Lecture 1

 War of Independence (1857)

 First Constitution (Black Law) (1861): Reforms occurred in 1892, 1909, 1919 and 1935.
 Pakistan Movement (23 March 1940)
 Treaty of Westphalia (1648): Territories were defined on the bases of nations.
Nation: A large group of people sharing descent, language, culture and history and living in a specific
territory. (Oxford Dictionary).
State: The state is defined to have four features:
1. Territory
2. Population
3. Government
4. Sovereignty
Nationalism: Identification with one’s own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion
or determent of the interests of the other nations. (Oxford Dictionary)
If association to the state is a definition for nationalism then nationalism is all inclusive. So, nation-state
is all inclusive.
Imperialism: It is expansion of ones influence by the force.
Alienation of minority groups leads to resentment which leads to resistance.
Lecture 2

 First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842): British lost.

 Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880): British had an upper hand.
 Britain took over East India Company. (1857)
 Foreign Secretary of India, Sir Mortimer Durand, finalized an agreement defining the Indo-
Afghan border, Durand Line. (1893)
 The Iranian Revolution (1979): Relations of Iran with the US got strained.
Foreign Policy: A policy upon which a state governs her international relations.
Geography is the birth place of history. Geography determines cuisine, clothes, houses etc. of the land.
Afghanistan is the only country in South Asian nations which as not colonized. Afghanistan has rugged
topography, and it produced rugged culture. Afghanistan is called graveyard of nations.
Afghanistan was the first country to oppose Pakistan’s membership to the UN. Zahir Shah was the ruler
of Afghanistan at the time.
Pakistan is a security state because of its geographic location. Pakistan is a prisoner of its own geography.
Determinants of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy
1. Geography
 Security concerns due to Afghanistan and India on two sides.
 Pakistan requires influence in Afghanistan to increase its strategic depth.
 2. Ideology
 Good relations with Islamic states.
3. Economy
 Relations with Iran are not cordial because Saudi Arabia and the US are Pakistan’s
benefactor.
Strategic depth is a term in military literature that broadly refers to the distances between the front lines
or battle sectors and the combatants' industrial core areas, capital cities, heartlands, and other key centres
of population or military production.
“The enemy of my enemy is my friend.” (Winston Churchill)
India-China: China is a trade giant. India is a very bid market for China. So, China cannot afford to have
hostile relations with India because it would affect its trade.
Pakistan is the 5th most populous country and is a bid consumer market.
There are no permanent friends or foes in international relations.
Self-interest is the best interest in the international relations.
Can Pakistan become a welfare-state? Always start your answer with yes or no.