STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

EX ER C ISE (S k ills 6 - 8 ) : U n d e r lin e th e su b jects o n c e a n d th e verbs tw ice in e a c h o f th e

fo llo w in g se n te n c e s. C ircle th e c o n n e c to r s . T h e n in d ic a te if th e s e n te n c e s are c o r r e c t (C )
or in c o r r e c t (I).

1. Until the registrar makes a decision about your status, you must stay in an
unclassified category.
2. Or the bills can be paid by mail by the first o f the month.
T he parents left a p h on e num ber with the baby-sitter in case a problem with the
children.
4. The furniture will be delivered as soon it is paid for.
5. W henever you want to hold the m eeting, we will schedule it.
6. T he governm ent was overthrown in a revolution, the king has not returned to his
hom eland.
7. Whereas m ost o f the docum ents are com plete, this form still needs to be notarized.
8. Trash will be collected in the m orning, so you should put the trash cans o u t tonight.
9. It is im possible for the airplane to take o ff while is snowing so hard.
10. We did not go out to dinner tonight eventhough I would have preferred n ot to cook.

T O E F L EXERCISE (S k ills 6 -8 ) : C h o o se th e le tte r o f th e w ord o r g r o u p o f w ord s th a t b e st

c o m p le te s th e s e n te n c e .

1. The president of the U. S. appoints the . sucked groundwater from below,

cabinet m embers,_____ appointments are some parts of the city have begun to sink
subject to Senate approval. as much as ten inches annually.
(A) their (A) Pumps have
(B) with their (B) As pumps have
(C) because their (C) So pumps have
(D) but their (D) With pumps

2. The prisoners were prevented from 5. Case studies are the target o f much
speaking to reporters because_____ skepticism in the scientific community,
_____ used extensively by numerous
(A) not wanting the story in the papers, researchers.
(B) the story in the papers the
superintendent did not want (A) they are
(C) the public to hear the story (B) are
(D) the superintendent did not want the (C) yet they
story in the papers (D) yet they are

Like Thomas Bergers fictional character 6. According to the hypothesis in the study,
Little Big Man, Lauderdale managed to find the monarchs pick up the magnetic field of
himself w here_____ of important events th e _____ migrate by following magnetic
took place. fields.
(A) it was an extraordinary number (A) target monarchs
(B) there was an extraordinary number (B) target since monarchs
(C) an extraordinary number (C) target since monarchs are
(D) an extraordinary number existed (D) target
 STRUCTURE

7. _____ show the relations among neurons, 9. If ultraviolet radiation enters the Earth's
they do not preclude the possibility that atm osphere,_____ generally blocked by the
other aspects are important. ozone concentrated in the atmosphere.
(A) Neural theories (A) it
(B) A neural theory (B) it is
(C) Although neural theories (C) so it is
(D) However neural theories (D) then it

8. _____or refinanced, the lender will 10. Among human chromosomes, the Y
generally require setting up an escrow chromosome is un usual_____ most of the
account to ensure the payment of property chromosome does not participate in m eiotic
taxes and homeowner’s insurance. recombination.
(A) A home is (A) in
(B) A home is bought (B) so
(C) When a home (C) and
(D) When a hom e is bought (D) in that

T O E F L R EV IEW E X E R C ISE (S k ills 1 -8 ): th e le tte r o f th e w o rd o r g r o u p o f w ords

th a t b e st c o m p le te s th e s e n te n c e .

1. The three basic chords i n _____ the tonic, 5. While in reality Alpha Centauri is a triple
the dominant, and the subdominant. star,--------to the naked eye to be a single
star.
(A) functional harmony
(B) functional harmony is (A) it appears
(C) functional harmony are (B) but it appears
(D) functional harmony they are (C) appears
(D) despite it
2. --------Hale Telescope, at the Palomar
Observatory in southern California, 6. The Sun’s gravity severely distorted the
scientists can photograph objects several path of the c o m et_____ entered its wildly
billion light years away. erratic orbit around Jupiter.
(A) The (A) it
(B) With the (B) when
(C) They use the (C) after the com et came into it
(D) It is the (D) once the comet

3. Without the proper card installed inside 7. Each object-------- Jupiter's magnetic field
the com puter,_____ impossible to run a is deluged with electrical charges.
graphical program.
(A) enters
(A) is definitely (B) it enters
(B) because o f (C) entering
(C) it is (D) enter
(D) is
8. As its name suggests, the Prairie Wetlands
4. The charter for the Louisiana lottery was Resource Center_____ the protection of
coming up for renew al,_____ spared no wetlands on the prairies o f the Dakotas,
expense in the fight to win renewal. Montana, Minnesota, and Nebraska.
(A) the lottery committee (A) it focuses
(B) so the lottery committee and (B) focuses on
(C) so the lottery committee (C) focusing
(D) the lottery committee made (D) to focus on
 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

9. One of the largest and most powerful birds 10 . creation of such a community was a
of prey in the w orld,_____ a six-foot desirable step, the requisite political
wingspan and legs and talons roughly the upheaval had to be accepted.
size of a man’s arms and legs.
(A) Since the
(A) so the harpy has (B) The
(B) the harpy having (C) Later, the
(C) with the harpy having (D) It was the
(D) the harpy has

MORE SENTENCES W IT H M ULTIPLE CLAUSES-----------------------

A s w c saw in S k ills 6 th r o u g h 8 , m an y s e n te n c e s in E n g lish have m o r e th a n o n e c la u se . In

Sk ills 9 th r o u g h 12, w e w ill se e m o r e p a tte rn s for c o n n e c tin g th e cla u ses in s e n te n c e s with
m u ltip le cla u ses. B e ca u se th ese p attern s a p p ear fr eq u e n tly in E n g lish a n d o n th e T O EFL
test, y o u s h o u ld b e very fam iliar w ith th e m .

S k ill 9: USE N O U N CLAUSE C O N N E C T O R S CORRECTLY

A n o u n c la u se is a clau se th at fu n c tio n s as a n o u n ; b e c a u se th e n o u n c la u se is a n o u n , it is
u s e d in a s e n te n c e as e ith e r an o b je c t o f a verb , an o b je c t o f a p r e p o sitio n , or th e su b ject
o f th e se n te n c e .

I know when he will arrive.

NOU N CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF VERB

I am concerned about when he will arrive.

N O U N CLAUSE AS OBJECT O F PREPOSITION

When he will arrive is not important.

N OU N CLAUSE AS SUBJECT

In th e first e x a m p le th e r e are tw o cla u se s, I know an d he w ill arrive. T h e se two cla u ses are
j o in e d w ith th e c o n n e c to r when. W hen c h a n g e s th e c la u se he w ill arrive in to a n o u n clau se
th a t fu n c tio n s as th e o b je c t o f th e verb know.
In th e s e c o n d e x a m p le th e tw o c la u se s I am concerned an d he w ill arrive are also j o in e d
by th e c o n n e c to r when. W hen c h a n g e s th e c la u se he w ill arrive in to a n o u n c la u se th a t fu n c­
tio n s as th e o b je c t o f th e p r e p o sitio n about.
T h e th ird e x a m p le is m o r e d ifficu lt. In th is e x a m p le th e r e are two clau ses, b u t they
are a little h a r d e r to r e c o g n iz e . H e w ill arrive is o n e o f th e cla u ses, a n d th e c o n n e c to r when
c h a n g e s it in to a n o u n clau se th at fu n c tio n s as th e su b je ct o f th e se n te n c e . T h e o th e r
c la u se h a s th e n o u n cla u se when he w ill arrive as its su b ject an d is as its verb.
T h e fo llo w in g e x a m p le sh ow s h o w th e se s e n te n c e p a tte rn s c o u ld b e te sted in th e
S tr u c tu r e se c tio n o f th e T O E F L test.
 STRUCTURE

E x am p le
was late caused many problems.
(A) That he
(B) The driver
(C) There
(D) Because

In th is e x a m p le th e r e are tw o verb s ( was a n d caused) , a n d e a c h o f th e s e v e rb s n e e d s a su b ­

j e c t. A n sw er (B ) is w r o n g b e c a u se the driver is o n e su b ject, a n d tw o su b je cts are n e e d e d .
A n sw ers (C ) a n d (D ) are in c o r r e c t b e c a u se there a n d because a re n o t su b jects. T h e b e st an­
sw er is an sw er (A ). I f y o u c h o o s e an sw er (A ), th e c o m p le te d s e n te n c e w o u ld be: T h a t he
was late caused m a n y problems. In th is s e n te n c e he is th e su b je c t o f th e verb was, a n d th e
n o u n c la u se that he was late is th e su b je ct o f th e verb caused.
T h e fo llo w in g c h a r t lists th e n o u n c la u se c o n n e c to r s a n d th e s e n te n c e p a tte r n s u se d
w ith them :

NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS

• what, when, where, why, how • whatever, whenever whether, if • that

N O U N CLAUSE AS OBJECT

S V (noun connector) S V

/ know what you did.

N O U N CLAUSE AS SUBJECT

(noun connector) S V V . •' / "

W h at you did was wrong.

EX E R C ISE 9: E a ch o f th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s c o n ta in s m o r e th an o n e c la u se . U n d e r lin e

th e su b je cts o n c e a n d th e verb s tw ice. C ircle th e c o n n e c to r s . P u t b o x e s a r o u n d th e n o u n
cla u ses. T h e n in d ic a te i f t h e s e n t e n c e s are c o r r e c t (C ) o r in c o r r e c t (I).
C (W hen)the season starts is determ ined by the weather.

2. T he manual (how)the device should be built.

3. The schedule indicated if the teams would be playing in the final gam e.

4. He refused to en ter a plea could not be determ ined by the lawyer.

5. Talked about where we should go for lunch.

6. Why the condition o f the patient deteriorated so rapidly it was n ot explained.

7. W hether or n o t the new office w ould be built was to be determ ined at the m eeting.

8. That the professor has n o t yet decided when the paper is due.

9. T he contract will be awarded is the question to be answered at the m eeting.

10. H e always talked with w hom ever he pleased and did whatever he wanted.
 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

S k il l 10: USE N O U N CLAUSE CO NNECTO R/SUBJECTS CORRECTLY

In Sk ill 9 w e saw th a t n o u n c la u se c o n n e c to r s w ere u s e d to in tr o d u c e n o u n su b ject cla u ses

o r n o u n o b je c t clau ses. In Skill 10 w e will se e th a t in so m e c a se s a n o u n cla u se c o n n e c to r
is n o t ju s t a c o n n e c to r ; a n o u n clau se c o n n e c to r can also b e th e su b je ct o f th e cla u se at
th e sa m e tim e.

N OU N CLAUSE AS SUBJECT

In th e first e x a m p le th e r e are two clauses: I do not kn o w an d w hat is in the box. T h e se two

c la u se s are j o in e d by th e c o n n e c to r w hal. It is im p o r ta n t to u n d e r sta n d that in this se n ­
te n c e th e w o rd w hat se rv es two fu n c tio n s. It is b o th th e su b je ct o f th e verb is a n d th e c o n ­
n e c to r that j o in s th e two clau ses.
In th e s e c o n d e x a m p le th e r e are two cla u ses. In th e first c la u se we is th e su b ject o f are.
In th e s e c o n d cla u se who is th e su b ject o f w ill do. W ho also se rv es as th e c o n n e c to r th a t
jo in s th e tw o clau ses. T h e n o u n c la u se who w ill do the work fu n c tio n s as th e o b je c t o f th e
p r e p o sitio n about.
In th e last e x a m p le th ere are also two clau ses: whoever is th e su b ject o f th e verb is com­
ing, a n d th e n o u n cla u se whoever is com ing to the party is th e su b ject o f m ust bring. T h e w ord
whoever se rv es two fu n c tio n s in the se n te n c e : It is th e su b ject o f th e verb is coming, an d it is
th e c o n n e c t o r th at jo in s th e two clau ses.
T h e fo llo w in g e x a m p le sh ow s h o w this s e n te n c e p a ttern c o u ld b e te sted in th e Struc­
tu re se c tio n o f th e T O E F L test.

E xam ple
was on television made me angry.
(A) It
(B) The story
(C) What
(D) When

In th is e x a m p le y o u sh o u ld n o tic e im m e d ia te ly th at th e r e are two verb s, was a n d made,

a n d e a c h o f th o s e verb s n e e d s a su bject. A n sw ers (A) a n d (B) are in c o r r e c t b e c a u se it an d
the story c a n n o t b e th e su b ject fo r b o th was a n d m ade a t th e sa m e tim e. A n sw er (D ) is in ­
c o r r e c t b e c a u se w hen is n o t a su bject. In answ er (C ) w hal s e r v es as b o th th e su b ject o f th e
verb w as a n d th e c o n n e c to r th a t jo in s th e tw o c la u se s to g e th er ; th e n o u n cla u se w hat was
on television is th e su b ject o f th e verb made. A n sw er (C ) is th e r e fo r e th e b e st answer.
 STRUCTURE

T h e fo llo w in g c h a r t lists th e n o u n c la u se c o n n e c to r /s u b j e c ts a n d th e s e n te n c e pat­

te rn s u sed w ith th em :

NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS

who what which

'■
whoever whatever whichever
............. . ■■ ■ ■

N O U N CLAUSE AS OBJECT

S V | (noun connector/subject) V

/ know w hat happened.

NO U N CLAUSE AS SUBJECT

| (noun connector/subject) V] V

W hat happened was great.

EX E R C ISE 10: E ach o f th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s c o n ta in s m o r e th a n o n e c la u se . U n d e r ­

lin e th e su b jects o n c e a n d th e verb s tw ice. C ircle th e c o n n e c to r s. P u t b o x e s a r o u n d th e
n o u n cla u ses. T h e n in d ic a te i f th e s e n te n c e s are c o r r e c t (C ) o r in c o r r e c t (I ).

_____ 3. The em ployee was unhappy about what was added to his jo b description.

_____ 4. W hoever wants to take the desert tour during spring break signing up at the office.

_____ 5. The m otorist was unable to discover who he had struck his car.

_____ 6. The voters should elect w hichever o f the candidates seem s best to them .

_____ 7. It was difficult to distinguish what was on.sale and what was m erely o n display.

-------- 8. You sh ould buy whatever the cheapest and m ost durable.

_____ 9. What was written in the letter angered him beyond belief.

--------- 10. You can spend your time with whoever im portant to you.

S kill 11: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE C O N N E C TO R S CORRECTLY

A n a d jectiv e cla u se is a cla u se th a t d e sc r ib e s a n o u n . B e ca u se th e cla u se is a n a d jectiv e, it
is p o s itio n e d d irectly a fter th e n o u n th a t it d escrib es.

T he woman is filling the glass that sh e put on the table.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

r
T he glass that she put on the table contains milk.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

In th e first e x a m p le th e r e are tw o clau ses: w om an is th e su b je ct o f th e v e rb is fillin g , an d

she is th e su b ject o f th e verb pu t. T h a t is th e ad jective c la u se c o n n e c to r th a t j o in s th e se two
c la u se s, a n d th e a d jectiv e c la u se that she p u t on the table d e sc r ib e s th e n o u n glass.
In th e s e c o n d e x a m p le th e r e are also two clauses: glass is th e su b je ct o f th e verb con­
tains, a n d she is th e su b je ct o f th e verb p u t. In th is s e n te n c e a lso , th a t is th e a d jectiv e cla u se
c o n n e c to r th at j o in s th e se two c la u se s, a n d th e ad jective c la u se th a t she p u t on the table d e ­
scrib es th e n o u n glass.
T h e fo llo w in g e x a m p le sh ow s h o w th e se s e n te n c e p a tte rn s c o u ld b e te ste d in th e
S tru ctu re s e c d o n o f th e T O E F L test.

E xam ple
The g ift_____ selected for the bride was rather expensive.

(A) because
(B) was
(C) since
(D) which we

In th is e x a m p le y o u s h o u ld n o tic e q u ick ly th at th e r e are two c la u se s, g ift is th e su b je ct o f

th e verb was, a n d th e verb selected n e e d s a su b ject. B e ca u se th e r e are tw o c la u se s, a c o n ­
n e c to r is also n e e d e d . A nsw ers (A ) a n d (C ) have c o n n e c to r s, b u t th e r e are n o su b jects, so
th e se answ ers are n o t c o rr ec t. A n sw er (B ) c h a n g e s selected in to a passive verb; in th is case
th e s e n te n c e w o u ld have o n e su b je ct a n d two verbs, so answ er (B ) is n o t c o r r e c t. T h e b est
answ er to th is q u e s tio n is answ er ( D ) . T h e c o r r e c t s e n te n c e sh o u ld say: T he g ift w hich we se­
lected fo r the bride was rather expensive. In th is se n te n c e g ift is th e su b ject o f th e verb was, we is
th e su b ject o f th e verb selected, a n d th e c o n n e c to r which j o in s th e s e two c la u se s.

T h e fo llo w in g ch a rt lists th e ad jective c la u se c o n n e c to r s a n d th e s e n te n c e p attern s

u se d w ith them :

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS

whom which that

(for people) (for things) (for people o r things)

S V |(agiective^ gggggg>T) S V

I liked the book which you recommended.

S |(adjective connector) S V |V

The book which you recommended wot Interesting.

NOTE: The adjective connectors can be omitted.This omission Is very common In spoken English or in casual
written English. It is not as common in formal English or in the Structure section of the TOEFL test.
 STRUCTURE

E X ER C ISE 11: E ach o f th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s c o n ta in s m o r e th an o n e c la u se . U n d e r ­

lin e th e su b je cts o n c e a n d th e verb s tw ice. C ircle th e c o n n e c to r s. P u t b o x e s a r o u n d th e
ad jective cla u se s. T h e n in d ic a te if th e s e n t e n c e s are c o r r e c t (C ) o r in c o r r e c t (I).

3. I ju st finished reading the novel whom the professor suggested for my book report.

4. T h e plane that h e was schedu led to take to Hawaii was delayed.

5. T h e movie which we watched on cable last nigh t it was really frightening.

6. I m ade an appointm ent with the doctor whom you recom m ended.

7. T he enthusiasm with which he greeted m e m ade me fe el welcom e.

8. T he story that you told m e about Bob.

9. T h e m en with w hom were having the discussion did n ot seem very friendly.

10. I’m not really sure about taking part in the plans that we m ade last night.

S k i l l 12: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS CORRECTLY

In Sk ill 11 w e saw th a t a d je c tiv e c la u se c o n n e c to r s w e re u sed to in tr o d u c e c la u se s th a t d e ­

scrib e n o u n s . In Sk ill 12 w e w ill se e th a t in s o m e c a ses a n a d jectiv e c la u se c o n n e c to r is n o t
ju s t a c o n n e c to r ; an ad je c tiv e c la u se c o n n e c t o r can a lso b e th e su b je c t o f th e c la u se a t th e
sa m e tim e.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

In th e first e x a m p le th e r e a re tw o clau ses: w om an is th e su b je c t o f th e verb is fillin g , a n d

that is th e su b je c t o f th e v e rb is. T h e s e tw o c la u se s are j o in e d w ith th e c o n n e c t o r that. N o ­
tice th a t in th is e x a m p le th e w o rd th a t se r v es tw o fu n c tio n s a t th e sa m e tim e: it is th e su b ­
j e c t o f th e verb is, a n d it is th e c o n n e c to r th a t j o in s th e two c la u se s. T h e a d je c tiv e c la u se
th a t is on the table d e sc r ib e s th e n o u n glass.
In th e s e c o n d e x a m p le , th e r e a re also tw o clau ses: glass is th e su b je c t o f th e verb con­
tains, a n d th a t is th e su b je c t o f th e v e rb is. In th is e x a m p le th a t also se r v e s tw o fu n c tio n s : it
is th e su b je c t o f th e v e rb is, a n d it is th e c o n n e c to r th a t jo in s th e two c la u se s. B e c a u se th a t
is on the table is an a d je c tiv e c la u se d e sc r ib in g th e n o u n glass, it d irectly fo llo w s glass.
 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

T h e fo llo w in g e x a m p le sh ow s h o w th e se s e n te n c e p a ttern s c o u ld b e te sted in th e

S tru ctu re s e c tio n o f th e T O E F L test.

E xam ple
is on the table has four sections.
(A) The notebook
(B) The notebook which
(C) Because the notebook
(D) In the notebook

In th is e x a m p le you sh o u ld n o tic e im m e d ia te ly that th e s e n te n c e has two verbs, is an d has,

a n d e a c h o f th e m n e e d s a su b ject. (You k n ow th a t table is n o t a su b ject b e c a u se it follow s
th e p r e p o sitio n on; table is th e o b je c t o f th e p r e p o sitio n .) T h e on ly answ er th a t has two
su b jects is an sw er (B ), so answ er (B ) is th e c o r r e c t answer. T h e c o r r e c t s e n te n c e sh o u ld
say: T he notebook which is on the table has fo u r sections. In this se n te n c e notebook is th e su b ject
o f th e verb has, a n d which is th e su b ject o f th e verb is. W hich is also th e c o n n e c to r that
jo in s th e two clau ses.

T h e fo llo w in g ch a rt lists th e a d jecu v e c la u se c o n n e c t o r /s u b je c ts an d th e s e n te n c e

p a tte rn s u se d w ith them :

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS

who which that

(for people) (for things) (for people or things)

S V |(adiective connector/subject) VI

She needs a secretary who types fast.

S |(adjective connector/subiect) V I V

A secretary who types fast is invaluable.

EX ER C ISE 12: E ach o f th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s c o n ta in s m o r e than, o n e c la u se. U n d e r ­

lin e th e su b jects o n c e a n d th e verbs tw ice. C ircle th e c o n n e c to r s. P u t b o x e s a r o u n d th e
ad je c u v e cla u ses. T h e n in d ic a te if th e s e n te n c e s are c o r r e c t (C ) o r in c o r r e c t (I).

C 1. The ice cream (that) is served in the restaurant has a sm ooth, creamy texture.

2. T he cars are trying to enter the freeway system are lined up for blocks.

3. I have great respect for everyone who on the D ean’s List.

4. It is going to be very difficult to work with the man which just began working here.

5. The door that leads to the vault it was tightly locked.

6. T he neighbors reported the man who was trying to break into the car to the police.
 STRUCTURE

7. T hese plants can only survive in an environm ent is extrem ely hum id.

8. T he boss m eets with any production workers w ho they have surpassed their quotas.

9. The salesclerk ran after the woman w ho had left her credit card in the store.

10. T h e shoes which m atched the dress that was on sale.

EX ER C ISE (S k ills 9 - 1 2 ) : E ach o f th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s c o n ta in s m o r e th a n o n e c la u se .

U n d e r lin e th e su b je cts o n c e a n d th e verb s tw ice. C ircle th e c o n n e c to r s . P u t b o x e s a r o u n d
th e cla u ses. T h e n in d ic a te if th e s e n te n c e s are c o r r e c t (C ) o r in c o r r e c t (I).

-------- 1. N o on e explained to m e w hether was com ing or not.

-------- 2. T he part o f the structure that has already b een built needs to be torn down.

-------- 3. T h e girl who she ju st jo in e d the softball team is a great shortstop.

-------- 4. I have no idea about when the m eeting is supposed to start.

-------- 5. We have b een told that we can leave w henever want.

-------- 6. T h e racquet with w hom I was playing was too big and too heavy for me.

-------- 7. I will never understand that he did.

-------- 8. H e was still sick was obvious to the entire m edical staff.

-------- 9. W'hat is m ost im portant in this situation it is to finish on time.

-------- 10. T h e newspapers that were piled up on the front porch were an indication that the
residents had not b een h om e in som e time.

T O E F L E X E R C ISE (S k ills 9—12): C h o o s e th e lette r o f th e w o rd o r g r o u p o f w ord s th a t

b e st c o m p le te s th e s e n te n c e .

1. Dolphins form extremely complicated 3. The Apollo I I astronauts_____ of the

allegiances a n d -------- continually change. Earth’s inhabitants witnessed on the
,., ... , famous first moonwalk on July 20, 1969,
(A) enmities that .. „ .. ..
. ... were Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldnn.
(B) that are enm ities
(C) enmities that are (A) whom
(D) that enmities (B) whom millions
(C) were some
2. Scientists are now beginning to conduct (D) whom some were
experiments o n _____ trigger different
sorts of health risks. 4. At the end of the nineteenth century, Alfred
,., . .... Binet developed a test for measuring
(A) noise pollution can . . , . 6 r
in
(B)\ .u
that. noise
• pollution
li .• intelligence---------
, . served as the basis of
• m odem IQ tests.
(C ) how noise pollution
(D) how noise pollution can (A) has
(B) it has
(C) and
(D) which has
 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

8. _____ will be carried in the next space

5 . _____ have at least four hours of hazardous
materials response training is mandated by shuttle payload has not yet been
announced to the public.
federal law.
(A) All police officers (A) It
(B) All police officers must (B) What
(C) That all police officers (C) When
(D) For all police officers (D) That

6. A clouds reservoir of negative charge 9. During free fa ll,_____ up to a full minute,

extends upward from the altitude a t -------- a skydiver will fall at a constant speed of
the freezing point. 120 m.p.h.

(A) temperatures hit (A) it is

(B) hit temperatures (B) which is
(C) which temperatures hit (C) being
(D) which hit temperatures (D) is

7. In a 1988 advanced officers' training 10. The fa ct_____ the most important ratings
program, Sampson developed a plan to period is about to begin has caused all
incorporate police in enforcing three networks to shore up their schedules.
environmental protection laws whenever is that
(A)
feasible. of
(B)
(A) it is (C) that
(B) is (D) what
(C) has
(D) it has

T O E F L REVIEW EX ER C ISE (S k ills 1 -1 2 ): C h o o se th e lette r o f th e w o rd o r g r o u p o f

w ord s th a t b e st c o m p le te s th e s e n t e n c e .

1 . _____ loom high above the north and 4. The benefit_____ the study is that it
northeastern boundaries of the expanding provides necessary information to anyone
city of Tucson. who needs it.

(A) The Santa Catalina mountains (A) of

(B) Because the Santa Catalina (B) which
mountains (C) that
(C) The Santa Catalina mountains are (D) because
(D) That the Santa Catalina mountains
5. The same symptoms that occu r--------
2. Radioactive_____ provides a powerful way occur with cocaine.
to measure geologic time. (A) amphetamines can
(A) it (B) with amphetamines can
(B) dates (C) so amphetamines
(C) dating (D) with amphetamines they
(D) can
6. Many companies across the country have
3. _____ contained in the chromosomes, and molded the concepts_____ describes into
they are thought of as the units of heredity. an integrated strategy for preventing stress.

(A) Genes which are (A) and Wolf

(B) Genes are (B) that Wolf
(C) When genes (C) what Wolf
(D) Because of genes (D) so Wolf
 STRUCTURE

7. in the first draft of the budget will 9. A need for space law to include
not necessarily be in the final draft. commercial concerns has been recognized
inasm uch_____ been expanding
(A) Although it appears drastically in recent years.
(B) It appears
(C) What appears (A) the commercial launch industry
(D) Despite its appearance (B) the commercial launch industry has
(C) as has the commercial launch
8. If a food label indicates that a food is industry
mostly carbohydrate, it does not mean (D) as the commercial launch industry has
is a good food to eat.
10. The report on the nuclear power plant
(A) and it indicated that when the plant had gone on
(B) and line ___ _ unsafe.
(C) that it
(D) when (A) and it had been
(B) it had been
(C) had been
(D) that it had been

SENTENCES W IT H R ED U C ED CLAUSES.

It is p o ssib le in E n g lish fo r a c la u se to a p p e a r in a c o m p le te fo r m o r in a r e d u c e d form .

My friend sh ould be o n the train lafych ^ arriving at the station now.

Although w^s not realty difficult, the exam took a lot o f tirae.

T h e first s e n t e n c e sh o w s an a d je c tiv e c la u se in its c o m p le te fo r m , w hich is a rr iv in g at the

station now, a n d in its r e d u c e d fo r m , a r r iv in g a t the sta tio n now. T h e s e c o n d s e n t e n c e sh ow s
an adverb c la u se in its c o m p le te fo r m , although it was n o t really difficu lt, a n d its r e d u c e d
fo r m , although n o t really difficu lt.
T h e two typ es o f c la u se s th a t c a n r e d u c e in E n g lish are: (1) a d je c tiv e c la u se s a n d (2)
adverb c la u se s. It is im p o r ta n t to b e c o m e fa m ilia r w ith th e se r e d u c e d c la u se s b e c a u s e
th ey a p p e a r fr e q u e n tly o n th e T O E F L test.

S k i l l 13: USE RED U C ED AD JEC TIVE CLAUSES CORRECTLY

A d jective c la u se s c a n a p p e a r in a r e d u c e d fo r m . In th e r e d u c e d fo r m , th e a d je c tiv e c la u se
c o n n e c to r a n d th e ¿«-verb th a t d ir e c d y fo llo w it are o m itte d .

T h e wom an ntyo if waving to us is the tour guide.

T h e letter whfch likis written last week arrived today.
T h e pitcher t\a t on the table is full o f iced tea.

E ach o f th e se s e n t e n c e s m ay b e u s e d in th e c o m p le te fo r m o r in th e r e d u c e d fo r m . In th e
r e d u c e d fo r m th e c o n n e c to r who, which, o r th a t is o m itte d a lo n g w ith th e ¿>e-verb is o r was.
If th e r e is n o be-\erb in th e a d je c tiv e c la u se , it is still p o ssib le to h ave a r e d u c e d fo r m .
W h en th e r e is n o ¿»e-verb in th e a d je c tiv e c la u se , th e c o n n e c to r is o m itte d a n d th e verb is
c h a n g e d in to th e -¿n gform .
 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

appearing
I d o n ’t understand the article wftych apfcars in today’s paper.

In th is e x a m p le th e r e is n o fte-verb in th e ad jective c la u se which appears in today's paper,

so th e c o n n e c to r w hich is o m itte d a n d th e m ain verb appears is c h a n g e d to th e -in g form
appearing.
It sh o u ld b e n o te d th a t n o t all ad jective c la u se s can a p p ea r in a r e d u c e d fo r m . A n ad­
je c tiv e c la u se ca n a p p ea r in a r e d u c e d form o n ly i f th e ad jective c la u se c o n n e c to r is fo l­
lo w e d d irectly by a verb . In o th e r w ords, an ad jective cla u se c a n o n ly b e r e d u c e d if th e
c o n n e c to r is a lso a su b ject.

T he woman that I ju st met is the tour guide. (does not reduce)

T he letter which you sent me arrived yesterday. (does not reduce)

In th e s e two e x a m p le s th e ad jective cla u ses c a n n o t b e r e d u c e d b e c a u se th e adjective

c la u se c o n n e c to r s th a t a n d which are n o t d irectly fo llo w e d by verbs; th a t is directly fo l­
lo w ed by th e su b ject I, a n d which is d irectly fo llo w e d by th e su b ject you.
A fin al p o in t to n o te is th at so m e ad jective cla u ses are set o f f from th e rest o f th e s e n ­
te n c e w ith c o m m a s, a n d th e se ad jective cla u ses can also b e r e d u c e d . In a d d itio n , w h en an
ad jective c la u se is se t o f f w ith c o m m a s, th e r e d u c e d ad jective cla u se can a p p ea r at th e
fr o n t o f th e s e n te n c e .

T he W hite H ouse, which is located in Washington, is the hom e o f the president.

T he W hite H ouse, heated in Washington, is the hom e o f the president.
Located in Washington, the W hite House is the hom e o f the president.

T he president, who is now preparing to give a speech, is m eeting with his advisors.
T he president, now preparing to give a speech, is m eeting with his advisors.
Now prefmring to give a speech, the president is m eeting with his advisors.

In th e s e two e x a m p le s , th e ad jective cla u ses are set o f f from th e rest o f th e s e n te n c e w ith

c o m m a s, so e a c h s e n te n c e can b e str u c tu r ed in th r e e d iffe r e n t ways: ( 1 ) w ith th e c o m ­
p le te c la u se , (2 ) w ith th e r ed u c e d c la u se fo llo w in g th e n o u n th at it d e sc r ib es, an d (3)
w ith th e r e d u c e d c la u se at th e b e g in n in g o f th e s e n te n c e .
T h e fo llo w in g e x a m p le sh ow s h o w r e d u c e d ad jective c la u se s c o u ld b e te sted in the
S tru ctu re se c tio n o f th e T O E F L test.

Exam ple
_____ on several different television programs, the witness gave
conflicting accounts of what had happened.
(A) He appeared
(B) Who appeared
(C) Appearing
(D) Appears

In th is e x a m p le , answ er (A) is in c o r r e c t b e c a u se th ere are two clau ses, H e appeared. . . an d

the w itness g a v e . . . , a n d th ere is n o c o n n e c to r to jo in th e m . A nsw er (B) is in c o r r e c t b ecau se
 STRUCTURE

an ad jective c la u se su c h as w ho appeared . . . c a n n o t a p p ea r at th e b e g in n in g o f a s e n te n c e
(u n le ss it is in a r e d u c e d fo r m ). A n sw er (C ) is th e c o r r e c t an sw er b e c a u se it is th e re­
d u c e d fo r m o f th e c la u se w ho appeared, a n d th is r e d u c e d fo r m can a p p e a r at th e fr o n t o f
th e s e n te n c e . A n sw er (D ) is n o t th e r e d u c e d fo rm o f a verb; it is m e r e ly a verb in th e p r e ­
s e n t ten se; a verb su c h as appears n e e d s a su b je c t a n d a c o n n e c to r to b e c o r r e c t.
T h e fo llo w in g c h a r t lists th e str u c tu r e fo r r e d u c e d ad jective c la u se s a n d r u le s fo r h o w
a n d w h e n r e d u c e d fo r m s c a n be u sed :

REDUCED ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

with a be-verb in the (ADJECTIvrtrONNECÎOR/SyBiEGT)— "

adjective clause __ __——fwfio which tfrat)~—

with no be-verb in the (AOJECTTvTtTONNtCIgR^yBJECT)---^'''^ ” (VERB + INC)

adjective clause -— (wfio which Vrai)'—

• To reduce an adjective clause, omit the adjective clause connector/subject and the be-verb.
• If there is no be-verb, omit the connector/subject and change the main verb to the -ing form.
• Only reduce an adjective clause if the connector/subject is directly followed by the verb.
• If an adjective clause is set off with commas, the reduced clause can be moved to the front of the
sentence.

E X E R C ISE 13: E ach o f th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s c o n ta in s a n a d je c tiv e c la u se , in a c o m ­

p le te o r r e d u c e d fo r m . U n d e r lin e th e ad jective cla u se s. T h e n in d ic a te i f th e s e n te n c e s
are c o r r e c t (C ) o r in c o r r e c t (I).

__ —_ 1. We will have to return the m erchandise purchased yesterday at the Broadway.

__ L___ 2. T he children sat in the fancy restaurant found it difficult to behave.

_____ 3. Serving a term o f four years, the mayor o f the town will face reelection n ext year.

_____ 4. T h e brand new Cadillac, purchasing less than two weeks ago, was destroyed in the
accident.

_____ 5. T he fans who supporting their team always com e out to the gam es in large num bers.

___ 6. T he suspect can be seen in the photographs were just released by the police.

_____ 7. T h e food placing on the picnic table attracted a large num ber o f flies.

_____ 8. Impressed with everything she had heard about the course, Marie sign ed her
children up for it.

_____ 9. T h e passengers in the airport waiting room , heard the an n ou n cem en t o f the
canceled flight, groaned audibly.

_____ 10. Dissatisfied with the service at the restaurant, the meal really war not enjoyable.
 STRUCTUREANDWRITTEN EXPRESSION

S kill 14: USE REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES CORRECTLY

A d verb c la u se s can also ap p ea r in a r e d u c e d fo r m . In th e r e d u c e d fo r m , th e adverb c o n ­

n e c to r rem a in s, b u t th e su b ject a n d ¿e-verb are o m itte d .
Although hp k rather unwell, the speaker will take part in the seminar.

W'hen \\m ready, you can begin your speech.

T h e s e tw o e x a m p le s m ay b e u sed in e ith e r th e c o m p le te o r r e d u c e d fo r m . In th e r ed u c ed
fo r m , th e ad verb c o n n e c to r s although a n d when rem ain ; th e su b jects he a n d you as w ell as
th e ¿e-verbs is a n d are are o m itted .
I f th e r e is n o ¿e-verb in th e adverb c la u se , it is still p o s sib le to h ave a r e d u c e d form .
W h e n th e r e is n o ¿e-verb in th e adverb c la u se, th e su b je ct is o m itte d a n d th e m a in verb is
c h a n g e d in to th e -¡r e fo r m .

feeling
Although \e fetys rather sick, the speaker will take part in the seminar.
giving
When yhu gfyeyour speech, you should speak loudly and distinctly.

In th e first e x a m p le th e adverb c la u se although he feels rather sick d o e s n o t in c lu d e a ¿everb;

to r e d u c e th is c la u se , th e su b ject he is o m itte d a n d th e m a in verb feels is c h a n g e d to feeling.
In th e s e c o n d e x a m p le th e adverb c la u se w hen you give y o u r speech also d o e s n o t in c lu d e a
¿e-verb; to r e d u c e th is c la u se , th e su b ject you is o m itte d a n d th e m a in verb give is c h a n g e d
to g iving.
T h e fo llo w in g e x a m p le sh ow s h ow this s e n te n c e p a tte r n c o u ld b e te sted in th e Struc­
tu re s e c tio n o f th e T O E F L test.

E xam ple
W hen_____ , you are free to leave.
(A) the finished report
(B) finished with the report
(C) the report
(D) is the report finished

In th is e x a m p le you sh o u ld n o tic e th e adverb c o n n e c to r when, a n d y o u sh o u ld k n ow th at

th is tim e w ord c o u ld b e fo llo w e d by e ith e r a c o m p le te cla u se o r a r e d u c e d c la u se. A n ­
sw ers (A ) a n d (C ) c o n ta in th e su b jects the fin ish e d report an d the report a n d n o verb, so
th e se an sw ers are in c o r r e c t. In answ er (D ) th e su b je ct a n d verb are in v e rte d , a n d this is
n o t a q u e s tio n , so an sw er (D ) is in c o r r e c t. T h e c o r r e c t answ er is answ er (B ); th is answ er
is th e r e d u c e d fo r m o f th e cla u se when you are fin ish e d w ith the report.
It sh o u ld b e n o te d th at n o t all adverb c la u se s can a p p ea r in a r e d u c e d fo r m , an d a
n u m b e r o f ad verb c la u se s can o n ly b e r e d u c e d i f th e verb is in th e passive form .
Once you submit your thesis, you will graduate. Once ^ submitted., your thesis will be reviewed,
(active — does not reduce) (passive — does reduce)

In th e first e x a m p le , th e adverb clau se once you subm it y o u r thesis d o e s n o t r e d u c e b e c a u se

c la u se s in tr o d u c e d by once o n ly r e d u c e i f th e verb is passive, a n d th e verb subm it is active.
In th e s e c o n d e x a m p le , th e adverb cla u se once it is subm itted d o e s r e d u c e to once subm itted
b e c a u se th e c la u se is in tr o d u c e d by once an d th e verb is subm itted is passive.
 STRUCTURE

T h e fo llo w in g c h a r t lists th e str u c tu r es for r e d u c e d adverb c la u se s a n d w h ic h adverb

c la u se c o n n e c to r s c a n b e u s e d in a r e d u c e d form :

- R E D U C E D A D V ER B C lA U S E S

w ith a be-verb in (a d verb c o n n ecto r) X

the ad verb clause

w ith no be-verb in (ADVERB CONNECTOR) (VERB + ING)

the adverb clause

T im e C o n d itio n C o n tra s t Place M a n n er

reduces in a c t iv e after although

before unless though
since whether
while
when

reduces in pa ssiv e once if although where as

until unless though wherever
when whether
whenever

• To red u ce an ad verb clause, o m it th e subject and the be-verb fro m the ad verb clause.
• If th e re is no be-verb, then o m it th e subject and change the ve rb to the -ing form .

E X ER C ISE 14: E ach o f th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s c o n ta in s a r e d u c e d ad verb c la u se . C ircle

th e ad verb c o n n e c to r s . U n d e r lin e th e r e d u c e d c la u se s. T h e n in d ic a te i f th e s e n t e n c e s are
c o r r e c t (C ) o r in c o r r e c t (I).

—— 1 . (if) not com pletely satisfied, you can return the product to the manufacturer.

— !— 2. Steve has had to learn how to cook and clean (since) left hom e.

-------- 3. T h e ointm ent can be applied where needed.

-------- 4. Tom began to look for a job after com pleting his master’s degree in engineering.

-------- 5. A lthough n e t selectin g for the team, he attends all o f the gam es as a fan.

-------- 6. W hen purchased at this store, the buyer gets a guarantee on all items.

-------- 7. T h e m edicine is not effective unless taken as directed.

-------- 8. You should negotiate a lot before buy a new car.

-------- 9. O n ce purchased, the swimsuits cannot be returned.

-------- 10. T h ou gh located near the coast, the town does not get m uch o f an ocean breeze.
 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

EX ER C ISE (Sk ills 1 3 -1 4 ): E ach o f th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s c o n ta in s a r e d u c e d c la u se.

U n d e r lin e th e r e d u c e d c la u se s. T h e n in d ic a te i f th e s e n te n c e s are c o r r e c t (C ) o r in c o r ­
r e c t (I).

-------- 1. T hough was surprised at the results, she was pleased with what she had don e.

_ — 2. Wearing only a light sweater, she stepped out into the pouring rain.

-------- 3. T he family stopped to visit m any relatives while driving across the country.

_____ 4. T he com pany president, n eed ed a vacation, boarded a plane for the Bahamas.

_____ 5. When applying for the jo b , you should bring your letters o f reference.

_____ 6. She looked up into the dreary sky was filled with dark thunderclouds.

____ _ 7. Feeling weak after a long illness, Sally wanted to try to get back to work.

_____ 8. Before decided to have surgery, you should get a second opinion.

_____ 9. T he construction material, a rather grainy type o f wood, gave the room a rustic
feeling.

_____ 10. The application will at least be reviewed if submitted by the fifteenth o f the m onth.

T O E F L EXER CISE (S k ills 1 3 -1 4 ): C h o o s e th e le tte r o f th e w ord o r g r o u p o f w ord s th at

b e st c o m p le te s th e s e n te n c e .

1. W hen_____ nests during spring nesting 4. --------- benind government secrecy for
season, Canadian geese are fiercely nearly half a century, the Hanford plant in
territorial. central Washington produced plutonium
for the nuclear weapons of the Cold War.
(A) building
(B) are building (A) It is hidden
(C) built (B) Hidden
(D) are built (C) Which is hidden
(D) The plant is hiding
2. In 1870, Calvin, along with Adirondack
hunter Alvah Dunning, made the first 5. U n til--------incorrect, astronomers had
known ascent of Seward M ountain,_____ assumed that the insides of white dwarfs
far from roads or trails. were uniform.
(A) a remote peak (A) they
(B) it is a remote peak (B) their proof
(C) a remote peak is (C) the astronomers recently proven
(D) which a remote peak (D) recently proven

3. Kokanee salmon begin to deteriorate and 6. --------- artifacts from the early Chinese
die so o n _____ at the age o f four. dynasties, numerous archeologists have
explored the southern Silk Road.
(A) they spawn
(B) after spawning (A) They were searching for
(C) spawn (B) It was a search for
(D) spawned the salmon (C) Searched for
(D) Searching for
 STRUCTURE

7. In Hailey, th e best-know n lectu rer was 9. in N orth Am erican w aterw ays less
w om en’s rights activist Abigail Scott th an a decade ago, zebra m ussels have
Duniway o f P ortland, Oregon, w ho could already earned a nasty rep u tatio n for th eir
usually be persu ad ed to sp e a k _____ tow n expensive h abit of clogging w ater pipes in
visiting h e r son. the Great Lakes area.
(A) she w as in (A) The first sighting
(B) while in (B) Although first sighted
(C) why le she was (C) Zebra m ussels w ere first sighted
(D) was in (D) First sighting

8. The N ational R e sta u ra n t_____ 10. Sm all com panies m ay take th eir goods
W ashington, says th a t federal efforts to abroad for trad e show s w ithout paying
regulate w orkplace sm oking w ould lim it foreign value-added taxes by acquiring
re stau ra n ts’ ability to respond to the an ATA carnet.
desires of th e ir patrons.
(A) a docum ent calls
(A) Association in (B) a docum ent called
(B) Association is in (C) calls a docum ent
(C) A ssociation w hich is in (D) called a docum ent
(D) Association, based in

T O E F L R EV IEW E X E R C ISE (S k ills 1 -1 4 ): C h o o se th e lette r o f th e w o r d o r g r o u p o f

w ord s th a t b e st c o m p le t e s th e s e n te n c e .

1. In the United S tates_____ approximately 5. --------a cheese shop has since grown into a
four million miles of roads/streets, and small conglomerate consisting of a
highways. catering business and two retail stores.
(A )there (A) In the beginning of
(B) is (B) It began as
(C) they (C) Its beginning which was
(D) there are (D) What began as

2 . _____ twelve million immigrants entered 6. Primarily a government contractor,_____

the United States via Ellis Island. preferential treatment from government
agencies as both a minority-group member
(A )More than
and a woman.
(B) There were more than
(C) Of more than (A) receives Weber
(D) The report of (B) Weber receives
(C) the reception o f Weber
3. The television,_____ so long been a part o f (D) according to Weber's reception
our culture, has an enormous influence.
7. Because the project depends o n _____ at
(A )has
the federal level, the city and county may
(B) it has
have to wait until the budget cutting ends.
(C) which
(D) which has (A) it happens
(B) which happening
4. Psychologists have traditionally (C) what happens
maintained that infants cannot formulate (D) that it happens
long-term m emories u n til_____ the age of
eight or nine months.
(A )they
(B) they reach
(C) to reach
(D) reach
 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

8. definitive study of a w estern h a rd ­ 10. _ early approaches for coping with

rock m ining com m unity cem etery appears w orkplace stress dealt w ith the problem
to have been done is in Silver City, Nevada. only after its sym ptom s had appeared.

(A) Most (A) Although well intending

(B) The m ost (B) Although it is a good intention
(C) W here m ost (C) Although a good intention
(D) W here the m ost (D) Although well intended

One of the areas of m ultim edia th a t is

growing quickly is sound.
(A) yet is easily overlooked
(B) is easily overlooked
(C) it is easily overlooked
(D) th at is easily overlooked

SENTENCES W IT H INVERTED SUBJECTS A N D VERBS-----------

S u b jects a n d verb s are in v e rte d in a variety o f situ a tio n s in E n g lish . In v erted su b jects an d
verb s o c c u r m o st o fte n in th e fo r m a tio n o f a q u e s tio n . T o fo r m a q u e s tio n w ith a h e lp in g
verb (be, have, can, could, will, would, e t c .) , th e su b ject a n d h e lp in g v erb are in verted .

H e can go to th e movies.
C an h e go to th e movies?

You w ould tell m e the tru th .

W ould you tell m e th e tru th ?

She was sick yesterday.

Was she sick yesterday?

To fo r m a q u e s tio n w h e n th e r e is n o h e lp in g verb in th e se n te n c e , th e h e lp in g verb do is

u sed .

H e goes to the movies.

D oes h e go to th e movies?

You to ld m e th e tru th .
D id you tell m e th e tru th ?

T h e r e are m a n y o th e r situ a tio n s in E n g lish w h e n su b je cts a n d verb s are in v e rte d , b u t if

y o u j u s t r e m e m b e r th is m e th o d o f in v e rtin g su b jects a n d verb s, y o u w ill b e a b le to h a n d le
th e o th e r situ a tio n s. T h e m o st c o m m o n p r o b le m s w ith in v e rte d su b jects an d verb s o n th e
T O E F L te st o c c u r in th e fo llo w in g situ ation s: (1 ) w ith q u e s tio n w ord s su ch as what, when,
where, why, a n d how; (2) a fter so m e p la c e e x p r essio n s; (3) a fter n e g a tiv e ex p ressio n s; (4)
in s o m e c o n d itio n a ls; an d (5 ) after s o m e c o m p a r iso n s.
 STRUCTURE

S k ill 15: IN V E R T T H E SUBJECT A N D V E R B W IT H Q U E S T IO N W O R D S

T h e r e is s o m e c o n fu s io n a b o u t w h e n to in v e rt th e su b ject a n d verb a fter q u e s tio n w ord s

su c h as what, when, where, why, a n d how. T h e se w ords can have two v e ry d if fe r e n t fu n c tio n s
in a s e n te n c e . First, th e y c a n in tr o d u c e a q u e s tio n , a n d in th is case th e su b je c t a n d verb
th a t fo llo w a r e in v e rte d .
What is the hom ew ork?
When can I leave?
Where a re you g o in g ?

A lso, th e se w o rd s c a n j o in to g e th e r tw o cla u ses, a n d in th is c a se th e su b je c t a n d verb th a t

fo llo w are n o t in v e rte d .
I d o n o t know what the hom ew ork is.
When I can leave, I will take th e first train.
D o you know where you. a re g o in g ?

In e a c h o f th e s e e x a m p le s th e r e are tw o cla u ses j o in e d by a q u e s tio n w ord . N o t ic e th a t th e

su b jects a n d verb s th a t fo llo w th e q u e s tio n w ord s w hat, when, a n d where are n o t in v e r te d in
th is case.
T h e fo llo w in g e x a m p le sh ow s h o w this s e n te n c e p a tte rn c o u ld b e te s te d in th e S tru c­
tu re se c tio n o f th e T O E F L test.

E x am p le
The law yer asked the client why it.

(A) did he do
(B) did he *
(C) he did
(D) did

In th is e x a m p le th e q u e s tio n w o rd why is u s e d to c o n n e c t th e two c la u se s, so a su b je c t a n d

verb are n e e d e d a fter th is c o n n e c to r ; this is n o t a q u e s tio n , so th e su b je c t a n d verb s h o u ld
n o t b e in v e r te d . T h e b e st an sw er is th e r e fo r e answ er (C ).
T h e fo llo w in g c h a r t lists th e q u e s tio n w ord s a n d th e ir s e n t e n c e p a ttern s:

INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS WITH QUESTION WORDS

when
— ---------- T T - r r : — • :

When the questii introduces a question, the subject and verb are invei

mestion woi

W hen the questii :onnects tw o clauses, the subject and verb that follow are not ii

question won

I know
.. -
 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

E X E R C IS E 15: E ach o f th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s c o n ta in s a q u e s tio n w ord. C ircle th e q u es­

tio n w ord s. U n d e r lin e th e su b jects o n c e a n d th e verb s tw ice. T h e n In d ic a te i f th e se n ­
te n c e s are c o r r e c t (C ) o r in c o r r e c t (I).

1. The p h on e company is n ot certain (When) will the new directories be ready.

C 2. The professor does not understand (why) so many students did poorly on the exam.

3. How new students can get inform ation about parking?

4. W here is it cheapest Ld get typeset copies printed?

5. Only the pilot can tell you how far can the plane go on one tank o f fuel.

6. What type o f security does he prefer for his investments?

7. N ot even the bank president knows when the vault will be opened.

8. H ow lon g it has been since you arrived in the U nited States?

9. T he jury doubts what the witness said under cross-examination.

10. Do you know why he wants to take an extended leave o f absence?

S k ill 16: INVERT TH E SUBJECT A N D VERB W IT H PLACE EXPRESSIONS

A fte r id e a s e x p r e s sin g p la c e , th e su b ject a n d th e verb so m e tim e s in v ert in E n g lish . T h is

ca n h a p p e n w ith sin g le w ord s e x p r e s sin g p la c e, su ch as here, there, o r nowhere.

Here is the book that you lent me.

There are the keys that I thought I lost.
Nowhere have I seen such beautiful weather.

In th e fir s t e x a m p le th e p la c e w ord here c a u ses th e su b ject book to c o m e a fter th e verb is.

In th e s e c o n d e x a m p le th e p la c e w ord there c a u ses th e su b je ct keys to c o m e after th e verb
are. In th e last e x a m p le th e p la c e w ord nowhere ca u se s th e su b ject I to c o m e after th e verb
have.
T h e su b je c t a n d verb can a lso b e in v erted a fter p r e p o sitio n a l p h ra ses e x p r e ssin g
p la c e.

In the closet are the cloth es that you want.

Around the comer is Sam’s house.
Beyond the mountains lies the town where you will live.

In th e first e x a m p le th e p r e p o sitio n a l p h ra se o f p la c e in the closet c a u se s th e su b je ct clothes

to c o m e a fter th e verb are. In th e s e c o n d e x a m p le th e p r e p o sitio n a l p h ra se o f p lace
a ro u n d the com er c a u se s th e su b ject house to c o m e after th e verb is. In th e la st e x a m p le th e
p r e p o sitio n a l p h r a se o f p la c e beyond the m o u n ta in s ca u se s th e su b je c t tow n to c o m e after
th e verb lies.
 STRUCTURE

It is im p o r ta n t (a n d a b it d iffic u lt) to u n d e r sta n d th a t th e su b je ct a n d verb w ill in vert

a fter p la c e e x p r e s s io n s at th e b e g in n in g o f a s e n te n c e o n ly w h e n th e p la c e e x p r e s s io n is
necessary to c o m p le te th e s e n te n c e . S tu d y th e fo llo w in g ex a m p les:

In the forest are many exotic birds.

In the forest I walked for many hours.

In th e first e x a m p le th e su b je c t birds a n d verb are are in v e rte d b e c a u se th e p la c e e x p r e s­

s io n in the forest is n e e d e d to c o m p le te th e id e a m a n y exotic birds are. . . . In th e s e c o n d e x ­
a m p le th e su b je ct / a n d th e verb w alked a r e n o t in v e r te d b e c a u se th e id e a I w alked f o r m any
hours is c o m p le t e w ith o u t th e p la c e e x p r e s sio n in the forest; th e p la c e e x p r e s sio n is th e r e ­
fo r e n o t n e e d e d to c o m p le te th e s e n te n c e .
T h e fo llo w in g e x a m p le sh ow s h o w th is s e n te n c e p a tte r n c o u ld b e te ste d in th e S tru c­
tu re s e c tio n o f th e T O E F L test.

Exam ple
On the second level of the parking lot
(A) is empty
(B) are empty
(C) som e empty stalls are
(D) are some empty stalls

T h is e x a m p le b e g in s w ith th e p la c e e x p r e s sio n on the second level o f the p a rk in g lot, w h ich

c o n sists o f two p r e p o sitio n a l p h ra ses, on the second level a n d o f the p a rk in g lot. T h is s e n te n c e
n e e d s a su b je ct a n d a v e rb to b e c o m p le te , a n d th e two answ ers th a t c o n ta in b o th a su b ­
j e c t , stalls, a n d verb , are, are an sw ers (C ) a n d (D ). T h e su b ject a n d verb sh o u ld b e in ­
v e rte d b e c a u s e th e p la c e e x p r e s sio n is n e c e s sa r y to c o m p le te th e id e a some empty stalls
are. . . . T h e b e st an sw er is th e r e fo r e an sw er (D ).

T h e fo llo w in g ch art lists th e s e n t e n c e p a tte rn s u s e d w ith p la c e e x p r essio n s:

INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS WITH PLACE EXPRESSIONS

W h e n a place exp ression at th e fro n t o f the sentence is necessary to co m p lete

th e sentence, th e subject and v e rb that fo llo w are inverted.

( PLACE (n e c e s s a ry )) V S

In the classroom were some old desks.

W h e n a place expression at th e fro n t o f th e sen ten ce contains extra inform ation th a t is not
needed to co m p le te th e sen ten ce, the subject and ve rb that fo llo w are not inverted.

( PLACE (extra) ) S V

In the classroom,I studied very hard.

 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

E X E R C ISE 16: E a ch o f th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s c o n ta in s an e x p r e s sio n o f p la c e at th e b e­

g in n in g o f th e se n te n c e . C ircle th e e x p r e s sio n s o f p la c e. L o o k at th e cla u ses th a t im m e d i­
a tely fo llo w th e p la c e e x p r e ssio n s a n d u n d e r lin e th e su b jects o n c e a n d th e verb s tw ice.
T h e n in d ic a te i f th e s e n te n c e s are c o r r e c t (C ) o r in c o r r e c t (I).

c 1 . (In front o f the house) were som e giant trees.

1 2. (There) a big house is on the corner.

3. In the cave was a vast treasure o f gem s and jewels.

4. To the north the stream is that the settlers will have to cross.

fi. Around the corner are the offices that you are trying to Find.

6. At the Italian restaurant was the food too spicy for my taste.

V. Now here in the world farmers can grow such delicious food.

8. In the backyard the two trees are that need to be pruned.

9. Around the recreation hall and down the path are the tents where we will be staying
this week.

j.___ 10. In the apartment next to m ine, a family was that had a lot o f pets.

S k ill 17: IN VER T T H E SUBJECT A N D VERB W IT H NEGATIVES

T h e su b je c t a n d verb can also b e in v e rte d a fter c er ta in n e g a tiv es a n d r ela ted ex p r essio n s.

W h e n n e g a tiv e e x p r e ssio n s, su ch as no, not, o r never, c o m e at th e b e g in n in g o f a se n te n c e ,
th e su b je ct a n d verb are in v erted .

Not once did I miss a question.

Never has Mr. Jones taken a vacation.
A t no time can the woman talk on the telephone.

In th e first e x a m p le th e n e g a tiv e e x p r e ssio n not once c a u se s th e su b ject I to c o m e after the

h e lp in g verb did. In th e s e c o n d e x a m p le th e n e g a tiv e w ord never ca u se s th e su b ject Mr.
Jones to c o m e after th e h e lp in g verb has. In th e last e x a m p le th e n e g a tiv e e x p r e ssio n at no
tim e ca u se s th e su b je ct w om an to c o m e after th e h e lp in g verb can.
C erta in w ord s in E n g lish , su ch as hardly, barely, scarcely, a n d only, act lik e n egatives.
I f o n e o f th e s e w o rd s c o m e s at th e b e g in n in g o f a s e n te n c e , th e su b je ct a n d verb are also
in v e rte d .

Hardly ever does he take tim e off.

(This means that he almost never takes time off.)

Only once did the manager issue overtim e paychecks.

(This means that the manager almost net;«-issued overtime paychecks.)
 STRUCTURE

I n th e first e x a m p le th e “a lm o st n e g a tiv e ” e x p r e s sio n hardly ever c a u se s th e su b je c t he to

c o m e a fter th e h e lp in g verb does. In th e s e c o n d e x a m p le th e “a lm o st n e g a tiv e ” e x p r e s sio n
only once c a u se s th e su b je ct m anager to c o m e after th e h e lp in g verb did.
W h e n a n e g a tiv e e x p r e s sio n a p p ea r s in fr o n t o f a su b je ct a n d verb in t h e m id d le o f a
s e n t e n c e , th e su b je c t an d verb are also in v e rte d . T h is h a p p e n s o fte n w ith th e n e g a tiv e
w o rd s neither a n d nor.

I do n o t want to go, and neither does Tom .

T he secretary is n ot attending the m eeting, nor is her boss.

In th e first e x a m p le th e n e g a tiv e neither ca u se s th e su b je ct Tom to c o m e a fte r th e h e lp in g

v e rb does. In th e s e c o n d e x a m p le th e n e g a tiv e nor c a u se s th e su b ject boss to c o m e a fter th e
v erb is.
T h e fo llo w in g e x a m p le sh ow s h o w th is s e n te n c e p a tte rn c o u ld b e te ste d in th e S tru c­
tu re s e c tio n o f th e T O E F L test.

Exam ple
Only in extremely dangerous situations stopped.
(A) will be the printing presses
(B) the printing presses will be
(C) that the printing presses will be
(D) will the printing presses be

In th is e x a m p le y o u s h o u ld n o tic e th a t th e s e n t e n c e b e g in s w ith th e n e g a tiv e only, so an

in v e r te d su b je c t a n d verb are n e e d e d . A n sw er (D ) c o n ta in s a c o r r e c tly in v e r te d su b je c t
a n d verb, w ith th e h e lp in g verb w ill, th e su b ject p r in tin g presses, a n d th e m a in v e rb be, so
an sw er (D ) is th e b e st answ er.

T h e f o llo w in g c h a r t lists th e n e g a tiv e e x p r e s sio n s a n d th e s e n te n c e p a tte r n u s e d w ith

th em :

IN V ER T ED S U B JE C T S A N D V E R B S W IT H N EG A T IVES

no not never neither nor

barely hardly only rarely scarcely seldom
■ '______ •______;_____ ■■ ____________;______ . ■. ._____ ■ - _____ -____________
W hen a negative expression appears in front of a subject and verb (at the
beginning of a sentence or in the middle of a sentence), the subject and verb
ore inverted.

(negative expression) _ V S

Rarely were they so happy.

. ' ' ' • ■ • • . . _____ . - • . - ' . ■ - ■’ •
 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

E X E R C ISE 17: E ach o f th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s c o n ta in s a n e g a tiv e o r “a lm o st negative"

e x p r e s s io n . C ircle th e n e g a tiv e e x p r essio n s. L o o k at th e c la u se s th a t fo llo w a n d u n d e r lin e
th e su b je cts o n c e a n d th e verb s tw ice. T h e n in d ic a te i f th e s e n te n c e s a r e c o r r e c t (C) o r in ­
c o r r e c t (I).

— !— 1. (N ever) the boy wrote to his sisters.

— ——2. (O n no occasion) did they say that to me.

-------- 3. Steve did not win the prize, nor did he expect to do so.

-------- 4. Only once in my life gone I have to New York City.

_____ 5. Did he go out o f the house at no time.

_____ 6. Seldom their secretary has made such mistakes.

-------- 7. N o sooner had she hung up the ph one than it rang again.

-------- 8. Sheila did not arrive late for work, nor she left early.

_____ 9. Barely had he finished the exam when the graduate assistant collected the papers.

-------- 10. T he police did not arrive in time to save the girl, and neither did the paramedics.

S k ill 18: IN V E R T T H E SUBJECT A N D VERB W IT H C O N D IT IO N A L S

In c e r ta in c o n d itio n a l stru ctu res, th e su b ject a n d verb m ay a lso be in v e rte d . T h is can o c ­

cu r w h e n th e h e lp in g verb in th e c o n d itio n a l c la u se is had, should, o r were, an d th e c o n d i­
tio n a l c o n n e c t o r i f is o m itte d .

I f he had taken more time, the results would have been better.
Had he taken more tim e, the results would have been better.

I would help you i f I were in a position to help.

I would help you were 1 in a position to help.

I f you should arrive before 6:00, just give me a call.

Should you arrive before 6:00, just give m e a call.

In e a c h o f th e s e e x a m p le s y o u can s e e th at w h e n i f is in c lu d e d , th e su b ject a n d verb are

in t h e r eg u la r o r d e r ( i f he h a d taken, i f I were, i f you should arrive). It is also p o ssib le to o m it
if, in this c a se , th e su b ject a n d verb are in v erted ( h a d he taken, were I, should y o u a rrive).
 STRUCTURE

T h e fo llo w in g e x a m p le sh o w s h o w th is s e n te n c e p a ttern c o u ld b e te ste d in th e S tr u c ­

ture se c tio n o f th e T O E F L test.

Exam ple
The report would have been accepted in checking its accuracy.
(A) if more care
(B) more care had been taken
(C) had taken more care
(D) had more care been taken

In th is e x a m p le a c o n n e c to r ( if) a n d a su b je ct a n d verb are n e e d e d , b u t ¡ /c o u ld b e o m it­

ted a n d th e su b je ct a n d verb in v e r te d . A n sw er (A) is in c o r r e c t b e c a u se it c o n ta in s th e
c o n n e c to r i /a n d th e su b je ct care b u t n o verb. A n sw er (B ) js in c o r r e c t b e c a u se it c o n ta in s
th e su b je ct care a n d th e verb had. been taken b u t d o e s n o t have a c o n n e c to r . In an sw ers (C )
an d (D ), i f h as b e e n o m itte d . B e c a u se it is c o r r e c t to in vert th e su b ject more care a n d th e
h e lp in g verb had, a n sw er (D ) is c o r r e c t.

T h e fo llo w in g c h a r t lists th e c o n d itio n a l verb s th a t m ay in vert a n d th e s e n te n c e p at­

tern s u se d w ith them :

INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS WITH CONDITIONALS

had should were

When the verb in the conditional clause is had, should, or were, it is possible
to omit if and invert the subject and verb.
(omitted if) V S
W ere he here, he would help.

It is also possible to keep if! Then the subject and verb are not inverted.
if S V
If he were here, he would help.

EX ER C ISE 18: E ach o f th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s c o n ta in s a c o n d itio n a l (w ith a sta te d o r

im p lie d i f ) . C ircle th e c o n d itio n a ls , o r p u t an asterisk (*) w h er e ¡ / h a s b e e n o m itte d .
L ook at th e c la u se s th a t fo llo w an d u n d e r lin e th e su b jects o n c e a n d th e verb s tw ice. T h e n
in d ic a te if th e s e n te n c e s are c o r r e c t (C ) o r in c o r r e c t (I).

— ^L_ 1. *Were our neighbors a bit m ore friendly, it would be somewhat easier to get to know
them .

— !— 2. There are plenty o f blankets in the closet if should you get cold during the night.

-------- 3. Has he en ou gh vacation days left this year, he will take two full weeks o f f in
December.

4. Had we b een inform ed o f the decision, we m ight have had som ething to say about it.
 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

5. I would like to know could you help m e pack these boxes.

6. H e would have b een in big trouble had n ot he rem em bered the assignm ent at the
last m inute.

7. If your friends com e to visit, will they stay in a hotel or at your house?

8. H e m ight be a little m ore successful today was he a little m ore willing to do som e
hard work.

9. Should you ever visit this town again, I would be delighted to show you around.

10. D o you think that she would give the speech were she asked to do so?

S k ill 19: IN VER T T H E SUBJECT A N D VERB W IT H COMPARISONS

A n in v e r te d su b je c t a n d verb m ay o c c u r also a fter a c o m p a r iso n . T h e in v e rsio n o f a su b ­

j e c t a n d verb a fter a c o m p a r is o n is o p tio n a l, ra th er th an r e q u ir e d , an d it is a ra th er for­
m al str u c tu r e. T h e r e h ave b e e n a n u m b e r o f in v e rte d c o m p a r iso n s o n r e c e n t T O E FL
tests, so y o u s h o u ld b e fa m ilia r w ith th is stru ctu re.

My sister spends more hours in the office <AanJohn.

My sister spends more hours in the office </mreJohn d o e s.
My sister spends more hours in the office than does John.

A ll th r e e o f th e se e x a m p le s c o n ta in th e c o m p a r iso n more . . . th a n , an d all th r e e are cor­

r ec t in E n g lish . It is p o ssib le to h ave th e n o u n J o h n a lo n e , as in th e first e x a m p le; it is p os­
sib le th a t th e c o m p a r is o n is fo llo w e d by th e su b je ct a n d verb J o h n does, as in th e se c o n d
e x a m p le ; it is a lso p o s sib le th at th e c o m p a r iso n is fo llo w e d by th e in v e rte d su b je ct an d
verb does Jo h n , as in th e th ird e x a m p le .

T h e fo llo w in g e x a m p le sh ow s h o w th is s e n te n c e p a tte rn c o u ld b e te sted in th e Struc­

tu re s e c tio n o f t h e T O E F L test.

Exam ple
The results of the current experiment appear to be more consistent
than_____ the results of any previous tests.
(A) them
(B) were
(C) they were
(D) were they

In th is e x a m p le y o u sh o u ld n o tic e th e c o m p a r iso n more consistent than, a n d y o u sh o u ld

also u n d e r s ta n d th a t the results o jth e current experiment is b e in g c o m p a r e d w ith the results o f
an y p revious tests. B e ca u se the results o f any previous tests is th e su b ject, o n ly a verb is n e e d e d ;
th e b e st an sw ei to th is q u e s tio n is th e r e fo r e answ er ( B ) . W e k n ow that it is p o ssib le for a
su b je ct a n d a v e rb to b e in v e rte d after a c o m p a r iso n , a n d in this case th e su b ject the results
o f any previous tests c o m e s after th e verb were.
 STRUCTURE

T h e fo llo w in g c h a r t lists th e s e n te n c e p a tte rn s u s e d w ith c o m p a r iso n s:

INVERTED SUBJECTS ANDVERBS WITH COMPARISONS

The subject and verb may Invert after a comparison.The following structures are
both possible.

S V (comparison) S V

We were more prepared than th e v th e r perform ers were.

S V (comparison)
>----- 1------ —' V S

We were m ore prepared than were the other perform ers.

NOTE: A subject-verb inversion after a comparison sounds rather formal.

EX E R C ISE 19: E ach o f th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s c o n ta in s a c o m p a r is o n . C ir cle th e c o m ­

p a riso n s. L o o k at th e c la u se s th at fo llo w a n d u n d e r lin e th e su b jects o n c e a n d th e verb s
tw ice. T h e n in d ic a te i f th e s e n te n c e s are c o r r e c t (C ) o r in c o r r e c t (I).

C 1. This candidate has received (m ore votes than) has any other candidate in previous
years.

I 2. Obviously we were much (m ore impressed with the perform ance than) did the other
m em bers o f the audience.

3. T h e film that we saw last night at the festival was far better than any o f the other
films.

4. T h e vegetables at the market this m orning were far fresher than were those at the
market yesterday.

5. I am afraid that is the condition o f these tires as bad as the condition o f the others.

6. We firmly believed that our team could achieve a m uch faster tim e than any o f the
others.

7. This apple pie is not as good as the last one that you made.

8. O n the fishing trip, Bobby caught twice as many fish as anyone else did.

9. T h e final speaker gave us m ore details than had any o f the previous speakers.

10. D o you know why does he n eed to sleep so many more hours than do the others?
 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

EXERCISE (Skills 15-19): E ach o f th e se s e n te n c e s c o n ta in s a stru ctu re th a t c o u ld req u ire

a n in v e rte d su b je c t a n d verb . C ircle th e stru ctu res th a t m ay r eq u ire in v e rte d su b jects an d
verb s. U n d e r lin e th e su b jects o n c e a n d th e verbs tw ice. T h e n in d ic a te i f th e s e n te n c e s are
c o r r e c t (C ) o r in c o r r e c t (I ).

_____ 1. The town council is n ot sure why have the land developers changed their plans.

_____ 2. Never in the world I believed that this would happen.

_____ 3. The day m ight have b een a little m ore enjoyable had the sun been out a little more.

_____ 4. Only on ce did the judge take the defense lawyer’s suggestion.

_____ 5. Down the hall to the left the offices are that need to be painted.

_____ 6. Did the scientist explain what h e put in the beaker?

_____ 7. Hardly ever it snows in this section o f the country.

8. Elijah scored m ore points in yesterday’s basketball final than had any other player in
history.

9. In the state o f California, earthquakes occur regularly.

10. H e should ever call again, please tell him that I am not at hom e.

TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 1 5 -1 9 ): C h o o se th e le tte r o f th e w o rd o r g r o u p o f w ord s that

b e st c o m p le te s th e s e n te n c e .

1. Rarely located near city lights or at 3. W ere_____ millions of dollars each year
ower e evations. replenishing eroding beaches, the coastline
(A) observatories are would be changing even more rapidly.
(B) are
(A) the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers not
(C) in the observatories
spending
(D) are observatories
(B) the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers not

2 . There aregeographic, economic, and (c) t h e S Army Corps of Engineers

cultural reasons w h y--------around the doe$ no( spend
WOr ' (D) not spending the U.S. Army Corps of
(A) diets differ Engineers
(B) do diets differ
(C) are diets different 4 - N ow here---------more skewed than in the
(D) to differ a diet auto industry.
(A) that retail trade figures
(B) retail trade figures
(C) are retail trade figures
(D) retail trade figures
 STRUCTURE

5. New York City’s Central Park is nearly 8. _____ test positive for antibiotics w hen
twice as large_____ second smallest tanker trucks arrive a t a m ilk processing
country, Monaco. plant, according to federal law, the entire
truckload m ust be discarded.
(A) as
(B) is the (A) Should milk
(C) as is (B) If m ilk
(D) as is the (C) If m ilk is
(D) Milk should
6. Potassium has a valence of positive one
because it usually loses one electron when 9. Located b e h in d _____ the tw o lacrim al
with other elements. glands.
(A) does it combine (A) each eyelid
(B) it combines (B) is each eyelid
(C) in combining (C) each eyelid are
(D) combination (D) each eyelid w hich is

7. The econom ic background of labor 10. Only for a short period of tim e ______ru n
legislation will not be mentioned in this at top speed.
course,_____ bp treated.
(A) cheetahs
(A) trade unionism will not (B) do cheetahs
(B) nor trade unionism will (C) that a cheetah can
(C) nor will trade unionism (D) can
(D) neither trade unionism will

TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1—19): C h o o se th e le tte r o f th e w o rd o r g r o u p o f

w ord s th a t b e st c o m p le te s th e s e n te n c e .
----- variety of flowers in the show, from . that Er lily Dickinson wrote, 24 were
simple carnations to the most exquisite given titles and 7 were published during
roses. her lifetiire.
(A) A wide (A) Of the 1,800 poems
(B) There was a wide (B) There were 1,800 poems
(C) Was there (C) Because the 1,800 poem s
(D) Many (D) The 1,800 poems

2. The w ed ges. . dartboard are worth Since an immediate change was needed on
from one to twenty points each. an emergency b asis,_____ by the governor
(A) they are on a to curtail railway expenditure.
(B) are on a (A) so it was proposed
(C) are they on a (B) was proposed
(D) on a (C) because of the proposal
(D) it was proposed
3. producing many new movies for
release after the new season begins. In the Morgan Library in New York City
(A) His company is --------o f medieval and renaissance
manuscripts.
(B) His companies
(C) The company (A) a collection is
(D) Why the company is (B) in a collection
(C) is a collection
(D) which is a collection