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A researcher testing the effects of two treatments for anxiety computed a 95% confidence interval
for the difference between the mean of treatment 1 and the mean of treatment 2. If this
confidence interval includes the value of zero, then she should reject the null hypothesis that the
two population means are equal: true or false?
Author’s Notes
Multiple Choice Options (correct choice comes first) Feedback (rejoinder) for this choice
A researcher wanted to see the effects of different learning strategies. A control group simply read the book
Discovering Statistics (Book), a second group read the book and completed the ‘end of chapter exercises’
(Book & Exercises), and a third group read the book, did the end of chapter exercises and also completed
the web materials (All Activities). The researcher predicted that the ‘all activities’ and ‘book and exercises’
groups would perform better than the book group on a subsequent test, but that the ‘book and exercises’
group would perform worse than the ‘all activities’ group. Which coding scheme would test these hypotheses
in a set of planned comparisons? (Hint: The sum of weights for a comparison should be zero. If you add up
the weights for a given contrast the result should be zero.)
Author’s Notes
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A psychologist was looking at the effects of an intervention on depression levels. Three groups
were used: waiting list control, treatment and post-treatment (a group who had had the treatment
6 months before). The SPSS output is below. Based on this output, what should the researcher
report?
BDIDIF
Levene
Statistic df1 df2 Sig.
4.246 2 45 .020
ANOVA
BDIDIF
Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Betw een Groups 529.437 2 264.719 5.110 .010
Within Groups 2331.135 45 51.803
Total 2860.572 47
BDIDIF
a
Statis tic df1 df2 Sig.
Welch 4.345 2 26.436 .023
Brown-Forsythe 5.110 2 35.104 .011
a. Asymptotically F dis tributed.
Author’s Notes
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The treatment groups had a significant effect on the Yes, this is correct. Levene’s test is
depression levels, F(2, 26.44) = 4.35. significant, indicating that the assumption
of homogeneity of variance has been
violated. Therefore, we need to look at
Welch’s F and the Brown–Forsythe F (see
Section 11.7.1).
The treatment groups did not have a significant This is incorrect. You were right to look at
effect on depression levels, F(2, 26.44) = 4.35. Welch’s F because the assumption of
homogeneity of variances has been
violated. However, the value in the box
labelled Sig. is .023, which is less than
.05, so we would conclude that the
treatment groups did have a significant
effect on the change in depression levels
(see Section 11.7.1).
The treatment groups had a significant effect on This is incorrect. Levene’s test is
depression levels, F(2, 45) = 5.11. significant, indicating that the assumption
of homogeneity of variance has been
violated. Therefore, we need to look at
Welch’s F and the Brown–Forsythe F (see
Section 11.7.1).
The treatment groups did not have a significant This is incorrect. Levene’s test is
effect on the change in depression levels, F(2, significant, indicating that the assumption
35.10) = 5.11. of homogeneity of variance has been
violated. Therefore, we need to look at
Welch’s F and the Brown–Forsythe F (see
Section 11.7.1).
Exercise FieldStat4 11.MC.004.
A psychologist was looking at the effects of an intervention on depression levels. Three groups were used:
waiting list control, treatment and post-treatment (a group who had had the treatment 6 months before).
Based on the output for these tests, what should the researcher conclude?
BDIDIF
Levene
Statistic df1 df2 Sig.
4.246 2 45 .020
Multiple Comparisons
Mean
Difference 95% Confidence Interval
(I) Group (J) Group (I-J) Std. Error Sig. Lower Bound Upper Bound
Bonferroni treatment Post Treatment -2.4421 2.54468 1.000 -8.7702 3.8859
Control -7.9413* 2.54468 .009 -14.2694 -1.6133
Post Treatment treatment 2.4421 2.54468 1.000 -3.8859 8.7702
Control -5.4992 2.54468 .108 -11.8272 .8289
Control treatment 7.9413* 2.54468 .009 1.6133 14.2694
Post Treatment 5.4992 2.54468 .108 -.8289 11.8272
Games-Howell treatment Post Treatment -2.4421 2.48536 .596 -8.7162 3.8319
Control -7.9413* 2.95195 .031 -15.2320 -.6506
Post Treatment treatment 2.4421 2.48536 .596 -3.8319 8.7162
Control -5.4992* 2.12958 .043 -10.8347 -.1636
Control treatment 7.9413* 2.95195 .031 .6506 15.2320
Post Treatment 5.4992* 2.12958 .043 .1636 10.8347
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
Author’s Notes
Multiple Choice Options (correct choice comes first) Feedback (rejoinder) for this choice
The treatment group was significantly different from the Yes, this is correct. Both the Bonferroni and
control group but not the post-treatment group, and the Games–Howell tests indicate the same results,
post-treatment group was significantly different from the although the Games–Howell procedure is more
conservative (see Section 11.7.3).
control group.
The treatment group was significantly different from the This is incorrect. Look at the values in the
post-treatment and control group, and the post-treatment column labelled Sig. If the value is less than
group was significantly different from the control group. .05 then the effect is significant, and if the
value is greater than .05 then the effect is non-
significant (see Section 11.7.3).
The treatment group was significantly different from the This is incorrect. Look at the values in the
control group but not the post-treatment group, and the column labelled Sig. If the value is less than
post-treatment group was not significantly different from .05 then the effect is significant, and if the
value is greater than .05 then the effect is non-
the control group.
significant (see Section 11.7.3).
The post hoc tests are inconclusive. This is incorrect. Look at the values in the
column labelled Sig. If the value is less than
.05 then the effect is significant, and if the
value is greater than .05 then the effect is non-
significant (see Section 11.7.3).
Exercise FieldStat4 11.MC.005.
14 ●
12
10
●
Outcome
1 2 3 4 5
Group
Author’s Notes
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The student welfare office was interested in trying to enhance students’ exam performance by
investigating the effects of various interventions. They took five groups of students before their
statistics exams and gave them one of five interventions: (1) a control group just sat in a room
contemplating the task ahead; (2) the second group had a yoga class to relax them; (3) the third
group were told they would get monetary rewards contingent upon the grade they received in the
exam; (4) the fourth group were given beta-blockers to calm their nerves; and (5) the fifth group
were encouraged to sit around winding each other up about how much revision they had/hadn’t
done (a bit like what usually happens). The final percentage obtained in the exam was the
dependent variable. Using the critical values for F, how would you report the result in the table
below?
SS Df MS F
Model 1213.6 4 303.4 12.43**
Residual 707.9 29 21.4
Total 1921.5 33
Author’s Notes
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Type of intervention had a significant effect on Yes, this is correct (see Section 11.7.1).
levels of exam performance, F(4, 29) = 12.43, p <
.01.
Type of intervention did not have a significant effect This is incorrect. The two asterisks next to
on levels of exam performance, F(4, 29) = 12.43, p the value of F indicate that the effect is
> .05. significant at the .01 level (see Section
11.7.1).
Type of intervention did not have a significant effect This is incorrect. When reporting the F-
on levels of exam performance, F(4, 33) = 12.43, p ratio, you need to use the model and
> .01. residual degrees of freedom. Also, the
two asterisks next to the value of F
indicate that the effect is significant at the
.01 level (see Section 11.7.1)
Type of intervention had a significant effect on This is incorrect. When reporting the F-
levels of exam performance, F(4, 33) = 12.43, p < ratio, you need to use the model and
.01. residual degrees of freedom (see Section
11.7.1).
Exercise FieldStat4 11.MC.007.
The student welfare office was interested in trying to enhance students’ exam performance by
investigating the effects of various interventions. They took five groups of students before their
statistics exams and gave them one of five interventions: (1) a control group just sat in a room
contemplating the task ahead (Control); (2) the second group had a yoga class to relax them
(Yoga); (3) the third group were told they would get monetary rewards contingent upon the grade
they received in the exam (Bribes); (4) the fourth group were given beta-blockers to calm their
nerves (Beta-Blockers); and (5) the fifth group were encouraged to sit around winding each other
up about how much revision they had/hadn’t done (You’re all going to fail). The student welfare
office made four predictions: (1) all interventions should be different from the control; (2) yoga,
bribery and beta-blockers should lead to higher exam scores than panic; (3) yoga and bribery
should have different effects than the beta-blocker drugs; and (4) yoga and bribery should also
differ. Which of the following planned contrasts (with the appropriate group codings) are correct
to test these hypotheses?
Author’s Notes
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Imagine you compare the effectiveness of four different types of stimulant to keep you awake
while revising statistics using a one-way ANOVA. The null hypothesis would be that all four
treatments have the same effect on the mean time kept awake. How would you interpret the
alternative hypothesis?
Author’s Notes
Multiple Choice Options (correct choice comes first) Feedback (rejoinder) for this choice
At least two of the stimulants will have different Yes, this is correct. If the F-ratio is large
effects on the mean time spent awake. enough to be statistically significant, then
we know only that one or more of the
differences between means are
statistically significant (see Section 11.4).
All four stimulants have different effects on the This is incorrect. If the F-ratio is large
mean time spent awake. enough to be statistically significant, then
we know only that one or more of the
differences between means are
statistically significant (see Section 11.4).
Two of the four stimulants have the same effect on This is incorrect. If the F-ratio is large
the mean time spent awake. enough to be statistically significant, then
we know only that one or more of the
differences between means are
statistically significant (see Section 11.4).
Of the tests below, which tests that the group means are a better fit of the data than the grand
mean?
Author’s Notes
Multiple Choice Options (correct choice comes first) Feedback (rejoinder) for this choice
Both the repeated-measures and independent Yes, this is correct (see Chapters 11 and
ANOVA 14).
The table below contains the length of time (minutes) for which different groups of students were
able to stay awake to revise statistics after consuming 500 ml of one of three different types of
stimulants. What is the variation in scores from groups A to B to C known as?
A B C
20 15 40
15 12 33
120 7 50
57 18 135
Author’s Notes
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When the between-groups variance is a lot larger than the within-groups variance, the F-value is
____ and the likelihood of such a result occurring because of sampling error is _____
Author’s Notes
Multiple Choice Options (correct choice comes first) Feedback (rejoinder) for this choice
Author’s Notes
Multiple Choice Options (correct choice comes first) Feedback (rejoinder) for this choice
The researcher should accept as statistically Yes, this is correct. Conducting multiple t-
significant tests with a probability value of less than tests increases the familywise error rate,
0.016 to avoid making a Type I error. so if you are going to do this, it is
important to divide the accepted
probability level (.05) by the number of t-
tests you conduct (in this case 3).
Alternatively, you could run post hoc
tests, which control the familywise error
rate (see Section 11.5).
The researcher should have conducted orthogonal This is incorrect. Orthogonal contrasts
contrasts instead of t-tests to avoid making a Type I should only be used when specific
error. hypothesis about which groups will differ
are made before running the experiment
(see Section 11.5).
This is the correct method to use. The researcher This is incorrect. Post hoc tests can be
did not make any predictions about which groups run when no prior predictions have been
will differ before running the experiment, therefore made regarding which groups will differ
(see Section 11.5).
contrasts and post hoc tests cannot be used.
When conducting a one-way independent ANOVA with three levels on the independent variable,
an F-ratio that is large enough to be statistically significant tells us:
Author’s Notes
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That one or more of the differences between Yes, this is correct. It is therefore
means is statistically significant but not where the necessary after conducting an ANOVA to
differences between groups lie. carry out further analysis to find out which
groups differ (see Section 11.4).
That all of the differences between means are This is incorrect. The F-ratio tells us only
statistically significant. whether the model fitted to the data
accounts for more variation than
extraneous factors, it doesn’t tell us where
the differences between groups lie (see
Section 11.4).
That there is a significant three-way interaction. This is incorrect. The F-ratio tells us only
whether the model fitted to the data
accounts for more variation than
extraneous factors, it doesn’t tell us where
the differences between groups lie (see
Section 11.4).
That the model fitted to the data accounts for less This is incorrect. An F-ratio that is large
variation than extraneous factors, but it doesn’t tell enough to be statistically significant
us where the differences between groups lie. actually tells us that the model fitted to the
data accounts for more variation than
extraneous factors (see Section 11.4).
Exercise FieldStat4 11.MC.014.
What is the overall effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable known as?
Author’s Notes
Multiple Choice Options (correct choice comes first) Feedback (rejoinder) for this choice
Increasing the number of independent variables in your study increases the likelihood of making a
Type I error: true or false?
Author’s Notes
Multiple Choice Options (correct choice comes first) Feedback (rejoinder) for this choice
Author’s Notes
Multiple Choice Options (correct choice comes first) Feedback (rejoinder) for this choice
The resulting model will be a better fit of the data Yes, this is correct (See Section 11.2.2).
than the grand mean.
The resulting model will be a poorer fit of the data This is incorrect (see Section 11.2.2).
than the grand mean.
It is likely that the assumption of sphericity will have This is incorrect (see Section 11.2.2).
been violated.
Author’s Notes
Multiple Choice Options (correct choice comes first) Feedback (rejoinder) for this choice
The sum of weights for a comparison should not be Yes, this is correct, because it is not a
zero. rule for conducting orthogonal contrasts.
The sum of weights for a comparison
should equal zero. If you add up the
weights for a given contrast the result
should be zero (see Section 11.4.2).
The group that is singled out in one comparison This is incorrect, because it is a rule for
should be excluded from any subsequent conducting orthogonal contrasts. You
contrasts. must compare only two chunks of
variation at a time, and once a group has
been singled out in a contrast it can’t be
used in another contrast (see Section
11.4.2).
For a given contrast, the weights assigned to the This is incorrect, because it is a rule for
group(s) in one chunk of variation should be equal conducting orthogonal contrasts (see
to the number of groups in the opposite chunk of Section 11.4.2).
variation.
If we give a group a weight of zero then this This is incorrect, because it is a rule for
eliminates that group from all calculations. conducting orthogonal contrasts (see
Section 11.4.2).
Exercise FieldStat4 11.MC.018.
After an ANOVA you need more analysis to find out which groups differ. When you did not
generate specific hypotheses before the experiment use:
Author’s Notes
(Hint: We need a way to contrast the different groups without inflating the Type I error rate.)
Multiple Choice Options (correct choice comes first) Feedback (rejoinder) for this choice
Imagine we conduct a one-way independent ANOVA with four levels on our independent variable
and obtain a significant result. Given that we had equal sample sizes, we did not make any
predictions about which groups would differ before the experiment and we want guaranteed
control over the Type I error rate, which would be the best test to investigate which groups differ?
Author’s Notes
(Hint: Post hoc tests do not require specific a priori predictions about which groups will differ.)
Multiple Choice Options (correct choice comes first) Feedback (rejoinder) for this choice