Mulungushi University School of Medicine and Health Sciences

Biochemistry
Carbohydrate Metabolism Recap Q2
100 marks Total
Prepared by Dr Sepiso K. Masenga
1. Consider the information given below for glycolysis reactions
no Reaction kJ/mol
1 Glucose + ATP → glucose-6-phosphate + ADP ΔGo = -16.7
2 Glucose-6-phosphate → Fructose-6-phosphate ΔGo = +1.7
3 Fructose- 6-phosphate + ATP → Fructose-1,6-diphosphate + ADP ΔGo = -14.2
4 Fructose-1,6-diphosphate → glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone ΔGo = +23.8
phosphate
5 dihydroxyacetone phosphate → glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ΔGo = + 7.5
6 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + phosphate + NAD+ →1,3-diphosphoglycerate + ΔGo = +6.3
NADH + H+
7 1,3-diphosphoglycerate + ADP → 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP ΔGo = -18.8
8 3-phosphoglycerate → 2-phosphoglycerate ΔGo = +4.6
9 2-phosphoglycerate → 2-phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O ΔGo = +1.7
10 2- phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP → pyruvate + ATP ΔGo = -31.4
11 pyruvate + NADH + H+ → lactate + NAD+ ΔGo = -25.1

Answer the following questions

a) Calculate the ΔGo of glycolysis (2 Marks)
b) State whether glycolysis is an exergonic or endergonic process and give a reason for your answer (2 Marks)
c) In class we learnt that almost all biochemical reactions including those of glycolysis are coupled reactions
(exergonic and endergonic). The Phosphorylation of glucose in reaction (1) can be decomposed into two
reactions.
a) Glucose + phosphate → Glucose-6-phosphate + H2O ΔGo = +14.3
b) ATP + H2O → ADP + phosphate . ΔGo = ????
What is the ΔG of the second reaction? State which one is endergonic and exergonic giving a reason for each? (2
o

marks)
d) What enzyme catalyzes reaction 3 and what two functions does ATP serve in this coupled reaction? (3 marks)
e) Which enzymes regulate glycolysis? (3 marks)
f) What enzyme catalyzes reaction 11 and under what conditions? (2 marks)
g) In certain tumor cells, an enzyme called ATPase becomes abnormally active, resulting in increased hydrolysis of
ATP to ADP. What would be the effect on the overall rate of glycolysis in these cells and explain the biochemical
mechanism behind cachexia (wasting & weakness) in chronic cancer patients? (3 marks)

2. Show and name the three bonds in ATP between the phosphates and the sugar? (2 Marks)
Also show α, ß, γ phosphates and state which one undergoes hydrolysis to yield energy (4 marks)

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 Mulungushi University School of Medicine and Health Sciences
Biochemistry
Carbohydrate Metabolism Recap Q2
100 marks Total
Prepared by Dr Sepiso K. Masenga

3.
a) List the two main sites of glycogenesis and the enzyme (s) that regulate this process? (3 marks):
b) Under what conditions is Glycogenolysis activated and for what purpose? 6 marks

4.
a) What are the phases and key products of the hexose monophosphate shunt and what are these products
used for? (6 marks
b) List at least 4 key differences between Glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway 4 Marks

5.
a) What are the key Differences between Fructolysis and glycolysis 5 marks
b) Explain the mechanism of the metabolic consequences of large fructose quantity Ingestion responsible for
atherosclerosis and the weak feeling that accompanies sucrose/HFCS ingestion in some people? 5 marks

6. A patient suspected of T2DM came to the hospital. Urine was collected and a blood sample. What was the urine
for? What tests can you conduct in a blood specimen to diagnose prediabetes and T2DM? what are the reference
ranges 11 marks

7. Dinitrophenol (DNP) is an uncoupler, or has the ability to separate the flow of electrons and the pumping of H+
ions for ATP synthesis. This means that the energy from electron transfer cannot be used for ATP synthesis. Fifty
years ago, DNP was given as a drug to help patients lose weight. Why does this work? Why would this be
dangerous? 5 marks

8. If you isolate mitochondria and place them in buffer with a low pH they begin to manufacture ATP. Why? 3 marks

9. List the four Stages of respiration (per mol of glucose under aerobic conditions to yield energy) and the number of
ATPs and electron carriers (H+) generated per stage. Then finally show the total ATP formation (10 marks)

10. Calculate the metabolic efficiency of Glycolysis and of the complete metabolism of 1 mole of glucose in the
ETC? also state the purpose of the deficit (100% ─ efficiency). 4 marks
Note: One mole of Glucose = 2805 kJ/mole and 1 ATP is equivalent to 30.5 kJ/mole

11. You set up an experiment under aerobic condition and test how much ATP is made in cells in the presence of an
inhibitor. You find that from 3 moles of glucose, only 51 moles of ATP are generated.
a. How many mole moles of ATP would you expect to generate in the absence of the inhibitor? Show your
work 5 marks
b. Name the enzyme in the TCA cycle that was affected by adding the inhibitor? Show your work 10 marks

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