trtk A Data Fow aisgsom (DFD) á a ghaphial ufuttaltn of

the flow of data togh

to
into
cseat an ovdsi of the szstem without go
whieh Com lata bu labokatd.
Dda flous digama One of he thaee cslntal
duit
Jtuctugd tystems anaysis and duj
method (SSA DM ).

sapsestrntatuo ,heuce we mud dom

Simee it a ghaphical action8 , that e
Aymnbols to se oaote

box defines doukee o4 oles tinat. of e

’ Squae Bor Asguase

Abow os bine An asou defrnes the flou of data ie

’ that å in motiom.
o the dat
dt tives infotmaton ivs
sebheset as a bhoceu that
Cihelo o Bubbl chant i dt box.

a a dah stohe. &n

basie oeieu of the who sotem Asecut beig anaged
dited to be a at.a glanee is, Ahouing
O& modale. stig: uitn its alatios
he hime higk.lad plocus,
ent ties s! hould be casily mdestad by a wide
b elesmel Gnalats, ata analgs
Qudismce, irelding tkekoldus , businis
ond dorelh6
Hotel hufCanlimnto
fol Ac-nin
Qust Guest Imto
Waitng Tafo
Rosm Imfo
DFD level-0

level-0 DFD 2 bhoken doun into mote sheaif'tn

DED Leel-1’ The basic mmodalas in te dste
Jystm
depicks
Lovd-1DFD , Lerel-1 DFD onodlules.korel1 DFD
vakious
flou of Ca hkcau of infohanatibn
basie ohocess
abo nenbons
olatailal view of the Context bel aiaga
nl, dyolen
cassid out ty the
Me main fametig sus- phoceuet:
Hee The
bheak into it
kiyaiyhted as we Res chvatbm
Roor
hocuss
(haaretin
frocss
Rebust
Ndni
OFD Levl 2> 2 erel DFD 4o s one dtep dubes indo
pla
pasts of 1- lel DFD . gt can be used to
detad abou!
kteokd the speeifie /necssay
the
Ruewetom
ksosraton Resewethio

onf'Ances
tmatio
Swdhing
Reuewat
fouss

Conellats. Tiket
dehalmet GentPhocashata
puwto

Ghegade

lovl2 FD
 kyplain Softwase Maimtance ard its vOiout tyhu

lbes Softwase mantonance iså a pat of the softunse

åto onody
to
and nhda
Cossect essoss and to
Maintainsnee cs
s the moolel of
Sof twehe wWheneres b o ' h e toftuase
Saguies altbuatia possi
a ar atuise actiity that
Softuahe aint ana cajabilba,
cosseetbs, bnhanceoment 0f
fneudu eSsos and optaatisn,
daleten of absabutdcapabiliu
Main tainamce is wnudd fot
cflweu
losecting essors
’

code to stfastos
T6 optiomize the

To

maintainance s segsed to bnswke thut

Thub , he
Con t'nues to satafy
Ao Cossti Maimtinbw Co&&/rlive aim tamanee aims to Coieat

preificatbs
2. blabtie Maintimote ’ dt Comtaims modigi the softuase
to onatok chages chaghng emismmet
J. fhoenlhe Maimtananee Jt s the oocess by whiel be
Ponvsvles the
bhevemt ou ystem fom being
old dystem with old tekmo log &
on whick This mirtunte

he fom

fosfeti
to endttht chngaliy gumetanality.
enhance Tha ma Conta
emkancanead of xistin ysteon
 Tsting fe Gea). Aao Epli
kslain STLC (seftuae

engue that
uing a woftoaseakicatio, to djett.
ap'sonch to aguitends Gmd å fae of
it muts te that olows
and ench phese has sheeigfe obistiA
Omnd Aeliable and mat the
softunse end- sesg.
meeds o/ the idam fy
the s TUC t
goa of isuts foa the dofbl aplirtin
The omaindefect o%
documnt Gngt
as cay as Gnd keoloet bets
isus to be adtlhued
the le.
pub
allouts fo s uleased to
he softwase Tist Llannig
of the STLC includes
T stages Test Emihonment St u
Tut malyis, 7atTst Qeai
Closuse,
Tast fxecutb sys ededu
ioebadu shuitie actitis

kat of thse hello to ensuse thet he

dilesables hat
Ad tuted amd mets the

Aguisement imbohtomt phocas that hefs

to enswbe the
Gnd hovides a syslamatie tfsoack to
 STLC ` a fandamnted þont of tte softwn dsdlyt
ife Gele , but STLC Consitls of ony aty
uteg phuy.
’STLC stants as doon as saguhements
doftrae Aeguistontnd
by 'dtke oldus.
haed
’STLC yilds

Phase of STLC’

softwase bosting ife Gyel (sTLC).

stef of the asdhance team mdes-stam d
eh what to be tuled gA
the Aeguhlmetg bhdorstamadable the the
not
stakaheldus to
guality" assuhance
otbndgtnd the daleiled kuolye of kaguicaild.
o the mst effiint þhaue
the sofoae pháte 'mangeh of the testfing
defd. n his
a
am calolotas tehe stimatd fot Gmd cast foros the

Thi phase gets dtated t

H the Aeyuiamtat
Once the
3. Tat (al orlitormtnt The tst cale ddipmnt phaye ges
stasted on the teat onierg phae is Comated.
datoilod tut c The ~astrg am ako bahasas
then the
ast Aeiased
test case ase piabad them
teamn

he test emmion
Con dihon on whik doftwe
-ombrd decidu the
dested. This pocaus, the
with tut case n thisthe
dvelofmeto eitheh
tsting team mot welved,
Cheatu
dalapes
Emihon md
Custo mes
Oh the
5. Tesl recution Case dvelofmld and
4lu the Tesd
ut envisormend sel deam ytas
phepased t t caseu in
teat
Casel baed m
whsall
he fme' stae of sTLC .
t the cunated.
Test Classe’
6. testing slated actinlie com lated and do
of the tut closuhe stye u to
main objeebve actites hane be
The Aelated
at al euting
bnsuse that and hat
Contlated
 Audomation Teshmgt
Tastng!

wit Black- Bor

box

|Fmetiona! Tutint

Uhit
Jatgation) Syptem
fesfosmance Conpaibiby
|Tstrng Tstng

Nom nChemegta
[Lond Tes tong
Jnchenenta!
Tistbrng

Bottm o|
to the cliints muds witkout using Gongt automaa tool is
oun as

hite box taing> tn ite box

on white tuting itthe ovesdaelojpesn
box tuting will inspet
to the testing

Black
black box Tutgo Anothes tyhe of Manal tesby
bx tastng n this
tthe doftuase agarnst sagisement deamo
bug Gnd dendi
tut enginees will chick all tho lomtoreag
hntianal Tasting ’ The

Comfobnt he sebted tested

funelisal tstiny, all He valdating
9n daipning he odfat , and
^the valut,
tist leved of fonctisd
Tuting hit testng is the this. he tut
Unit in Okces o hst any softwse So

oh tst
he
9 ree we ar
Unit estng,
the data flow betaeen
ween sperdend mocles oou
Weinteest
fuce betucen tuo 's caled intyato
 we will ondasgo tnd featute
atbibute of the and test if he
wDshs acosdigly to the buine ssquitmmt ard amalysis
the sottwase
infosmatian on
Non: fametinal Teuting ’ dt phevidas detuilad tehinolegies
tofthsase phoduet pefosane amd used minimi~e He
en-fmetilra tsbing wil he us
and helatad
Aalated lads of tHe thl toftuase
$t is a combimaton of bofosmamee, load sts.
usability ad Confath bilit tesg the test

tut the woskin ofam tutirg the teut enginu il ony

tyjpe ot non finetal
deresa sjecto, tiol i load,
socus on of the sotne ok an
dcalability ond dtabilut
ahplicatitr Grd detect te bygs
md uses
the doftuaseB

euy to emdastand
The oflcatsn
should be yealses ost e
which neans that
all te
endubes.
 name
&n softuase testing, a bug i
afpplicatian
the heguiment towhlit we hae
ot Os oes bseakdoor
Cucing esioh, it leads e
dome
which bnotn as a bug
by
The tut engincs

saquikment de fect .
speified s the abtAAebiatibn om the actuad and expeed
sut of the ateication o dottuae .
hat he bug anoned
phoghamoneh and inside the code is Called defeot.
by the
The thotblen in code lead to esnOls which mla
Eoh ’
måtake can occuh cue to He oleelopehs .
that e bndestood he
esoh as the darelehu
develoben mis
Ob he Agudtment not dalived
vte he team
Cossetly The dareljes
oces tm sottuahe becaude t
fault Thefaulttheom
code fo fault tolarae making
got
ba onot
has added
aagham bcaue as ho
easomß
folloung Lach o soees
imwalid ste
Inatbaaiate dat dafitiom