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IB DP Physics HL FE2016

simple harmonic motion is defined as motion arising from a linear restoring force directed to
a fixed equilibrium point
SHM

Average versus instantaneous values

A force has the following properties:

Properties of a force

where we stated that the acceleration due to the Earth's gravitational field is the same for all
objects.
Gravity

This condition is called translational equilibrium and can arise in both static (stationary) and
dynamic (moving, but with constant velocity) situations.
Transitional equilibrium

Newton's second law of motion states: The net force on an object is equal to the mass of that
object multiplied by the acceleration of the object. The key elements are:
Newton's second law

As in the previous example, we resolve the force vectors on the rotated co-ordinate
Calculating coefficient of static friction

We know that a travelling wave is a disturbance that propagates (transmits) energy without
transferring material. The essential nature of a travelling wave is that it: is a disturbance.
propagates (transmits) energy. does not transfer matter.
Travelling waves - disturbance that transfer energy but do not transfer matter.
Standing waves - not moving, do not transfer energy or matter

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) is observed when all of the following conditions are met:
There is a fixed cyclical path. There is a central equilibrium point. The motion repeats at equal
time periods (periodic). Displacement, velocity, and acceleration change continuously. There
is a restoring force directed toward the equilibrium point.
Conditions of SHM

The pulse reflection from a free end is a fully leading/trailing edge reversed version of the
original pulse with no phase change: It has the same shape, width, and amplitude.
Pulse reflection from a free end

The pulse reflection from a fixed end is a fully leading/trailing edge reversed version of the
original pulse with phase inversion
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2/5/24, 7:59 PM 0. IB DP Physics HL FE2016

pulse refletion in a fixed end The pulse reflection from a fixed end is a fully
leading/trailing edge reversed version of the original pulse with phase inversion (π
radians ):It has the same shape, width, amplitude, and is inverted.

A combination of two convex lenses can provide a higher magnification than a single convex
lens and this is the basic idea of an optical compound microscope
A compound microscope (Figure C.34) consists of two converging lenses. It is used
to see enlarged images of very small objects. T

When a microscope forms an image at the near point we say it is at normal adjustment.
Normal adjustment

Light is total internally reflected when its angle of incidence is larger than the critical angle
Total internal reflection The critical angle, c, is the angle at which the light refracts at
90∘.

total internal reflection can only take place when light is travelling from a medium with a
higher refractive index into a medium with a lower refractive index
Be aware that total internal reflection can only take place when light is travelling from
a medium with a higher refractive index into a medium with a lower refractive index

if two glass fibres were brought close together or if a fibre was damaged there would be a
chance of the light 'escaping' because the angle of incidence would decrease as a resu
Cladding fibres are coated with a protective layer – the cladding

is the maximum angle of incidence the light can enter the optical fibre to obtain total internal
reflection.
acceptance angle

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