
c. It addressed Native hunting and fishing rights of the Alaska Natives.
d. It laid down strict regulations for Alaska Native government.
Answer: a

Page Reference: 154
41. Which of the following is true of the acknowledgment process established in 1978?
a. It was established by the Department of Justice.
b. According to it, the tribes are required to show that they are a blended group.
c. It was established by the combined efforts of Native American tribes.
d. It was set up to decide if any more tribes needed a government-to-government relationship.
Answer: d

Page Reference: 154
42. Which of the following statements is true of a standard of ancestry established by recognized
tribes?
a. It is used to determine who is a tribal member.
b. It is used to determine the health of a tribe member.
c. It is a unanimously accepted procedure.
d. It is independent of racial purity measures.
Answer: a

Page Reference: 154
43. The use of American Indian names as mascots for athletic teams is seen by the Native
Americans as ________.
a. a public insult
b. racial profiling
c. a hate crime
d. de facto segregation
Answer: a
Question Title: TB_06_43_Native Americans Today_Understand_LO 6.5

Learning Objective: 6.5: What are the special challenges to economic development, education,
healthcare, and the environment?
Topic: Native Americans Today
Page Reference: 155
44. Which of the following statements regarding the socioeconomic status of Native Americans
is accurate?
a. The contemporary Native American population lives entirely on reservations.
b. The Native Americans living on reservations have good quality houses.
c. Native Americans are a highly employed people.
d. Native Americans are an impoverished people.
Answer: d

Page Reference: 156
45. Which of the following statements is true of the economic development of Native
Americans?
a. Tourism is an important source of employment for many reservation residents.
b. They are more likely to be occupied as managers or administrators.

c. They have higher incomes and lower poverty rates.
d. Casino gambling is prohibited on reservations according to the tribal tradition.
Answer: a

Page Reference: 157
46. In the context of tourism based on Native American heritage, which of the following
statements is true?
a. Tourists interpret their experiences to be conflicting with their previously held stereotypes of
Native Americans.
b. Enterprises related to tourism have achieved significant success to improve the tribal
economy.
c. Native foods and souvenirs are especially sought after by contemporary tourists conscious of
the historical context.
d. Tourism, in light of exploitation of tribal people, is a complex interaction of the outside with
Native Americans.
Answer: d

Page Reference: 157
47. Which of the following statements is true of Native American craftworks?

a. Craftwork is the highest source of profits that meets the needs of Native Americans.
b. The trading-post business has benefited Native American cultures.
c. Selling objects as Native American crafts when it is not is a punishable crime.
d. The Native American craftworks cannot be produced by mechanical duplication.
Answer: c


Page Reference: 157
48. The 1988 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act ________.

a. prohibits gambling that was once allowed under state law
b. prohibits hunting of protected animals and birds near reservations
c. allows for negotiated gambling agreements on reservations
d. allows only Indians to gamble on reservations in accordance to their traditions
Answer: c
Question Title: TB_06_48_Native Americans Today_Remember_LO 6.5

Page Reference: 157
49. In the context of casino gambling, the actual casinos are a form of ________.
a. federal government enterprise
b. tribal government enterprise
c. private business operations
d. public non-profit operations
Answer: b

Page Reference: 157
50. In the context of the economic aspects of gambling, which of the following statements is
true?
a. The wealth from reservation casino gambling is evenly sourced and distributed among the
recognized Indian tribes.
b. Expansion of non-tribal gambling outlets has led to further growth in receipts on virtually all
reservation gaming operations.
c. Reservation casino gambling was boosted further during the recent recession.
d. In 2011, the nationwide receipts from reservation casino operations have been more than Las
Vegas and Atlantic City combined.
Answer: d

Page Reference: 157
51. Which of the following statements is true of tribes that have opened casinos on reservations?
a. The tribes do not pay taxes to local, state, or federal governments.
b. Nationwide, the economic and social impact of the revenue from casinos is limited.
c. Unemployment in the reservations has substantially increased despite the casinos.
d. On the reservations that benefit from gambling enterprises, the family income is significantly
higher than for the nation as a whole.
Answer: b

Page Reference: 158
52. Native Americans who oppose gambling on moral grounds do so because ________.
a. they believe the playing field for gambling is uneven
b. gambling detracts politicians from necessary public affairs
c. they believe the casinos trivialize and cheapen their heritage
d. they oppose to the contributions made to politicians involved in policies concerning gambling
laws
Answer: c

Page Reference: 158
53. The 1794 treaty with the Oneida Indians is primarily associated with ________.
a. healthcare
b. education
c. senior citizen support
d. pension to the handicapped
Answer: b

Page Reference: 159
54. Which of the following statements is true of education among the Cherokee tribe?
a. Through the nineteenth century, schools run by the tribe were completely financed by the
federal government.
b. The tribe is opposed to learning the English language.
c. By the mid-1800s, literacy for the tribe was still negligible.
d. The tribe developed an extensive bilingual school system.
Answer: d

Page Reference: 159
55. Which of the following best describes a kickout?

a. It refers to a Native American student who leaves school due to an unproductive academic
environment.
b. It refers to a person or group blamed irrationally for another person’s or group’s problems or
difficulties.
c. It refers to a Native American who excels in life despite hardships faced in his or her
childhood.
d. It refers to a payment made to a casino operator in exchange of favors.
Answer: a


Page Reference: 159
56. The assimilationist view argues that to succeed in larger White-dominated society, it is
important for Native Americans to ________.
a. start shedding the native beliefs and lifestyles as soon as possible
b. promote embracing the past
c. protest against the education system established by White-dominated society
d. start using curricula that the Native American youth should learn in their homes and
communities
Answer: a

Page Reference: 160
57. Which of the following statements is true of tribally controlled colleges?

a. They are specialized in providing primary education.
b. They exclusively enroll the Native American women.
c. They provide services such as counseling and childcare.
d. They accept and encourage the assimilationist view.
Answer: c

Page Reference: 160
58. In 1955, the responsibility for healthcare for Indian Americans through the Indian Health
Service transferred from the Bureau of Indian Affairs to the ________.
a. American Medical Association
b. Public Health Service
c. tribal governments
d. state governments
Answer: b

Page Reference: 161
59. Which of the following statements is true of Native American treatments?

a. They encourage patients to contribute to the healing benefits.
b. They are no longer in practice due to pressure on Native Americans to assimilate.
c. They tend to be invasive and recuperation is slow.
d. They were derived from White culture’s medicine.
Answer: a

Page Reference: 161
60. Which of the following is a hallucinogen?

a. Ikwewag
b. Boozhoo
c. powwow
d. peyote
Answer: d
Question Title: TB_06_60_Religious and Spiritual Expression_Remember_LO 6.6

Learning Objective: 6.6: How are religion and spirituality expressed?
Topic: Religious and Spiritual Expression
Page Reference: 162
61. Congress amended the American Indian Religious Freedom Act in 1994 to allow Native
Americans the right to ________.
a. perform the Ghost Dance in public places on religious occasions
b. possess and use peyote for religious purposes
c. reclaim Native remains by tribes with authentic claims
d. bury their dead on historically sacred tribal ground
Answer: b
Question Title: TB_06_61_Religious and Spiritual Expression_Remember_LO 6.6

Page Reference: 162
62. ________ is a term used to describe efforts to ensure that hazardous substances are controlled
so that all communities receive protection regardless of race or socioeconomic circumstances.
a. Environmental justice
b. Affirmative action
c. Amalgamation
d. Environmental refuge
Answer: a
Question Title: TB_06_62_Environment_Remember_LO 6.5

Topic: Environment
Page Reference: 163
Essay Questions
63. Describe the provisions of the Employment Assistance Program. What were the
consequences of implementing this program?
Answer: In 1952, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) began programs to relocate young Native
Americans to urban areas. One of these programs, after 1962, was called the Employment
Assistance Program, EAP. The EAP’s primary provision was for relocation, individually or in
families, at government expense, to urban areas where job opportunities were greater than those
on the reservations. The BIA stressed that the EAP was voluntary, but this was a fiction given
the lack of viable economic alternatives open to American Indians. The program was not a
success for the many Native Americans who found the urban experience unsuitable or
unbearable. By 1965, one-fourth to one-third of the people in the EAP had returned to their home
reservations. So great was the rate of return that in 1959 the BIA stopped releasing data on the
percentage of returnees, fearing that they would give too much ammunition to critics of the EAP.
The movement of Native Americans into urban areas has had many unintended consequences. It
has further reduced the labor force on the reservation. Those who leave tend to be better
educated, creating the Native American version of the brain drain. Urbanization unquestionably
contributed to the development of an intertribal network, or pan-Indian movement. The city
became the new meeting place of Native Americans, who learned of their common predicament
both in the city and on the 325 federally administered reservations. Government agencies also
had to develop a policy of continued assistance to nonreservation Native Americans; despite
such efforts, the problems of Native Americans in cities persist.

Page Reference: 149–150
64. Describe briefly the economic impact of casino gambling on the Native American
community.
Answer: A recent source of significant income and some employment has been the introduction
of gambling on reservations. Some forms of gambling, originally part of tribal ceremonies or
celebrations, existed long before Europeans arrived in the Western hemisphere. Today, however,
commercial gambling is the only viable source of employment and revenue available to many
tribes.
The economic impact on some reservations has been enormous, and nationwide receipts
amounted to $27.4 billion in 2011 from reservation casino operations—more than Las Vegas and
Atlantic City combined. However, the wealth is uneven: About two-thirds of the recognized
Indian tribes have no gambling ventures. A few successful casinos have led to staggering
windfalls, but reliance on a single industry can prove deadly as in the recent recession when the
gaming industry in general, and on reservations, took a major hit. Recently, expansion of
gambling outlets, mostly non-tribal, including on the Internet, have led to no growth in receipts
on virtually all reservation gaming operations for the first time in 25 years. The more typical
picture is of moderately successful gambling operations associated with tribes whose social and
economic needs are overwhelming. Tribes that have opened casinos have experienced drops in
unemployment and increases in household income not seen on nongaming reservations.
However, three important factors must be considered:
1. The tribes do pay taxes. They pay $10 billion in gambling-generated taxes to local, state, and
federal governments. That still leaves significant profits that can be paid to tribal members or
reinvested in collective tribal operations.
2. Nationwide, the economic and social impact of this revenue is limited. The tribes that make
substantial revenue from gambling are a small fraction of Native American people.
3. Even on the reservations that benefit from gambling enterprises, the levels of unemployment
are substantially higher and the family income significantly lower than for the nation as a whole.

Additional Essay Questions
65. Describe the Allotment Act of 1887. What was its outcome?
Answer: The Allotment Act of 1887 bypassed tribal leaders and proposed making individual
landowners of tribal members. Each family was given as many as 160 acres under the
government’s assumption that, with land, Native Americans would become more like the White
homesteaders who were flooding the not-yet-settled areas of the West.
The effect of the Allotment Act, however, was disastrous. To guarantee that they would remain
homesteaders, the act prohibited the Native Americans from selling the land for 25 years. Yet no
effort was made to acquaint them with the skills necessary to make the land productive. Many
tribes were not accustomed to cultivating land and, if anything, considered such labor
undignified, and they received no assistance in adapting to homesteading.
Much of the land initially deeded under the Allotment Act eventually came into the possession of
White landowners. The land could not be sold legally, but it could be leased with the BIA
serving as the trustee. In this role, the federal government took legal title that included the duty
to collect on behalf of the tribal members any revenues generated by non-Indians through
mining, oil, timber operations, grazing, or similar activities. The failure of the government to
carry out this duty has been an issue for well over a century.
Large parcels of land eventually fell into the possession of non-Indians. For Native Americans
who managed to retain the land, the BIA required that, upon the death of the owner, the land be
divided equally among all descendants, regardless of tribal inheritance customs. In documented
cases, this division resulted in as many as 30 people trying to live off an 80-acre plot of
worthless land. By 1934, Native Americans had lost approximately 90 million of the 138 million
acres in their possession before the Allotment Act.

Page Reference: 145
66. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the Reorganization Act of 1934.
Answer: The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, known as the Wheeler-Howard Act, recognized
the need to use, rather than ignore, tribal identity. But assimilation, rather than movement toward
a pluralistic society, was still the goal.
Many provisions of the Reorganization Act, including revocation of the Allotment Act, benefited
Native Americans. Still, given the legacy of broken treaties, many tribes at first distrusted the
new policy. Under the Reorganization Act, tribes could adopt a written constitution and elect a
tribal council with a head. This system imposed foreign values and structures. Under it, the
elected tribal leader represented an entire reservation, which might include several tribes, some
hostile to one another. Furthermore, the leader had to be elected by majority rule, a concept alien
to many tribes. Many full-blooded Native Americans resented the provision that mixed-bloods
had full voting rights. The Indian Reorganization Act did facilitate tribal dealings with
government agencies, but the dictation to Native Americans of certain procedures common to
White society and alien to the tribes was another sign of forced assimilation.
As was true of earlier government reforms, the Reorganization Act sought to assimilate Native
Americans into the dominant society on the dominant group’s terms. In this case, the tribes were
absorbed within the political and economic structure of the larger society. Apart from the
provision that tribal chairmen were to oversee reservations with several tribes, the
Reorganization Act solidified tribal identity. Unlike the Allotment Act, it recognized the right of
Native Americans to approve or reject some actions taken on their behalf. The act still
maintained substantial non–Native American control over the reservations. As institutions, the
tribal governments owed their existence not to their people but to the BIA. These tribal
governments rested at the bottom of a large administrative hierarchy.

67. Why was the passage of Termination Act of 1953 disastrous?
Answer: The Termination Act of 1953 initiated the most controversial government policy toward
reservation Native Americans in the twentieth century. Like many such policies, the act
originated in ideas that were meant to benefit Native Americans and give them greater autonomy
while at the same time reducing federal expenditures, a goal popular among taxpayers. In 1947,
congressional hearings were held to determine which tribes had the economic resources to be
relieved of federal control and assistance.
The services the tribes received, such as subsidized medical care and college scholarships,
should not have been viewed as special and deserving to be discontinued. These services were
not the result of favoritism but merely fulfilled treaty obligations. The termination of the Native
Americans’ relationship to the government then came to be viewed by Native Americans as a
threat to reduce services rather than a release from arbitrary authority. Native Americans might
gain greater self-governance, but at a high price.
The Termination Act as finally passed in 1953 emphasized reducing costs and ignored individual
needs. Recommendations for a period of tax immunity were dropped. According to the act,
federal services such as medical care, schools, and road equipment were supposed to be
withdrawn gradually. Instead, when the Termination Act’s provisions began to go into effect,
federal services were stopped immediately, with minimal coordination between local
government agencies and the tribes to determine whether the services could be continued by
other means. The effect of the government orders on the Native Americans was disastrous, with
major economic upheaval on the affected tribes, who could not establish some of the most basic
services—such as road repair and fire protection—that the federal government had previously
provided. The federal government resumed these services in 1975 with congressional action that
signaled the end of another misguided policy intended to be good for tribal peoples.
Question Title: TB_06_67_Reservation Life and Federal Poilicies_Analyze It_LO 6.2

Skill Level: Analyze It
Difficulty Level: 3 – Difficult
Page Reference: 148
68. Give an overview of the protest efforts made by Native Americans. Also, mention the
outcome of the efforts made.
Answer: Fish-ins began in 1964 to protest interference by Washington State officials with Native
Americans who were fishing, as they argued, in accordance with the 1854 Treaty of Medicine
Creek, and were not subject to fine or imprisonment, even if they did violate White society’s
law. The fish-ins had protesters fishing en masse in restricted waterways. This protest was
initially hampered by disunity and apathy, but several hundred Native Americans were
convinced that civil disobedience was the only way to bring attention to their grievances with the
government. Legal battles followed, and the U.S. Supreme Court confirmed the treaty rights in
1968. Other tribes continued to fight in the courts, but the fish-ins brought increased public
awareness of the deprivations of Native Americans.
In 1969, members of the San Francisco Indian Center seized Alcatraz Island in San Francisco
Bay. The 13-acre island was an abandoned maximum-security federal prison, and the federal
government was undecided about how to use it. The Native Americans claimed the “excess
property” in exchange for $24 in glass beads and cloth, following the precedent set in the sale of
Manhattan more than three centuries earlier. With no federal response and the loss of public
interest in the demonstration, the protesters left the island more than a year later. The activists’
desire to transform it into a Native American cultural center was ignored. Despite the outcome,
the event gained international publicity for their cause.
The most dramatic confrontation between Native Americans and the government happened in
what came to be called the Battle of Wounded Knee II. In January 1973, American Indian
Movement (AIM) leader Russell Means led an unsuccessful drive to impeach Richard Wilson as
tribal chairman of the Oglala Sioux tribe on the Pine Ridge Reservation. In the next month,
Means, accompanied by some 300 supporters, started a 70-day occupation of Wounded Knee,
South Dakota, site of the infamous cavalry assault in 1890 and now part of the Pine Ridge
Reservation. The occupation received tremendous press coverage.

69. Write a brief note on the federal government’s role in supporting the sovereignty of
American Indians.
Answer: Sovereignty in the context of American Indians refers to tribal self-rule. Supported by
every U.S. president since the 1960s, sovereignty is recognition that tribes have vibrant
economic and cultural lives. At the same time, numerous legal cases, including many at the
Supreme Court level, continue to clarify to what extent a recognized tribe may rule itself and to
what degree it is subject to state and federal laws.
This legal relationship can be quite complex. For example, tribal members always pay federal
income, Social Security, unemployment, and property taxes but do not pay state income tax if
they live and work only on the reservation. Whether tribal members on reservations pay sales,
gasoline, cigarette, or motor vehicle taxes has been negotiated on a reservation-by-reservation
basis in many states.
Focused on the tribal group, sovereignty remains linked to both the actions of the federal
government and the actions of individual American Indians. The government ultimately
determines which tribes are recognized, and although tribal groups may argue publicly for their
recognition, self-declaration carries no legal recognition.
The federal government takes the gatekeeping role of sovereignty very seriously—the irony of
the conquering people determining who are “Indians” in the continental United States is not lost
on many tribal activists. In 1978, the Department of the Interior established what it called the
acknowledgment process to decide whether any more tribes should have a government-to-
government relationship. They must show that they were a distinct group and trace continuity
since 1900.

70. Discuss the identity of Native Americans at a micro level.
Answer: Most people reflect on their ancestry to find roots or to self-identify themselves. For an
individual who perceives himself or herself to be an American Indian, the process is defined by
legalistic language. Recognized tribes establish a standard of ancestry, or what some tribes call
“blood quantum,” to determine who is a tribal member or “enrolled,” as on the “tribal rolls.”
Understandably, there is some ambivalence about this procedure because it applies some racial
purity measures. Still, tribes see it as an important way to guard against potential “wannabes.”
This process may lead some individuals or entire extended families to be disenrolled. For these
people, who perceive themselves as worthy of recognition by a tribe but are denied this coveted
“enrollment” status, disputes have resulted that are rarely resolved satisfactorily for all parties.
This has occurred for generations but has become more contentious recently for tribes that profit
from casino gambling and must determine who is entitled to share in any profits that could be
distributed to those on tribal rolls.

Page Reference: 154
71. Why hasn’t tourism been able to improve the tribal economy significantly?
Answer: Tourism, in light of exploitation of tribal people, is a complex interaction of the outside
with Native Americans. Interviews with tourists visiting museums and reservations found that,
regardless of the presentation, many visitors interpreted their brief experiences to be consistent
with their previously held stereotypes of and prejudices toward Native Americans. Yet, at the
other extreme, some contemporary tourists conscious of the historical context are uncomfortable
taking in Native foods and purchasing crafts at tribal settlements despite the large economic need
many reservations have for such commerce.
Craftwork rarely produces the profits that most Native Americans desire and need. The trading-
post business has also taken its toll on Native American cultures. Many non-Indian craft workers
have produced the items tourists want. Creativity and authenticity often are replaced by
mechanical duplication of “genuine Indian” curios. The influx of fraudulent crafts was so great
that Congress added to its responsibilities the Indian Arts and Crafts Act in 1990, which severely
punishes anyone who offers to sell an object as produced by a Native American artisan when it
was not. The price of both economic and cultural survival is very high.


Page Reference: 157
72. What is peyote? What stand has the government taken regarding its use?
Answer: In recent years, significant publicity has been given to a Native American expression of
religion: the ritual use of peyote, which dates back thousands of years. The sacramental use of
peyote was first noted by Europeans in the 1640s. In 1918, the religious use of peyote, a plant
that creates mild psychedelic effects, was organized as the Native American Church (NAC). At
first a Southwest-based religion, since World War II, the NAC has spread among northern tribes.
The use of the substance is a small part of a long and moving ritual. The exact nature of NAC
rituals varies widely. Clearly, the church maintains the tradition of ritual curing and seeking
individual visions. However, practitioners also embrace elements of Christianity, representing a
type of religious pluralism of Indian and European identities.
Peyote is a hallucinogen, however, and federal and state governments have been concerned about
its use by NAC members. Several states passed laws in the 1920s and 1930s prohibiting the use
of peyote. In the 1980s, several court cases involved the prosecution of Native Americans who
were using peyote for religious purposes. Finally, in 1994, Congress amended the American
Indian Religious Freedom Act to allow Native Americans the right to use, transport, and possess
peyote for religious purposes.
Question Title: TB_06_72_Religious and Spiritual Expression_Understand_LO 6.6

Page Reference: 162
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learned during it a lesson that was very fatal to me. He talked to me
about England, about my mother, of everything he thought would
interest me, and my girlish heart went out to him, as it had never
gone out before. He knew, he understood. Then, when he had heard
my simple little story, and had drawn from me every little detail of my
life, he went in to see Donna Maria.”
She stopped suddenly, and looked shyly at Kenelm.
“I wonder,” she said, “if you will think me very vain for telling you
that in those days I was very beautiful; people said wondrously
beautiful. I am obliged to tell you, so as to make my story clear, and
to make you understand why a brilliant, polished, worldly man like Sir
Alfred Pelham married me.”
“I have good sight of my own,” said Mr. Eyrle, gravely, while Miss
Hanson nodded and said:
“I have never seen a face one-half so fair as yours, my love.”
Juliet Payton smiled faintly.
“Beauty has been of but little use to me,” she said. “I am not even
proud that it once was mine.
“Sir Alfred went to see my aunt, and soon captivated her. She
spoke of no one else—he was so handsome, so generous, so noble.
If she praised him, hoping to make me like him, and so to get rid of
me, it was very cruel, and I pray to God to forgive her.
“Perhaps I need not dwell longer on my story. In a short time Sir
Alfred became my lover, and I should say no girl ever had such a
lover before. He was so gallant, so attentive, so devoted—he was so
polished, with his high-bred, graceful manner; he was so different
from every one else I knew. At first he bade me keep this love a
secret from my aunt. I was not to give her the least hint of it, but after
a time he changed his intentions, and told her he wished to make me
his wife.
“Do not be shocked if I tell you how dearly I loved him. A girl’s
first love is, I think, the most beautiful thing in life; and, Heaven help
me! I did love him, my whole heart clung to him. I had no other
thought, sleeping or waking, night or day.
“I used to watch for his coming, and at the first sound of his
footsteps ran away, unable to meet him, dreading to meet him, lest
he should see how passionately I loved him. I was too young and
inexperienced to even ever so faintly imagine that he wanted to
marry me for anything but love. Yet one thing recurs to my mind. We
were in the garden, and I wanted to press some very beautiful leaves
that had fallen from a plant. He took a bundle of what looked like old
letters from his pocket and, tearing one in half, gave it to me.
“‘Save the leaves in that,’ he said. ‘It is a letter I wrote, but never
sent.’
“Days afterward, when I went to fetch the leaves and press them,
I read in his own handwriting these words:
“‘In the present state of affairs, such a marriage would be an
excellent speculation for me.’
“Yet it never occurred to me that he was writing of his own
marriage—his marriage with me. I remember going to my mother’s
grave and bending over the long flowers to tell her that I was so
happy, so happy that earth seemed like heaven; that a noble,
princely Englishman had come from over the seas and was going to
make me his wife; that I loved him. Then I failed for want of words;
even to my mother among the angels in heaven I could not say how
much, how dearly, how well I loved him. I could only bury my head in
the flowers, and tell her of my deep, unutterable joy.
“It seemed like a dream—a poet’s dream—all beautiful and all
unreal. I remember the white gleams of moonlight, when my lover,
with his handsome Saxon face, all in a glow, would tell me of
Shakespeare’s Juliet, and how Romeo loved her, swearing that I was
a thousand times more fair. Is it a wonder that I hate my own name
when I remember all he said of it?”
CHAPTER XLI.
THE STORY CONTINUED.
“I was married in a quaint old church outside Granada. My

husband was enraptured with me; for a few short weeks I was the
happiest of women. I thought the world so beautiful, so bright, that
heaven could hardly surpass it. I thought my husband the perfection
of knighthood, the truest gentleman and the noblest man I had ever
met. He did not stay long in Granada. My eyes might have been
open to his true character, his gross, cruel selfishness, but that I was
blind, for he left the city without one word of advice to Donna Maria,
without thanking her for the care she had taken of me, above all,
without what I am sure that lady expected—making her a handsome
present.
“I was blind then and for long afterward, until the cruel hour of my
awakening came. Sir Alfred took me for a bridal tour through Italy;
there was but one fault that I saw in him; that was a decided love of
gambling.
“Play seemed to affect his temper; if he won largely, as was
generally the case, he was always in the best of humors; if he lost,
he was the very reverse. It was May when we reached England, and
my husband took a beautiful house in one of the most fashionable
quarters of London. I was presented at Court, introduced into high
society, and was altogether exceedingly happy. As yet, I saw no flaw
in the jewel I believed to be all my own. A conversation I had with my
husband one day puzzled me; we were speaking of beauty in
women.
“‘Of all things,’ I remarked, ‘beauty seems to me the most highly
prized, yet worth the least.’
“He smiled, and there was something so sarcastic, so cynical in
the smile that I could not refrain from asking him of what he was
thinking. He laughed aloud.
“‘The idea had just occurred to me, Juliet, that I would derive
some benefit from your beauty.’
“I thought at the time, in the vanity of my love, that he meant the
pleasure of looking at me. I thanked him with loving words and
kisses. Afterward I understood better what it meant.
“For some weeks all went merry as a marriage bell; then it struck
me as strange that, although we had numbers of gentlemen
constantly calling, our lady visitors were but few. I was vexed also to
find that the récherché little dinners and elegant suppers had but one
termination—that was play. Neither could I help seeing that my
husband did in very truth hold out my society as an inducement for
visitors to come.
“‘You must hear Lady Pelham sing,’ he would say to one; ‘she
has a voice like a nightingale. If you want to study the true art of
being eloquent with a fan, spend an evening with Lady Pelham. She
makes her fan speak for her, as it might be.’
“‘You enjoy a good passage at arms, a tournament of words—
drop in this evening and discuss affairs in general with Lady
Pelham.’
“So many gentlemen complied with his invitations I could not help
seeing that I was on this account useful to him, but whether they
came ostensibly to hear me sing or to talk, the end was always the
same—gaming until the early hours of morning. Still I never dreamed
of anything wrong. Had I been a woman of the world instead of a
child, I should have seen that there was much glitter but no gold.
Among a certain set in society my husband shone as a brilliant,
accomplished man; he was the descendant of an old and illustrious
family; the heir of a grand old name. His estate, called Pelham Court,
was mortgaged to its full value, but the world knew nothing of that,
and Sir Alfred Pelham of Pelham Court was, by a certain portion of
society, regarded as a most fortunate man. Had I been wiser, I
should have understood that he was making use of what little share I
had of beauty, and youth, and talent, to attract these men to his
house in order to win money from them. I wish, Mr. Eyrle, that I could
spare myself the shame of telling, and you of hearing, the rest of my
story. Nay, a fear comes to me that you may disbelieve it, believing
men cannot be so base. You read every day how men beat and kick
their wives to death. Has it ever struck you how small was the
punishment for such a crime? Not long since a man in London
kicked his young wife, who loved him very dearly, to death, and
received the sentence of six months’ imprisonment with hard labor.
The same day a man was sentenced to fourteen years’ penal
servitude for stealing a few hundred pounds’ worth of jewelry. Can
you see any justice in that? Reading it made me think that in this
boasted land with its laws, its far-famed systems of administering
justice, there is really no justice at all. Bearing in mind all that you
have read of the cruelty of men, of their inconstancy, their abuses of
good and patient wives, can you doubt what I have to tell you? My
husband never struck me; there were no bruises on my arm; but he
did what was ten thousand times more cruel—he slew my fair name
and branded me before all the world.
“It was early in June that there came to visit Sir Alfred one whose
name is unhappily associated with mine—the Duke of Launceston.
You, who know the world, Mr. Eyrle, know him. He is rich beyond
compare and famous for his character, his private life. I cannot judge
in all his relations; with me he was courteous, gentle and free from
blame. He spent an evening with us; at Sir Alfred’s request I sang to
him. He was, or professed himself to be, delighted with my singing,
and being fond of music, offered to sing some duets with me.
“Looking back to that time I ask myself, did I like him? and my
heart gives no answer. I was supremely indifferent to him, for I loved
no one except my husband. I do not even remember that I felt more
pleasure in seeing him than in seeing other people. I gave no
thought to him. He came very often, and to my certain knowledge Sir
Alfred won large sums of money from him. He would also call at
times when Sir Alfred was from home and sing with me or talk to me.
I can remember, too, that my husband would often leave me alone
with him.
“One day I was much astonished. The footman was in the room;
we were at lunch, and Sir Alfred asked me:
“‘Have you had any visitors this morning, Juliet?’
“I replied, with the greatest indifference:
“‘Only the Duke of Launceston.’
“To my intense surprise, Sir Alfred put on the darkest of frowns.
“‘Has he been here again? I wish he would not come so often.’
“Looking up suddenly, I caught a most significant smile on the
servant’s face.
“‘You should tell him so,’ I replied, honestly believing that Sir
Alfred was thinking only of the high play that went on when the duke
was present. After that I can recall a hundred different times when,
before the servants, he expressed displeasure at the duke’s visits
and wished they would cease. I little dreamed to what it all tended.
Among all my husband’s friends he had one confidant, Captain
Pierrepont, a man I detested from the very first moment I ever saw
him, a man devoid of honor, truth and principle. One evening I
chanced to overhear a conversation between Sir Alfred and this
worthy. It was an evening in June, and I was on the balcony,
enjoying the fragrance of the mignonette, when I heard their voices
in the drawing-room. I was about to stay where I was when my
attention was attracted by what they were saying. It was Captain
Pierrepont who began:
“‘Where is your lady wife, Sir Alfred?’
“‘My lady wife is out, I should imagine; I cannot find her.’
“‘I am glad of that; it is high time something or other was settled. I
am getting anxious over these bills.’
“‘So am I, my worthy friend. In the language of the bard, “I am up
a tree;” I have been hoping for some lucky coup, but fortune has
been against me of late.’
“‘You must fall back upon the original plan and make my lady
useful.’
“‘Yes, that must be done. I shall never have a finer chance than
now. Launceston is decidedly taken, and he is the wealthiest man I
know.’
“‘You must make your case a strong one, Sir Alfred.’
“‘I have sufficient evidence now—singing together, constant visits
during my absence, remonstrances that I have made even in the
presence of my servants. I have an invaluable footman who has
seen and knows things unutterable. The British public always sides
with the injured husband.’
“Then they both laughed heartily. You may imagine how simple I
was when I tell you that I did not even understand what they were
speaking of.
“‘When shall you manage it?’ asked Captain Pierrepont.
“‘We are going to the Court next week, and he visits us there.
Then I shall commence my operations.’
“‘What amount of damages shall you go in for?’
“‘I shall ask twenty thousand and get five or ten; then we can pay
those wretched bills and can have enough to float us once more.’
“There was silence some minutes, then Captain Pierrepont said:
“‘It seems rather hard on her. If we could but manage it in any
other way.’
“‘There is no other way; sentimental pity will not help us. After all,
what does it matter? Those kinds of things happen every day.’
“‘It seems like murder,’ said the captain, slowly.
“‘Not at all,’ replied my husband, cheerfully. ‘If you read the
papers you would see such things happen every day.’
“‘But she is quite innocent.’
“‘Bah! who is innocent? You are sentimental, and you will find
that sentiment does not pay.’
“‘Well,’ said the other, rising, ‘I wish you success. I am at your
service, remember, for anything you may require.’
“They left the drawing-room together, and I sat silent among the
mignonette and scarlet verbenas—not suspicious of any wrong—
wondering what so strange a conversation might mean, yet never
suspecting its true purport for one moment.
“I declare to Heaven,” she continued, passionately, “that even the
pain of telling you these things is so great I would almost die sooner
than repeat them. Judge, then, whether I was guilty or not.”
CHAPTER XLII.
A FIENDISH ACCUSATION.
“Once or twice after that,” continued Lady Pelham, “I noticed a

strange man following me; he was not a gentleman; of that I was
quite sure, neither did he appear to be paying any attention to me,
yet I had a sure and instinctive idea that he was watching me.
“Once I had gone to walk in Kensington Gardens, a favorite
resort of mine, and there, quite accidentally, I met the Duke of
Launceston; he walked with me for perhaps five minutes; then bade
me adieu. As soon as he left me I saw the strange man looking
earnestly at us both. Another day, by the purest chance, I had gone
into the park, and there the Duke of Launceston met me again. I did
not exchange twelve words with him, but as he went away I saw the
ill-omened face of the man whom I felt sure watched me. I said to my
husband one morning:
“‘Alfred, whenever I go out I see a strange man, who appears to
follow me and watch me; the next time he does it I shall call a
policeman and give him in charge.’
“My husband laughed aloud.
“‘What nonsense, Juliet,’ he said, sharply. ‘Remember, you are
not in Spain now; this is the land of common sense, not romance. Do
not make yourself ridiculous, I beg.’
“It was the first time he had spoken sharply to me, and my eyes
filled with tears. The only change was that the man I had noticed
vanished, but another appeared in his place.
“Sir Alfred came to me a few days afterward, and said we were to
go to the Court as soon as I was ready. The intelligence was very
pleasant to me. I was still deeply and devotedly in love with my
husband, and thought that at the Court I should have him all to
myself. Another thing was that I fancied people looked coldly upon
me. I said to myself that it must be a fancy, for what had I done to
deserve it? One morning I met Lady Carlsham, who had always
been very kind to me; she turned aside as though she had not seen
me. Another friend of mine, Lady Mellott, gave a large ball and did
not invite me. I saw Mrs. Stenhouse, one of the queens of London
society, who had always appeared to like me. She looked me in the
face and gave me what gentlemen call, ‘the cut direct.’
“There seemed to me no reason for such conduct, except the
caprice of fine ladies, and I was not sorry to think that at the Court no
annoyance of the kind could happen, and that I should have my
husband all to myself. I pass over my delight at the beauty and
magnificence of the Court; the first three or four days spent there
were one dream of delight. Then visitors came, gentlemen from
London—among them the Duke of Launceston.
“How I hate the name!” she cried, passionately; “the name that
has been so pitilessly, so cruelly, linked with mine. He came, and the
tragedy of my life began.
“No child at its mother’s knee was more innocent than I. The
duke was my guest, and I did my best to entertain him. If he asked
me to sing, I sang; if he expressed a wish to see my flowers, I
walked with him to the grounds. I played chess with him; I tried to
learn billiards from him, and I appeal to every good and true wife
who loves her husband if there was anything wrong in that? Once,
when I was walking with the duke down the high road that led past
the woods to Turville, I saw from between the trees the face of the
man who had watched me in London. I knew his name afterward—
Johnson. I cried aloud in surprise, and he vanished. The duke, in his
matter-of-fact way, asked me what was wrong. Feeling ashamed to
tell him, I answered evasively. Would to Heaven I had told him. Much
of pain and wrong might have been saved me.
“I must have been both blind and mad not to see the plot that was
being carried on; the significant faces of my servants alone might
have told me. Whenever I found myself with the duke, whether by
accident or not, there was sure to come some interruption, some
servant on a purposeless errand, who would look at me and go
away. One in particular became most distasteful to me from his
constant surveillance, George Olte, the footman.
“I was deeply annoyed one morning. I had been speaking to the
Duke of Launceston about some book, and he asked me to find it for
him. I went into the library after breakfast for that purpose; he
followed me, and we stood by the bookshelf together. I said to him:
“‘This is the book, and here is the engraving I was speaking of.’
“He leaned forward to look at it. At that very moment the footman,
George Olte, entered the room. He started back, pretended to show
great confusion and surprise, apologized in a stammering voice, and
vanished.
“I looked at the duke and laughed.
“‘The man has been drinking,’ I said; ‘Sir Alfred ought to know of
it.’
“But the duke did not even smile; he looked distressed, confused,
then put down the book, and, with a murmured apology, quitted the
room.
“‘The world is all alike this morning,’ I said to myself.
“It happened to be the very day the Duke of Launceston had fixed
upon for his departure. After lunch, as I was walking through the hall,
he stood with some letters in his hands. He was no more to me than
any other guest in the house; but as he had been kind to me, and I
had no dislike to him, I went up to him and expressed polite regret at
his departure. Captain Pierrepont was near, giving some directions
to Olte, the footman I particularly disliked. In a few minutes I became
aware that their conversation had entirely ceased and they were
listening to mine. Indignant at the insolence, and resolved to
complain of it to my husband, I turned away, alas! The duke went,
and I forgot in very few hours that such a person existed. I have
better reason to remember it now. Can you, Mr. Eyrle, can you, Miss
Hanson, imagine what my feelings were when I tell you that very day
my husband sent me word that he wished particularly to see me in
the library? I was doing something, I do not remember what, but it
was something I did not care to leave. I sent my maid to ask if it
would do in an hour’s time, when I had finished. The answer was
most peremptory. No! Sir Alfred wished to see me at once on most
important business. I knew no more what was hanging over my head
than a child knows its future. When the library door opened I was
surprised to see Captain Pierrepont standing by the table. Sir Alfred
was seated in his favorite chair. I went up to him.
“‘Did you want me, Alfred, so urgently?’ I asked.
“‘I do,’ was the brief reply. Then, after a moment’s silence, he
continued: ‘I wish to speak to you on a most unpleasant and delicate
matter.’
“I looked at him with some little indignation.
“‘Do you know,’ I asked, ‘that Captain Pierrepont is here?’
“‘He is here by my wish,’ replied my husband, gravely, ‘to bear
witness to what I say.’
“There was something so stern in his face—remember, I loved
him then—that my eyes filled with tears and my heart beat with fear,
yet spirit and pride were both aroused in me.
“‘I object, Sir Alfred; if you have anything to say I am most willing
to listen, but not in the presence of Captain Pierrepont.’
“‘A very bad sign; a sure sign of guilt,’ said the captain to my
husband.
“I turned to him haughtily.
“‘Why do you, sir, stand here like a shadow between my husband
and me?’
“‘Madam,’ he replied, gravely, ‘I am a witness.’
“I did not understand him in the least.
“My husband rose from his chair.
“‘Juliet, there is no time for trifling; Captain Pierrepont is my
friend; I have asked him to remain here in order that there may be a
witness to what I say and to your reply.’
“‘But, Alfred, what have I done? Oh, my husband, tell me, what
have I done?’
“I tried to clasp his hand, but he would not allow me to touch him.
“‘We will dispense with all sham, Juliet. You can carry on the
farce of love and fidelity no longer. I am convinced—most unwillingly
convinced—that the rumors I have so long refused to credit are true.’
“‘I do not understand you,’ I cried, in an agony of impatience. ‘I
cannot tell what you mean.’
“‘Few words describe best a great sin. Your guilt has come to
light, Juliet; your wicked conduct is known, and the world shall judge
between you and me.’
“‘Will you tell me what you mean?’ I cried, every limb trembling
with impatience.
“‘The intrigue that you have so long carried on with the Duke of
Launceston is discovered!’
“I laughed aloud, thinking, poor, deluded victim, that it was but a
sorry jest.
“‘Nay, you may be hardened, Juliet, but you shall not show your
heartlessness to me. Olte came to me this morning and told me of
the awful discovery he had made. That was but the crowning point;
before we had left London I had heard enough!’
“Remember, Mr. Eyrle, I was that man’s wife; I lived but in his
love; I had never doubted him. I cannot tell you whether fear, horror,
shame, or wonder predominated in my mind when I heard him.
“‘From this hour,’ he continued, ‘we are strangers to each other. I
shall appeal to the laws of my country for redress against the foulest
wrong ever done to an unhappy man. You have sinned against me,
Juliet; but the laws of the land shall avenge me.’
“I did not hear more, for at those terrible words I fell fainting to the
floor.”
CHAPTER XLIII.
A WHITE SOUL.
“When I came to my senses,” continued Lady Pelham, “I was

more bewildered than anything else. I could not believe it was true—
my husband had been playing some sorry, cruel jest upon me; still it
was but a jest.
“I had never given a thought to any man living except my own
husband; surely he must know that.
“The Duke of Launceston! what was he to me—a perfect stranger
—indifferent. I did not care if I never saw him again. Of what did my
husband accuse me? Oh, shame! Oh, horror! that he who had sworn
to love and cherish me, to protect me, should be the one to play this
sorry jest upon me. I must see him; I must hear him say with his own
lips that it was all nonsense; he had done it all to try me. It was
coarse, unfeeling, cruel, that he had not thought of that. He had
perhaps been jesting with Captain Pierrepont. I must see him or I
should go mad. I turned to the maid who knelt by my side, and told
her to ask Sir Alfred to come to me at once.
“I felt very ill; my hands were cold as death, they trembled; my
face burned, my brain whirled. I tried to steady myself by saying that
my husband would be here soon, and I must be ready to meet him.
My maid returned. She looked pale and scared. Sir Alfred and
Captain Pierrepont had left the house; there was no message for
me.
“‘My lady,’ said the girl, ‘is there anything the matter? All the
servants are looking so strange—is anything wrong?’
“God help me! I went mad—mad with fear, shame, outraged love,
wounded honor, and dread of what was to follow. I tore the hair from
my head. I cried aloud for my dead mother. I was mad.
“They gave me sleep and merciful oblivion. But morning only
brought me the same frantic alarm, the same terrible waking. What
had I done; what were they going to do with me? What was wrong? I
could not rise; my limbs were heavy, my head ached. I was
bewildered and uncertain. There were times when I fancied I must
have been guilty of some great crime, and have forgotten it. Surely
my husband, whom I had loved and revered as the noblest of men,
could never have wrongfully accused me. Was it possible that I had
done anything wrong and had forgotten it? I tried to think over every
word I had ever spoken—every action since I had been married, and
I could not discover one that was worthy of such blame.
“‘An intrigue?’—I began to remember his words—he said that I
had carried on an intrigue with the Duke of Launceston. What did
they call an intrigue here in England? In my land it was something
that young girls did not even know by name. What was it here? I had
sung songs with him; I had paid him the same amount of attention
that I considered due to all my husband’s guests; but Heaven knew
my heart and conscience were free from all blame.
“How that day passed I could tell no one; it was one long dream
of misery, one delirium of horror; and the night even worse. I saw the
servants looking strangely at me—some of them sent in notice to
leave—one or two went that very day; yet I was innocent, God
knows I was—innocent as a little dreaming babe.
“The following morning brought a letter from my husband, it was
even more cruel than his words had been. It merely said that he had
commenced proceedings for a divorce, on the grounds of my
conduct with the Duke of Launceston, and that he would not return
home while I was there.
“Was ever woman so desolate? There was no one to whom I
could appeal in this hour of distress—no friendly hand or heart to aid
me. I could only kneel and pray to the most high God to make my
innocence clear. Mr. Eyrle, my prayer will be answered yet.
“I was quite at a loss what to do. My heart was broken, for I had
loved my husband very dearly. I had neither spirit, life, hope, energy
or care for life left. What could life give me, now that he whom I had
loved so dearly had proven not only false, but all that was mean,
wicked and cruel. If I had knelt by my husband’s grave—if I had
known him dead, it would have been ten thousand times easier to
bear. I had no money. Sir Alfred never allowed me the free use of his
purse. I had no friends. I shrank from going near any of the
fashionable acquaintances I had made. Who would believe me
innocent if he said I was guilty? Suddenly it flashed across me that
this scandal must have been afloat in London, and that was why
people looked so shyly at me; that was why the ladies I had known
and liked avoided me, and no one could have spread that scandal
but my husband. What chance had I against him—my word against
his?
“Where was I to go? In all the world there was no one so utterly
friendless and wretched. I thought heaven itself had worked a
miracle in my favor when later on that day there came a letter from a
London lawyer, a Mr. Hewson, saying that my aunt, Donna Maria de
Borga, was dead, and had left all her money to me. It had been
transmitted by her desire from Spain to England, and was ready for
me any time I liked to claim it. At last, then, I had money, more than
sufficient to live upon in the greatest comfort. I think no one was ever
so grateful for a legacy as I felt then.
“An idea occurred to me. I resolved to go to London, and see this
Mr. Hewson; perhaps he could advise me what to do. The more I
thought of this plan the more advisable and prudent it appeared to
me. I acted upon it. Sir Alfred had not given me much jewelry, but the
little I possessed was made into a parcel, together with everything he
had given me, and was sent to him. Then I bade farewell to the
home I only remember with hatred and disgust.
“I went at once to the address in the letter—No. 10 Lincoln’s Inn. I
found him there, and somewhat surprised to see me.
“‘I had no idea you would answer my letter in person, Lady
Pelham,’ he said. ‘Sir Alfred is in town; I met him this morning.’
“‘I came because I wish to consult you on several matters. First of
all, let us settle about my aunt’s legacy.’
“We did so. He told me the exact amount—how it should be
invested; and I asked him to take my affairs in hand. Then I told him
there was another and far graver matter on which I wished to consult
him.
“‘I want to ask you,’ I said, ‘not only to be my lawyer, but my
friend. Some people might laugh at the notion. I only say to you that I
am the most desolate, the most wretched woman on the face of the
earth. Will you be my friend?’
“He looked at me in utter surprise.
“‘Your husband, Lady Pelham, where is he?’
“‘He is my persecutor. I will tell you my story, Mr. Hewson. I ask
you, strange, cruel, and incredible as it is, to believe me.’
“Then I gave him the letters I had received, and told him all that
had passed. He looked incredulous.
“‘Pardon me, Lady Pelham,’ he said, ‘but is it really true?’
“‘Only too true,’ I answered.
“‘And you—pardon the question—you assure me, Lady Pelham,
that you were merely on ordinary terms of intimacy with the Duke of
Launceston?’
“‘I treated him as I did any other guest of my husband, no
differently. No man could have been more perfectly indifferent to me.’
“‘Then there is not the least ground for this action?’ he continued.
“‘Not the slightest, not the faintest; there is no shadow of such a
pretext.’
“Mr. Hewson sat silent for some minutes, then he said:
“‘Will you prepare to hear a very fatal truth, Lady Pelham, one
that will darken your whole life?’
“‘Nothing can surprise or hurt me now,’ I replied.
“‘I must tell you that it is my opinion you have married a very
wicked, designing man. I could almost believe that he had married
you, seeing your beauty, for this very purpose.’
“‘He could not be so wicked,’ I cried; ‘no man living could be so
lost to all honor and goodness!’
“‘Sir Alfred Pelham has run through one of the finest fortunes in
England,’ he continued. ‘He has literally nothing left, for Pelham
Court is mortgaged to its full value. He owes large sums of money,
and, in my opinion, he had brought this charge against you merely to
get large damages from the Duke of Launceston. He will employ
clever and eloquent counsel, who will make thrilling speeches about
his broken heart and ruined home; all you can do is to defend
yourself.’
“‘He cannot be so infamous,’ I cried; ‘no man could—it is worse
than murder! Better have slain me than seek to destroy my fair
name. Who is to defend me?’
“‘If you like to leave the conduct of your defense in my hands, I
will undertake it,’ he replied.
“And I cried to him, in my distress, that I would give Sir Alfred all
my aunt’s money if he would but forego this cruel persecution.
“‘Do not make any such offer, Lady Pelham,’ he replied; ‘to those
who do not know you it sounds like guilt.’
“He did me one more service, greater than any other he could
have rendered me; he introduced me to his sister, who was kind
enough to love me when no one else did, and has cared for me ever
since.”
“Lady Pelham,” interrupted Kenelm Eyrle, “do you assure me that
this infamous, diabolical story is true?”
“It is true,” she replied, “as are the stars in heaven. Patience a
few minutes longer; I shall soon have told you all.”
CHAPTER XLIV.
A WOMAN’S SHAME.
“Right against might does not always prevail.

“I need not tell you the story of the trial that amused all England.
You may have read it. Fine ladies asked eagerly for the morning
papers then; they enjoyed the ‘Pelham divorce case’ as much as
they did a fashionable novel; was necessary as breakfast to them.
Men met at their clubs and discussed it—was I guilty or was I not?
My portrait, or rather what was a caricature of me, was published in
the Workingmen’s Journal, every man and woman in England had
flung a stone at me, and I was guiltless, innocent as a child at its
mother’s breast.
“The radical papers made me the text of long articles, written to
prove that the English aristocracy were all corrupt and bad; in short,
my name was notorious.
“I cannot tell you my despair when that trial came off. With
fiendish ingenuity, the smallest circumstances were made into
mighty proofs against me. Men, strangers to me, came to swear that
I had been in the habit of meeting the duke out of doors. The two
accidental rencontres I have told you about were sworn to be pre-
arranged interviews; every circumstance, the most thrilling actions,
were tortured into proofs of deadly crime.
“Captain Pierrepont swore to having overheard a conversation
between the Duke of Launceston and myself that I swear solemnly
never took place. But the strongest witness in my husband’s cause
was the footman, George Olte. I cannot sully my lips by telling you
what infamous things he said—so cruelly, so wickedly false. The little
incident of his finding me in the library was construed into a certain
proof of my guilt. God pardon them, one and all! They swore an
innocent woman’s fair name away.
“I was amazed by the ingenuity displayed, but my surprise
reached its height when I heard the eloquent speech made by my
husband’s counsel. I wonder that I have faith left in any one thing. I
am tempted, when I remember that, to ask myself if all the world is
one grand lie, if there be truth, justice, mercy or love out of heaven.
“If you had heard him dwell upon my husband’s love for me, the
Arcadian happiness of our home before what he chose to call the
destroyer entered it. How pathetically he depicted my youth—the
force of temptation, my fall, the agony of the injured husband driven
to such redress from the laws of his country! If you had heard his
appeal to English fathers and brothers! Heaven grant me patience! It
was the finest parody of justice I ever heard; it was a caricature, a
crying shame, that rose from earth to heaven.
“What had I to say in my own defense? Nothing, but that I was
innocent. I heard that the Duke of Launceston was so angry that he
threatened to shoot Sir Alfred Pelham. Of course, he swore to my
entire innocence. But the world must love sin. I think where one
believed in me, and thought me cruelly outraged and wronged, one
hundred believed in my guilt.
“You remember, perhaps, how the Pelham divorce case ended.
The judge in his summing up said that appearances were certainly
against me, but there was no actual proof of my guilt. So strong, so
subtle, so clever was the evidence against me, so skillfully was the
plot woven, so greatly were circumstances in my husband’s favor,
that the keenest, the most prudent, the most just and talented judge
in England had nothing better to say for me than that my guilt was
not clearly proven.
“It was like the old Scotch verdict of ‘Not proven;’ and then the
trial ended. My husband had not won, but I remained with a dark
stain of guilt still upon me. My lawyers advised me to bring an action
for perjury against those who had so falsely sworn my fair name
away. I said to myself: ‘Oh, what use? God may in His own good
time make my innocence clear.’ I cannot do anything for myself; the
more notorious the case became, the greater the scandal for me.

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Chapter 6 – Native Americans: The First Americans

Multiple Choice Questions

Question Title: TB_06_01_Early European Contacts_Remember_LO 6.1

Question Title: TB_06_02_Treaties and Warfare_Remember_LO 6.1

Question Title: TB_06_03_Collective Action_Remember_LO 6.3

4. Which of the following statements is true of pan-Indianism?

Question Title: TB_06_04_Collective Action_Understand_LO 6.3

5. Which of the following statements is true of fish-ins?

Question Title: TB_06_05_Collective Action_Understand_LO 6.3

Question Title: TB_06_06_American Indian Identity_Remember_LO 6.4

Short Answer Questions

Answer: Bureau of Indian Affairs

Question Title: TB_06_07_Treaties and Warfare_Remember_LO 6.1

Question Title: TB_06_08_Collective Action_Remember_LO 6.3

Multiple Choice Questions

Question Title: TB_06_09_Early European Contacts_Understand_LO 6.1

10. Which of the following statements is true of Native Americans?

Question Title: TB_06_10_Early European Contacts_Understand_LO 6.1

Question Title: TB_06_11_Early European Contacts_Understand_LO 6.1

Question Title: TB_06_12_Early European Contacts_Understand_LO 6.1

Question Title: TB_06_13_Treaties and Warfare_Remember_LO 6.1

Question Title: TB_06_14_Treaties and Warfare_Remember_LO 6.1

Question Title: TB_06_15_Treaties and Warfare_Understand_LO 6.1

Question Title: TB_06_16_Treaties and Warfare_Remember_LO 6.1

17. Which of the following is true of the Allotment Act of 1887?

Question Title: TB_06_17_Treaties and Warfare_Understand_LO 6.1

Question Title: TB_06_18_Treaties and Warfare_Remember_LO 6.1

Question Title: TB_06_19_Treaties and Warfare_Understand_LO 6.1

20. Which of the following is true of the Indian Reorganization Act?

Question Title: TB_06_20_Treaties and Warfare_Understand_LO 6.1

d. The Employment Assistance Program

Question Title: TB_06_21_Reservation Life and Federal Policies_Understand_LO 6.2

Question Title: TB_06_22_Reservation Life and Federal Policies_Understand_LO 6.2

Question Title: TB_06_23_Reservation Life and Federal Policies_Remember_LO 6.2

Question Title: TB_06_24_Reservation Life and Federal Policies_Understand_LO 6.2

Question Title: TB_06_25_Reservation Life and Federal Policies_Remember_LO 6.2

Question Title: TB_06_26_Reservation Life and Federal Policies_Understand_LO 6.2

Question Title: TB_06_27_Reservation Life and Federal Policies_Understand_LO 6.2

Question Title: TB_06_28_Collective Action_Remember_LO 6.3

Question Title: TB_06_29_Collective Action_Understand_LO 6.3

Question Title: TB_06_30_Collective Action_Understand_LO 6.3

Question Title: TB_06_31_Collective Action_Understand_LO 6.3

32. Fish-ins argued in accordance with the ________.

Question Title: TB_06_32_Collective Action_Remember_LO 6.3

Question Title: TB_06_33_Collective Action_Understand_LO 6.3

Question Title: TB_06_34_Collective Action_Understand_LO 6.3

Question Title: TB_06_35_Collective Action_Remember_LO 6.3

Question Title: TB_06_36_Collective Action_Understand_LO 6.3

Question Title: TB_06_37_Collective Action_Remember_LO 6.3

38. Originally, the phrase pau wau referred to ________.

Question Title: TB_06_38_Collective Action_Remember_LO 6.3

39. Which of the following is a macro level of American Indian identity?

Question Title: TB_06_39_American Indian Identity_Understand_LO 6.4

Question Title: TB_06_40_American Indian Identity_Understand_LO 6.4

Question Title: TB_06_41_American Indian Identity_Understand_LO 6.4

Question Title: TB_06_42_American Indian Identity_Understand_LO 6.4

Question Title: TB_06_43_Native Americans Today_Understand_LO 6.5

Question Title: TB_06_44_Native Americans Today_Understand_LO 6.5

b. They are more likely to be occupied as managers or administrators.

Question Title: TB_06_45_Native Americans Today_Understand_LO 6.5

Question Title: TB_06_46_Native Americans Today_Understand_LO 6.5