RIZAL Chronology —

1. CHRONOLOGY1848, June 28 -- Rizal’s parents married in Calamba, Laguna: Francisco Rizal-Mercado

y Alejandra(born in Biñan, April 18, 1818) and Teodora Morales Alonso-Realonda y Quintos (born in
Sta. Cruz,Manila, Nov. 14, 1827).
JUNE 19, 1861-- Rizal born, their seventh child.1861,
June 22 -- Christened as José Protasio Rizal-Mercado y Alonso-Realonda
1870, age 9 -- In school at Biñan under Master Justiniano Aquin Cruz.
1871, age 10 -- In Calamba public school under Master Lucas Padua.
1872, June 10, age 11 -- Examined in San Juan de Letran college, Manila, which, during the Spanish time,
as part of Sto. Tomás University, controlled entrance to all higher institutions.
1872, June 26 -- Entered the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, then a public school, as a day scholar.
1875, June 16, age 14 -- Became a boarder in the Ateneo.
1876, March 23, age 15 -- Received the Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree, with highest honours, from Ateneo
de Manila.
1877, June. -- Entered Sto. Tomás University in the Philosophy course.
1877, Nov. 29 -- Awarded diploma of honorable mention and merit by the Royal Economic Society of
Friends of the Country, Amigos del País, for the prize poem.
1878, June, age 16. -- Matriculated in the medical course. Won Liceo Artistico-Literario prize, in poetical
competition for “Indians and Mestizos”, with the poem “To the Philippine Youth”.
Wounded in the back for not saluting a Guardia Civil lieutenant whom he had not seen. The authorities
ignored his complaint.1880, April 23, age 19. -- Received Licco Artístico-Literario diploma of
honorable mention for the allegory, “The Council of the Gods”, in competition open to “Spaniards,
mestizos and Indians”. Unjustly deprived of the first prize.
1880, Dec. 8. -- Operetta “On the Banks of the Pasig” produced.
1881, age 20. -- Submitted winning wax model design for commemorative medal for the Royal Economic
Society of Friends of the Country centennial.
1882, May 3, age 21. -- Secretly left Manila taking a French mail steamer at Singapore for Marseilles and
entering Spain at Port Bou by railroad. His brother, Paciano Mercado, furnished the money.
1882, June. -- Absence noted at Sto. Tomás University, which owned the Calamba estate. Rizal’s father was
compelled to prove that he had no knowledge of his son’s plan in order to hold the land on which he
was the University’s tenant.
1882, June 15. -- Arrived in Barcelona.1882, October 3. -- Began studies in Madrid.
1886, --Received degree of Licentiate in Medicine with honours from Central University of Madrid on
June19 at the age of 24.
Clinical assistant to Dr. L. de Weckert, a Paris oculist. Visited Universities of Heidelberg, Leipzig, and
Berlin.
1887, Feb. 21, age 26. -- Finished the novel Noli Me Tangere in Berlin. Traveled in Austria, Switzerland
and Italy.
1887, July 3. -- Sailed from Marseilles.
1887, Aug. 5. -- Arrived in Manila. Traveled in nearby provinces with a Spanish lieutenant, detailed by
the Governor-General, as escort.1888, Feb. -- Sailed for Japan via Hong Kong.
1888, Feb. 28 to April 13, age 27. -- A guest at the Spanish Legation, Tokyo, and travelling in Japan.
1888, April-May. -- Travelling in the United States.
1888, May 24. -- In London, studying in the British Museum to edit Morga’s 1609 Philippine History.
1889, March, age 28. -- In Paris, publishing Morga’s History. Published “The Philippines A Century Hence”
in La Solidaridad, a Filipino fortnightly review, first of Barcelona and later of Madrid.
1890, February to July, age 29. -- In Belgium finished El Filibusterismo which is the sequel to Noli
MeTangere. Published “The Indolence of the Filipino” in La Solidaridad.
1890, August 4. -- Returned to Madrid to confer with his countrymen on the Philippine situation, then
constantly growing worse.
1891, January 27. -- Left Madrid for France.
1891, November, age 30. -- Arranging for a Filipino agricultural colony in British North Borneo. Practiced
medicine in Hong Kong.
1892, June 26, age 31. -- Returned to Manila under Governor-General Despujol’s safe conduct pass.
Organized a mutual aid economic society: La Liga Filipina on July 3.
1892, July 6. -- Ordered deported to Dapitan, but the decree and charges were kept secret from him. Taught
school and conducted a hospital during his exile, patients coming from China coast ports for treatment.
Fees thus earned were used to beautify the town. Arranged a water system and had the plaza lighted.
1896, August 1, age 35. -- Left Dapitan en route to Spain as a volunteer surgeon for the Cuban yellow fever
hospitals. Carried letters of recommendation from Governor-General Blanco.
1896, August 7 to September 3. -- On Spanish cruiser Castilla in Manila Bay. Sailed for Spain on Spanish
mail steamer and just after leaving Port Said was confined to his cabin as a prisoner on cabled order
from Manila. (Rizal’s enemies to secure the appointment of a governor-general subservient to them,
the servile Polavieja had purchased Governor-General Blanco’s promotion.)
 1896, October 6. -- Placed in Montjuich Castle dungeon on his arrival in Barcelona and the same day re-
embarked for Manila. Friends and countrymen in London by cable made an unsuccessful effort for a
Habeas Corpus writ at Singapore. On arrival in Manila was placed in Fort Santiago dungeon.
1890, December 3. -- Charged with treason, sedition and forming illegal societies, the prosecution arguing
that he was responsible for the deeds of those who read his writings. During his imprisonment Rizal
began to formulate in his mind his greatest poem who others later entitle,“My Last Farewell.” (later
concealed in an alcohol cooking lamp)
December 12 --- Rizal appears in a courtroom where the judges made no effort to check those who cry out
for his death.
1896, December 15. -- Wrote an address to insurgent Filipinos to lay down their arms because their
insurrection was at that time hopeless. Address not made public but added to the charges against him.
1896, December 27. -- Formally condemned to death by a Spanish court martial. Pi y Margall, who had
been president of the Spanish Republic, pleaded with the Prime Minister for Rizal’s life, but the Queen
Regent could not forgive his having referred in one of his writings to the murder by, and suicide of, her
relative, Crown Prince Rudolph of Austria.
6. 1896, December 29 -- Completes and puts into writing "My Last Farewell." He conceals the poem in an
alcohol heating apparatus and gives it to his family. He may have also concealed another copy of the
same poem in one of his shoes but, if so, it is lost in decomposition in his burial.
1896, December 30, age 35 years, 6 months, 11 days. -- Roman Catholic sources allege that Rizal marries
Josephine Bracken in his Fort Santiago death cell to Josephine Bracken; she is Irish, the adopted
daughter of a blind American who came to Dapitan from Hong Kong for treatment.
Shot on the Luneta, Manila, at 7:03 a.m., and buried in a secret grave in Paco Cemetery. (Entry of his death
was made in the Paco Church Register among suicides.)
1897, January. -- Commemorated by Spanish Free-masons who dedicated a tablet to his memory, in their
Grand Lodge hall in Madrid, as a martyr to Liberty.
1898, August. -- Filipinos who placed over it in Paco cemetery, a cross inscribed simply “December
30,1896”, sought his grave, immediately after the American capture of Manila. Since his death his
countrymen had never spoken his name, but all references had been to “The Dead”.
1898, December 20. -- President Aguinaldo, of the Philippine Revolutionary Government, proclaimed
December 30th as a day of national mourning.
1898, December 30. -- Filipinos held Memorial services at which time American soldiers on duty carried
their arms reversed.
1911, June 19. -- Birth semi-centennial observed in all public schools by an act of the Philippine
Legislature.
1912, December 30. -- Rizal’s ashes transferred to the Rizal Mausoleum on the Luneta with impressive
public ceremonies.

Chapter 1 —1 : ADVENT OF NATIONAL HERO

JUNE 19, 1861 – the day when Jose Rizal was born JOSE RIZAL - The greatest hero of the Philippines -
“many – splendored genius” - dowered by God superb “intellectual”, - “moral” and “physical qualities” - a
man of many talents - a martyr and a patriot
WORLD WHEN RIZAL WAS BORN1861
PAX HISPANICA – reigned over the archipelago
GOV. JOSE LEMERY – the governor general – a good militarist & established politico military over Visayas
& Mindanao GARGANTUAN, CHINA – prostrated and impotent to stop over foreign devils
OCTOBER 22, 1860 – Convention of Peking1850-1864 – TAIPING REBELLION IMPERIALIST WESTERN
POWERS – victories over China and tried it on Japan1854 – COMMODDORE MATTHEW C. PERRY ; he
unlocked Japan
A HERO IS BORN JUNE 19, 1861 – Rizal was born
JUNE 22, 1861 – baptismal of Rizal FATHER RUFINO COLLANTES – baptized Rizal
FATHER PEDRO CASAÑAS – Rizal’s godfather (ninong)MARIANO HERBOSA – nephew of Father
Casañas and will marry Lucia
JOSE PROTACIO RIZAL MERCADO Y ALONZO REALONDA– the complete name of Jose Rizal
FRANCISCO MERCADO RIZAL May 11, 1818 (birthdate) He studied Latin and Philosophy in College of San
Jose in Manila His mother died, then he moved to Calamba to became a tenant farmer in a Dominican estate
June 28, 1848 – he married Teodora Alonzo RealondaJanuary 5, 1898 ; he died at 80 in Manila
TEODORA ALONZO REALONDANovember 8, 1826 (birthdate)College of Santa Rosa
August 16, 1911 ; she died at 85
THE RIZAL CHILDREN 1. SATURNINA 2. PACIANO 3. NARCISA 4.OLIMPIA 5 LUCIA
6. MARIA 7. JOSE 8. CONCEPCION 9. JOSEFA 10.TRINIDAD
11. SOLEDAD
10. RIZAL’S ANCESTRY PATERNAL SIDE DOMINGO LAM – CO - great - great grandfather A Chinese
immigrant from Chinchow “China’s City of Spring” He was married to INES DE LA ROSA
1731- He adopt the name MERCADO meaning MARKET
FRANCISCO MERCADO – Domingo Lam-Co’s son who married CIRILA BERNACNAJUAN MERCADO –
Francisco’s son who married CIRILA ALEJANDRO FRANCISCO MERCADO (Rizal’s Father) – son of Juan
Mercado
RIZAL’S ANCESTRY MATERNAL SIDE LAKAN – DULA – descendant
EUGENIO URSUA – great – great grandfather of Rizal He is married to BENIGNA and they have a daughter
named REGINA REGINA – married to MANUEL DE QUINTOS and they have a daughter named BRIGIDA
BRIGIDA – married to LORENZO ALBERTO and they have their sons and daughters named NARCISA,
TEODORA, GREGORIO, JOSE and MANUEL
RIZAL – “racial”; means “new pasture” and “green field”
PROOFS THAT RIZAL FAMILY BELONGS TO WELL TO DO FAMILY They have a large stone house.
They have a home library with 1000 volumes of books. First to sent their children in Manila. They own a
carjuahe

Chapter 2 —CHILDHOOD DAYS IN CALAMBA “Ah, tender childhood, lovely town, Rich town of my
felicities.” - Jose Rizal
CALAMBA - the hero’s town
1876– When Rizal was 15, he wrote a poem “Un RecuerdoA Mi Pueblo” (In Memory of My
Town) EARLIEST CHILDHOOD MEMORIESAYA – nurse maid
1865 – Concepcion died; this is the first sorrow of Jose
DEVOTED SON OF CHURCH 3yrs. old – he joined family prayers 5yrs. old – he knew haltingly, the Spanish
family bible
FATHER LEONCIO LOPEZ – the town priest, he was respected by Rizal
PILGRIMAGE TO ANTIPOLO
JUNE 6, 1868 – Jose and his father went to Antipolo, OUR LADY OF PEACE AND GOOD VOYAGE Our
Lady of Antipolo
THE STORY OF THE MOTH
5yrs. old – Rizal made sketches
USMAN – dog of Rizal
TO MY FELLOW CHILDREN(Sa AkingMgaKababata) – wrote by Rizal when he was 8 years old; His first
poem written in native language
Php 2.00 – for Rizal’s manuscript of his first drama bought by the gobernadorcillo of Paete, Laguna
INFLUENCE ON HERO’S BOYHOOD
1.Hereditary Influence 2. Environmental Influence 3. Aid of Divine Providence

RIZAL’S UNCLES WHO HELP HIM A LOT IN HIS DEVELOPMENT

GREGORIO – reading of books,
JOSE – artistic ability,
MANUEL– develop his frail
Chapter 3 SCHOOL DAYS IN BIÑAN“This is the town where my father first saw the light of day, and
where he sent me to continue studying the rudiments of Latin, which I started to learn” - Jose Rizal
HERO’S FIRST TEACHER DOÑA TEODORA ALONZO REALONDA - Jose Rizal’s mother and her first
non – formal teacher - At 3 years old he learned the alphabet and prayers
3 NON – FORMAL TEACHER OF RIZAL
MAESTRO CELESTINO – First private tutor
MAESTRO LUCAS PADUA – second private tutor
MAESTRO LEON MONROY – a classmate of Don Francisco Mercado Rizal - became Rizal’s tutor in Spanish
and Latin - he died 5 months later.Then after Leon Monroy’s death Rizal was sent to Biñan
SCHOOL DAYS IN BIÑAN
JOSE GOES TO BIÑAN June 1869 – Rizal goes to Biñan with his brother Paciano CARROMATA– the mode
of transportation at Biñan, Rizal lodged to his Aunt’s house together with his cousin Leandro.
FIRST DAY IN BIÑAN SCHOOL MAESTRO JUSTIANO AQUINO CRUZ - formal teacher RIZAL’S
CLASSMATES Pedro(teacher’s son) Andres Salandanan Jose Guevarra
FIRST SCHOOL BRAWL PEDRO– wrestling
ANDRES SALANDANAN – arm wrestling
PAINTING LESSONS IN BIÑAN OLD JUANCHO – a painter who gave free lessons in painting and sculpture
to Rizal and Jose Guevarra. Rizal became the best student in Biñan
DECEMBER 17, 1870 – Rizal left Biñan with steamer Talim
ARTURO CAMPS - a French friend of Rizal’s father who is with him on his way back to Calamba.
INJUSTICE TO HERO’S MOTHER DOÑA TEODORA - was arrested on a malicious charge that she aided his
brother JOSE ALBERTO in trying to poison his wife
JOSE ALBERTO’S WIFE - had a relationship with the lieutenant of the GUARDIA CIVIL ANTONIO
VIVENCIO DEL ROSARIO – gobernadorcillo
SANTA CRUZ – capital of Laguna province where DoñaTeodora was jailed
ROYAL AUDENCIA – supreme court
DON FRANCISCO DE MARCAIDA & DON MANUEL MAZANO– prominent barristers of Manila
JANUARY 20, 1872 – Cavite mutiny flared up followed
FEBRUARY 17, 1872 -MARTYRDOM OF GOMBURZA the execution of FATHER MARIANO GOMEZ,
FATHER JOSE BURGOS and FATHER JACINTO ZAMORA
EL FILIBUSTERISMO – novel dedicated to GOMBURZA; it was published in GHENT during 1891

Chapter 4- TRIUMPHS IN THE ATENEO (1872-1877) “ Hold high the brow serene,O youth, where now
you stand; Let the bright sheen Of your grace be seen, Fair hope of my fatherland!” - Jose Rizal
SAN JUAN DE LETRAN - Dominican – owned college and a rival of Ateneo de Manila
ATENEO MUNICIPAL - formerly known as Escuela Pia, a charity school for poor boys in Manila which was
established by 1817 and later became Ateneo de Manila. Rizal took and passed the examination in COLLEGE
OF SAN JUAN DE LETRAN but he enrolled in ATENEO when he came back to Manila.
RIZAL ENTERS ATENEO FATHER MAGIN FERRANDO (college registrar) - refused to admit Jose Rizal
because ; He was late for registration. He was sickly and undersized for his age.
MANUEL XEREZ BURGOS – nephew of Father Burgos; Rizal was admitted to Ateneo because of him
RIZAL - surname used by Jose Rizal because Mercado became under suspicion by the Spanish
authorities. MERCADO – surname used by Paciano
TITAY – owner of the boarding house where Rizal boarded to settle the bill owed by Titay by about Php300.00
JESUIT SYSTEM OF EDUCATION Reasons why Jesuit System was advance than other college It trained the
character of students by rigid discipline and religious instruction. It promotes physical culture, humanities and
scientific studies. Aside from academic courses leading to AB, it offers vocational course in agriculture,
commerce, mechanics and surveying. They were given splendid professors. They acquired prestige as an
excellent college for boys.
TWO GROUPS OF STUDENT
Roman Empire (internos/boarders) -RED FLAG
Carthaginian Empire (externos/non-boarders) -BLUE FLAG
5 RANKS 1. EMPEROR 2. TRIBUNE 3. DECURION 4. CENTURION 5. STANDARD BEARER
RAYADILLO – official uniform of Ateneo
FATHER JOSE BECH – first teacher of Rizal in Ateneo. Rizal was placed as an externo but a week after he
showed his progress and after a month he became the emperor.
SANTA ISABEL COLLEGE – where Rizal took his Spanish lessons during recess and paid it for Php 3.00.
Rizal returned to Calamba for his vacation. Saturnina brought him to Tanawan to visit their mother to cheer him
up. After the vacation he returned to Ateneo for his second year. He is now living at DOÑA PEPAY, an old
landlady with widowed daughter and four sons.
SECOND YEAR IN ATENEO(1873-1874) He again became an emperor; he also received excellent grades in
all subjects and a gold medal. At March 1874, he returned to Calamba for his vacation.
PROPHECY OF MOTHER’S RELEASE Doña Teodora was released in the jail after 3 months like what Jose
Rizal said. St. JOSEPH – Rizal was comparable because of his interpretation about his mother’s release.
TEENAGE INTEREST IN READING TWO FAVORITE NOVELS OF RIZAL
1. THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO by Alexander Dumas
2. TRAVEL IN THE PHILIPPINES by Feodor Jagor
UNIVERSAL HISTORY by Cesar Cantus – he wishes to buy
THIRD YEAR IN ATENEO (1874-1875) He only got 1 medal in his Latin subject, then on March 1875
he returned to Calamba.
FOURTH YEAR IN ATENEO (1875-1876)
JUNE 16,1875 – Rizal became an interne in Ateneo
FATHER FRANCISCO SANCHEZ - Rizal’s favorite teacher Rizal won 5 medals and topped in all subjects
and on March, 1876 he returned to Calamba. Rizal became the pride of the Jesuits and he obtained highest
grades in all subjects. He received the degree of Bachelor of Arts with highest honours during commencement
exercise.
EXTRA CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES IN ATENEO He was an emperor and a campus leader outside.
Secretary of the Marian Congregation, Member of Academy of Spanish Literature Member of Academy of
Natural Sciences
FATHER JOSE VILLACLARA – advised Rizal to stop communing with the muses but to pay more attention
to practical studies. Rizal studied painting at
AGUSTIN SAEZ and sculpture under
ROMUALDO DE JESUS, a Filipino sculptor.
SCULPTURAL WORKS IN ATENEO THE VIRGIN MARY - he carved an image with Batikuling (Phil.
Hardwood) with his pocket knife
FATHER LLEONART – requested Rizal to carved an image of SACRED HEART OF JESUS POEMS MADE
BY RIZAL IN ATENEO
DoñaTeodora was the first one to discover Rizal’s poetical talent while Fr. Sanchez helped Rizal to develop his
talent.
Mi Primera Inspiration (My First Inspiration) ,Poems made by Rizal: - dedicated to Rizal’s mother Through
Education Our Motherland Receives Light The Intimate Alliance between Religion and Good Education To the
Child To the Virgin Mary.
DRAMATIC WORK IN ATENEO Father Sanchez requested Rizal to wrote a drama based with ST. EUSTACE
THE MARTYR and on June 2, 1876, Rizal had finished the drama.
FIRST ROMANCE OF RIZAL SEGUNDA KATIGBAK – a 14 yr. old Batangueña from Lipa whom Rizal first
fell in loved with but Segunda was already engaged to Manuel Luz.
MARIANO KATIGBAK – brother of Segunda LA CONCORDIA COLLEGE – where Segunda and Olimpia
(Rizal’s sister) studied

Chapter 5 —AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS1877 - 82“ O Youth, illuminated by the arts
and letters. Stride fourth into arena, break down the heavy Fetters that bind your genius down, for in.These topic
regions were untortured darknessOnce held sway, the wise and kindly SpanishHand bestows today a splendid
crown Upon the native of, the Eastern land.”-Jose Rizal
2 Courses enrolled at UST
Philsophy and Letters (1877 – 1878)
Medicine
Mother’s Opposition to Higher Education- Don Francisco and Paciano wanted Jose to pursue higher learning-
Dona Teodora opposed this.
RIZAL ENTERS THE UNIVERSITY-
April 1877, Rizal at 16 years old, entered University of Santo Tomas
2 reasons why he enrolled Philosophy and Letters
1. His father liked it
2. He was not sure what career to pursue
FATHER PABLO RAMON - Rector of the Ateneo, Rizal asked for advice on the choice of career Rizal studied
Cosmology, Metaphysics, Theodicy, and History of Philosophy. He took up a medical course 1878-1879
because; he followed Ateneo Rector’s advice wanted to be able to cure his mother’s growing blindness
FINISHES SURVEYING COURSE IN ATENEO 1878- He took a vocational course in Ateneo during his first
term in UST- The course lead to the title perito agrimensor(expert surveyor)-
He passed the final examination at the age of 17-
He was granted the title on November 25, 1881-
His loyalty to Ateneo continued (EXTRA CURRIULAR/ AFFILIATION)
President of the Academy of Spanish Literature.
Secretary of the Academy of Natural Sciences and
Secretary of the Marian Congregation.
ROMANCES WITH OTHER GIRLS- SEGUNDA KATIGBAK 14 yr. old Batanguena and engaged to Manuel
Luz- ,
“MISS L” A girl with seductive eyes The romance died a natural death because: The sweet memory of Segunda
was still fresh in his heart. His father did not like the family of “Miss L”.
LEONOR VALENZUELA Daughter of Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday Valenzuela, their neighbor who
were from Pagsanjan, Laguna Her pet name was “Orang” Rizal sent notes to her made with invisible ink (salt
solution).
LEONOR RIVERA Jose boarded in Casa Tomasina (No. 6 Calle Santo Tomas, Intramuros) Daughter of his
landlord-uncle from Camiling, Antonio Rivera She was a student at La Concordia College, also the school of
Soledad, Jose’s youngest sister Born in Camiling, Tarlac on April 11, 1867 She used the name “Taimis” in her
letters to Rizal.
VICTIM OF SPANISH OFFICER’S BRUTALITY-
SETTING: Dark night, summer vacation 1878.
Calamba- He passed by a lieutenant of the Guardia Civil but failed to recognize the latter-Insulted, the
Lieutenant slashed Jose’s back with his sword- Jose reported to General Primo de Rivera, Spanish governor
general, but no resolution was done because of racial discrimination .
TO THE FILIPINO YOUTH (1879)-Literary contest by Artistico-Literario (Artisitic- Literary Lyceum)-
Rizal, 18 years old, submitted his poem entitled A La Juventud Filipina(To the Filipino Youth)- The first prize,
a feather shaped, gold ribbon decorated silver pen was given to Rizal- In the poem, Rizal beseeched the Filipino
to rise from lethargy, to let their genius fly swifter than the wind and descend with art science to break the
chains that have long bound the spirit of the people.- The poem is a classic.
Two reasons:
It was the first great poem in Spanish written by a Filipino whose merit was recognized by Spanish literary
authorities.
It expressed for the first time the nationalistic concept that the Filipinos, and not the foreigners were the “fair
hope of the Fatherland.”
THE COUNCIL OF THE GODS (1880) Another literary contest by the Artistic-Literary Lyceum to
commemorate the fourth centennial of the death of Cervantes, Spanish and author of Don Quixote. Manuel De
Cervantes – Spain’s glorified man of letter - Rizal submitted an allegorical drama, El Consejo de los Dioses
(The Council of the Gods)- The allegory was based on Greek classics- Rizal was aided by Father Rector of the
Ateneo in securing the needed reference materials- The contest was participated by priest, laymen, professors of
UST, newspapermen and scholars.- Rizal won the first price; he received a gold ring engraved with bust of
Cervantes. - D.N. Del Puzo – a Spanish writer won the 2nd price.
OTHER LITERARY WORKS1879: Abd-el-Azis y MahomaA poem, declaimed by an Atenean, Manuel
Fernandez on December 8, 1879 in honor of the Ateneo’s Patroness1880:
Junto al Pasig(Beside the Pasig)A zarzuela, staged by the Ateneans on December 8, 1880 on the Feast Day of
the Immaculate Conception, Patroness of the Ateneo.
Rizal wrote it as President of the Academy of Spanish Literature1880: A FilipinasA sonnet, for the album of
the Society of Sculptors Rizal urged all Filipino artist to glorify the Philippines1881: Al M.R.P. Pablo RamonA
poem, an expression of affection to Father Pablo Ramon, the Ateneo rector
RIZAL’S VISIT TO PAKIL AND PAGSANJAN May 1881 - Jose, along with his sisters Saturnina, Maria, and
Trinidad and female friends went on a pilgrimate to Pakil, famous shrine of the Birhen Maria de los Dolores.-
They boarded a casco(a flat-bottom sailing vessel) from Calamba to Pakil, Laguna- They stayed at the home of
Mr. and Mrs. Manuel Regalado, parents of Nicolas, Rizal’s friend in Manila- The company witnessed the
famous turumba, the people dancing in honor of the miraculous Birhen Maria de los Dolores-
Rizal was infatuated by VicentaY bardolaza She was skillful in playing the harp at the Regalado home- Rizal
and his party then went to Pagsanjan for two reasons
1. It was the native town of Leonor Valenzuela.
2. To see the world famous Pagsanjan Falls.
CHAMPION OF FILIPINO STUDENTS- There were frequent student brawls between the Filipinos and the
Spaniards-1880:
Rizal founded Companerismo(Comradeship), a secret society of Filipino UST students. The members were
called “Companions of Jehu”.- He was the chief of the society.- His cousin, Galicano Apacible was the
secretary.- In one of the skirmishes, Rizal was wounded on the head. His friends brought him to Casa Tomasina
where Leonor Rivera took care of him.
UNHAPPY DAYS AT THE UST Rizal was unhappy in the Dominican institution because: The Dominican
professors were hostile to him. The Filipino students were racially discriminated against by the Spaniards. The
method of instruction was obsolete and repressive. He failed to win high scholastic honors due to the attitude of
his professors.
DECISION TO STUDY ABROAD Rizal decided to study in Spain after finishing the fourth year of his
medical course. The people who approved this are the following: His older brother Paciano His sisters Saturnina
(Neneng) and Lucia Uncle Antonio Rivera. The Valenzuela family Some friends . The people who did not
know of his decision are the following: Rizal’s parents,Leonor Rivera and Spanish authorities

Chapter 6- IN SUNNY SPAIN

MAY 3, 1882 – Rizal left Manila He joined Propaganda Movement and became a Mason and worked with
Filipino patriots in seeking reforms. SECRET DEPARTURE FOR SPAIN PERSONS WHO KNOWS
RIZAL’S DEPARTURE Paciano, Antonio Rivera, Jesuit Fathers & Close Friends
Php 700.00 with diamond ring – given by Paciano to Rizal Php 35.00 – allowance per month; to be send by
Paciano and his uncle Antonio
JOSE MERCADO – name appeared in his passport
MANUEL T. HIDALGO – sender of telegram; he tells that the Spanish steamer SALVADORA was scheduled
to sail to Singapore MAY 1, 1882 – he left Calamba by CARROMATA, reaching Manila after 10 hours
SANTO DOMINGO CHURCH – he attended the mass before leaving
JOSE M. CECILIO (Chengoy) – Rizal’s close friend, one of his close friends who know his departure
SINGAPORE Founded by SIR THOMAS RAFFLES The SALVADORA reached the English colony of
Singapore on May 9. Rizal logged in HOTEL DE LAPAZ for 2 days. FIRST TRIP TO SUEZ
CANAL DJEMNAH – a French steamer; sailed to Europe MAY 26 - he saw the coast of AFRICA - He called
this as “AN INHOSPITABLE LAND BUT FAMOUS”ADEN - hotter than the Philippines; he saw camels and
Arabian horses. JUNE 2 - He arrived at the city of SUEZSUEZ CANAL - a historic waterway constructed by
ENGR. FERDINAND DE LESSEPS
NAPLES AND MARSEILLES JUNE 11 – Rizal reached Naples, an Italian city Rizal was fascinated by
MOUNT VESUVIUS and CASTLE OF ST. TELMO. He visited CHATEAU d’LF, where Dantes, hero of the
Count of Monte Cristo was imprisoned. Rizal stayed here for 2 ½ days.
BARCELONA MAY 16, 1882 – he reached BARCELONA; the greatest city of CATALUÑA and Spain’s
2nd largest city LAM RAMBLAS – famous street in Barcelona PLAZA DE CATALUÑA – welcome party
for Rizal was made by Rizal’s schoolmates at Ateneo
AMOR PATRIO (Love of Country) – he wrote it in Barcelona; this is a nationalistic essay written in Spanish
soil under the Pen name LAONG- LAAN Published in two text Spanish – Rizal Filipino – M.H. del Pilar
DIARYONG TAGALOG – first Manila bilingual newspaper
FRANCISCO CALVO – editor of Diaryong Tagalog; member of editorial staff
TWO PEN NAMES USED BY RIZAL
DIMAS – ALANG – used in joining the Masonry
LAONG LAAN – used in his essay
THREE ARTICLES FOR DIARYONG TAGALOG
Amor Patrio (Love of Country)
Los Viajes (Travels)
Revistade Madrid (Review of Madrid) – it was returned to him because of financial reasons Then Rizal moves
to Madrid.
SAD NEWS FROM HOME Spread of Cholera that was ravaging Manila and other provinces Leonor Rivera
was getting thinner because of an absence of a loved one.
LIFE IN MADRID- He enrolled at UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DE MADRID (Central University of Madrid)-
2 courses enrolled (MEDICINE, PHILOSOPHY & LETTERS)- Took lessons at the Academy of San Carlos
(Painting & Sculpture)- He also took private lessons in (GERMAN, FRENCH & ENGLISH)
THEY ASKED ME FOR VERSES Rizal joined the CIRCULO HISPANO - FILIPINO which is a society of
Spaniards and Filipino. Rizal was requested to create a poem which was declaimed upon December 31, 1882.
RIZAL AS LOVER OF BOOKS SEÑOR ROCES – owner of store where Rizal purchased 2nd hand books Rizal
was deeply affected by BEELCHESS STOWE’S “UNCLE TOM’S CABIN” & EUGENE SUE’S “THE
WONDERIGN JEW”. Rizal also visited PARIS for the first time and he said that “PARIS IS THE
COSTLIEST CAPITAL IN EUROPE”.
RIZAL BECOMES A MASON Rizal got contacts with the Liberal and Republican Masons. In 1883, he joined
the MASONIC LODGE ACACIA in Madrid adopting the Masonic name DIMAS – ALANG.
REASONS WHY HE JOINED MASONRY The bad friars in the Philippines, by their abuses unworthy of their
priestly habit, drove Rizal to desperation and to masonry. He needed to help the masons to fight the bad friars in
the Philippines. Upon November 15, 1892 he became the master mason of LODGE SOLIDARIDAD and on
February 15, 1892 he became the master mason of LE GRAND DE ORIENT FRANCE in Paris.
TWO TITANS OF THE BRUSH
JUAN LUNA – 1st price for his SPOLIARIUM, he received as gold medal
FELIX HIDALGO - 2nd price for his CHRISTIAN VIRGINS EXPOSE TO THE POPULACE
TWO COURSES FINISHED IN MADRID Doctor of Medicine, Licentiate of Philosophy and Letters
Chapter 7-PARIS TO BERLIN (1885 – 87)
Rizal went to Paris and Germany in order to specialize in ophthalmology. He chose this branch because he
wanted to cure his mother’s eye ailment. IN GAY PARIS (1885-86) After studying at the Central University
of Madrid, Rizal, who was then 24 yrs old, went to Paris to acquire more knowledge in ophthalmology.
MAXIMO VIOLA – a medical student and a member of a rich family of San Miguel, Bulacan
SEÑOR EUSEBIO COROMINAS – editor of La Publicidad
DON MIGUEL MORAYTA – owner of La Publicidad and a statesman Rizal gave Editor Corominas (an article
on the Carolines Question)
NOVEMBER 1885 – Rizal was living in Paris He worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert, a leading
French ophthalmologist.
JUAN LUNA – great master of the brush; Rizal helped him by posing as model in Luna’s paintings.
“The Death of Cleopatra” – where Rizal posed as an Egyptian priest
“The Blood Compact” – Rizal posed as Sikatuna
RIZAL AS MUSICIAN Rizal had no natural aptitude for music, and this he admitted. He studied music only
because many of his schoolmates at Ateneo were taking music lessons. He told Enrique Lete that he “learned
the solfeggio, piano, and voice culture in one month and a half”. He is also a flutist. Some of his compositions
are: AlinMangLahi (Any Race) – a pariotic song which asserts that any race aspires for freedom La Deportacion
(Deportation) – a sad danza, composed in Dapitan
IN HISTORIC HEIDELBERG FEBRUARY 3, 1886 – Rizal arrived in Heidelberg, a historic city in Germany
famous for its old university and romantics surroundings. He became popular among the Germans because they
found out that he was a good chess player. He worked at the University Eye Hospital under the direction of Dr.
Otto Becker, distinguished German ophthalmologist.
“TO THE FLOWERS OF HEIDELBERG”
APRIL 22, 1886 – Rizal wrote a fine poem entitled “A Las Flores de Heidelberg” (To the Flowers of
Heidelberg) because he was fascinated by the blooming flowers along the Neckar River, which is the light blue
flower called “forget- me-not”. WITH PASTOR ULLMER AT WILHELMSFELD Rizal spent a three-month
summer vacation at Wilhelmsfeld where he stayed at the place of a Protestant pastor, Dr. Karl Ullmer. The
pastor has a wife and two children named Etta and Fritz.
FIRST LETTER TO BLUMENTRITT JULY 31, 1886 – Rizal wrote his first letter to Professor
FERDINAND BLUMENTRITT who is the Director of the Ateneo of Leitmeritz, Austria. Blumentritt is an
Austrian ethnologist and he has an interest in the Philippine language. - Rizal sent Aritmetica (Arithmetic) book
to Blumentritt which was published in 2 languages - Spanish and Tagalog – by the University of Santo Tomas
Press in 1868.The author was Rufino Baltazar Hernandez. - Blumentritt became the best friend of Rizal.
FIFTH CENTENARY OF HEIDELBERG UNIVERSITY The famous University of Heidelberg held its fifth
centenary celebration on August 6, 1886 where Rizal had witnessed the said celebration. IN LEIPZIG AND
DRESDEN AUGUST 14, 1886 – Rizal arrived in Leipzig He attended some lectures at the University of
Leipzig on history and psychology. He befriended Prof. Friedrich Ratzel, a famous historian, and Dr. Hans
Meyer, German anthropologist. Rizal found out that the cost of living in Leipzig was the cheapest in Europe so
he stayed for 2 months and a half.
On October 29, he went to Dresden, where he met Dr. Adolph B. Meyer, the Director of the Anthropological
and Ethnological Museum.
RIZAL WELCOMED IN BERLIN’S SCIENTIFIC CIRCLES Rizal was enchanted by Berlin because of its
scientific atmosphere and the absence of race prejudice .
Some SCIENTISTS Rizal met are:
DR. FEODOR JAGOR – German scientist-traveler and author of Travels in the Philippines
DR. RUDOLF VIRCHOW – famous German anthropologist
DR. W. JOEST – German geographer
DR. KARL ERNEST SCHWEIGGER – famous German ophthalmologist
RIZAL’S LIFE IN BERLIN Five reasons why Rizal stayed in Berlin:
To gain further knowledge of ophthalmology
To further his studies of science and languages.
To observe the economic and political conditions of the German nation
To associate with famous German scientists and scholars
To publish his novel, Noli Me Tangere Rizal worked as an assistant in the clinic of Dr. Scweigger, and at night,
he attended lectures in the University of Berlin. He also took private lessons in French under Madame Lucie
Cerdole.
RIZAL ON GERMAN WOMEN Rizal sent a letter to his sister, Trinidad, dated on March 11, 1886. In his
letter, Rizal expressed his high regard and admiration for German womanhood. Rizal said that German woman
is serious, diligent, educated and friendly.
GERMAN CUSTOMS Some of the German customs Rizal admired: On Yuletide season, people will select a
pine tree from the bushes and adorned it with lanterns, papers, lights, dolls, candies, fruits, etc. Self-introduction
to strangers in a social gathering.
RIZAL’S DARKEST WINTER The winter of 1886 in Berlin was his darkest winter. He lived in poverty
because no money arrived from Calamba and he was flat broke. He could not pay his landlord and he was
eating only one meal a day. His clothes were old and thread bare.His health broke down due to lack of proper
nourishment. This is one of the most memorable days in the life of Rizal

Chapter 8-NOLI ME TANGERE

1886 (winter) – memorable moment in Rizal’s life
TWO REASONS:
It was a painful episode for he was hungry, sick and
Despondent in a strange city.
A great joy because his novel Noli Me Tangere, was published on March 1887.
IDEA OF WRITING A NOVEL IN THE PHILIPPINES Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe - The
book that inspired Rizal to write a novel about the suffering of the Filipinos to the Spaniards. Central University
in Madrid – where Rizal started writing the novel July 2 1884 – Rizal proposed the writing of a novel about the
Philippines
THE WRITING OF NOLI Towards the end of 1884 – Rizal began writing the novel in Madrid and finished ½
of it.1885 – he was in Paris, he continued writing the novel, finishing the ½ of the 2nd half Germany – he
finished the ¼ of it Last 2 chapters – he finished it at Wilhelmsfeld in April - June 1886
December 1886 – he was in Berlin Fernando Canon – where Rizal wrote his worries about the publishing of his
novel
MAXIMO VIOLA, SAVIOR OF NOLI Dr. Maximo Viola - a rich friend of Rizal from Bulacan who financed
the publishing the Noli. - lives at San Miguel, Bulacan - December 25, 1887, he arrived at Berlin
CHAPTER OF ELIAS AND SALOME This chapter was deleted for some financial purposes.
February 11, 1857 – Noli was ready for printing Berliner Buchdruckrei Actien Gesellschaft – a publishing
house that charged the lowest rate for publishing Rizal’s novel Php 300.00 – the cost of printing for 2,000
copies
PRINTING OF NOLI March 29, 1887 – Noli Me Tangere came off the press Rizal sent copies to: Blumentritt,
Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, G. Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce & Feliz R. Hidalgo
THE TITLE OF THE NOVEL Noli Me Tangere – “Touch Me Not” - from Gospel of Saint John (Chapter
30, Verses 13-17)AUTHOR’S DEDICATION Rizal dedicated the Noli Me Tangere to the Philippines – “To
My Country”
CHARACTERS OF NOLI ME TANGERE & SYNOPSIS OF THE NOVEL Crisostomo Ibarra– A young and
rich Filipino who studied in Europe/ sweetheart of Maria Clara – Daughter of Capitan Tiago Padre Damaso–
Franciscan friar who had been parish priest of San Diego. San Diego– Ibarra’s native town for 20 yrs. Padre
Salvi– young Dominican parish priest of Binondo, Senor Guevarra– Elderly and Kind lieutenant of guardia
civil. Don Tiburcio– Bogus Spanish Physician
Dona Victoria– wife of Don Tiburcio, Don Melchor– Captain of Cuadrillores, Sisa- Formerly a rich girl but
became poor because she married a gambler, Basilio & Crispin– Sons of Sisa/ Sacristans, Elias– A boatman
was a strong silent, peasant youth, Nor Juan– Architect who constructed the school house. November 11th–
feast day Ibarra’s attacked Padre Damaso produced two result:Engagement to Maria Clara was broken & He
was excommunicated
Don Alfonso Linares– Cousin of Don Tiburcio, Dona Consolation– bulgarmistress of Spanish Alferez
NOLI ME TANGERE is consist of 63 chapters and epilogue
THE NOLI BASED ON TRUTH Maria Clara – Leonor Rivera Crisostomo Ibarra & Elias – Rizal
PilosopoTasyo– Paciano, Padre Salvi– Padre Antonio Piernavieja, Capitan Tiago – Capitan Hilario Sunico of
San Nicolas, DoñaVictorina– DoñaAgustina Medal, Basilio and Crispin – Crisostomo brother’s of Hagonoy &
Padre Damaso– are the bad friars

Chapter 9
RIZAL’S TOUR OF EUROPE WITH VIOLA
After the Noli was printed in Berlin, Rizal planned to visit the important places in Europe. Rizal received
Paciano’s remittance of P1,000. He paid Dr. Maximo Viola P300 for Rizal loaned so that the Noli could be
printed. Having paid his debt, and with enough funds in his pocket, Rizal accompanied by Viola, was ready to
see Europe before returning home to Calamba.
Words in red are the places they visited.)They visited first Potsdam, a city near Berlin, which
Frederick the Great made famous.
Dresden, one of the best cities in Germany.
Teschen(now Decin, Czechoslovakia)
Leitmeritz(Litomerice), Bohemia
Here at Leitmeritz, RIZAL MET BLUMENTRITT FOR THE FIRST TIME. Blumentritt is an old Austrian
professor. Rosa, his wife, Dolores, Conrad and Fritz, Blumentritt’s children.Prague, here they visited:
* the TOMB OF COPERNICUS (the famous astronomer)
* the MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
* the BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES
* the FAMOUS CAVE WHERE SAN JUAN NEPOMUCENO, (the Catholic saint) was imprisoned
* and the bridge where the saint was hurled into the river Brunn, according to Viola, nothing happened in this
city.
VIENNA (capital of Austria-Hungary), known as the “Queen of Danube”, famous in songs and stories
Danubian Voyage (Danube river cruise)Lintz Salzburg
MUNICH, they stopped here for a short time for the famous Munich beer, best in Germany
NUREMBERG, one of the oldest cities in Germany
ULM, the cathedral of this city was the largest and tallest in Gemany
STUTTGART BADEN
RHEINFALL, they saw the waterfall, the most beautiful waterfall in Europe
Scaffhausen, Switzerland Bassel Bern Lausanne Lemon Lake Geneva, the Swiss city, one of the most beautiful
cities in Europe languages spoken by the people of Geneva: * French * German * ItalianJune 13 -- Viola
returned to Barcelona –
Rizal continued the tour to Italy Turin, Milan, Venice, Florence. Rome, the ETERNAL CITY and also called
City of Caesars. Vatican, the City of the Popes, the capital of Christendom*Rizal wrote to Blumentritt, “I am
tired as a dog, but I will sleep as a god.”*After a week of wonderful tour in Rome, he prepared to return to the
Philippines
CHAPTER 11 BACK TO CALAMBA, 1887 – 88
Decision to Return Home-. After the publication of the NOLI ME TANGERE and the uproar it caused among
the anti –Filipino elements, Rizal was warned by Paciano(his brother), Silvestre Ubaldo (his brother-in-
law), Chenggoy (Jose M. Cecilio),and other friends not to return home. But he did not heed their warning.
He was determined to return to the Philippines for the following reasons:

(1) to operate onhis mother’s eyes;

(2) to serve his people who had long been oppressed by SpanishTyrants;
(3) to f ind out for himself how the Noli and his other writings were affecting Filipinos and
Spaniards in the Philippines: and
(4) to find out why Leonor Rivera had remained silent.
In a letter to Blumentritt, written in Geneva on June 19, 1887, Rizal said:“ Y o u r a d v i c e t h a t
I l i v e i n M a d r i d a n d c o n t i n u e t o w r i t e f r o m t h e r e i s v e r y benevolent, but I
cannot
accept i t . I cannot endure the l i fe in Madrid where everything is a voice in the wilderness.” My
parents want to see me, and I want to see them also. All my life I desire to live in my country by the side of
my family. Until now I am not Europanized l ike the Filipinos of Madrid; I always l ike to
return to the country of my birth.”I n R o m e , o n J u n e 2 9 , 1 8 8 7 , R i z a l w r o t e t o h i s f a t h
er,
a n n o u n c i n g h i s homecoming. “On the 15th of July, at the latest,” he wrote, “I shall embark for
our country, so that from the 15th to the 30th of August, we shall see each other.”Delightful Trip to Manila.
Rizal left Rome by train for Marseilles, a French port, which he reached without mishap.

On July 3 , 1887 , he boarded the steamer Djemnah, the same steamer which brought him to
Europe five years ago. There w e r e a b o u t f i f t y p a s s e n g e r s , i n c l u d i n g 4 E n g l i s
h, 2
G e r m a n s , 3 C h i n e s e , 2 Japanese, and many Frenchmen.

Arrival in Manila .Rizal’ s voyage from Saigon to Manila was pleasant.

On August 3, 1887 the moon was full, and he slept soundly the whole night. The calm sea illumined by the
silvery moonlight was a magnificent sight to him. On August 6 th he arrived in Manila. He
disembarked shortly after nine o’ clock that night. He stayed in the city for a short time to visit
his friends. He found Manila the same as when he left it five years ago. There were the same old churches
and buildings, the same holes in the roads, the same boats on the Pasig River, and the same hoary
walls surrounding the city

Happy Homecoming. On August 8th , the two days after his arrival in Manila, he reached Calamba. His
family welcomed him affectionately, with plentiful tears of joy. Paciano did not leave him during the
first days after arrival to protect him from enemy assault. His own father would not let him go out alone,
lest something might happen to him. I n C a l a m b a , R i z a l e s t a b l i s h e d a m e d i c a l c l i n i
c. His
f i r s t e x p l o i t a s a physician was the successful operation on his mother sightless eyes. News of the
successful operation spread far and wide. Patients from Manila and the provinces flocked to Calamba.
Rizal, who came to be called “Doctor Uliman” because he came from Germany. His professional
fees were reasonable, even gratis to the poor. Within a few months, he was able to earn P900 as a
physician. Rizal opened a gymnasium for young folks, he introduced European sports. He t r i e d t
ointerest his townmates in 1. gymnastics, 2. fencing and 3. shooting so
as to
discourage the cockfights and gambling.

Storm over the “Noli.”A few weeks after his arrival, a storm broke over his novel. One day
Rizal received a letter from Governor General Emilio Terrero to come to Malacañang.
Somebody had whispered to the governor’ s ear that the novel contained subversive ideas. He
denied it, explaining that he merely exposed the truth, but he did not advocate subversive ideas.
Governor-general asked the author for a copy of Noli so that he could read it. Rizal had no copy
because the only copy he brought home was given to a friend. Rizal visited Fr. Francisco Sanchez, Fr.
Jose Bech, and Fr. Federico Faura. He had a spirited discussion with them about the Noli, and Father Faura
ventured an opinion that “everything in it was the truth,” but added: “You may lose your head for
it.”R i z a l ’ s l i f e i s w a s i n j e o p a r d y b e c a u s e t h e f r i a r s w e r e p o w e r f u l . F o r
security, he assigned a young Spanish lieutenant, Don Jose Taviel de Andrade, as bodyguard of Rizal
belonged to a noble family. He was cultured and knew painting, and he could speak English, French,
and Spanish. Governor-general Terrero read the Noli and found nothing wrong in it. The Archbishop of
Manila, Msgr. Pedro Payo (a Dominican), sent a copy of the Noli to F a t h e r R e c t o r G r e g o r i o E c
havarria of the
U n i v e r s i t y o f S a n t o T o m a s f o r examination by a committee of the faculty. This report of the
faculty members of the University of Santo Tomas stated that the Noli was “heretical, impious,
andscandalous in the religious order, and anti-patriotic, subversive of public order, injurious to the
government of Spain and its function in the Philippine Islands in the political order.

Governor-General Terrero was sent the novel to the Permanent Commission of Censorship which was
composed of priests and laymen. The report of this commission was drafted by its head, Fr. Salvador
Font, Agustinian cura of Tondo.It found the novel to contain subversive ideas against the Church and
Spain, and recommended “that the importation, reproduction and circulation of this pernicious book in the
Islands be absolutely prohibited.”Despite the government prohibition and the vigilance of the cruel Guardian
Civil many Filipinos were able to get hold of copies of the Noli which they read at night behind closed doors.
Thanks to Governor-General Terrero, there were no mass imprisonment or mass execution of
Filipinos. He refused to be intimidated by the friars who clamored for positive repressive
measures against people caught reading the novel and vindictive action against its author.
Chapter 12 HONGKONG, MACAU & JAPAN 1888
Rizal leaving the Philippines for the Second Time Hounded by powerful enemies, Rizal was forced to leave his
country for the second time in 1888. He was 27 years old, a practicing physician, and a recognized man of
letters. After six months of staying in the Philippines Rizal left via the steamer Zapiro bound for Hong Kong.
Amoy – the first stop over of the ship Rizal did not get off the ship for the following reasons:
He was not feeling well,
It was raining hard &
He heard that the city is dirty.
Hong Kong A British colonyRizal stayed in Victoria Hotel He met Jose Maria Basa, Balbino Mauricio,
Manuel Yriarte(son of the alcalde mayor in Calamba)
According to Rizal in his letter to Blumentritt, is a small, but very clean city. Many Portuguese, Hindus,
English, Chinese and Jews. There are some Filipinos exiled in Marianas Islands since 1872, they were former
financiers and rich but now poor, gentle and timid.
Rizal’s Visit to Macau, A Portuguese colony near Hong Kong. Rizal together with Basa boarded a ferry named
Kiu-Kiang going to Macau.
Jose Sainz de Varanda – among one of the passengers
Don Juan Francisco Lecaros – a Filipino gentleman who is married to a Portuguese lady. Rizal and Basa stayed
in his house for two days while they were in Macau.
During Rizal’s two week vacation in Hong Kong, he studied Chinese life, language, drama and customs and
found out the following which he wrote in his diary: The celebration of the Chinese New Year was quite very
noisy due to the continuous explosion of firecrackers on the streets. The lauriat party, wherein the guests were
served a variety of dishes, shows lavishness and hospitality among the Chinese. The Dominican Order, the
richest religious order in Hong Kong, had millions of dollars deposited in various banks earning very high
interests. The graveyards for Catholics, Protestants and Muslims were well maintained.
DEPARTURE FROM HONGKONG
February 22, 1888 – Rizal left HongkongOceanic – an American steamer, his destination was Japan nths ago

Chapter 13 RIZAL IN JAPAN -The Land of the Cherry Blossoms

Rizal left Hong Kong on board of the Oceanic, an American steamer on his way to Japan.He arrived in
Yokohama, Japan and stayed for one day in Grand Hotel.
Rizal in Tokyo- After spending a day in Yokohama, Rizal went to Tokyo and stayed in Tokyo Hotel for five
days. Tokyo Hotel- where Rizal stayed from March 2-7 in Japan Rizal’s letter to Blumentritt. Tokyo is more
extensive than Paris. The walls are built in cyclopean manner. The streets are large and wide
JUDO – Japanese art of self defense
KABUKI – Japanese drama play
Juan Perez Caballero – secretary of the Spanish legation visited him in the hotel inviting him to stay in the
Spanish legation. Knowing that it is a plot to monitor him, Rizal accepted the offer for the following reasons:

REASONS WHY HE ACCEPTED CABALLERO’S PROPOSAL

He could economize his living expenses
He had nothing to hide from the prying eyes of the Spanish authorities. He and Caballero became good friends.
In Japan, Rizal was embarrassed because he did not knew how to speak Niponggo (Japanese Language)He was
mistaken as an Europeanized Japanese because he looks like a Japanese and yet speaks in different tongue.
Rizal’s Impression of Japan The scenic beauty of the country. The cleanliness, politeness and industry of the
Japanese people. The picturesque dress and simple charm of the Japanese women. There were few thieves in
Japan. Beggars are rarely seen in the city streets.
Rickshaw– a popular mode of transportation which he did not like in Japan.
Rizal and O-Sei-San A samurai’s daughter of 23 years old and had never experienced true love.Usui – San, her
father; a store owner A woman of beauty, charm, modesty and intelligence. Speaks French and English
When Rizal first introduced himself to her, he took of his hat as a sign of respect ( A German custom)O-Sei-San
– was more than Rizal’s girlfriend for she was his guide, interpreter and tutor. She improved his knowledge of
the Japanese language She eases the pain left by Leonor Rivera.
Rizal and Osei – San are both theatre addicts. They attended some kabuki plays such as; SendaihagiManjiro
Nakahama Chushingura
Rizal fell greatly in-love with O-Sei-San that he was tempted to leave the Philippines and settle down in Japan.
He was offered a job in the Spanish Legation Paciano – wrote to him reminding him of his duty and why he left
the Philippines in the first place.
Rizal left Japan via the ship Belgic, an English steamer in Yokohama bound for United States.It ended 45 days
of his unforgettable stay in Japan and his relationship with O-Sei-San.
O-Sei-San after Rizal’s departure
Alfred Charlton – became the husband of O-Sei-San in 1897, one year after Rizal was executed.He was a
British teacher of chemistry in Peers’ School in Tokyo.They had a daughter named Yuriko, who married a son
of a Japanese senatorSeiko-Usui died in 1947 at age 80 and was buried beside her husband.
SAYONARA JAPAN April 13, 1888 – Rizal left Japan boarded in Belgic, an English steamer bound for United
States Tetcho Suehiro – a fighting Japanese journalist, novelist, champion of human rights, who was forced by
the government to leave Japan. He met a semi-Filipino family – Mr. Reinaldo Turner and his wife Emma
Jackson, their children and maid from Pangasinan.
Tetcho Suehiro Became a member of the Japanese Imperial Diet (Parliament)Wrote to novels:Nankai-no-
Daiharan(Storm Over the South Sea) – 1891 resembling Noli Me TangereO-unabara
(The Big Ocean) – 1894 – resembling El Filibusterismo
Died in 1896 at age 49 due to heart attack.Advocates of Freedom Rizal Tetcho Suehiro

Chapter 14 . Via the steamer Belgic, Rizal arrived in San Francisco, USA on April 28, 1888.
2 agencies that certified Belgic is free from cholera epedemic: The America consul of Japan The British
government of Hongkong
Cholera – raging epidemic in the Far East according to the Americans All passengers are quarantined for
safety Rizal was surprised because there is no outbreak of the disease in the Far East, thus he joined other
passengers in protest.
643 Chinese coolies boarded the ship the coolies from China were displacing white laborers in railroad
construction camp. But Rizal was questioning how come 700 bolts of silk were unloaded without fumigation.
After a week Rizal together with other first class passengers were permitted to land. But the Japanese and the
Chinese and passengers belonging to the second and thirds class remained aboard.
Rizal stayed in Palace Hotel (then a first class hotel) in San Francisco He stayed there for two days
GROVER CLEVELAND- was the president when Rizal visited the United States
LELAND STANFORD – the founder and benefactor of the Stanford University was then a senator representing
California.
GEORGE WASHINGTON – one of the great men of new York whom visited his memorial. The 1st president
of the US.
Oakland – first stop via ferryboat Via train Sacramento – where he ate his supper 75cents and slept at his couch.
Reno, Nevada – where he had his breakfast
Utah – where he saw Mormons, thickly populated Colorado – a lot of snow and pine trees
New York – which he considers a big city Where he stayed for three days He left the United States for
Liverpool, London on board the City of Rome, the second largest ship in the world. Great Eastern – largest ship
in the world during his time. Nebraska – Omaha City, as big as San Francisco Missouri River – twice as big as
Pasig River Chicago – a lot of Indians in cigar stores Albany – where he saw the Hudson River
RIZAL GOOD IMPRESSIONS OF AMERICA
Material progress of the country as shown in its cities, farms, and industries
The drive and energy of the Americans
The natural beauty of the land
The high standard of living
The opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants.
RIZAL BAD IMPRESSIONS OF AMERICA
Non-existence of true civil liberty, as Negro cannot marry an American and vice versa.
The existence of racial prejudice as shown in their hatred of the Chinese, Japanese and Negroes.
The valuing of money over human life
Lack of racial equality
The land par excellence of freedom but only for the whites. Rizal said this to Jose Alejandrino, an engineering
student form Belgium

Chapter 15 LIFE AND WORKS IN LONDON(1888-89)

Stay in London Lived in London May 1888 to Mar. 1889
3 REASONS WHY HE STAYED THERE:
To improve the his knowledge of the English Language.
To study and annotate Morga’s Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas
London was a safe place for him to carry on his fight against Spanish Tyranny Filipiniana studies. Completing
annotating Morga’s books Wrote many articles in La Solidaridad Penned Young Women of Malolos Had
romance with Gertrude Beckett
Trip Across the Atlantic Made friends in his Atlantic voyage Amazed some American and European passengers
Had a chat with newspaper men but became disappointed Arrived on Liverpool May 24, 1888“Liverpool is a
big and beautiful city and its celebrated port is worthy of its great fame. The entrance is magnificent and the
custom house is quite good.”
You Life in London
Went to London May 25, 1888. Stayed as a guest at Dr. Regidor’s home Became a boarder at the Beckett’s by
the end of May Was called “Pearl of Man” by Dr. Reinhold Rost Played Cricket and Boxing with Dr. Rost’s
sons.
Good and Bad News from Home Bad News Persecution of the Filipino patriots who signed the “Anti-friar
Petition of 1888”Persecution of Calamba tenants Furious attacks on Rizal by Senator Salamanca and Vida in the
Spanish Cortes and by Desengaños (Wenseslao E. Retana) and Quioquiap (Pablo Feced) in Spanish newspapers
Rizal’s brother-in-law, Manuel Hidalgo was exiled in Bohol Laureano Viado, his friend was arrested and jailed
because copies of Noli were found in his house
Good and Bad News from Home Good News. Rev. Vicente Garcias’ defended Noli against the attacks of the
friars. Content of the letter We young Filipinos are trying to make over a nation and must not halt in our
onward march, but from time to time turn our gaze upon our elders. We shall wish to read in their countenances
approval of our actions. We are anxious to learn of the Philippines’ past which we need to understand in order
to plan intelligently for the future. We want to know all that our ancestors knew, and then add our own studies
to theirs. Thus we shall progress the faster because we can go on from where they left off.
Annotating Morga’s books Spent many days in the reading room of the British Museum reading Morga’s
books and old stories of the Philippines Wrote a letter to Blumentritt on Sept. 17, 1888Mariano Ponce urged
him to edit a newspaper but refused
Short Visit to Paris and Spain September 1888 he visited Paris for a weekEntertained in a gay French
Metropolis by Juan Luna and his wife He returned to London Dec. 11, 1888 he went to Spain Met Marcelo H.
del Pilar and Mariano Ponce
Christmas in London Rizal returned to London on Dec. 24, 1888 and spent his Christmas and new year ‘s day
with the Becketts. He sent a gift to Blumentritt and Dr. Carlos Czepelak Received a gift from Mrs. Beckett
Rizal becomes leader of Filipinos in Europe Chosen to be honorary president Wrote a letter of thanks adressed
to the members of Asociacion La Solidaridad on Jan. 28, 1889Letter content When defeated never surrender
Great deal of integrity and much good will
Rizal and the La Solidaridad paper,
GRACIANO LOPEZ founded La Solidaridad on Feb.15,1889 at Barcelona Marcelo H. del Pilar about their
newspaper Rizal congratulated Lopez Jaena and the associates and wrote articles
Mar. 25, 1889- Published First Article in La Solidaridad Los Agricultores Filipinos (The Filipino Farmers)
Depicted the deplorable conditions in the Philippines which cause the backwardness of the country. The
Filipino farmers has to struggle not only against petty tyrants and robbers. Against the first, defense indeed was
permitted; against the latter not always… After the floods, locusts, fires, bad harvests, and the like the farmer
capitalist has to deal with constable who takes away from his laborer s for personal service, some public works
repair of roads, bridges and others; with the civil guards who arrests them for various reasons sometimes for
not carrying with them their personal cedulas (certificates) for not saluting properly,
First Article in La Solidaridad For being suspicious persons or for no reason whatsoever, and they manacle
them to clean the barracks and thus compel the capitalist to live on better terms with the chief and, if not, they
take away his carabaos, oxen, inspite of many protests. At times it is not the constable or the civil guard who
opposes so indirectly the minister of colonies. An official of the court or the provincial government, dissatisfied
with the farmer, urgently summons this or that laborer, if not two or three. The unfortunate man underyakes a
trip of two or three days, uneasy and distrustful, spends his savings, arrives, presents himself, waits, returns the
next day and waits, finally to be asked a frown and the look of a judge, abstruse and unknown things. He is
lucky if he comes out free from questioning, for not infrequently after it, he is sent to jail from which he comes
out lateras stupid as before.
Writings in London La Vision del Fray Rodriguez (The vision of Fray Rodriguez)Published at BarcelonaLetter
to the Young Women of Malolos M.H. del Pilar Praise the young ladies of Malolos for their courage to
establish a school where they could learn spanish despite the opposition of Fr. Felipe Garcia, Spanish parish
priest of Malolos. A Filipino mother should teach her children love of God, fatherland, and mankind Filipino
mother should be glad, like the Spartan mother Filipino woman should know how to preserve her dignity and
honor Filipino woman should educate herself, aside from retaining her good racial virtues; Faith is not merely
reciting long prayers and wearing religious pictures, but rather it is living the real Christian way, with good
morals and good manners.
Writings in London Specimens of Tagalog Folklore Two Eastern Fables Requested by: Dr. Rost
Romance with Gertrude BeckettGertrude BeckettBuxom English girl with brown hair, blue eyes, and rosy
cheeksEldest of the three sisters Fell in love with Rizal helped him in his painting and sculpture“Gettie”Rizal
finished 4 sculptures Promotheus Bound The Triumph of Death over Life, The Triumph of Science over Death
Composite carving of the heads of the Beckett sisters
Adios London Rizal’s sculptural works Prometheus Bound The Triumph of Death over LifeThe Triumph of
Science over Death Carving of the heads of the 3 Beckett sisters March 19, 1889 - he leaved London

Chapter 16 IN GAY PARIS, 1889 - 90

After his trip to London, he move to PARIS. Timely there is an International Exposition being held at Paris.
Rizal’s roommates (a) Captain Justo Trinidad – former gobernadorcillo & a refugee from Spanish tyranny; (b)
Jose Albert – young student from Manila.
In his spare hours, he used to dine at the house of the De Taveras:
1) DR.TRINIDAD PARDO DE TAVERA – physician by vocation and philologist by avocation.
2) DR.FELIX PARDO DE TAVERA – also a physician by vocation and an artist & sculptor by avocation.
3) PAZ PARDO DE TAVERA – wife of Juan Luna.
4) DON JOAQUIN PARDO DE TAVERA – an exile of 1872 who escape from Marianas & lived in France.
MR.EDWARD BOUSTED - was born in the Phil., the son of a rich French businessman of Singapore, and had
married a daughter of prominent Genato family of Manila.
Two attractive daughter
1. Nellie – a fencer
2. Adelina – quiet, dignified & refined
He carried his artistic hobbies and made two statues1. The Beggar 2. The Maid with a Baker – sent to
Blumentrit together with an artistic wallet (PETACA) made of Philippine vine.
TWO CLUBS FOUNDED BY RIZAL1. Kidlat Club 2. Indios Bravos
Kidlat Club – special club form in order to organize Fils. In the French country Members: Antonio & Juan
Luna, Lauro Dimagiba
TWO SATIRICAL WORK OF RIZAL La Vision de Fray Rodriquez PorTelepono
TWO MAGNIFICENT PROJECT OF RIZAL IN PARIS1.
1. International Association of Filipinologist
2. Modern Filipino College in HongkongInternational Association of Filipinologist– association that aim to
study the Philippines from the scientific and historical piont of view.
OFFICERS OF INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FILIPINOLOGIST
President: Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt (Austrian), Vice President : Mr. Edmund Plauehul(French)
Counsellor : Dr. Reinhold Rost(Anglo-German), Counsellor : Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor(Filipino- Spanish) &
Secretary : Dr. Jose Rizal (Filipino)
Modern Filipino in Hongkong– a college that aims to train and educate men of good family and financial means
in according with the demands of modern times and circumstances.
MR. CUNANAN- who promised Rizal to help him raise money as initial capital for the college.P40,000 –
amount needed as capital for the college.
PorTelepono– another satirical work of Rizal that is a reply to fr. Salvador Font, who mastermind the banning
of his Noli. – was published in booklet form in Barcelona, 1889. – it describes in anical vain Father Salvador
Font and a friar in the San Agustin Convent in Manila. Dimasalang – pen name used by Rizal in writing Por
Telepono.
Adelina Boustead – another romance of Rizal in Paris. Antonio Luna – a dashing man of violent passions who
is madly in love with Nelly (Adelina’s sister)
Mir Deas– Spanish newspaperman who was writing articles against Filipinos.
Reasons that Rizal marriage did not prosper
:1. Adelina was not sure he loved her because of his broken engagement
2. Rizal refused to accept the condition that he will become a protestant like her
3. Adelina’s mother opposed the match because Rizal was not rich enough to support a family in style.
Chapter 17-RIZAL IN BRUSSELS, 1890
January 28, 1890 – Rizal left Paris for Brussels, capital of Belgium. Two reasons:
1. The cost of living in Paris was very high because of the international exposition, and
2. The gay social life of the city hampered his literary works especially the writing of his second novel El
Filibusterismo.
LIFE IN BRUSSELS In Brussels, Rizal was busy writing his second novel which was a continuation of Noli.
He was never idle even for an hour. Aside from writing its chapter he wrote articles for La Solidaridad and
letters to his family and friends. Being a physician, he spent part of his time in the medical clinic. For
recreation, he had gymnastics at the gymnasium at target practice and fencing at the armory.
RIZAL’S ARTICLES IN LA SOLADARIDAD We have stated before that Rizal favored Lopez Jaena’s
founding of La Solidaridad in order to have an organ of the propaganda. He used two pen names Dimasalang
and Laong laan.
RIZAL’S ARTICLES IN LA SOLIDARIDAD
La Verdad Para Todos (The Truth for All),
Verdades Nuevas (New Truths),
UnaProfanacion (A Profanation),
Diferencias (Differences),
Filipinas dentro de ClenAños (The Philippines A Century Hence),
IngratitudesSin Nombre (Without Name),
Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la LenguaTagala (On the New Ortography of the tagalog Language),
Cosas de Filipinas (Things about the Philippines),
Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos (On the Indolence of the Filipinos)
RIZAL CRITICIZES MADRID FILIPINOS FOR GAMBLING In Brussels, Rizal received news from Juan
Luna,and Valentin Ventura that the Filipino in Spain were destroying the good name of their nation by
gambling too much. These two compatriots in Paris urged him to do something about it. Accordingly, Rizal
wrote too M.H Del Pilar on May28, 1890 to remind the Filipinos in Madrid that they did not come to Europe to
gamble, but to work for their father land’s freedom. The gambling Filipinos in Madrid were angry when the
learned of Rizal’s moralizing. Thereafter, they called Rizal “Papa” (Pope) instead of “Pepe”.
BAD NEWS FROM HOME Letters from home which Rizal receive in Brussels, worried him. The Calamba
agrarian trouble was getting worse. The management of the Dominican hacienda continually raised the land
rents until such time that Rizal’s father refused to pay his rent. Other tenants, inspired by Don Francisco’s
courage, also refused to pay their rents. Meanwhile, the tenants, including the Rizal family, were persecuted and
ejected from their lands. The sad news from home depressed Rizal. His heart bled to know the sorrowful plight
of his parents, brother and brothers-in-law.
PRESENTATION OF DEATH-In his moment of despair, Rizal had bad dreams during the nights in Brussels
when he was restless because he was always thinking of his unhappy family in Calamba. Although he was not
superstitious, he feared that he would not live long. He was not afraid to die, but he wanted to finish his second
novel before he went to his grave.
PREPARATION TO GO HOME In the phase of suffering which afflicted his family, Rizal decided to go home.
He could not stay in Brussels writing a book while his parents, relatives, and friends in distant Philippines were
in despair. Hearing that Graciano Lopez Jaena was planning to go to Cuba, he wrote to Ponce on July 8, 1890,
opposing Graciano’s plan of action. He said that Graciano should not go to Cuba to die of yellow fever, instead
he ought to go the Philippines to allow himself to be killed in defence of his ideals.
ON TO MADRID, INSTEAD OF HOME Rizal did not heed the dire warnings of his friends. No threat of
danger could change his plan. Something, however, happen that suddenly made him change his mind. It was a
letter from Paciano which related that the loss the case against the Dominicans in Manila, but they appealed it to
the Supreme Court in Spain. Rizal wrote to M.H. Del Pilar on June 20, 1890, retaining the latter’s services as
lawyer. He was going to Madrid in order to supervise the handling of the case.
“TO MY MUSE” (1890)It was against a background of mental anguish in Brussels, during those sad days when
he was worried by family disasters, that he wrote his pathetic poem, A Mi. . . This poem lacks the exquisitry of
To The Flowers of Heidelberg and is less polished than to To the Filipino Youth, but it is passionate in feeling.
ROMANCE WITH SUZANNE JACOBY-Two things brought some measure of cheer to the despondent Rizal
as he was preparing for his trip to Madrid. - The summertime festival of Belgium - His romance with Suzanne
Jacoby Like other woman,
Segunda Katigbak,
Miss L
Leonor Orang Valenzuela,
Leonor Rivera,
Seiko Usui (O-Sei-San)
Gertrude Gettie Becket,
Consuelo Ortiga y Perez, and the
Bousted sisters
Suzanne Jacoby-fell in love with Rizal. She cried when he left toward the end of July, 1890 for Madrid,
stopping for a few days in Paris.

Chapter 18 -DISAPPOINTMENTS IN MADRID, 1890 - 91

PREVIEW: Early in August, 1890 – Rizal arrived in Madrid He tried all legal means to seek justice for his
family and the Calamba tenants, but to no avail.
He almost fought two duels – one with Antonio Luna and the other to Wenceslao E. Retana.
Leonor Rivera married a British Engineer (Henry Kipping)
FAILURE TO GET JUSTICE FOR FAMILY Rizal sought the help of the following: Filipino Colony
Asociacion Hispano – Filipina Liberal Spanish newspapers (La Justicia, El Globo, El Dia, La Republica, El
resumen, etc).M. H. Del Pilar – acted as his lawyer.Dr. Dominador Gomez – secretary of Asociacion Hispano –
Filipina. Minister of Colonies (Señor Fabie) Gen. Valerio Weyler – committed injustices against the Calamba
folks.
El Resumen– a Madrid Newspaper “To cover the ears, open the purse an fold the arms.” - SPANISH
COLONIAL POLICY
MORE TERRIBLE NEWS REACHED RIZAL IN MADRID From Silvestre Ubaldo, he received a copy of the
ejectment order by the Dominicans against Francisco Rizal and other Calamba tenants. From Saturnina, he
learned of the deportation of Paciano, Antonio Lopez, Silvestre Ubaldo, Teong, and Dandoy to MindoroHis
parents were forcibly ejected from their home and were then living in the house of Narcisa.
Becerra and Maura – former members of the ministry who gave Rizal honeyed words of sympathy and nothing
else. Queen Regent Maria Cristina – urged to see by Blumentritt.
RIZAL’S EULOGY TO PANGANIBAN-Jose Ma. Panganiban – his friend and his talented co-worker in the
propaganda who died.August 19, 1890 – date of the death of Jose Ma. Panganiban because of a lingering
illness.
ABORTED DUEL WITH ANTONIO LUNA End of August, 1890 – Rizal attended a social reunion of the
Filipinos in Madrid. Luna was bitter because of his frustrated romance with Nellie Boustead
RIZAL CHALLENGES RETANA TO DUEL- Wenceslao E. RetanaThe bitter enemy of Rizal in pen. Press
agent of the friars in Spain. He attacked Filipinos including Rizal, in various newspaper in Madrid La Epoca-
an anti-Filipino newspaper in Madrid. He insulted Rizal’s family Biography of the greatest Filipino hero, whose
talents he came to recognize and whose martyrdom he glorified.
INFIDELITY OF LEONOR RIVERA Teatro Apolo – Rizal attended a play together with his friends December,
1890 – Rizal received a letter from Leonor, announcing her coming married with an Englishman (Henry
Kipping)February 15, 1891 – Blumentritt replied to the letter of Rizal and comforted him when he confide to
him about his agony and broken heart.
RIZAL – DEL PILAR RIVALRY 1890 - there arise an unfortunate rivalry between Rizal and del Pilar for
supremacy. January 1, 1891 (New Year’s Day) – the Filipinos of Madrid met to reorganize the Asociacion
Hispano – Filipina Responsable - a new leader who would act as a spokesman of the Filipino cause in
Europe2/3 votes needed to be declared as Responsable
RIZAL ABDICATES HIS LEADERSHIP-February 1891 – (1st week) election startsFilipinos were divided
into two rival camps: Rizalistas or Rizal’s friends Pilaristas or del Pilar’s friends M. Ponce, A. Luna, T. Sandiko
(Pilaristas) – changed their votes in favor of Rizal19 people voted Rizal
BACK TO BRUSSELS February, 1891 – he left Madrid and proceeded to Biarritz, where he was a welcomed
guest of the Boustead at their Villa Eliada. Adelina Boustead – Rizal proposed for marriage
Valentin Ventura – Rizal’s friend and companion in Paris April 4, 1891 – He wrote to Jose Ma. Basa,
expressing his wish to live in Hongkong and practice medicine.
Middle of April 1891 – Rizal turned to Brussels for one reason, to finish his second novel. Suzanne Jacoby – in
loved with Rizal
Jose Alejandrino – his room-mate
. “Madrid is one of the pleasant cities of the world, it partakes at the same time of the spirit of the Europe and
the Orient”

Chapter 19 EL FILIBUSTERISMO
3. October, 1887 – he began writing his second novel in Calamba He made some changes in the plot and
revised the chapter already written in London by the following year. He wrote some chapters in
MADRIDPARIS BIARRITZ
March 29, 1891 – he finished writing the manuscript
4. Privation in Ghent
5. Ghent University
7. The Printing of El Filibusterismo
 9. Ventura, Savior of the FiliValentin Ventura in Paris learned of rizal’s predicament and immediately sent
him the necessary funds. With his financial aid, the printing of the Fili was resumed
10. Fili Comes Off The Press
12. DEDICATED TO GOMBURZA

Chapter 20 HONGKONG, 1891-92

November 1891 to June 1892 - after the publication of El Filibusterismo, Rizal left Europe and lived in
Hongkong. His Reasons for leaving Europe:
Life was unbearable in Europe due to his political differences with M.H. del Pilar and other Filipinos in Spain.
To lead the propaganda movement in Hongkong
To be near his beloved Philippines and family.
October 18, 1891 - Rizal left for Hongkong. There were 80 first-class passengers. Father Fuchs - a Tyrolese, he
enjoyed playing chess.
November 20, 1891 - Rizal arrived in Hongkong. Jose Ma. Basa- welcomed Rizal in Hongkong. Manuel T.
Hidalgo - sent him a letter relating the sad news of the “deportation of twenty-five persons from Calamba”.
Dr. Lorenzo P. Marquez - A Portuguese physician who became his friend and admirer, helped him to build up a
wide clientele. Chinese, British, Portuguese, and Americans - patients of Rizal in Hongkong.
Mr. Edward Bousted- Adelina’s father wrote a letter praising Rizal for practicing his medical profession. Dr.
Ariston Bautista Lin - sent him a congratulatory letter and a book on Diagnostic Pathology by Dr. H. Virchow.
And another medical book entitled Traite Diagnostique by Mesnichock.
Don Antonio Vergel de Dios - offered his services for the purchase of medical books and instruments which
might need in his profession.
Dr. Geminiano de Ocampo- distinguished Filipino ophthalmologist. Rizal’s friends in Europe who endorsed his
Borneo project:1. Juan Luna 3. Lopez Jaena2. Antonio Luna 4. Dr. Bautista Lin M. T. Hidalgo - Rizal’s brother
in law, objected to the colonization project.
Rizal’s writings in Hongkong:
Ang mga Karapatan Nang Tao -The Rights of Man
A la NacionEspañola- To the Spanish Nation
Sa mga Kababayan- To my Countrymen
Una Visita a la Victoria Goal-A Visit Victoria Goal
Colonization du British North Borneo, par des Familles de Lles Philippines-Colonization of British North
Borneo by Families from the Philippine Islands.
La Mano Roja-The Red Hand Constitution and
By-Laws of the Liga Filipina

Reasons why Rizal made up his mind to return Manila:

To confer with Governor Despujol regarding his Borneo colonization project.
To establish the Liga Filipina in Manila
To prove that Eduardo de Lete was wrong in attacking him in Madrid that Rizal, being comfortable and safe in
Hongkong had abandoned the country’s cause.

Chapter 21 Second Homecoming And The Liga Filipina

Arrival in Manila with Sister At noon of
JUNE 26, 1892 -Rizal and his widowed sister Lucia ( wife of the late Mariano Herbosa) arrived in Manila. A
meticulous diarist, he described his second homecoming as follows: “ I arrived at Manila on 26 June (1892),
Sunday, at 12:00 noon. I was met by many carabineers headed by a major. There were in addition one captain
and one sergeant of the Veteran Civil Guard. I came down with my luggage and they inspected me at the
customhouse. From there I went to Hotel de Orient where I occupied room No. 22, facing the church of
Binondo” In the afternoon, at 4:00 o’clock, he went to Malacanan Palace to seek audience with the Spanish
governor general, Gen. Eulogio Despujol, Conde de Caspe. He was told to come back at that night at 7:00
o’clock. Promptly at 7:00 p.m. he returned and was able to confer with Gen. Despujol, who agreed to pardon his
father but not the rest of his family and told him to return on Wednesday (June 29)
JUNE 27, 1892 At 6:00 P.M. of the following day, Rizal bourded a train in Tutuban Station and visited his
friends in Malolos (Bulacan), San Fernando (Pampanga), Tarlac (Tarlac) and Bacolor (Pampanga). He was
welcomed and lavishly entertained at the homes of his friends. These friends were good patriots, who were his
supporters in the reform crusade, and he took the opportunity to greet them personally and discussed
the problems affecting their people. Rizal returned by train to Manila on the next day,
JUNE 28, 1892 at 5:00 o’clock in the afternoon. Whether he knew it or not, he shadowed by government spies
who watched carefully his every movement. The homes he had visited were raided by the Guardia Civil which
seized some copies of the Noli and El Fili and “subversive” pamphlets.
Other Interview with Despujol After Rizal’s visit to his friends in Central Luzon, he has other interviews
with Gov. Despujol. These interviews were vividly recorded in his diary, as follows:
JUNE 29, 1892 Wednesday at 7:30, I saw His Excellency. I did not succeed to have the penalty of exile lifted,
but he gave me hope with regard o my sisters. As it was the feast of St. Peter and St. Paul our interview ended at
9:15. I was to come again the following day at 7:30. The following day,
JUNE 30, 1892 Thursday we talked about the question of Borneo. The general was opposed to it, very much
opposed. He told me to come back Sunday.
JUNE 31, 1892 Friday I returned, We talked about sundry things and I thanked him for having lifted the exile
of my sisters. I told that my father and brother would arrive on the first boat. He asked me if I would like to go
abroad to Hong Kong. I told him yes. He told me to return on Wednesday
Founding of the Liga Filipina On the evening of Sunday July 3, 1892, following his morning interview with
Gov. Despujol, Rizal attended a meeting of the patriots at the home of the Chinese-Filipino mestizo, Doroteo
Ongjunco, on Ylaya Street, Tondo, Manila. Rizal explained the objectives of the Liga Filipina, a civic league of
Filipinos, which he desired to establish and its role in the socio-economic life of the people. He presented the
Constitution of the Liga which he had written in Hong Kong and discussed its provision. The patriots were
favourably impressed and gladly approved the establishment of the Liga.
Constitution of the Liga Filipina The aims of the Liga Filipina, as embodied in its Constitution, were the
following:
To unite the whole archipelago into one compact and homogenous
Mutual protection in every want and necessity
Defense against all violence and injustice
Encouragement of education, agriculture, and commerce
Study and application of reforms
The motto of the Liga Filipina was: UNUS INSTAR OMNIUM ( One Like All)
The government body of the league was the Supreme Council which had jurisdiction over the whole country. It
was composed of a president, a secretary, a treasurer, and a fiscal. There was a Provincial Council in every
province and a Popular Council in every town. All Filipinos who have at heart the welfare of their fatherland are
qualified for membership. Every member pays an entrance fee of two pesos and a monthly due of 10 centavos.
The duties of the Liga members are as follows:
Obey the orders of the Supreme Council;
To help in recruiting new members
To keep in strictest secrecy the decisions of the Liga authorities
To have a symbolic name which he cannot change until he becomes president of his council
To report to the fiscal anything that he may hear which affects the Liga
To behave well as befits a good Filipino
To help fellow members in all ways
On Wednesday, July 6, Rizal went to Malacanan Palace to resume his series of interviews with the governor
general. During the interview Despujol suddenly showed him some printed leaflets which he allegedly found in
Lucia’s pillow cases. This incriminatory leaflets were entitled Pobres Frailes ( Poor Frairs ) under the
authorship of Fr. Jacinto and printed by the Imprenta de los Amigos del Pais, Manila. They were satire against
the Dominican friars who amassed fabulous riches contrary to their monastic vow of poverty
Rizal vigorously denied having those leaflets in either his or Lucia’s baggage which had been thoroughly
searched upon their arrival from Hong Kong by the customs authorities who found nothing. Despite his denial
and insistent demand for investigation in accordance with the due process of law, he was placed under arrest
and escorted to Fort Santiago by Ramon Despujol, nephew and aide of the governor general. In Fort Santiago,
he was kept incommunicado, as he related in his diary: They assigned me a fairly furnished room with a bed, a
dozen chairs, one table, a wash basin, and a mirror. The room had three windows; one without grill which opens
on a patio, another with grills which looks out on the city walls and the beach and another which was the door
closed with a padlock. Two artillery men as sentinels guarded it. They had orders to fire on anyone who might
signal from the beach. I could not write nor speak with anyone except the officer on duty .
Arbitrary Deportation to Dapitan The same issue of the Gaceta ( July 7, 1892) contained Gov. Gen. Despujol
decree deporting Rizal to “one of the islands in the South”.
THE GOBERNATORIAL DECREE GIVE THE REASONS FOR RIZAL’S DEPORTATION, as follows:
Rizal had published books and articles abroad which showed disloyalty to Spain and which were “frankly anti-
Catholic” and “imprudently anti-friar”. A few hours after his arrival in Manila “there was found in one of the
packages…a bundle of handbills entitled Pobres Frailes in which patient and humble generosity of Filipinos is
satirized, and which accusation is published against the customs of the religious orders”.
His novel El Fili was dedicated to the memory of three “traitors”, and on the title page he wrote that in view of
the vices and errors of the Spanish administration, “the only salvation for the Philippines was separation from
the mother country”. “ The end which he pursues in his efforts and writings is to tear from the loyal Filipino
breasts the treasures of our holy Catholic faith”. Shortly after the midnight of
JULY 4, 1892 (12:30 A.M.) Rizal was brought under heavy guard to the steamer CEBU which was sailing for
Dapitan. This steamer under Captain Delgras departed at 1:00 A.M. OF JULY 15, sailing south, passing
Mindoro and Panay, and reaching Dapitan on Sunday, the 17TH OF JULY, AT 7:00 IN THE EVENING.
Captain Delgras went ashore and handed Rizal over to Captain Ricardo Carnicero, Spanish commandant of
Dapitan. That same night, July 17, Rizal began his exile in lonely Dapitan which would last until JULY 31,
1896, A PERIOD OF FOUR YEARS.

Chapter 22- TRIAL OF RIZAL

Rescue Attempts by the Katipunan- a secret revolutionary society founded by Andres Bonifacio
Dr. PioValenzuela - secret emmisary of Katipunan to Dapitan
Last trip to Spain For 26 days (August 6-September,1896) Rizal stayed on board the Castilla
August 26 - Bonifacio and the Filipino patriots raised the “Cry of Balintawak”
August 29 - Katipunan plot to rise in arms against Spain was discovered by Father Mariano Gil
(Augustinian parish priest of Tondo)
August 30 - he receive a letter from Governor Blanco wishing him “happiness” and two additional letter of
recommendation for the Ministry of War (General Marcelo de Azcarraga, Philippine born Spaniard)
and the Ministry of Colonies
SEPTEMBER 3, 1896 - left Spain on board the steamer Isla de Panay
SEPTEMBER 7, 1896 -Rizal in Singapore - streamer reached Singapore, a British colony Don Pedro Roxas
and his son Periquin get off the ship
SEPTEMBER 30, 1896 Arrest and Imprisonment- Rizal was placed under arrest by the ship skipper,
Captain A. Alemany, upon the telegraphic orders from Manila
OCTOBER 13, 1896- Isla de Panay arrived at Barcelona, Feast Day of St. Francis de AssisiGeneral
Despujol- the same man who banished him to Dapitan now military Commander of Cataluña Montjuich
Castle
Unsuccessful Rescue in Singapore Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor and Sixto Lopez dispatch frantic telegrams Mr.
Fort- English lawyer The crux of Mr. Font’s legal contention was Rizal was “illegally detained” on the
Spanish steamer
Back to ManilaNovember 3- the steamer Colon arrived in Manila Incommunicado Tortured: *Deodato
Arellano *Domingo Franco *Dr. Pio Valenzuela *Timoteo Paez *Moises Salvador *Pacino(cruelly
tortured) *Jose Dizon
Preliminary Investigation Judge Advocate, Colonel Francisco Olive2 kinds of evidence * documentary *
testimonialDocumentary evidence 15 exhibits
Testimonial evidence *Martin Constantino *Domingo Franco *Aguedo del Rosario *Jose Dizon *Ambrosio
Salvador *Jose Reyes *Moises Salvador *Timoteo Paez*Pedro Serrano Laktaw *Deodato Arellano *Dr.
Pio Valenzuela*Antonio Salazar *Francisco Quison
At the conclusion of the preliminary investigation Colonel Olive - Governor Blanco- Captain Rafael
Dominguez- Don Nicolas de la Peña (opinion)Recommendations:
1. the accused be brought to trial
2. he should be kept in prison
3. an order of attachment be issued against his properties to the amount of 1 M pesos as indemnity
4. he should be defended in court by an army officer, not by civilian
lawyer Rizal chooses his defender
December 8 - Feast Day of Immaculate Conception -a list of 100 first and second lieutenants in the Spanish
Army was presented to Rizal
DON LUIS TAVIEL DE ANDRADE- 1st lieutenant of the artillery -familiar -brother of Jose Rizal
“bodyguard” in Calamba 1887)
DECEMBER 11, 1896 Charges Read to Rizal - to the question asked, Rizal replied:
1. He did not question the jurisdiction of the court
2. He had nothing to amend, except that since his deportation to Dapitan in 1892 he had not engaged in politics
3. He did not admit the charges preferred against him
4. He did not admit the declaration of the witnesses aginst him
DECEMBER 13 - the case against Riazal was reffered to Governor Camilo C. de Polavieja, who had just
replaced Governor Blanco
DECEMBER 15- Rizal Manifesto to His People - he wrote a manifesto to his people appealing to them to stop
the unnecessary shedding of blood and to achieve their liberties by means of education and industry. It was
written in his prison cell at Fort Santiago Judge Advocate Nicolas de la Peña recommended to Governor
Polavieja that the manifesto be surpressed. Accordingly its publication was prohibited.
DECEMBER 26- Rizal’s Saddest Christmas - he who was accustomed to spend this merry season in the
company of his beloved family of dear friends, found himself alone and depressed in a dreary cell.
The trial of Rizal His trial was an eloquent proof of Spanish injustice and misrule
DECEMBER 26, 1896(8:00 am) - the court martial of Rizal started in the military building called
Cuartel de España
7 MEMBERS OF MILITARY COURT:Lt. Col. Jose TogoresArjona (pres)Capt. Ricardo Muños Arias
Capt. Manuel Reguera Capt. Santiago Izquierdo Capt. Braulio Rodriguez Nuñez Capt. Manuel Diaz Escribano
Capt. Fernando Perez Rodriguez.
Also present at the courtroom were Dr. Rizal, Lt. Taviel de Andrade, Capt. Rafael Dominguez (Judge
Advocate), Lt. Enrique de Alcocer (Prosecuting Attorney) and the spectator. Among the expectator were
Josephine Bracken, a sister of Rizal, some newspapermen, and many Spaniards

RIZAL WAS ACCUSED OF 3 CRIMES:

1. rebellion
2. sedition
3. illegal association
In his preliminary defense, he further proved his innocence by twelve points On the same day, the court
decision was submitted to Gov. Polavieja then sought the opinion of Judge advocate Gen. Nicolas de la Peña.
The latter affirm the death verdict.
Polavieja signs Rizal’s Execution
December 28 1896 - Gov. Polavieja approved the decision of the court martial and ordered the execution of
Rizal
December 30 1896 at Bagumbayan Field (Luneta) EXECUTION OF RIZAL
Chapter 23 — MartyrdomatBagumbayan
After being court-martialed, Rizal returned to his cell in Fort Santiago to prepare his rendezvous with
destiny.During his last 24 hours on earth –
DECEMBER 29 from 6:00 A.M. to DECEMBER 30 6:00 A.M.– he was busy meeting visitors which includes
his family and friends. He was also able to write his last poem – his final contribution for the emancipation of
the Filipino people.
INTRODUCTION
Rizal’s Prison Cell
DECEMBER 29, 1896, 6:00 A.M. – Captain Rafael Rodriguez read Rizal’s death sentence – he will be shot at
the back by firing squad at 7:00 A.M. in Bagumbayan
.7:00 A.M. – Rizal was moved to the prison chapel where he spent his last moments. His first visitors were
Jesuit priests.7:15 A.M. – Rizal reminded Fr. Luis Viza the statuette of the Sacred Heart of Jesus whom he
carved as a student in Ateneo. Last Hours of Rizal
DECEMBER 29, 1896,
8:00 A.M. – Rizal had a breakfast with Fr. Antonio Rosell. After breakfast, his attorney, Lt. Luis Taviel de
Andrade came.
9:00 A.M. – Fr. Frederico Faura arrived. Rizal reminded the priest of his earlier ‘prophecy’ about Rizal.
10:00 A.M. – More Jesuit priests had visited him. After then, he was interviewed by Santiago Mataix for the
newspaper El Heraldo de Madrid.
12:00 – 3:30 P.M. – Rizal was left alone in his cell. He took his lunch and continued writing his farewell poem
which he hid in an alcohol cooking stove. He also wrote his last letter to Professor Blumentritt.
3:30 P.M. – Father Vicente Balaguer returned to his cell and discussed with Rizal his retraction letter.
4:00 P.M. – Teodora Alonzo visited him. They had a very emotional encounter. Rizal gave the alcohol cooking
stove to Trinidad which contains his farewell poem. Several priests have visited him afterwards.
6:00 P.M. – Don Silvino Lopez, dean of the Manila Cathedral visited him.
8:00 P.M. – Rizal had his last supper. He told Captain Dominguez that he forgave his enemies including the
military judges.
Mi Ultimo Adios
9:30 P.M. – Rizal was visited by Don Gaspar Cestano, fiscal of the Royal Audience de Manila.
10:00 P.M. – The draft of the retraction letter sent by the anti-Filipino Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda was
given by Fr. Balaguer to Rizal for his signature. He had rejected it.
Upon Rizal’s death, his supposedly ‘retraction letter’ became of one of the most controversial documents in our
history.This ‘RETRACTION LETTER’ allegedly contains his renunciation of the Masonry and his ‘anti-
Catholic religious ideas.’Depending on whose side you are on, some Rizalists claims that it is fake while some
believe it to be genuine. There had been some evidences but so far these had only heated up the debate between
the two factions. Retraction Letter
DECEMBER 30, 1896
3:00 A.M. – Rizal heard Mass, confessed his sins and took Holy Communion.
5:30 A.M. – He took his last breakfast. After which he wrote his last letters for his family and his brother,
Paciano.
Now I am about to die, and it is to you I dedicate my last lines, to tell you how sad I am to leave you alone in
life, burdened with the weight of the family and our old parents.“”Letter to Paciano.
5:30 A.M. – Josephine Bracken arrived together with Rizal’s sister, Josefa, with tears in her eyes, bade him
farewell. Rizal embraced him for the last time, and before she left, Rizal gave her a last gift – a religious book,
Imitation of Christ by Father Thomas Kempis.
6:00 A.M. – As the soldiers were getting ready for the death march to Bagumbayan, Rizal wrote his last letter to
his beloved parents.
MY BELOVED FATHER, pardon me for the pain with which I repay you, for sorrows and sacrifices for my
education. I did not want it nor did I prefer it. Goodbye Father, goodbye.“”Letter to his Father
TO MY VERY DEAR MOTHER, Sra. Dona Teodora Alonso 6 o’oclock in the morning.“”Letter to his Mother
6:30 A.M., a trumpet sounded at Fort Santiago, a signal to begin the death march to Bagumbayan. Rizal walked
calmly with his defense counsel and two Jesuit priests at his sides. He was dressed elegantly in a black suit,
black derby hat, black shoes, white shirt and black tie. His arms were tied behind from elbow to elbow. There a
lot of spectators lining the street from Fort Santiago to Bagumbayan.
As he was going through the narrow Postigo Gate, Rizal looked at the sky and said to one of the priests: “How
beautiful it is today, Father. What morning could be more serene! How clear is Corregidor and the mountains of
Cavite! On mornings like this, I used to take a walk with my sweetheart.”While he was passing in front of the
Ateneo, he saw the college towers above the walls. He asked: “Is that the Ateneo, Father?” “Yes”, replied the
priest.
Death March to Bagumbayan
Rizal bade farewell to Fathers March and Vilaclara and to his defender, Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade. Although
his arms were tied, he had firmly clasped their hands in parting. One of the priests blessed him and offered him
a crucifix to kiss. He requested the commander of the firing squad that he be shot facing them. His request was
denied for the captain had implicit orders to shoot him at his back.Martyrdom of a Hero
A Spanish military physician, Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo, asked his permission to feel his pulse. He was amazed
to find it normal, showing that Jose Rizal was not afraid to die. The death ruffles of the drums filled the air.
Above the drum beats, the sharp command “Fire” was heard, and the guns of the firing squad barked. Rizal,
with supreme effort, turned his bullet-riddled body to the right, and fell on the ground dead – with face upward
facing the morning sun. It was exactly 7:03 in the morning – aged 35 years, 5 moths and 11 days.
I die just when I see the dawn break, through the gloom of night, to herald the day; And if color is lacking my
blood thou shalt take, pour’d out at need for thy sake, to dye with its crimson the waking ray.“”
It is interesting to not that 14 years before his execution, Rizal predicted that he would die on December 30th.
He was then a medical student in Madrid, Spain.
To live is to be among men, and to be among men is to struggle, a struggle not only with them but with
oneself; with their passions, but also with one's own.“”Letter to his family, Dapitan (c. 1884)
There can be no tyrants where there are no slaves.“”Taken from ‘El Filibusterismo’
My Last Farewell by Jose Rizal Farewell, dear Fatherland, clime of the sun caress'd
Pearl of the Orient seas, our Eden lost!,Gladly now I go to give thee this faded life's best,And were it
brighter, fresher, or more blest Still would I give it thee, nor count the cost.On the field of battle, 'mid
the frenzy of fight, Others have given their lives, without doubt or heed; The place matters not-cypress
 or laurel or lily white,Scaffold or open plain, combat or martyrdom's plight,T is ever the same, to serve
our home and country's need.MI ULTIMO ADIOSTRANSLATED BY CHARLES DERBYSHIRE
I die just when I see the dawn break, Through the gloom of night, to herald the day; And if color is lacking
my blood thou shalt take,Pour'd out at need for thy dear sake To dye with its crimson the waking ray.My
dreams, when life first opened to me, My dreams, when the hopes of youth beat high, Were to see thy
lov'd face, O gem of the Orient sea From gloom and grief, from care and sorrow free; No blush on thy
brow, no tear in thine eye. MI ULTIMO ADIOSTRANSLATED BY CHARLES DERBYSHIRE
Dream of my life, my living and burning desire, All hail ! cries the soul that is now to take flight; All hail !
And sweet it is for thee to expire ; To die for thy sake, that thou mayst aspire;And sleep in thy bosom
eternity's long night. If over my grave same day thou seest grow, In the grassy sod, a humble flower,
Draw it to thy lips and kiss my soul so. While I may feel on my brow in the cold tomb below The touch
of thy tenderness, thy breath's warm power. MI ULTIMO ADIOSTRANSLATED BY CHARLES
DERBYSHIRE
Let the moon beam over me soft and serene, Let the dawn shed over me its radiant flashes, Let the wind
with sad lament over me keen ; And if on my cross a bird should be seen, Let it trill there its hymn of
peace to my ashes. Let the sun draw the vapors up to the sky, And heavenward in purity bear my tardy
protest Let some kind soul o 'er my untimely fate sigh, And in the still evening a prayer be lifted on high
From thee, 0 my country, that in God I may rest. Pray for all those that hapless have died, For all who
have suffered the unmeasur'd pain; For our mothers that bitterly their woes have cried, For widows and
orphans, for captives by torture tried And then for thyself that redemption thou mayst gain. MI ULTIMO
ADIOS TRANSLATED BY CHARLES DERBYSHIRE
And when the dark night wraps the graveyard around. With only the dead in their vigil to see. Break not my
repose or the mystery profound And perchance thou mayst hear a sad hymn resound' T is I, O my
country, raising a song unto thee. And even my grave is remembered no more Unmark'd by never a
cross nor a stone Let the plow sweep through it, the spade turn it o'er That my ashes may carpet earthly
floor, Before into nothingness at last they are blown. Then will oblivion bring to me no care As over thy
vales and plains I sweep; Throbbing and cleansed in thy space and air With color and light, with song
and lament I fare, Ever repeating the faith that I keep.
My Fatherland ador'd, that sadness to my sorrow lends Beloved Filipinas, hear now my last good-by! I give
thee all: parents and kindred and friends For I go where no slave before the oppressor bends, Where
faith can never kill, and God reigns e'er on high! Farewell to you all, from my soul torn away, Friends
of my childhood in the home dispossessed ! Give thanks that I rest from the wearisome day !Farewell to
thee, too, sweet friend that lightened my way; Beloved creatures all, farewell! In death there is rest !MI
ULTIMO ADIOSTRANSLATED BY CHARLES DERBYSHIRE
34. JOSE PROTASIO RIZAL MERCADO Y ALONSO REALONDA Philippines National Hero
Last Home Coming and Trial Last Home Coming
October 8, 1896- Rizal learned that the Madrid papers were full of stories regarding the revolutions in the
Philippines and he was blamed from it.
October 11, 1896- Rizal’s diary was confiscated during his way to Port Said, his cabin was searched nothing
significant was found. On November 11, 1896 his diary was returned.
Unsuccessful Rescue in Singapore
Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor and Sixto Lopez dispatch telegrams to an English lawyer in Singapore named
Hugh Fort to rescue Rizal when his arrive, by means of writ of habeas corpus
When the Spanish steamer arrived Atty. Fort instituted proceedings at the Singapore Court for the
immediate removal of Rizal from the said steamer.
Chief Justice Loinel Cox denied the writ of habeas corpus on the ground because the steamer carry Spanish
troops hence it is a warship of foreign power which under the international law was beyond the
jurisdiction of Singapore Authorities
Arrival in Manila
November 3, 1896- Rizal arrived at Manila
Spanish authorities gather evidence against Rizal while Deodato Arellano, Dr, Pio Valenzuela, Moises
Salvador, Jose Dizon, Domingo Franco, Temoteo Paez, and Pedro Serrano Laktaw were brutally
tortured to implicate Rizal
Rizal owned brother was also arrested and tortured but never said anything against his younger brother.
First Investigation
November 20, 1896- preliminary investigation was conducted.
Rizal as the accused appeared before Judge Advocate, Colonel Francisco Olive. He was subjected to a 5 day
investigation, Rizal was informed about his charges and been given the chance to answer the questions
they have on him though he was never permitted to confront those people who testified against him.
Two Evidences presented against him, namely documentary an d testimonial.
Documentary Evidences:
A letter from Antonio to Mariano Ponce dated Madrid October 16, 1888, showing Rizal connection with the
Filipino reform campaign in Spain.
A letter of Rizal to his family, dated Madrid, August 20, 1890, stating that the deportations are good for they
will encourage the people to hate tyranny.
A letter from Marcelo H. del Pilar to Deodato Arellano, dated Madrid, January 7, 1889, implicating Rizal in
the propaganda movement campaign in Spain.
A poem entitled Kundiman , allegedly written by Rizal in Manila on September 12, 1891
A letter from Carlos Oliver to an unidentified person, dated Barcelona, September 18, 1891, describing
Rizal as the man to free the Philippines from Spanish oppression.
A masonic lodge document, dated Manila, February 9, 1892, honoring Rizal for his patriotic services.
A letter signed Dimasalang ( Rizal’s pseudonym) to Tenlunz (Juan Zulueta’s pseudonym), dated Hongkong,
May 24, 1892, stating that he was preparing a safe refuge for Filipinos who may persecuted by the
Spanish authorities.
A letter to Dimasalang to an unidentified committee, dated Hongkong, June 1, 1892, soliciting the aid of the
committee in the “patriotic work”
Am anonymous and undated letter to the Editor of Hongkong Telegraph, censuring the banishment of Rizal
to Dapitan.
A letter to Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal, dated Manila, informing an unidentified correspondent of the arrest and
the banishment of Doroteo Cortes and Ambrosio Salvador.
A letter to Marcelo H. del Pilar to Don Juan A. Tenluz (Juan Zulueta), dated Madrid, June 1, 1893
recommending the establishment of a special organization, independent of Masonry, to help the cause of
the Filipino people.
Transcript of a speech of Pingkian (Emilio Jacinto) in a reunion to a Katipunan on July 23, 1893, in which
the following cry uttered “Long Live the Philippines! Long Live Liberty!lOng live Dr. Rizal Unity!”
Transcript of speech of Tik-Tik (Jose Turiano Santiago) in the same Katipunan reunion where in the
katipuneros shouted “ Long Live the eminent Dr. Jose Rizal! Death to the oppressor nation!”
A poem by Laong Laan (Jose Rizal) entitled Talisay, in which the author makes Dapitan schoolboys sing
that they know how to fight of their rights.
The testimonial evidence consisted of the oral testimonies of Martin Constantino, Aguedo del Rosario, Jose
Reyes, Moises Salvador Jose Dizon, Domingo Franco, Deodato Arellano, Ambrosio Salvador, Pedro
Serrano Laktaw, Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Antonio Salazar, Francisco Quison, and Temoteo Paez
November 6, 1896- after the investigation, Col. Olive transmitted the records of the case to Gov. Gen.
Ramon Blanco, and the letter appointed Capt. Rafael Dominguez as special Judge advocate to institute
the corresponding action against Rizal.
Dominguez made a brief resume of the charges and returned the papers to the Governor General, who
thereupon transmitted them to the Judge Advocate General Don Nicholas de la Peña for an opinion.
Peña submitted the following recommendations:
The accused should be immediately brought to trial
He should be kept in prison
An order of attachment be issued against his property to the amount one million pesos as an indemnity, and
He should be defended in court by an army
Rizal’s defender:
officer, not by a civilian officer.
Rizal chooses a defense council which is the only right given to him by the Spanish authorities
December 8, 1896 100 first and second lieutenants in the Spanish Army was presented to Rizal
Lt. Taviel de Andrade chosen by Rizal to be his defense, he was the brother of Jose Taviel de Andrade his
previous bodyguard.
Charges to the accused
He was accused of being ‘ the principal organizer and the living soul of the Filipino insurrection, the
founder of societies, periodicals and books dedicated to fomenting and propagating ideas of rebellion’
He pleaded not guilty to the crime of rebellion
Manifesto to Some Filipinos
Submitted on Dec 15
 To inform the people that he condemned the rebellion because he wanted their liberties to be attained
through education and lacked the participation of ‘those from above’
Was not published because it did not condemn the rebellion in its totality but only in two aspects: lack of
participation and preparation

Trial of Rizal
Prosecution (Alcocer) asked for death sentence; if pardon, permanent disqualification and subjection to
surveillance of authority, indemnity of 20, 000 pesos
De Andrade in defense, delivered an impressive speech and claimed that the guilt of Rizal has not been
legally established.
Rizal supplemented his defender’s points in detail
Polavieja signs Rizal’s execution
Same afternoon (Dec 26), death sentence was passed with the same condition except that indemnity was
raised to 100,000
On Dec 28, Gov. Gen Polavieja approved the sentence, ordering Rizal be executed by firing squad two days
later at 7 a.m. Luneta
References
Coates, A. 1968. Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and Martyr. Oxford Press. Hong Kong
Vaño, M. 1997. Jose Rizal :Champion of the Nation’s Redemption. Giraffe Books . Quezon City
Zaide, G. F. and S. M. Zaide. 1994. Jose Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist, and
National Hero. All-Nations Publishing Co., Inc. Quezon City

Quiz rizal11

1-3 W h o a r e t h e t h r e e p e r s o n ’ s w a r n e d R i z a l n o t t o return home?4 – 6 Give

atleast three reasons why Rizal determined toreturn to the Philippines?7 – 9 W h a t a r e t h e
t h r e e E u r o p e a n s p o r t s t h a t R i z a l introduced in his townmates?1 0 . T o s e c u r e
t h e s a f e t y o f R i z a l , W h o i s t h e y o u n g Spanish Lietenant assigned to be his
bodyguard?
ANSWERS;
1.Paciano
 2. Silvestre Ubaldo3 . Chengoy
4. To oiperate his mother eyes5.To serve his people who had long been oppressed bySpanish
tyrants.6.To find out why Leonor Rivera had remains silent.7 . Gymnastics 8.. F e n c i n g 9 . Shooting
10.Don Jose Taviel de Andrad

FINALS Group Task – 25 points of the exam

Right after the Midterm Examination, each group will be assigned to discuss/ present/ lead the class in a
learning activity on the following topics:
( For 3A 3D – Sept. 8/9 for 3I and 3J September 12/13 )
Group 1: ( refer to Zaide – Rizal Life,Works and Writings)
Chapter 10 – Rizal’s Tour of Europe with Viola 1887
Chapter 11 – Back to Calamba
Chapter 12 – Rizal in Hongkong, Macao and Japan
Chapter 13 – Rizal in Japan
Group 2:
Chapter 14 – Rizal in America
Chapter 15 – Life and Works in
London Chapter 16 – Rizal in Gay
Paris Chapter 17 – Rizal in Brussels
Group 3:
Chapter 18 – Rizal in Madrid
Chapter 19 – El Filibusterismo
Chapter 20 – Rizal in Hong Kong
Group 4 :
Chapter 21 -Exile in Dapitan
Chapter 22 – Trial of Rizal
Chapter 23 – Martyrdom at Bagumbayan
Guidelines for the Activity:
- Each Group will be given 2 meetings to present their topic after which a quiz or evaluation will be given
- utilize active, creative and multiple forms of presenting the topic; example group discussion, roleplay,
game, panel, debate, mock court trial , news casting etc..
-Link the topic to current issues
CRITERIA:
TEAMWORK ( member participation)
RESOURCEFULNESS/CREATIVITY
APPROPRIATENESS /RELEVANCE OF ACTIVITY TO CONTENT
ORGANIZATION /FLOW OF ACTIVITY
Analysis Rizal's Retraction At least four texts of Rizal’s retraction have surfaced. The fourth text appeared in El
Imparcial on the day after Rizal’s execution; it is the short formula of the retraction.

The first text was published in La Voz Española and Diaro de Manila on the very day of Rizal’s execution, Dec. 30,
1896. The second text appeared in Barcelona, Spain, on February 14, 1897, in the fortnightly magazine in La
Juventud; it came from an anonymous writer who revealed himself fourteen years later as Fr. Balaguer. The
"original" text was discovered in the archdiocesan archives on May 18, 1935, after it disappeared for thirty-nine
years from the afternoon of the day when Rizal was shot.

We know not that reproductions of the lost original had been made by a copyist who could imitate Rizal’s
handwriting. This fact is revealed by Fr. Balaguer himself who, in his letter to his former superior Fr. Pio Pi in
1910, said that he had received "an exact copy of the retraction written and signed by Rizal. The handwriting of
this copy I don’t know nor do I remember whose it is. . ." He proceeded: "I even suspect that it might have
been written by Rizal himself. I am sending it to you that you may . . . verify whether it might be of Rizal himself
"
Fr. Pi was not able to verify it in his sworn statement.

This "exact" copy had been received by Fr. Balaguer in the evening immediately preceding Rizal’s execution,
Rizal y su Obra, and was followed by Sr. W. Retana in his biography of Rizal, Vida y Escritos del Jose Rizal with the
addition of the names of the witnesses taken from the texts of the retraction in the Manila newspapers. Fr. Pi’s
copy of Rizal’s retraction has the same text as that of Fr. Balaguer’s "exact" copy but follows the paragraphing of
the texts of Rizal’s retraction in the Manila newspapers.

Regarding the "original" text, no one claimed to have seen it, except the publishers of La Voz Espanola. That
newspaper reported: "Still more; we have seen and read his (Rizal’s) own hand-written retraction which he sent
to our dear and venerable Archbishop…" On the other hand, Manila pharmacist F. Stahl wrote in a letter:
"besides, nobody has seen this written declaration, in spite of the fact that quite a number of people would
want to see it. "For example, not only Rizal’s family but also the correspondents in Manila of the newspapers in
Madrid, Don Manuel Alhama of El Imparcial and Sr. Santiago Mataix of El Heraldo, were not able to see the
hand-written retraction.

Neither Fr. Pi nor His Grace the Archbishop ascertained whether Rizal himself was the one who wrote and
signed the retraction. (Ascertaining the document was necessary because it was possible for one who could
imitate Rizal’s handwriting aforesaid holograph; and keeping a copy of the same for our archives, I myself
delivered it personally that the same morning to His Grace Archbishop… His Grace testified: At once the
undersigned entrusted this holograph to Rev. Thomas Gonzales Feijoo, secretary of the Chancery." After that,
the documents could not be seen by those who wanted to examine it and was finally considered lost after
efforts to look for it proved futile.

On May 18, 1935, the lost "original" document of Rizal’s retraction was discovered by the archdeocean archivist
Fr. Manuel Garcia, C.M. The discovery, instead of ending doubts about Rizal’s retraction, has in fact encouraged
it because the newly discovered text retraction differs significantly from the text found in the Jesuits’ and the
Archbishop’s copies. And, the fact that the texts of the retraction which appeared in the Manila newspapers
could be shown to be the exact copies of the "original" but only imitations of it. This means that the friars who
controlled the press in Manila (for example, La Voz Española) had the "original" while the Jesuits had only the
imitations.

We now proceed to show the significant differences between the "original" and the Manila newspapers texts of
the retraction on the one hand and the text s of the copies of Fr. Balaguer and F5r. Pio Pi on the other hand.

First, instead of the words "mi cualidad" (with "u") which appear in the original and the newspaper texts, the
Jesuits’ copies have "mi calidad" (with "u").

Second, the Jesuits’ copies of the retraction omit the word "Catolica" after the first "Iglesias" which are found in
the original and the newspaper texts.

Third, the Jesuits’ copies of the retraction add before the third "Iglesias" the word "misma" which is not found in
the original and the newspaper texts of the retraction.

Fourth, with regards to paragraphing which immediately strikes the eye of the critical reader, Fr. Balaguer’s
text does not begin the second paragraph until the fifth sentences while the original and the newspaper copies
start the second paragraph immediately with the second sentences.

Fifth, whereas the texts of the retraction in the original and in the manila newspapers have only four commas,
the text of Fr. Balaguer’s copy has eleven commas.

Sixth, the most important of all, Fr. Balaguer’s copy did not have the names of the witnesses from the texts of
the newspapers in Manila.

In his notarized testimony twenty years later, Fr. Balaguer finally named the witnesses. He said "This . .
.retraction was signed together with Dr. Rizal by Señor Fresno, Chief of the Picket, and Señor Moure, Adjutant of
the Plaza." However, the proceeding quotation only proves itself to be an addition to the original. Moreover, in
his letter to Fr. Pi in 1910, Fr. Balaguer said that he had the "exact" copy of the retraction, which was signed by
Rizal, but her made no mention of the witnesses. In his accounts too, no witnesses signed the retraction.

How did Fr. Balaguer obtain his copy of Rizal’s retraction? Fr. Balaguer never alluded to having himself made a
copy of the retraction although he claimed that the Archbishop prepared a long formula of the retraction and Fr.
Pi a short formula. In Fr. Balaguer’s earliest account, it is not yet clear whether Fr. Balaguer was using the long
formula of nor no formula in dictating to Rizal what to write. According to Fr. Pi, in his own account of Rizal’s
conversion in 1909, Fr. Balaguer dictated from Fr. Pi’s short formula previously approved by the Archbishop. In
his letter to Fr. Pi in 1910, Fr. Balaguer admitted that he dictated to Rizal the short formula prepared by Fr. Pi;
however; he contradicts himself when he revealed that the "exact" copy came from the Archbishop. The only
copy, which Fr. Balaguer wrote, is the one that appeared ion his earliest account of Rizal’s retraction.

Where did Fr. Balaguer’s "exact" copy come from? We do not need long arguments to answer this question,
because Fr. Balaguer himself has unwittingly answered this question. He said in his letter to Fr. Pi in 1910:
"…I preserved in my keeping and am sending to you the original texts of the two formulas of retraction, which
they (You) gave me; that from you and that of the Archbishop, and the first with the changes which they (that is,
you) made; and the other the exact copy of the retraction written and signed by Rizal. The handwriting of this
copy I don’t know nor do I remember whose it is, and I even suspect that it might have been written by Rizal
himself."

In his own word quoted above, Fr. Balaguer said that he received two original texts of the retraction. The first,
which came from Fr. Pi, contained "the changes which You (Fr. Pi) made"; the other, which is "that of the
Archbishop" was "the exact copy of the retraction written and signed by Rizal" (underscoring supplied). Fr.
Balaguer said that the "exact copy" was "written and signed by Rizal" but he did not say "written and signed by
Rizal and himself" (the absence of the reflexive pronoun "himself" could mean that another person-the
copyist- did not). He only "suspected" that "Rizal himself" much as Fr. Balaguer did "not know nor ...
remember" whose handwriting it was.

Thus, according to Fr. Balaguer, the "exact copy" came from the Archbishop! He called it "exact" because, not
having seen the original himself, he was made to believe that it was the one that faithfully reproduced the
original in comparison to that of Fr. Pi in which "changes" (that is, where deviated from the "exact" copy) had
been made. Actually, the difference between that of the Archbishop (the "exact" copy) and that of Fr. Pi (with
"changes") is that the latter was "shorter" be cause it omitted certain phrases found in the former so that, as Fr.
Pi had fervently hoped, Rizal would sign it.

According to Fr. Pi, Rizal rejected the long formula so that Fr. Balaguer had to dictate from the short formula of
Fr. Pi. Allegedly, Rizal wrote down what was dictated to him but he insisted on adding the phrases "in which I
was born and educated" and "[Masonary]" as the enemy that is of the Church" – the first of which Rizal would
have regarded as unnecessary and the second as downright contrary to his spirit. However, what actually would
have happened, if we are to believe the fictitious account, was that Rizal’s addition of the phrases was the
retoration of the phrases found in the original which had been omitted in Fr. Pi’s short formula.

The "exact" copy was shown to the military men guarding in Fort Santiago to convince them that Rizal had
retracted. Someone read it aloud in the hearing of Capt. Dominguez, who claimed in his "Notes’ that Rizal read
aloud his retraction. However, his copy of the retraction proved him wrong because its text (with "u") and omits
the word "Catolica" as in Fr. Balaguer’s copy but which are not the case in the original. Capt. Dominguez never
claimed to have seen the retraction: he only "heard".

The truth is that, almost two years before his execution, Rizal had written a retraction in Dapitan. Very early in
1895, Josephine Bracken came to Dapitan with her adopted father who wanted to be cured of his blindness by
Dr. Rizal; their guide was Manuela Orlac, who was agent and a mistress of a friar. Rizal fell in love with Josephine
and wanted to marry her canonically but he was required to sign a profession of faith and to write retraction,
which had to be approved by the Bishop of Cebu. "Spanish law had established civil marriage in the Philippines,"
Prof. Craig wrote, but the local government had not provided any way for people to avail themselves of the
right..."

In order to marry Josephine, Rizal wrote with the help of a priest a form of retraction to be approved by the
Bishop of Cebu. This incident was revealed by Fr. Antonio Obach to his friend Prof. Austin Craig who wrote down
in 1912 what the priest had told him; "The document (the retraction), in closed with the priest’s letter, was
ready for the mail when Rizal came hurrying I to reclaim it." Rizal realized (perhaps, rather late) that he had
written and given to a priest what the friars had been trying by all means to get from him.

Neither the Archbishop nor Fr. Pi saw the original document of retraction. What they was saw a copy done by
one who could imitate Rizal’s handwriting while the original (almost eaten by termites) was kept by some friars.
Both the Archbishop and Fr. Pi acted innocently because they did not distinguish between the genuine and the
imitation of Rizal’s handwriting.
El Filibusterismo The word "filibustero" wrote Rizal to his friend, Ferdinand Blumentritt, is very little known in
the Philippines. The masses do not know it yet.

Jose Alejandro, one of the new Filipinos who had been quite intimate with Rizal, said, "in writing the Noli
Rizal signed his own death warrant." Subsequent events, after the fate of the Noli was sealed by the Spanish
authorities, prompted Rizal to write the continuation of his first novel. He confessed, however, that regretted
very much having killed Elias instead of Ibarra, reasoning that when he published the Noli his health was very
much broken, and was very unsure of being able to write the continuation and speak of a revolution.

Explaining to Marcelo H. del Pilar his inability to contribute articles to the La Solidaridad, Rizal said that he was
haunted by certain sad presentiments, and that he had been dreaming almost every night of dead relatives and
friends a few days before his 29th birthday, that is why he wanted to finish the second part of the Noli at all
costs.

Consequently, as expected of a determined character, Rizal apparently went in writing, for to his friend,
Blumentritt, he wrote on March 29, 1891: "I have finished my book. Ah! I’ve not written it with any idea of
vengeance against my enemies, but only for the good of those who suffer and for the rights of Tagalog
humanity, although brown and not good-looking."

To a Filipino friend in Hong Kong, Jose Basa, Rizal likewise eagerly announced the completion of his second
novel. Having moved to Ghent to have the book published at cheaper cost, Rizal once more wrote his friend,
Basa, in Hongkong on July 9, 1891: "I am not sailing at once, because I am now printing the second part of the
Noli here, as you may see from the enclosed pages. I prefer to publish it in some other way before leaving
Europe, for it seemed to me a pity not to do so. For the past three months I have not received a single centavo,
so I have pawned all that I have in order to publish this book. I will continue publishing it as long as I can; and
when there is nothing to pawn I will stop and return to be at your side."

Inevitably, Rizal’s next letter to Basa contained the tragic news of the suspension of the printing of the sequel to
his first novel due to lack of funds, forcing him to stop and leave the book half-way. "It is a pity," he wrote Basa,
"because it seems to me that this second part is more important than the first, and if I do not finish it here, it
will never be finished."

Fortunately, Rizal was not to remain in despair for long. A compatriot, Valentin Ventura, learned of Rizal’s
predicament. He offered him financial assistance. Even then Rizal’s was forced to shorten the novel quite
drastically, leaving only thirty-eight chapters compared to the sixty-four chapters of the first novel.

Rizal moved to Ghent, and writes Jose Alejandro. The sequel to Rizal’s Noli came off the press by the middle of
September, 1891.On the 18th he sent Basa two copies, and Valentin Ventura the original manuscript and an
autographed printed copy.

Inspired by what the word filibustero connoted in relation to the circumstances obtaining in his time, and his
spirits dampened by the tragic execution of the three martyred priests, Rizal aptly titled the second part of the
Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo. In veneration of the three priests, he dedicated the book to them.

"To the memory of the priests, Don Mariano Gomez (85 years old), Don Jose Burgos (30 years old), and Don
Jacinto Zamora (35 years old). Executed in the Bagumbayan Field on the 28th of February, 1872."

"The church, by refusing to degrade you, has placed in doubt the crime that has been imputed to you; the
Government, by surrounding your trials with mystery and shadows causes the belief that there was some error,
committed in fatal moments; and all the Philippines, by worshipping your memory and calling you martyrs, in no
sense recognizes your culpability. In so far, therefore, as your complicity in the Cavite Mutiny is not clearly
proved, as you may or may not have been patriots, and as you may or may not cherished sentiments for justice
and for liberty, I have the right to dedicate my work to you as victims of the evil which I undertake to combat.
And while we await expectantly upon Spain some day to restore your good name and cease to be answerable
for your death, let these pages serve as a tardy wreath of dried leaves over one who without clear proofs
attacks your memory stains his hands in your blood."

Rizal’s memory seemed to have failed him, though, for Father Gomez was then 73 not 85, Father Burgos 35 not
30 Father Zamora 37 not 35; and the date of execution 17th not 28th.

The FOREWORD of the Fili was addressed to his beloved countrymen, thus:

"TO THE FILIPINO PEOPLE AND THEIR GOVERNMENT"

Noli Me Tangere Spain, to Rizal, was a venue for realizing his dreams. He finished his studies in Madrid and this
to him was the realization of the bigger part of his ambition. His vision broadened while he was in Spain to the
point of awakening in him an understanding of human nature, sparking in him the realization that his people
needed him. It must have been this sentiment that prompted him to pursue, during the re-organizational
meeting of the Circulo-Hispano-Filipino, to be one of its activities, the publication of a book to which all the
members would contribute papers on the various aspects and conditions of Philippines life.

"My proposal on the book," he wrote on January 2, 1884, "was unanimously approved. But afterwards
difficulties and objections were raised which seemed to me rather odd, and a number of gentlemen stood up
and refused to discuss the matter any further. In view of this I decided not to press it any longer, feeling that it
was impossible to count on general support…"

"Fortunately," writes one of Rizal’s biographers, the anthology, if we may call it that, was never written. Instead,
the next year, Pedro Paterno published his Ninay, a novel sub-titled Costumbres filipinas (Philippines Customs),
thus partly fulfilling the original purpose of Rizal’s plan. He himself (Rizal), as we have seen, had ‘put aside his
pen’ in deference to the wishes of his parents.

But the idea of writing a novel himself must have grown on him. It would be no poem to forgotten after a year,
no essay in a review of scant circulation, no speech that passed in the night, but a long and serious work on
which he might labor, exercising his mind and hand, without troubling his mother’s sleep. He would call it Noli
Me Tangere; the Latin echo of the Spoliarium is not without significance. He seems to have told no one in his
family about his grand design; it is not mentioned in his correspondence until the book is well-nigh completed.
But the other expatriates knew what he was doing; later, when Pastells was blaming the Noli on the influence of
German Protestants, he would call his compatriots to witness that he had written half of the novel in Madrid a
fourth part in Paris, and only the remainder in Germany.

"From the first," writes Leon Ma. Guerrero, Rizal was haunted by the fear that his novel would never find its way
into print, that it would remain unread. He had little enough money for his own needs, let alone the cost of the
Noli’s publication… Characteristically, Rizal would not hear of asking his friends for help. He did not want to
compromise them.

Viola insisted on lending him the money (P300 for 2,000 copies); Rizal at first demurred… Finally Rizal gave in
and the novel went to press. The proofs were delivered daily, and one day the messenger, according to Viola,
took it upon himself to warn the author that if he ever returned to the Philippines he would lose his head. Rizal
was too enthralled by seeing his work in print to do more than smile.

The printing apparently took considerably less time than the original estimate of five months for Viola did not
arrive in Berlin until December and by the 21st March 1887, Rizal was already sending Blumentritt a copy of "my
first book."

Rizal, himself, describing the nature of the Noli Me Tangere to his friend Blumentritt, wrote, "The Novel is the
first impartial and bold account of the life of the tagalogs. The Filipinos will find in it the history of the last ten
years…"

Criticism and attacks against the Noli and its author came from all quarters. An anonymous letter signed "A
Friar" and sent to Rizal, dated February 15, 1888, says in part: "How ungrateful you are… If you, or for that
matter all your men, think you have a grievance, then challenge us and we shall pick up the gauntlet, for we are
not cowards like you, which is not to say that a hidden hand will not put an end to your life."

A special committee of the faculty of the University of Santo Tomas, at the request of the Archbishop Pedro
Payo, found and condemned the novel as heretical, impious, and scandalous in its religious aspect, and
unpatriotic, subversive of public order and harmful to the Spanish government and its administration of theses
islands in its political aspect.

On December 28, 1887, Fray Salvador Font, the cura of Tondo and chairman of the Permanent Commission of
Censorship composed of laymen and ordered that the circulation of this pernicious book" be absolutely
prohibited.

Not content, Font caused the circulation of copies of the prohibition, an act which brought an effect contrary to
what he desired. Instead of what he expected, the negative publicity awakened more the curiosity of the
people who managed to get copies of the book.

Assisting Father Font in his aim to discredit the Noli was an Augustinian friar by the name of Jose Rodriguez. In
a pamphlet entitled Caiingat Cayo (Beware). Fr. Rodriguez warned the people that in reading the book they
"commit mortal sin," considering that it was full of heresy.

As far as Madrid, there was furor over the Noli, as evidenced by an article which bitterly criticized the novel
published in a Madrid newspaper in January, 1890, and written by one Vicente Barrantes. In like manner, a
member of the Senate in the Spanish Cortes assailed the novel as "anti-Catholic, Protestant, socialistic."

It is well to note that not detractors alone visibly reacted to the effects of the Noli. For if there were bitter
critics, another group composed of staunch defenders found every reason to justify its publication and
circulation to the greatest number of Filipinos. For instance, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, cleverly writing under an
assumed name Dolores Manapat, successfully circulated a publication that negated the effect of Father
Rodriguez’ Caiingat Cayo, Del Pilar’s piece was entitled Caiigat Cayo (Be Slippery as an Eel). Deceiving similar in
format to Rodriguez’ Caiingat Cayo, the people were readily "misled" into getting not a copy o Rodriguez’ piece
but Del Pillar’s.

The Noli Me Tangere found another staunch defender in the person of a Catholic theologian of the Manila
Cathedral, in Father Vicente Garcia. Under the pen-name Justo Desiderio Magalang. Father Garcia wrote a very
scholarly defense of the Noli, claiming among other things that Rizal cannot be an ignorant man, being the
product of Spanish officials and corrupt friars; he himself who had warned the people of committing mortal sin if
they read the novel had therefore committed such sin for he has read the novel.

Consequently, realizing how much the Noli had awakened his countrymen, to the point of defending his
novel, Rizal said: "Now I die content."

Fittingly, Rizal found it a timely and effective gesture to dedicate his novel to the country of his people whose
experiences and sufferings he wrote about, sufferings which he brought to light in an effort to awaken his
countrymen to the truths that had long remained unspoken, although not totally unheard of.
Noli Me Tangere Spain, to Rizal, was a venue for realizing his dreams. He finished his studies in Madrid and this
to him was the realization of the bigger part of his ambition. His vision broadened while he was in Spain to the
point of awakening in him an understanding of human nature, sparking in him the realization that his people
needed him. It must have been this sentiment that prompted him to pursue, during the re-organizational
meeting of the Circulo-Hispano-Filipino, to be one of its activities, the publication of a book to which all the
members would contribute papers on the various aspects and conditions of Philippines life.

"My proposal on the book," he wrote on January 2, 1884, "was unanimously approved. But afterwards
difficulties and objections were raised which seemed to me rather odd, and a number of gentlemen stood up
and refused to discuss the matter any further. In view of this I decided not to press it any longer, feeling that it
was impossible to count on general support…"

"Fortunately," writes one of Rizal’s biographers, the anthology, if we may call it that, was never written. Instead,
the next year, Pedro Paterno published his Ninay, a novel sub-titled Costumbres filipinas (Philippines Customs),
thus partly fulfilling the original purpose of Rizal’s plan. He himself (Rizal), as we have seen, had ‘put aside his
pen’ in deference to the wishes of his parents.

But the idea of writing a novel himself must have grown on him. It would be no poem to forgotten after a year,
no essay in a review of scant circulation, no speech that passed in the night, but a long and serious work on
which he might labor, exercising his mind and hand, without troubling his mother’s sleep. He would call it Noli
Me Tangere; the Latin echo of the Spoliarium is not without significance. He seems to have told no one in his
family about his grand design; it is not mentioned in his correspondence until the book is well-nigh completed.
But the other expatriates knew what he was doing; later, when Pastells was blaming the Noli on the influence of
German Protestants, he would call his compatriots to witness that he had written half of the novel in Madrid a
fourth part in Paris, and only the remainder in Germany.

"From the first," writes Leon Ma. Guerrero, Rizal was haunted by the fear that his novel would never find its way
into print, that it would remain unread. He had little enough money for his own needs, let alone the cost of the
Noli’s publication… Characteristically, Rizal would not hear of asking his friends for help. He did not want to
compromise them.

Viola insisted on lending him the money (P300 for 2,000 copies); Rizal at first demurred… Finally Rizal gave in
and the novel went to press. The proofs were delivered daily, and one day the messenger, according to Viola,
took it upon himself to warn the author that if he ever returned to the Philippines he would lose his head. Rizal
was too enthralled by seeing his work in print to do more than smile.

The printing apparently took considerably less time than the original estimate of five months for Viola did not
arrive in Berlin until December and by the 21st March 1887, Rizal was already sending Blumentritt a copy of "my
first book."

Rizal, himself, describing the nature of the Noli Me Tangere to his friend Blumentritt, wrote, "The Novel is the
first impartial and bold account of the life of the tagalogs. The Filipinos will find in it the history of the last ten
years…"

Criticism and attacks against the Noli and its author came from all quarters. An anonymous letter signed "A
Friar" and sent to Rizal, dated February 15, 1888, says in part: "How ungrateful you are… If you, or for that
matter all your men, think you have a grievance, then challenge us and we shall pick up the gauntlet, for we are
not cowards like you, which is not to say that a hidden hand will not put an end to your life."

A special committee of the faculty of the University of Santo Tomas, at the request of the Archbishop Pedro
Payo, found and condemned the novel as heretical, impious, and scandalous in its religious aspect, and
unpatriotic, subversive of public order and harmful to the Spanish government and its administration of theses
islands in its political aspect.

On December 28, 1887, Fray Salvador Font, the cura of Tondo and chairman of the Permanent Commission of
Censorship composed of laymen and ordered that the circulation of this pernicious book" be absolutely
prohibited.

Not content, Font caused the circulation of copies of the prohibition, an act which brought an effect contrary to
what he desired. Instead of what he expected, the negative publicity awakened more the curiosity of the
people who managed to get copies of the book.

Assisting Father Font in his aim to discredit the Noli was an Augustinian friar by the name of Jose Rodriguez. In
a pamphlet entitled Caiingat Cayo (Beware). Fr. Rodriguez warned the people that in reading the book they
"commit mortal sin," considering that it was full of heresy.

As far as Madrid, there was furor over the Noli, as evidenced by an article which bitterly criticized the novel
published in a Madrid newspaper in January, 1890, and written by one Vicente Barrantes. In like manner, a
member of the Senate in the Spanish Cortes assailed the novel as "anti-Catholic, Protestant, socialistic."
 It is well to note that not detractors alone visibly reacted to the effects of the Noli. For if there were bitter
critics, another group composed of staunch defenders found every reason to justify its publication and
circulation to the greatest number of Filipinos. For instance, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, cleverly writing under an
assumed name Dolores Manapat, successfully circulated a publication that negated the effect of Father
Rodriguez’ Caiingat Cayo, Del Pilar’s piece was entitled Caiigat Cayo (Be Slippery as an Eel). Deceiving similar in
format to Rodriguez’ Caiingat Cayo, the people were readily "misled" into getting not a copy o Rodriguez’ piece
but Del Pillar’s.

The Noli Me Tangere found another staunch defender in the person of a Catholic theologian of the Manila
Cathedral, in Father Vicente Garcia. Under the pen-name Justo Desiderio Magalang. Father Garcia wrote a very
scholarly defense of the Noli, claiming among other things that Rizal cannot be an ignorant man, being the
product of Spanish officials and corrupt friars; he himself who had warned the people of committing mortal sin if
they read the novel had therefore committed such sin for he has read the novel.

Consequently, realizing how much the Noli had awakened his countrymen, to the point of defending his novel,
Rizal said: "Now I die content."

Fittingly, Rizal found it a timely and effective gesture to dedicate his novel to the country of his people whose
experiences and sufferings he wrote about, sufferings which he brought to light in an effort to awaken his
countrymen to the truths that had long remained unspoken, although not totally unheard of.

To the Young Women of Malolos - Rizal's Main Idea

Jose Rizal's main idea in his letter to the young women of Malolos is that since mothers are the first
teachers of their children, he wants the women to be well educated so that they can be efficient in teaching
their children.

It is obvious that Rizal's ultimate desire was for women to be offered the same opportunities as those received
by men in terms of education. During those days, young girls were not sent to school because of the universal notion
that they would soon only be taken as wives and stay at home with children. But if the mothers are the first teachers of
their children, how can they be efficient teachers if they were not as educated as men? The idea is that whatever the
mother shows to her children is what the children will also become. If the mother is always kissing the hand of the friars
in submission, then her children will grow up to be mindless fools who do nothing but do as they are told, even if the
very nature of the task would violate their rights as individuals. A mother must teach her children to prefer death with
honor to life with dishonor, which Rizal stated with reference to the Sparta women.

Going back to education of women, Rizal said that education is the fundamental source of liberation. If the
mothers have the right education, they can teach their children the following values: love for honor; sincere and firm
character; clear mind; clear conduct; noble action; love for one’s fellowmen; and respect for God. Moreover, Rizal
warned that the country will never be free and flourishing as long as the children and the women remain ignorant. Rizal
directly states that he strongly believes that WOMEN can exert great influence towards the liberation of their country