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) bmoH${dbjU gm{hpË`H$ : am§Jo` amKd / gwZrbHw$_ma bdQ>o / 32
) qhXþËddmÚm§Mm Zdm H$ama / í`m_ nmIao / 38
) Aä`mgH«$_mMr nwZa©MZm H$r {h§Xy amï—mMm AOo§S>m / a_oe nmQ>rb, eaX OmdSo>H$a / 43
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df© 61 & A§H$ 242 & E{àb-_o-OyZ-2023

 g_mO à~moYZ n{ÌH$m
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g{Md, g_mO à~moYZ g§ñWm, nwUo.
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832 B©, emhynwar Mm¡Wr Jëcr, H$moëhmnya.
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X Am°a|O Q´>r AZwXmZ {Xco Agbo, Var `m {Z`VH$m{bH$mVrb
nwUo boIH$m§À`m {dMmam§er _§S>i d emgZ gh_V AgocM
Ago Zmhr. AZwXmZm~Ôb Amåhr _§S>imMo Am^mar AmhmoV.
`m A§H$mV ì`ŠV Pmcoë`m _Vm§er g§nmXH$ gh_V
AgVrcM Ago Zmhr.
H$m`m©c`rZ nÎmm : S>m°. AemoH$ Mm¡gmiH$a, g§nmXH$,
g_mO à~moYZ n{ÌH$m, 416, Ama. Ho$. ZJa,
hmD$qgJ gmo. Z§. 6, nmMJmd, H$moëhmnya - 416 013.
\$moZ : (0231) 2639485, 9421172868.
e-mail : prabodhan.patrika@gmail.com

`m A§H$mMo _yë` : ` 20/-

2 & g_mO à~moYZ n{ÌH$m-E{àb-_o-OyZ 2023

 boI
AdZre nmQ>rb
aU{OV Jwhm : ^maVr`
B{VhmgboIZmbm H$bmQ>Ur XoUmao
Aä`mgH$
{d^mJ à_wI, B{Vhmg A{Y{d^mJ,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
àñVmdZm
aU{OV Jwhm (1923-2023) ho d§{MVm§Mo B{VhmgH$ma
åhUyZ gwn[a{MV AmhoV. `m B{VhmgH$mamMm Am°pñQ´>`m XoemVrb
Ë`m§À`m Kar AbrH$So>M åhUOo, {XZm§H$ 28 E{àb, 2023
amoOr _¥Ë`y Pmbm. Ë`m§À`m _¥Ë`yZo ^maVr` B{VhmgboIZmVrb
EH$m ndm©Mm AñV Pmbm, Ago åhQ>bo Var A{Vemoº$s hmoUma
Zmhr. OJmVrb {d{dY {df`m§À`m Aä`mgH$m§da ì`mnH$ à^md
Q>mH$Umao aU{OV Jwhm ho H$Xm{MV EH$_od ^maVr` B{VhmgH$ma
hmoVo. EH$ {dMjU Aä`mgH$ åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr "g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rO'
øm J«§W_m{bHo$Mo Ho$bobo {XemXe©Z hr Ë`m§Mr OJ^a AmoiI
~Zbr. Ë`m§Zr hr J«§W_m{bH$m B.g. 1982 _Ü`o gwê$ Ho$br. `m
J«W§ _m{bHo$Zo AmYw{ZH$ X{jU Am{e`mVrb Xoem§À`m dgmhVdmXr
Am{U amï´>dmXr Aem XmoÝhr B{VhmgboIZmÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmda H$S>mSy>Z
Q>rH$m Ho$br Am{U emo{fV, A§{H$V g_yhm§À`m B{VhmgboIZmMm
Zdm dñVwnmR> KmbyZ {Xbm. ^maVr` B{VhmgboIZemómÀ`m joÌmV
hr EH$ AË`§V _hÎdmMr KQ>Zm R>abr. Ë`m§Zr dmnabobr "g~mëQ>Z'©
hr g§km BQ>m{b`Z {dMmad§V A§Vmo{Z`mo J«mågr `m§À`m boIZmVyZ
KoVbr hmoVr. J«mågr `m§Zr `m g§koMm dmna "ImbÀ`m XOm©À`m
ì`º$sMm' {ZX}e H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm hmoVm. aU{OV Jwhm `m§Zr `m
g§kobm Zdo n[a_mU XoD$Z B{VhmgboIZmMr Zdr Ñï>r OJmbm
{Xbr.
3 &3
 Jwhm `m§Zr nwañH¥$V Ho$bobm B{VhmgboIZmMm
"g~mëQ>Z© Ñ{ï>H$moZ' BVH$m à^mdr R>abm H$s, gd©
OJ^amVrb g_mOemó {dÚmemIm§À`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr
Ë`m§Mr XIb KoVbr. ^maVr` B{VhmgH$mam§_YyZ
ñ\w$abobm Aä`mgmMm EH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ àW_M OJmVrb
Aä`mgH$m§da Amnbm ñdV§Ì R>gm {Z_m©U H$ê$ eH$bm.
^maVmVrb Aä`mgH$m§gmR>r hr EH$ A{^_mZmMr Jmoï
hmoVr. aU{OV Jwhm ho `m Aä`mgjoÌmVrb KS>m_moS>rÀ§ `m
H|$ÐñWmZr hmoVo. Ë`m_wio 1980À`m XeH$mV Ë`m§À`m
ZmdmMm S§>H$m OJ^a hmoVm. EH§$XarV Ë`m§À`m {nT>rVrb
Am{U `m H$mbI§S>mVrb aU{OV Jwhm ho gdm©V à{gÕ
^maVr` B{VhmgH$ma ~Zbo.
EH$m ^maVr` B{VhmgH$mambm Ho$di ^maVmVM Zmhr,
Va OJ^amV BVH$s H$sVu H$er g§nm{XV H$aVm Ambr?
`m àýmMo CÎma `m boIm_Ü`o emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm
Amho.1 `m àýmMo EH$M EH$ gai CÎma {_iUo H$R>rU
Amho. `m àýmÀ`m CÎmamgmR>r Amnë`mbm aU{OV Jwhm
`m§À`m ì`{º$_Îdmn`ªV gr{_V amhÿZ MmbUma Zmhr.
Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mo B{VhmgboIZ, Ë`m§Mo g_H$mbrZ
B{VhmgboIZemó Am{U Ë`mV hmoV Agbobo ~Xb,
VgoM Ë`m§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr Pmbobm g~mëQ>Z©
B{VhmgboIZ àUmbrMm CX`, `m gd© KS>m_moS>rM§ m _mJmodm
KoUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo Am{U åhUyZM `m boIm_Ü`o aU{OV
Jwhm `m§Mm OrdZnQ>, Ë`m§Zr {b{hbobo J«W§ `m§Mm g{dñVa
nam_e© KoD$ Am{U eodQ>r aU{OV Jwhm `m§Mo EH$
B{VhmgH$ma åhUyZ _yë`_mnZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$ê$.
~mHo$aJ§O Vo H$bH$Îmm
aU{OV Jwhm `m§Mm OÝ_ 1923 gmbr VËH$mbrZ
~mHo$aJ§O {OëømVrb {gÕH$År ZmdmÀ`m JmdmV Pmbm.
AmO ho Jmd ~m§JbmXoemV Amho. ~H$aJ§O {OëømV
~m[agmb ZmdmMo eha Agë`mH$maUmZo `m {Oëømbm
~m[agmb åhUyZ XoIrb AmoiIbo OmV Ago. ~mHo$aJ§O
{OëømMr AZoH$ d¡{eîQ>ço hmoVr. EH$ Va hm àXoe
X{jU ~§JmbMo g_wÐ{H$Zmar joÌ hmoVo. `m àXoem_YyZ
AmS>ì`m-Cä`m OmUmè`m AZoH$ ZÚm, CnZÚm hmoË`m.
4 & g_mO à~moYZ n{ÌH$m-E{àb-_o-OyZ 2023
{edm` X{jUoÀ`m ~mOybm gw§Xa~ZMo Ima\w$Q>rMo XmQ>
O§Jb hmoV.o ~mHo$aJ§O hm {~«{Q>e H$mimVrb Agm {Oëhm
hmoVm Á`m_Ü`o EH$ _¡bXoIrb aoëdo YmdV Zgo. `m
{OëømVrb gd© XiUdiU ho Ob_mJm©Zo hmoV Ago.
{OëømÀ`m CÎma ^mJmV _mÌ ^mVmÀ`m bmJdS>rImbr
Agboë`m gwnrH$ O{_Zr hmoË`m. 18ì`m Am{U 19ì`m
eVH$mV `oWrb O§Jb H$mnyZ O_rZ bmJdS>rImbr
AmUbr Jobr hmoVr. B.g.1792 _Ü`o {~«{Q>e JìhZ©a
OZab bm°S>© H$m°Z©dm°{bg `m§Zr O_rZ _hgyb Jmoim
H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~§Jmb_Ü`o H$m`_Ymam nÕV bmJy Ho$br
hmoVr. `m nÕVrZo eoVO{_ZrMo _mbH$s h¸$ O_rZXmam§Zm
{Xbo Jobo hmoVo. ~mHo$aJ§O {OëømVrb O_rZXma Cƒ
OmVrVrb {h§Xy-~«m÷U, H$m`ñW {H§$dm d¡Ú hmoVo.
nmW© M°Q>Ou `m§Zr aU{OV Jwhm `m§À`mda {b{hboë`m
EH$m boImV `m àXoemVrb O_rZXmar nÕVrMr gImob
MMm© Ho$br Amho. {~«{Q>em§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m O_rZXmar
nÕVr_Ü`o AZoH$ ñVa (subinfeudation) {Z_m©U
Pmbo hmoV.o {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrbm EH$m 2000
EH$a O_rZXmar_YyZ 320 eoVH$ar 4800 én`o ^mSo>nÅr
^aV AgV. Ë`mVrb \$º$ 200 én`o {~«{Q>e gaH$mabm
_hgyb åhUyZ {Xbo OmV. Cabobo 4600 én`o AZoH$
ñVamda {Z_m©U Pmbobo 265 _Ü`ñW dmQy>Z KoV.
O_rZXmar nÕVrVyZ hmoUmè`m emofUmMo ho \$ma ~mobHo$
CXmhaU hmoVo. ho CXmhaU XoD$Z nmW© M°Q>Ou `m§Zr
~§JmbÀ`m BVa àXoem§À`m VwbZoV ~mHo$aJ§O {OëømVrb
O_rZXmar nÕVr_Ü`o _Ü`ñWm§Mo gdm©V OmñV ñVa {Z_m©U
Pmë`mMo gm§{JVbo Amho.
aU{OV Jwhm H$m`_Ymam _hgyb nÕVrÀ`m N>m`oV
dmT>bo hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm hr nÕV OdiyZ kmV hmoVr. `m
nÕVrMm Ë`m§À`m _mZ{gH$Voda H$m` n[aUm_ Pmbm, ho
Ë`m§Zr EHo$ {R>H$mUr {bhyZ Ro>dbo Amho. Ë`m§Mo CËnÞ
Xÿa ngaboë`m, Ë`m§Zr H$Yrhr ^oQ> Z {Xboë`m O_rZXmar
àXoemVyZ `oV Ago. eoVH$è`m§À`m emofUmda OJUmè`m
_Ü`_ dJm©Mr gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë`o Ë`m§Zm Amnë`m O_rZXma
Hw$Qw>§~mH$Sy>Z {_imbobr hmoVr. Ë`m§À`m_Ü`o Am{U
EVÔoer` g§ñH¥$Vr Agboë`m eoVH$è`m§_Ü`o O_rZ-
Añ_mZmMm \$aH$ hmoVm. `m gd© Jmoïr§_i w o Jwhm H$m`_Ymam
nÕVrbm gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ àJVr Iw§Q>dUmar
nÕV _mZrV hmoVo.
{gÕH$År Jmdm_Ü`o H| $ {ÐV Agbo ë `m Jw h m
Hw$Qw>§~mH$So> _Ü`_ AmH$mamMr O_rZXmar hmoVr. nU hr
O_rZXmar EH$m doJù`m Am{U d¡{eîQ>çnyU© ñdê$nmMr
hmoVr, Á`m_Ü`o O{_ZrMo dm{f©H$ ^mSo> H$moUË`mhr
O_rZXmambm Z XoVm Vo gaH$mabm XoÊ`mV `oV hmoV.o Aem
àH$maÀ`m {~«{Q>enyd© H$mimVrb O_rZYmaU nÕVr
~mHo$aJ§O_Ü`o ApñVËdmV hmoË`m. gmYmaUV… 1930À`m
XeH$mn`ªV ~§Jmb_Yrb O_rZXmarbm CVaVr H$im
bmJbr hmoVr. eoVH$ar Hw$im§H$Sy>Z ^mSo> dgyb H$aUmè`m
_Ü`ñWm§À`m ñVam§Mr g§»`m dmT>V Mmbbr. `m{edm`
B.g. 1929 _Ü`o OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR>o V _hm_§Xr Ambr.
`mMm O~a \$Q>H$m ~§JmbÀ`m VmJ CÚmoJmbm ~gbm.
VgoM O_rZXmar_YyZ {_iUmao CËnÞ KQy> bmJbo. aU{OV
Jwhm `m§À`m Hw$Qw>~§ mbm `m Am{W©H$ pñWË`§VamMr \$ma Pi
~gbr Zmhr. H$maU Ë`m§Mo dS>rb am{YH$m a§OZ Jwhm ho
H$bH$Îmm `oWo d{H$brMm CÎm_ ì`dgm` H$arV hmoV.o
Ë`m_wio JmdmVrb BVa Hw$Qw>~§ m§À`m VwbZoV Jwhm§À`m Hw$Qw>~§ mMr
aU{OV Jwhm : ^maVr` B{VhmgboIZmbm H$bmQ>Ur XoUmao Aä`mgH$ & 5
n[apñWVr ~ar hmoVr. `m H$mimV aU{OV Jwhm Amnë`m
JmdmVrb emio_Ü`o àmW{_H$ {ejU KoV hmoV.o Ë`mZ§Va
1934 gmbr aU{OV Jwhm `m§Zr H$bH$Îmm `oWrb Cƒ
_mÜ`{_H$ emio_Ü`o àdoe KoVmV. Ë`m§À`mgmR>r hm EH$
ZdrZ ^mdZmË_H$ AZw^d hmoVm. `m AZw^dm_wio Ë`m§Mo
JmdmMo AmH$f©U H$_r Pmbo. H$bH$Î`mÀ`m h°[agZ amoS>da
pñWV Agboë`m Ë`m§À`m emioMo Zmd "{_Ìm BpÝñQ>Q>çe y Z'
Ago hmoV.o B.g. 1938 gmbr Ë`m§Zr _mÜ`{_H$ {ejU
nyU© Ho$bo Am{U ~§JmbÀ`m à{gÕ ào{gSo>g§ r H$m°bOo _Ü`o
àdoe KoVbm.
gmå`dmXr njmMo gXñ`Ëd
B.g. 1938 Z§VaMr H$mhr df} ~§Jmb_Ü`o AË`§V
Ym_Yw_rMr hmoVr. Xþgao _hm`wÕ gwê$ Pmbo hmoV.o 1943
_Ü`o ~§Jmb_Ü`o ^rfU XþîH$mi nS>bm hmoVm. 1946
gmbr {h§X-ÿ _wñbr_ X§Jbr§_Ü`o ^`§H$a {h§gm Pmbr Am{U
1947 _Ü`o ^maVmÀ`m \$miUrMm \$Q>H$m ~§Jmbbm
~gbm. `m gd© KS>m_moS>r§À`m à^mdm_wio ~§Jmb_Yrb
_Ü`_dJu` VéU Ohmb {dMmam§H$So> AmH${f©V hmoD$
bmJbo. `m dmVmdaUmMm n[aUm_ aU{OV Jwhm§da XoIrb
Pmbm. ào{gSo>§gr H$m°boO_Ü`o {eH$V AgVmZm Vo
_mŠg©dmXr {dMmam§Zr à^m{dV Pmbo Am{U Ë`m§Zr ^maVr`
gmå`dmXr njmMo gXñ`Ëd ñdrH$mabo. gmå`dmXr njmMo
H$m`© H$ê$ bmJë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m Aä`mgmda n[aUm_
Pmbm. Ë`m§Zr EH$ df© J_mdbo. ~r.E. À`m nXdr
narjoV "{S>pñQ§>ŠeZ' {_idbo, _mÌ Vo "Am°Zg©'Mm gÝ_mZ
{_idy eH$bo ZmhrV. H$m°boO_Ü`o aU{OV Jwhm `m§Zr
gmå`dmXr njmÀ`mdVrZo {dÚmÏ`mªZm g§K{Q>V H$aÊ`mMo
H$m_ Ho$bo. ^maVmVrb gmå`dmÚm§Zr {_Ì Xoem§Zm
(A_o[aH$m, B§½b§S>, \«$mÝg Am{U gmopìhEV a{e`m)
nm{R§>~m Kmo{fV Ho$ë`m_wio Am{U 1942À`m Midirbm
{damoY Ho$ë`m_wio amOH$maUm_Ü`o Vo EH$Qo> nS>bo hmoVo.
Aer n[apñWVr AgVmZm aU{OV Jwhm ho ào{gSo>§gr
H$m°bOo _Yrb B{VhmgmMo à{gÕ àmÜ`mnH$ gwemo^Z M§Ð
gaH$ma `m§À`m à^mdmImbr Ambo. gwemo^Z gaH$ma
`m§Zr JwánUo gmå`dmXr njmMo gXñ`Ëd ñdrH$mabo hmoV.o
gaH$mam§À`m à^mdm_wio aU{OV Jwhm§gmR>r EH$ doJio
OJ Iwbo Pmbo Am{U Ë`m§À`m {dMmam§Zm Yma Ambr.
ñdV:bm nQ>Umè`m amOH$s` àUmbrVrb {dMmam§Mm
Cn`moJ B{VhmgmMo g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm OmD$
eH$Vmo, `mMr à{MVr Ë`m§Zm gwemo^Z gaH$mam§_i w o Ambr.
Ë`m§Zr H$mb© _mŠg©Mo {dMma B{Vhmg g_OÊ`mgmR>r
dmnam`bm gwédmV Ho$br. `mMm n[aUm_ Agm Pmbm
H$s, Ë`m§Zr 'Teen-Age Wage Slavery in India'
hm Amnbm n{hbm emoY{Z~§Y gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m
{dÚmWu _m{gH$mgmR>r {b{hbm.
B.g. 1946 _Ü`o aU{OV Jwhm `m§Zr H$bH$Îmm
{dÚmnrR>mVyZ E_. E. Mr nXdr nyU© Ho$br. gmå`dmXr
njmMm nyU©doi H$m`©H$Vm© Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr njmMo
X¡{ZH$ "ñdmYrZVm'_Ü`o H$m_ H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br.
`m X¡{ZH$mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr ^anya boI {b{hbo. nwT>rb dfu
Ë`m§Zr H$mhr H$mi _w§~B©À`m 'People's War' `m
{Z`VH$m{bH$m_Ü`o H$m_ Ho$bo. {S>go§~a 1947 _Ü`o
n°[ag `oWrb 'World Federation of Democratic
Youth' `m g§ñWoV gmå`dmXr njmMo à{V{ZYr åhUyZ
Ë`m§Mr {ZdS> Pmbr. nwT>rb ghm dfo© Jwhm `m§Zr n°[ag_Ü`o
6 & g_mO à~moYZ n{ÌH$m-E{àb-_o-OyZ 2023
Amnbm Vi R>moHy$Z AZoH$ H$m`©H«$_ Am`mo{OV Ho$bo
Am{U gmå`dmXr {dMmam§À`m bmoH$m§Zm EH$Ì AmUÊ`mMm
à`ËZ Ho$bm. nyd© `wamon, n{ü_ Am{e`m Am{U CÎma
Am{\«$H$m `m àXoemV Ë`m§Zr Iyn àdmg Ho$bm. nmobS§ >_Ü`o
H$mhr H$mi ñWm{`H$ AgVmZm Ë`m§Zr _mWm© ZmdmÀ`m
EH$ nmo{be `hwXr gmå`dmXr {dMmagaUrÀ`m _wbrer
{ddmh Ho$bm.
B.g. 1953 _Ü`o aU{OV Jwhm ^maVmV naVbo.
Ë`mZ§Va {ejUjoÌmV Ë`m§Zr ZmoH$ar ñdrH$mabr Agbr,
Var Ë`m§Mo gmå`dmXr njmMo H$m`© gwê$M hmoVo. H$mhr
H$mi Ë`m§Zr {dÚmgmJa H$m°bO o , goQ§ >´ b H$bH$Îmm H$m°bO
o
(AmVmMo _m¡bmZm AmPmX H$m°boO) Am{U M§ÐZJa
H$m°boO_Ü`o AÜ`mnZ Ho$bo. Ë`mH$mimV ~§Jmb_Ü`o
gmå`dmXr {dMmagaUr ~miJUo. gaH$mar ZmoH$argmR>r
{Z{fÕ g_Obo OmV Ago. Jwhm `m§Mo gmå`dmXr H$m`©
Cƒ A{YH$mè`m§ À `m bjmV Amë`mda Ë`m§ M r
H$m°boOmVrb ZmoH$ar g§nwïmV Ambr. B.g. 1956 ho
OmJ{VH$ gmå`dmXr MidirÀ`m B{VhmgmVrb EH$
AË`§V _hÎdmMo df© hmoVo. `mdfu 14-25 \$o~«wdmar
1956 `mXaå`mZ gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m gmå`dmXr njmMo
{dgmdo A{YdoeZ ^abo hmoVo. `m A{YdoeZmV a{e`mMo
ZdrZ ZoVo {Z{H$Vm ¼wüoìh `m§Zr Ë`m§Mo à{gÕ ^mfU
Ho$bo. Á`m_YyZ Ë`m§Zr _mOr ZoVo ñQ°>{bZ `m§Zr
gmå`dmXmÀ`m ZmdmImbr Ho$bobo AË`mMma Am{U
{damoYH$m§À`m {ZK¥©U hË`m CKS> Ho$ë`m. `mMdfu
h§Joar_Yrb CR>md gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m \$m¡Om§Zr O~a
{h§goMm dmna H$ê$Z _moSy>Z H$mT>bm. H«$wüoìhMo ^mfU
Am{U h§Joar_Yrb gmopìhEV hñVjon `m XmoZ KQ>Zm§Mm
OJ^amVrb gmå`dmXr {dMmagaUrÀ`m ~w{ÕOrdr
bmoH$m§da n[aUm_ Pmbobm {XgyZ `oVmo. AZoH$m§Mm
gmå`dmXr njmdarb {dœmg S>J_Jbm. AZoH$m§Zr
gmå`dmXr njmbm gmoS>{MÇr {Xbr. `mM KQ>Zm§À`m
à^mdm_wio B§½b§S>_Yrb à{gÕ B{VhmgH$ma gd¡b, B.nr.
Wm°_gZ Am{U p¼ñVmo\$a {hb `m§Zr nj gmoS>bm hmoVm.
^maVmV aU{OV Jwhm `m§Zr XoIrb gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m
gXñ`ËdmMm amOrZm_m {Xbm. 1956 Am{U 1957
_Ü`o Ë`m§Zr ~§Jmb_Ü`o H$m`_Ymam nÕVr gwê$
H$aÊ`m_mJMr {dMmagaUr `m~Ôb "n[aM`' `m ~§Jmbr
{Z`VH$m{bH$m_Ü`o g§emoYZ boIm§Mr _m{bH$m {b{hbr.
nwT>rb H$mimV hm {df` Ë`m§Mm AmdS>rMm {df`
am{hbm.
gwemo^Z gaH$ma `m§Mm à^md
B.g. 1958 _Ü`o Jwhm§Zr OmYdnya {dÚmnrR>mVrb
Zì`mZo ñWmnZ Pmboë`m B{Vhmg {d^mJmV ZmoH$ar
ñdrH$mabr. Ë`m§Zm gwemo^Z gaH$ma `m§Zr {Z_§{ÌV Ho$bo
hmoV.o OmYdnya {dÚmnrR>mV AgVmZm aU{OV Jwhm `m§À`m
BVa Aä`mgH$m§er AmoiIr Pmë`m. `mM Xaå`mZ
am`Mm¡Yar Am{U A_Ë`© goZ `m§À`mgmaIo Aä`mgH$
Ë`m§À`m g§nH$m©V Ambo hmoV.o OmYdnya {dÚmnrR>mV Ohmb
(radical) {dMma Agboë`m g§emoYH$m§Zm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo
OmV Ago. _mÌ aU{OV Jwhm VoWo pñWañWmda hmoD$
eH$bo ZmhrV. Ë`m§À`m_Ü`o d¡\$ë` {Z_m©U Pmbo. `mMo
EH$ H$maU åhUOo Vo Amnë`m nrEM.S>r. nXdr~m~V
\$ma àJVr H$ê$ eH$bo ZìhVo. Ë`m§Mo hmoUmao _mJ©Xe©H$
B{VhmgH$ma ZaoЧ H¥$îU {gÝhm `m§Zm Jwhm§Mr g§emoYZ nÕVr
_mÝ` ZìhVr. Ë`m_wio nwT>rb dfu Vo B§½b§S>bm Jobo {OWo
Ë`m§Zr nwT>rb 21 df} dmñVì` Ho$bo.
^maVmV AgVmZm aU{OV Jwhm `m§À`mda ào{gSo>g§ r
H$m°boO_Yrb Ë`m§Mo {ejH$ gwemo^Z gaH$ma `m§Mm
à^md hmoVm. Jwhm§Zr Amnbo 1963 _Ü`o à{gÕ Pmbobo
n{hbo nwñVH$ "A éb Am°\$ àm°nQ>u \$m°a ~o§Jmb' ho
gaH$mam§Zm An©U Ho$bo hmoVo. An©Un{ÌHo$_Ü`o "AZoH$
n{hë`m e§H$m§Zm CÎmoOZ {Xë`m~Ôb' gwemo^Z gaH$mam§Mo
F$U Ë`m§Zr _mZbo hmoV.o gaH$ma ho EH$ AË`§V à{V^mdmZ
{ejH$ Am{U {dMmad§V hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m à^mdmImbr
_mŠg© d mXr {dMmagaUr Agbo ë `m ~§ J mbr
B{VhmgH$mam§Mr \$ir {Z_m©U Pmbr hmoVr. _mÌ Vo
nmo{W{Zð _mŠg©dmXr ZìhVo. _mŠg©dmXr àoaUoVyZ {Z_m©U
Pmboë`m ZdrZ {dMmam§Zm ñdrH$maÊ`mMm Ë`m§Mm H$b
hmoVm. åhUyZM 1964 gmbr Ë`m§Zr Zd_mŠg©dmXr J«mågr
`m§À`m {dMmam§da {bImU H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br.
aU{OV Jwhm : ^maVr` B{VhmgboIZmbm H$bmQ>Ur XoUmao Aä`mgH$ & 7
`m{edm` _mŠg©À`m ^m§S>dbemhr nyduÀ`m ì`dñWo~Ôb
(Pre-capitalist Economic Formations)
_m§S>bëo `m {dMmam§Zr Ë`m§Zm AmH${f©V Ho$bo. B.g. 1968
_Ü`o gmå`dmXr gmopìhEV a{e`mZo PoH$moñbmoìhm{H$`mda
AmH«$_U Ho$bo, Voìhm gwemo^Z gaH$mam§Zr Ë`mMm {ZfoY
Zmo§Xdbm hmoVm. gaH$ma ho ñdV§Ì ~wÕrMo hmoVo Am{U
_hÎdmÀ`m _wX²Úm§da njnmVr ^y{_H$m KoUmao ZìhVo.
EH$ Jmoï ñnï hmoVr H$s, gwemo^Z gaH$mam§Mo gm{ÞÜ`
bm^bo ë `m Aä`mgH$m§ Z m A§ V mo { Z`mo J« m ågrÀ`m
{dMmam§~Ôb \$ma nydunmgyZ H$ënZm hmoVr.
B§½b§S>_Yrb dmñVì` Am{U "A éb Am°\$ àm°nQ>u
\$m°a ~oJ§ mb'
B.g. 1959 _Ü`o aU{OV Jwhm `m§Zr B§½b§S>_Yrb
_±MoñQ>a {dÚmnrR>mMr {eî`d¥Îmr ñdrH$mabr. Xaå`mZ
Ë`m§Mm nËZr _mWm©~amo~a KQ>ñ\$moQ> Pmbm. B§½b§S>_Ü`o
AgVmZm Ë`m§ Z r _± M o ñ Q> a {dÚmnrR> m Z§ V a ggo Š g
{dÚmnrR>m_Ü`o ZmoH$ar Ho$br. _±MoñQ>a {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m
{eî`d¥ÎmrÀ`m H$mbI§S>mXaå`mZ Jwhm `m§Zr g§emoYZ Ho$bobo
1963 gmbr "A éb Am°\$ àm°nQ>u \$m°a ~o§Jmb' `m
J«§WmÀ`m ê$nmV à{gÕ Ho$bo. 1960 Vo 1980 `m drg
dfmª_Ü`o Jwhm§Zr à{gÕ Ho$bobm hm EH$_od J«§W hmoVm.
`m J«§Wmì`{V[aº$ Ë`m§Zr H$moUVohr BVa g§emoYZmË_H$
boI {H§$dm J«§W à{gÕ Ho$bo ZmhrV. Vo B{VhmgH$mam§À`m
n[afXm§Zm OmUo Q>miV AgV. EH$ àH$maÀ`m ñd_¾
nU B{VhmgH$mam§À`m OJmnmgyZ Vo A{bá am{hbo.
nwTo> "A éb Am°\$ àm°nQ>u \$m°a ~o§Jmb' hm J«§W
Aä`mgH$m§H$Sy>Z ZmdmObm Jobm Agbm Var hm J«§W
à{gÕ H$aVmZm Jwhm§Zm ~arM Cnojm ghZ H$amdr bmJbr
hmoVr. B.g. 1961 _Ü`o Ë`m§Zr hm J«§W à~§Y åhUyZ
n°[ag {dÚmnrR>mbm gmXa Ho$bm hmoVm. _mÌ {dÚmnrR>mZo
Vmo ZmH$mabm. `mXaå`mZ, ^maVr` g_mO Am{U
AW©ì`dñWoMo gwà{gÕ A_o[aH$Z Aä`mgH$ S°>{Z`b
Wm°Za© ho n°[ag_Yrb "Ecole Pratique des Hautes
Etudes" `m g§ñWoMo g§MmbH$ Pmbo hmoVo. Wm°Z©a `m§Zm
Jwhm§À`m g§emoYZmMr {H§$_V _mhrV hmoVr. `m{edm` Vo
Zoh_rM ^maVr` Aä`mgH$m§Zm gmhmæ` H$aÊ`mMr ^y{_H$m
KoV AgV. Amü`m©Mr Jmoï Aer H$s, S°>{Z`b Wm°Z©a
`m§Zr {e\$mag Ho$ë`mZ§Va Jwhm `m§Mm hm à~§Y n°[ag
`oWrb "_mC§Q>Z' àH$meZmZo à{gÕ Ho$bm. `m J«§WmÀ`m
àma§^r Wm°Z©a `m§Zr EH$ N>moQo>ImZr _ZmoJV {b{hbo, hohr
\$ma _hÎdmMo Amho.
H$bH$Îmm {dÚmnrR>mV nXì`wÎma {ejU KoV
AgVmZm aU{OV Jwhm§Zr {\${bn \«$mpÝgg `m ~§Jmbr
amÁ`H$Ë`m©Mo {dMma Aä`mgbo hmoVo. Ë`m§Mo {dMma
ga§Om_emhrbm H$S>mSy>Z {damoY H$aUmao Am{U \«|$M
amÁ`H«$m§VrMr àe§gm H$aUmao hmoV.o Ago AmYw{ZH$ {dMma
AgVmZm XoIrb {\${bn \«$mpÝggZo 1793 gmbr EH$
ga§Om_Xmar ñdê$n Agbobr H$m`_Ymam nÕVr gwê$
H$aÊ`mMm {dMma _m§S>bm. ga§Om_emhr {dMmam§Zm {damoY
AgUmè`m EH$m {~«{Q>e amÁ`H$Ë`m©Zo ga§Om_Xmar ñdê$n
Agboë`m H$m`_Ymam nÕVrMm nwañH$ma H$m Ho$bm? hm
hV~wÕ H$aUmam àý {~«{Q>e dgmhVr àemgZm_Yrb
{damoYm^mg Xe©{dUmam hmoVm. `m {damoYm^mgmMo
ñnï>rH$aU aU{OV Jwhm `m§Zm VËH$mbrZ B{VhmgmÀ`m
J«§Wm§_Ü`o {_imbo Zmhr Am{U åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr H$m`_Ymam
nÕVrMm d¡Mm[aH$ CJ_ emoYÊ`mMm àH$ën hmVr KoVbm.
VéU Agë`mnmgyZM Jwhm `m§Mm H$m`_Ymam
nÕVrMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mH$So> AmoT>m hmoVm. ho Ë`m§Zr
1950À`m XeH$mV {b{hboë`m boIm§dê$Z ñnï hmoVo.2
H$m`_Ymam nÕVrMm hm Aä`mg H$aVmZm aU{OV Jwhm
`m§Zr EH$m d¡Mm[aH$ {damoYm^mgmMm emoY KoVbm.
\«$m§g_Ü`o 18ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V eoVr{df`H$
{dMma _m§S>Umao {dMmad§V à^mdr Pmbo hmoVo. amï—mMr
g§nÎmr hr H¥${fjoÌmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ dmTy> eH$Vo, Agm
Ë`m§Mm ÑT> {dœmg hmoVm. AW©ì`dñWoVrb BVa joÌm§À`m
{dH$mgmbm H¥${fjoÌmH$Sy>ZM MmbZm {_iVo, Ago {dMma
Ë`m§Zr _m§S>bo hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV, eoVr gwYmaë`m{edm`
amï—mMm {dH$mg hmoUo eŠ` ZìhVo. AW©ì`dñWo_Ü`o eoVrMo
_hÎd gm§JUmè`m `m {dMmad§Vm§Zm "Physiocrats"
({ZgJ©dmXr) åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmV hmoVo. _Ü``wJrZ
H$mimV `wamon_Ü`o àM{bV Agboë`m ga§Om_Xmar
8 & g_mO à~moYZ n{ÌH$m-E{àb-_o-OyZ 2023
nÕVrbm `m {dMmad§Vm§Zr H$S>mSy>Z {damoY Ho$bm hmoVm.
Am{W©H$ ì`dhmam§_Ü`o emgZmZo A{Ve` H$_r hñVjon
H$amdm, Ago Ë`m§Mo R>m_ _V hmoVo. EH§$XarVM
^m§S>dbemhr ì`dñWo_Yrb {Za§Hw$e AW©ì`dhmambm
(laissez faire) Ë`m§Mm nm{R§>~m hmoVm. Jwhm `m§Zr
Amnë`m g§emoYZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ XmIdyZ {Xbo H$s,
Aem àH$maÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ "{ZgJ©dmXr' {dMmam§_Ü`oM
H$m`_Ymam nÕVrMo _yi d¡Mm[aH$ ~rO hmoV.o {ZgJ©dmXr
{dMmagaUrZo 1770 Am{U 1780À`m XeH$mV
B§½b§S>_Ü`o Iyn à^md {Z_m©U Ho$bm hmoVm. ga {\${bn
\«$mpÝgg `m dmXJ«ñV {~«{Q>e A{YH$mè`mda XoIrb `m
{dMmagaUrMm à^md nS> b m hmo V m. B§ ½ b§ S > _ Ü`o
^m§S>dbXmar nÕVrZo eoVr H$aUmè`m "gä` eoVH$è`m§Mm'
(gentlemen farmers) dJ© ApñVËdmV Ambm hmoVm.
~§Jmb_Ü`oXoIrb B§½b§S>à_mUo H$m`_Ymam nÕVr bmJy
H$ê$Z O_rZXmam§Zm O{_ZrMm _mbH$s h¸$ {Xbm Va
^m§S>dbXmar nÕVrZo eoVr H$ê$Z àJVr gmYUmam
O_rZXmam§Mm EH$ dJ© ApñVËdmV `oB©b, Aer {~«{Q>e
amÁ`H$Ë`mªZm Amem dmQ>V hmoVr. {~«{Q>e amÁ`H$Ë`mªZr
\«$m§g_Yrb {ZgJ©dmXr {dMmam§Mm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z
~§Jmb_Yrb J«m_rU àXoemMm H$m`mnmbQ> H$aÊ`mMm
à`ËZ Ho$bm hmoVm. na§Vw ^maVm_Ü`o Ë`m§Zm Ano{jV `e
bm^bo Zmhr. eoVrgwYmaUm Va PmbrM Zmhr, CbQ>
H$m`_Ymam nÕVr_wio eoVH$ar Hw$im§Mo àM§S> emofU
Pmbo. EH§$XarVM, {~«{Q>e dmgmh{VH$ amOdQ>rV eoVr_Ü`o
gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r gwê$ Ho$boë`m nÕVrZo eoVr_Ü`o
EH$ emofUH$mar `§ÌUm {Z_m©U Ho$br. ^m§S>dbXmar
ñdê$nmÀ`m {dMmam§Mm dmna EH$m {Z_ga§Om_r (semi-
feudal) g_mOmVrb gÎmmg§ ~ § Y {Q> H $dÊ`mgmR> r
H$aÊ`mMm hm EH$ àH$ma hmoVm. Jwhm `m§Zr `m kmZemór`
{damo Y m^mgmMo (epistemological paradox)
ñnï> r H$aU ~§ J mb_Yrb {~« { Q> e amÁ`H$Ë`mª À `m
{dMmagaUrMm AmYma KoD$Z XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.
Aä`mgH$m§Zr aU{OV Jwhm§À`m n{hë`m J«§WmMo
gwédmVrbm ñdmJV \$ma CËgmhmZo Ho$bo Zmhr. H$mhr
Aä`mgH$m§Zm J«§WmÀ`m {df`mMr ^maVr` B{VhmgmÀ`m
g§X^m©V H$moUVrhr àmg§{JH$Vm dmQ>br Zmhr. Vgo `m_Ü`o
Zdb dmQ>Ê`mgmaIo H$mhr ZìhVo. H$maU 1960À`m
XeH$mV ^maVmVrb B{VhmgboIZm_Ü`o amOH$s` B{Vhmg
_m§S>Ê`mda OmñV ^a {Xbm OmV Ago. n`m©`mZo Jwhm
`m§Zr hmVmibobm "dgmhVdmXr kmZ' (colonialist
knowledge) {Z{_©Vrà{H«$`oMm {df` VËH$mbrZ
B{Vhmg boIZemómgmR>r EH$X_ Zdm hmoVm. Ë`mH$mir
amï´>dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mH$So>
Aä`mgH$m§Mm H$b dmT>bm hmoVm. `m B{VhmgH$mam§Zm
Jwhm§Mo g§emoYZ nQ>bo Zmhr. Ë`m§Zr Ë`m§À`m J«§Wmda
H$S>mSy>Z Q>rH$m Ho$br. B{Vhmg åhUOo KQ>Zm§À`m g§~{§ YV
{bImU Aer B{VhmgmMr gd©gmYmaU H$ënZm hmoVr.
{dMmam§Mm B{Vhmg, kmZ{Z{_©VrMm B{Vhmg, _mZ{gH$Vm,
_ZmodÎ¥ mr Ago {df` AOyZ àñWm{nV B{VhmgmÀ`m H$joV
Ambobo ZìhVo. Jwhm `m§Mm J«§W àH$m{eV hmoD$Z AZoH$
df} CbQ>ë`mda AJXr AbrH$S>rb H$mimV
Aä`mgH$m§Zm `m J«§WmMo _hÎd H$iy bmJbo Amho.
dgmhV H$mimV {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Amboë`m
nm[ü_mË` AmYw{ZH$VoZo ^maVm_Ü`o EH$ doJio ê$n YmaU
Ho$bo hmoV.o `mMm n[aUm_ ^maVmVrb gm_m{OH$, amOH$s`
Am{U Am{W©H$ {dMmam§À`m {Z{_©Vrda Pmbm. Jwhm§À`m
`m `w{º$dmXmMm ~moY Z§VaÀ`m {nT>rVrb Aä`mgH$m§Zm
hmoD$ bmJbm Amho. `m AWm©Zo Jwhm§Zr {b{hbobm J«§W
Amnë`m H$mimÀ`m H¡$H$ df} nwTo> hmoVm, Ago åhQ>bo
Va dmdJo R>aUma Zmhr.
emo{fV A§{H$Vm§À`m B{VhmgmÀ`m {XeoZo
B.g. 1963 _Ü`o "A éb Am°\$ àm°nQ>u \$m°a
~§oJmb' à{gÕ Pmë`mda B.g. 1980 n`ªV Jwhm§Zr
\$º$ EH$, XmoZ __©Jm« hr J«W§ narjU {b{hbobr {XgVmV.
`m H$mbI§S>mV Vo \$ma H$mhr g§emoYZmË_H$ boIZ H$ê$
eH$bo ZmhrV. ggoŠg {dÚmnrR>mV àmÜ`mnH$ AgVmZm
aU{OV Jwhm `m§Mr ^oQ> _oM{WëS> O§J{dW© `m Am°pñQ´>`Z
g§emo{YHo$er Pmbr. Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1970 _Ü`o aU{OV
Jwhm Am{U _oM{WëS> `m§Mm {ddmh Pmbm. Z§Va 2014
gmbr _oM{WëS> Jwhm `m§Zr "Danube, Ganges and
aU{OV Jwhm : ^maVr` B{VhmgboIZmbm H$bmQ>Ur XoUmao Aä`mgH$ & 9
other life streams" `m J«§WmV Amnë`m AmR>dUr
{b{hë`m_wio Amnë`mbm aU{OV Jwhm `m§À`m OrdZmV
KS>boë`m H$mhr ImOJr KQ>Zm§Mr _m{hVr {_iVo.
aU{OV Jwhm B{VhmgH$mam§nmgyZ WmoS>o A{bá amhmV
Agbo, Var Vo H$bH$Î`mVrb Aä`mgH$m§À`m g§nH$m©V
hmoVo. 1970-71 _Ü`o Jwhm gm_m{OH$ Midir§da
_hmË_m Jm§YrOr§À`m à^mdmMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r
{X„r_Ü`o Ambo hmoVo. {dSo>Z{\$ëS> Am{U {ZH$moëgZ `m
à{gÕ àH$meZ g§ñWoZo Ë`m§Mo ho g§emoYZ ghm I§S>m§_Ü`o
àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$bo hmoV.o nU H$mhr {Xdgm§ZV§ a
Jwhm§Zr àH$meH$m§H$Sy>Z KoVbobr AmJmD$ a¸$_ naV {Xbr.
H$maU {X„r_Yrb dmñVì`mÀ`m Xaå`mZ Ë`m§Zr Amnbm
g§emoYZmMm {df` ~Xbbm. _hmË_m Jm§Yr§À`m g§X^m©Vrb
{df`mnojm Ë`m§Zm ^maVmVrb eoVH$ar CR>mdm§À`m
B{VhmgmMo g§emoYZ H$aUo OmñV AJË`mMo dmQy> bmJbo.
g§emoYZmÀ`m {df`m_Ü`o Pmboë`m `m AmH$pñ_H$
n[adV©Zm_wio Jwhm `m§À`m Aä`mgmbm EH$ Zdr {Xem
{_imbr. {edm` Ë`m§À`m `m Zì`m ^y{_Ho$Mm ^maVmVrb
B{VhmgboIZemómdaXoIrb _ybJm_r n[aUm_ Pmbm.
Jwhm `m§Zr Amnbm g§emoYZmMm {df` AMmZH$nUo
H$m ~Xbbm? `m~ÔbMr H$mhrEH$ H$ënZm Ë`m§À`m
nËZr _oM{WëS> Jwhm `m§Zr gm§{JVboë`m Jmoïrdê$Z `oVo.
Jwhm {X„rV amhmV AgVmZm Ë`m§Mm amOH$maUr bmoH$m§er
nwÝhm g§~§Y Ambm. 1956 gmbr gmopìhEV a{e`mZo
h§Joarda AmH«$_U Ho$ë`mda Vo amOH$maUmnmgyZ Xÿa Jobo
hmoVo. _mÌ {X„r_Ü`o aU{OV Jwhm `m§À`m Kar MMm©
H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ ZjbdmXr H$m`©H$Ë`mªMr dX©i gwê$
Pmbr. aU{OV Jwhm§Zr ZjbdmXr Midirbm Iwbm
nm{R§>~m {Xbm. 1967 _Ü`o ~§Jmb_Yrb ZH$gb~mar
IoSo>JmdmV eoVH$ar CR>mdmZo `m MidirMr gwédmV
Pmbr. eoVH$ar Am{U Am{Xdmgr dJm©Vrb H$mhr JQ>mÀ`m
geó H«$m§VrÀ`m à`ËZm§Zr gd© Xoe Yw_gV hmoVm.
ZjbdmXr MidirÀ`m ZoË`m§da {MZr gmå`dmXr njmMm
nwT>mar _mAmo Ëgo Vw§JÀ`m {dMmam§Mm à^md hmoVm.
ZjbdmXr MidirMm ~w{ÕOrdr dJm©da n[aUm_ Pmbm.
Ë`mH$mir e¡j{UH$ dVwi © m_Ü`o eoVH$ar CR>mdm§Mo ñdê$n
hm MM}Mm {df` hmoVm. Jwhm§daXoIrb `m KS>m_moS>r§Mm
n[aUm_ Pmbm. Vo Ë`mÑïrZo {M§VZàd¥Îm Pmbo. Ë`m§Zr
^yVH$mimV Pmboë`m eoVH$ar Midir§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm.
eoVH$ar Midir§À`m Aä`mgmVyZM Ë`m§Mo A§VJ©V
VH$©emó H$iUo eŠ` hmoB©b, Agm Ë`m§Zm {dœmg dmQy>
bmJbm. `m_wioM Ë`m§Zr ^maVr` B{VhmgmVrb eoVH$ar
Midir§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMm Ü`mg KoVbm. nwT>rb
10 df} Ë`m§Zr `m g§emoYZmV ñdV…bm PmoHy$Z {Xbo.
nyduÀ`m B{VhmgH$mam§Zr eoVH$ar Midir§Mo g§emoYZ
H$aVmZm àm_w»`mZo `m Midir§À`m ZoVË¥ dmÀ`m H$m`m©da
^a {Xbm hmoVm. Jwhm§Zr gm_mÝ` eoVH$ar dJm©bm Amnë`m
Aä`mgmÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr AmUbo. 19ì`m eVH$mV {~«{Q>e
amOdQ>rMo ^maVmda A{YnË` ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ
gwê$ AgVmZm {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rbm eoVH$è`m§Zr Ho$boë`m
à{VH$mamMo ñdê$n ñnï H$aUo, hm Jwhm§Mm à_wI hoVy
hmoVm. `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m g§emoYZm_Ü`o eoVH$è`m§À`m
à{VH$mamÀ`m KQ>H$m§Mo {d{dY n¡by CbJSy>Z XmIdbo.
ho H$m_ AZdQ> hmoVo. Ë`m_wioM Vo Zì`m B{VhmgÑï>rMr
nm`m^aUr H$aUmao R>abo.
Jwhm§Mr _hÎm_ H¥$Vr
Jwhm§Mm "E{b_oQ§ >ar AñnoŠQ²>g Am°\$ {nPÝQ> BÝgO©Ýgr
BZ H$mobmo{Z`b B§{S>`m' hm J«§W 1983 _Ü`o àH$m{eV
Pmbm. Ë`m§Zr {b{hbobm hm gdm©V _hÎdmMm J«W§ _mZbm
OmVmo. `m J«§WmV Jwhm§Zr eoVH$ar Am{U Am{Xdmgr
CR>mdm§~Ôb B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Ho$boë`m nma§n[aH$ _m§S>Urbm
AmìhmZ {Xbo . nma§ n [aH$ _m§ S >Ur_Ü`o eo V H$ar
Midir§gmR>r ~møà^md {H§$dm A{^OZ ZoV¥Ëdmbm
H$maUr^yV nH$S>bo OmV Ago. Jwhm§Zr ho ZmH$mabo. Ë`m§À`m
_Vo, {~«{Q>e dgmhVr amOdQ>rÀ`m {damoYmV eoVH$è`m§Zr
à{VH$ma Ë`m§À`mH$So> H$maH$Ëd (agency) Agë`m_wio
Ho$bm hmoVm. à{VH$ma H$aV AgVmZm eoVH$ar ho A{^OZ
dJm©nmgyZ ñdV§Ì Am{U A{bá hmoVo. `m J«§Wm_Ü`o
H$mb© _mŠg©, A§Vmo{Z`mo J«mågr Am{U BVa {dMmad§Vm§À`m
{dMmam§Mm AmYma Jwhm§Zr KoVbm Amho. hm AmYma KoD$Z
^maVmVrb eoVrjoÌmVrb nañnag§~§Y Am{U CR>md
10 & g_mO à~moYZ n{ÌH$m-E{àb-_o-OyZ 2023
Aä`mgÊ`mgmR>rMr EH$ Mm¡H$Q> V`ma Ho$br. nyduÀ`m
Aä`mgH$m§Zr eoVH$ar CR>mdmMm B{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mgmR>r
{~«{Q>e dgmhVdmXr amOdQ>rZo {Z_m©U Ho$bobr "gaH$mar'
_m{hVr Am{U H$mJXnÌo dmnabr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio
Ë`m§À`mda H$iV-ZH$iV gaH$mar ^y{_Ho$Mm à^md
nS>bm hmoVm. gaH$mar H$mJXnÌm§_Ü`o eoVH$è`m§Zm,
"~m{be, Z_« AWdm AmkmYmaH$' g_Obo Jobo hmoVo.
eoVH$è`m§Mr hrM à{V_m nyduÀ`m B{VhmgH$mam§Zr
AYmoao{IV Ho$bobr {XgVo. _mÌ Jwhm§À`m Aä`mgmZo ho
XmIdyZ {Xbo H$s, eoVH$è`m§Mr hr à{V_m dmñVdmbm
Yê$Z ZìhVr. H$maU eoVH$è`m§Zr AZoH$ CR>md Am{U
Am§XmobZm§_Ü`o _moR>çm g§»`oZo gh^mJ KoVbm hmoVm.
gaH$mar H$mJXnÌm§Mo "CR>mdmbm {damoY' (counter-
insurgency) H$aUmao ñdê$n g_Oy Z Ë`m§ Z m
B{VhmgH$mam§Zr "CbQ>çm {XeoZo' (against the
grain) dmMbo nm{hOo, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V ~Zbo.
`m J«§WmVrb EH$m àH$aUmV Jwhm§Zr Am§XmobH$m§Mo
{dMma, AZw^d Am{U AmH$bZ H$em àH$mao BVa
ì`º$s¨da à^md Q>mH$Vo, `mMm AmT>mdm KoVbm Amho.
{deof åhUOo `m g§X^m©V "A\$dm§Zr' nma nmS>boë`m
^y{_Ho$da AË`§V S>moig MMm© Ho$br Amho. CR>md H$ê$Z
gd© J«m_rU joÌm_Ü`o CbWmnmbW {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m
eoVH$è`m§À`m Om{Udm§Mo H$m` ñdê$n hmoVo Am{U hr
OmUrd H$er ~XbV hmoVr, `mMo ñnï>rH$aU XoÊ`mMm
Jwhm§Zr à`ËZ Ho$bm. VWm{n, ho H$aÊ`mgmR>r Jwhm§Zr
Eo{Vhm{gH$ _m§S>UrMr EH$ doJir aMZm ñdrH$mabr.
`m J«W§ mV nma§n[aH$ B{VhmgH$mam§à_mUo eoVH$ar CR>mdm§Mr
EH$m_mJo EH$ Aer H$mbH«$_mZwgma _m§S>Ur Ho$br Zmhr.
Ë`m§Zm dgmhVdmX Am{U eoVH$ar CR>md `m§À`mVrb
g§~Y§ AYmoa{o IV H$amd`mMm hmoVm. ho H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr
eoVH$ar CR>mdmMo ZH$ma, g§{X½YVm, EoŠ`^md (nega-
tion ambiguity, solidarity) Ago {d{dY n¡by
{ZpüV Ho$bo. `m n¡by§da àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r {~«{Q>e
amOdQ>rÀ`m {d{dY Q>ßß`m§V Pmboë`m AZoH$ eoVH$ar
CR>mdm§Mr CXmhaUo {Xbr. CXmhaUmW©, Jwhm§Zr J«§WmÀ`m
Xþgè`m àH$aUmV eoVH$è`m§Zr {~«{Q>e dmgmh{VH$
amOdQ>rÀ`m ~mø gÎmm{MÝhm§Zm (àemgH$s` H$Moè`m,
^mfm, XiUdiUmMr gmYZo, doe^yfm B.) {Xbobm
"ZH$ma' (negation), hm eoVH$ar CR>mdmÀ`m ñdê$nmMm
n¡by hmVmibm Amho. eoVH$ar CR>mdmMm B{Vhmg
{b{hÊ`mMm hm EH$ ZmdrÝ`nyU© _mJ© hmoVm. hm _mJ©
ñdrH$maë`m_wio Jwhm§Zm eoVH$ar CR>mdm§À`m ñdê$nm~Ôb
_ybJm_r àý {Z_m©U H$aVm Ambo.
"E{b_o§Q>ar AñnoŠQ²>g'Zo ^maVr` Aä`mgH$m§g_moa
B{Vhmg g§emoYZmMm EH$ Z_wZm Ro>dbm. hm J«§W
{b{hÊ`mgmR>r dmnaboë`m g§X^mªMr `mXr dmMbr H$s,
AmOXoIrb EImXm Aä`mgH$ AM§{~V hmoB©b. H$maU
`m `mXr_Ü`o _moR>çm à_mUmV {dñ_aUmV Jobobr g§X^©
gmYZo dmnabobr {XgVmV. Jwhm§Zr AË`§V Xþ{_©i g§X^©
gmYZo emoYZy Ë`m§Mm dmna Ho$bm. eoVH$è`m§À`m CR>mdmMo
ñdê$n CbJSy>Z XmIdVmZm Ë`m§Zr eoVH$è`m§~Ôb
~marH$gmarH$ Vnerb Am{U {H$aH$moi dmQ>mì`mV Aem
Jmoï>tMr Zmo§X KoVbr. CXmhaUmW©, Jwhm `m§Zr eoVH$ar
Amnë`m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV dmnaV Agboë`m ^m§S>çm§Mo
dU©Z Ho$bo, Va EHo$ {R>H$mUr eoVH$è`m§À`m {IemV
{_imboë`m dñVy Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVë`m AmhoV. dmMH$mbm
Ago dmQ>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho H$s, BVHo$ jw„H$ Vnerb
XoÊ`mMr JaO H$m` Amho? danm§Jr jw„H$ dmQ>Umè`m
JmoïrÀ`m AmYmao eoVH$è`m§À`m B{VhmgmÀ`m EImÚm
AkmV n¡byda àH$me Q>mH$Uo, hoM Jwhm§À`m B{Vhmg
boIZnÕVrMo __© hmoVo. _yi Eo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZm§Vrb
Vnerb _w~bH$ à_mUmV dmnaë`m_wio Jwhm§À`m
{bImUmbm EH$ {Od§VnUm `oVmo. boIH$mH$So> Amnë`m
{df`m~Ôb ^a_gmR> _m{hVr Amho, Ago dmMH$mbm
dma§dma dmQ>V amhmVo. "E{b_o§Q>ar AñnoŠQ²>g…' _Ü`o
nydg© ay rÀ`m ^maVr` B{VhmgH$mam§À`m {bImUmMm nam_e©
Jwhm§Zr KoVbm Amho. eoVH$ar CR>mdm§~Ôb Amnë`mbm
Oo AmVmn`ªV _mhrV Amho, Vo H$go _mhrV Amho', ho
OmUUo Ë`m§À`mgmR>r _hÎdmMo hmoVo. åhUyZM nyduÀ`m
B{VhmgboIZmMm B{Vhmg gm§JUo, hm Ë`m§À`m _m§S>UrMm
A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ hmoVm.
aU{OV Jwhm : ^maVr` B{VhmgboIZmbm H$bmQ>Ur XoUmao Aä`mgH$& 11
g~mëQ>Z© Aä`mg JQ>mMm CX`
{~«{Q>e amOdQ>rbm Pmboë`m à{VH$mamÀ`m EH$m
n`m©`r B{VhmgmMr _m§S>Ur H$aÊ`mgmR>r gZ 1977
_Ü`o aU{OV Jwhm§Zr Aä`mgH$m§Mm EH$ JQ> ñWmnZ
H$aÊ`m_Ü`o nwT>mH$ma KoVbm. `m JQ>mbm "g~mëQ>Z©
B{VhmgmMm JQ>' `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbo OmD$ bmJbo.
nwT>rb VrZ df} `m JQ>mVrb B{VhmgH$mam§_Ü`o {~«{Q>e
amOdQ>rbm Pmboë`m à{VH$mamÀ`m {d{dY _wX²Úm§da
gImob MMm© Pmbr. g~mëQ>Z© JQ>mÀ`m Ho$Ч ñWmZr aU{OV
Jwhm hmoVo. `m{edm` So>pìhS> AaZm°ëS>, ehrX A_rZ,
½`mZo§Ð nm§So> Am{U So>pìhS> hmS>u_Z ho VéU g§emoYH$ `m
JQ>mV gh^mJr hmoVo. 1980 gmbr Jwhm§À`m EH$m
^maV^oQ>rÀ`m Xaå`mZ Jm¡V_ ^Ðm, Xrnoe MH«$dVu Am{U
nmW© M°Q>Ou `m ^maVr` Aä`mgH$m§Zm JQ>mV gm_rb
H$ê$Z KoÊ`mV Ambo. g~mëQ>Z© JQ>mÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Mm
^maVmV EH$ {Z`VH$m{bH$ gwê$ H$aÊ`mMm _mZg hmoVm.
Zdr {X„rVrb Am°Šg\$S>© `w{Zìh{g©Q>r àog `m àH$meZ
g§ñWoZo g~mëQ>Z© JQ>mÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr {b{hboë`m
g§emoYZmË_H$ {Z~§Ym§Mo VrZ I§S> àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mMo
H$~yb Ho$bo. I§S>mM§ o erf©H$ "g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rO: am`{Q§>½O
Am°Z gmD$W E{e`Z {hñQ>ar A±S> gmogm`Q>r' Ago hmoVo.
"g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rO'Mo I§S> 1982 nmgyZ àH$m{eV hmoÊ`mg
gwédmV Pmbr. `m I§S>m§Mo `e nmhyZ AmUIr VrZ I§S>
àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `m àma§^r H$mimVrb ghm
I§S>m§Mo g§nmXZ aU{OV Jwhm `m§Zr Ho$bo hmoVo.
g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rO JQ>mÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Mo àma§^rMo
boI "eoVH$ar CR>md' `m {df`mda bj H|${ÐV H$aUmao
hmoVo. "eoVH$ar Om{UdoMr ñdm`ÎmVm' hm {dMma `m
boIm§À`m Ho$§ÐñWmZr hmoVm Á`m_YyZ Jwhm§À`m "E{b_o§Q>ar
AñnoŠQ²>g'Mm ñnï à^md OmUdVmo. H$m±J«ogÀ`m
Midir§_Yrb eoVH$è`m§Mm gh^mJ hm amï—dmXr
{dMmaàUmbrÀ`m à^mdm_wio ZìhVm. CbQ> eoVH$è`m§Zr
ñdV…À`m H$maUm§gmR>r gh^mJ KoVbm hmoVm Am{U
~è`mM doim bT>çm_Ü`o gh^mJr hmoUo XoIrb Q>mibo
hmoVo. ho {gÕ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rOÀ`m
AZoH$ {Z~§Ym§_YyZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. WmoS>Š`mV,
eoVH$è`m§Mo amï—r` amOH$maU ho A{^OZm§À`m amï—r`
amOH$maUmnojm {^Þ hmoV,o Ago g~mëQ>Z© B{VhmgH$mam§Mo
_V hmoV.o
g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rOMm Ñ{ï>H$mo Z ^maVr`
Aä`mgH$m§_Ü`o bmoH${à` Pmbm. Ë`mMo EH$ H$maU åhUOo
Ë`m§Zr Ho$bobr dgmhVH$mbrZ H$mJXnÌm§Mr {M{H$Ëgm
ho hmoV.o nyduMo B{VhmgH$ma gaH$mar H$mJXnÌo- Ahdmb
BË`mXr Eo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZm§Zm B{VhmgboIZmgmR>r
{ZUm©`H$ _mZV AgV. aU{OV Jwhm§Zr nwam{^boImJmamV
OVZ Ho$boë`m gaH$mar H$mJXnÌm§À`m nmaXe©H$Voda àý
CnpñWV Ho$bo. OwÝ`m nwamVZ gaH$mar H$mJXnÌm§Mo dmMZ
Ho$ë`mda gË` B{Vhmg g_OVmo, hm g_O Ë`m§Zr ImoS>y Z
H$mT>bm. Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mJXnÌm§À`m AmYmao g§emoYZ
H$aVmZm B{VhmgH$mamÀ`m nyd©J«hm§Mm à^md AgVmo.
{edm` Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mJXnÌm§À`m _OHw$amV bnbobo
AZoH$ nyd©J«h Ë`mÀ`mda A{YH$Mm n[aUm_ H$aV
AgVmV. Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mJXnÌm§À`m dmMZmg§X^m©V
{Z_m©U hmoUmao àý hmVmiÊ`mMr V`mar g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rO
JQ>mÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr XmIdbr. emo{fV-d§{MV bmoH$m§Mm
B{Vhmg {bhm`Mm Agob, Va {~«{Q>e Xáam§_Yrb
H$mJXnÌo nma§n[aH$ nÕVrZo dmMyZ Cn`moJ ZìhVm.
Amnë`mbm Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mJXnÌo dmMyZ Oo g_OVo Vo
H$go g_OVo? Oo g_OVo Ë`m§Mo ñnïrH$aU AmnU H$go
XoVmo Am{U H$m XoVmo? `m Eo{Vhm{gH$ kmZ{Z{_©VrÀ`m
_yb^yV Am{U J§^ra àým§Zm {^S>Ê`mMo Ym[aîQ>ç g~mëQ>Z©
Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ho$bo. Ë`m§À`m `m YramoXmÎm ^y{_Ho$_wio
Am{U AZdQ> añË`mZo MmbÊ`mÀ`m Y¡`m©_wio AZoH$
VéU g§emoYH$ Ë`m§À`mH$So> AmH${f©V Pmbo.
J«mågr `m§À`m {dMmam§Mm à^md
aU{OV Jw h m Am{U g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rOÀ`m
Aä`mgH$m§ Z r _m§ S >bo ë `m {dMmam§ d a BQ>brÀ`m
Zd_mŠg©dmXr {dMmad§V A§Vmo{Z`mo J«mågr `m§Mm à^md
hmoVm. _hm{dÚmb`rZ OrdZmV Ë`m§Mo {ejH$ gwemo^Z
gaH$ma `m§Zr Ë`m§Zm J«mågrÀ`m {dMmam§Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z
{Xbr hmoVr. gwemo^Z gaH$ma `m§Mo {dÚmWu Am{U
12 & g_mO à~moYZ n{ÌH$m-E{àb-_o-OyZ 2023
_mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgH$ma Agboë`m ~ê$Z So> `m§Zr
1970À`m XeH$mV Amnë`m {bImUmV J«mågr `m§Mr
"g~mëQ>Z©' Mr g§H$ënZm dmnabr hmoVr. _mÌ Ë`m§Zr `m
g§H$ënZoMm AW© "A§{H$V _Ü`_ dJ©' (subordinate
middle class) Agm KoVbm hmoVm. ~ê$Z So> `m§Zm
A{^àoV Agboë`m "g~mëQ>Z©'À`m AWm©nojm Jwhm§Zm
A{YH$ ì`mnH$ AW© Ano{jV hmoVm. `m eãXmbm Ë`m§Zr
Zdo n[a_mU {Xbo. aU{OV Jwhm§Zr g~mëQ>Z© `m
g§H$ënZoMm AW© J«mågrZo bmdboë`m _yi AWm©à_mUo
"ImbÀ`m XOm©Mo bmoH$' Agm KoVbm. g~mëQ>Z©
g§H$ënZoÀ`m dmnamVrb `m n[adV©Zm_wio ^maVmVrb
B{VhmgboIZemóm_Ü`o EH$m Zì`m ^y{_Ho$Mm CX`
Pmbm. `m_wio B{VhmgboIZmMo bj "ImbÀ`m XOm©À`m
emo{fV A§{H$V bmoH$m§da' H|${ÐV Pmbo. Aem bmoH$m§Mm
B{Vhmg hr Jmoï>M A{^Zd hmoVr.
Jwhm `m§Zr J«mågrÀ`m {dMmam§Mr ñdV:da Agboë`m
à^mdmMr MMm© EH$m boImV Ho$br Amho. Jwhm§Zr J«mågr
`m§Zm Amnbo {ejH$ _mZyZ AmXam§Obr dm{hbr Amho.
1970 À`m XeH$mV Jwhm Ooìhm J«mågrÀ`m {dMmaYmaoZo
AmH${f©V Pmbo Voìhm ^maVm_Yrb ZjbdmXr Midi
W§S>mdbr hmoVr. nU `m Midir_wio {Z_m©U Pmbobo
àý _mÌ AZwÎm[aV am{hbo. MidirÀ`m à^mdm_wio
Aä`mgH$m§_Ü`o EH$m doJù`m àH$maMo dmñVd^mZ {Z_m©U
Pmbo hmoV.o {~«{Q>em§Mr dgmhVdmXr amOdQ> g§nïw mV Ambr
Agbr Var Ë`m§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$bobr dgmhVr à^wËdmMr
`§ÌUm {Q>H$y Z hmoVr. `m_wio ^maVr` amÁ`H$Ë`mªH$So> gÎmm§Va
Pmbo Agbo, Var ZdrZ amOdQ>rV JmoaJ[a~m§Mo emofU
MmbyM hmoV.o `m~m~V Jwhm§Zm EH$ H$irMm àý ^oS>gmdV
hmoVm. Vmo åhUOo, ñdmV§Í`bT>çmV Omo A{^OZdJ©
gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§À`m ~amo~arZo bT>bm, Vmo ñdmV§Í`moÎma
H$mimV amÁ`H$Ë`mª~amo~a Xya H$m Jobm? {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV
B§J«O ^maVr`m§Zm Ogo dmJdV hmoVo, VgoM ñdmV§Í`moÎma
H$mimV A{^OZ bmoH$ gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§er H$go dmJV
hmoV?o WmoS>Š`mV, ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimVrb A{^OZ Am{U
gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§_Yrb A§Va {~«{Q>e H$mimVrb B§J«O
Am{U ^maVr` bmoH$m§_Yrb A§VamgmaIo hmoVo. Jwhm
`m§ Z r ^y V H$mi Am{U dV© _ mZmVrb `m Xmo Z
n[apñWVr_Yrb gmå` emoYyZ dmñVdmMo ñnïrH$aU
XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. ñnïrH$aU XoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr
hoJobÀ`m _mbH$ - ZmoH$a Û§Û (Hegelian Master-
Servant Dialectic) Am{U J«mågrÀ`m à^wËdmÀ`m
(Hegemony) g§H$ënZoMm AmYma KoVbm.
amOH$maUmMr XmoZ joÌo
Jw h m§ Z r ^maVr` B{VhmgH$mam§ _ Ü`o àM{bV
Agboë`m B{VhmgboIZ nÕVr~Ôb dma§dma ZmamOr
ì`º$ Ho$br Amho. H$maU Vo Amnë`m B{VhmgboIZmV
A{^OZ dJm©bm _hÎd XoV hmoVo. Ë`m_Ü`o ^maVr`
ñdmV§Í`bT>çmMm AW© bmdUmao Ho$§{~«OdmXr, amï´>dmXr
Am{U _mŠg©dmXr {dMmaàUmbrMo B{VhmgH$ma hmoVo.
bmoH$m§Zr {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rbm Ho$boë`m à{VH$mamgmR>r Vo
^maVmVrb A{^OZ ZoVË¥ dmbm H$maUr^yV _mZV AgV.
Aem àH$maÀ`m {bImUmV amOH$maUmÀ`m joÌmbm
{~«{Q>e H$mimV {Z_m©U Pmboë`m H$m±J«og Am{U BVa
bmoH$à{V{ZYr g§ñWm§n`ªV _`m©{XV Ho$bo hmoVo. Jwhm§Zr
_mÌ amOH$maUmÀ`m A{^OZdmXr joÌmMr VwbZm
bmoH$m§À`m amOH$maU {H§$dm g~mëQ>Z© joÌmer Ho$br.
Ë`m§À`m _Vo, bmoH$m§À`m amOH$maU joÌmda {~«{Q>enyd©
H$mimVrb à{VH$mamÀ`m àH$mam§Mm à^md hmoVm.
WmoS>Š`mV Jwhm§À`m _Vo, A{^OZ joÌ Am{U g~mëQ>Z©
joÌ hr amOH$maUmMr XmoZ ñdV§Ì joÌo hmoVr. A{^OZ
amOH$maU joÌmMm g~mëQ>Z© amOH$maU joÌmer H$moUVmhr
g§~§Y ZìhVm. {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV {Z_m©U Pmboë`m
A{^OZ dJm©Zo g~mëQ>Z© amOH$maUmÀ`m joÌmbm
H$moUVohr `moJXmZ {Xbo ZìhVo. Jwhm§Zr Aer _m§S>Ur
Ho$br H$s, ^maVr` ñdmV§Í` MidirÀ`m Xaå`mZ ñdm`Îm
ñdê$nmMo g~mëQ>Z© bmoH$m§Mo CR>md Pmbo hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr
Agm Xmdm Ho$bm H$s, g~mëQ>Z© {H§$dm emo{fV A§{H$Vm§Mr
OmUrd Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr `m XmoÝhr Jmoïr aMZmË_H$ÑîQ>çm
ñdm`Îm (structural autonomy) hmoË`m. emo{fV
A§{H$VmÀ`m Om{Udobm Am{U g§ñH¥$Vrbm ñdm`ÎmVm
Xo U o , hr ^maVr` ñdmV§ Í `bT>çmMm B{Vhmg
aU{OV Jwhm : ^maVr` B{VhmgboIZmbm H$bmQ>Ur XoUmao Aä`mgH$ & 13
g_OÊ`mgmR>r EH$ _moR>r g¡Õm§{VH$ Pon hmoVr.
^maVr` A{^OZ Am{U g~mëQ>Z© Ago
amOH$maUmÀ`m joÌm§Mo ñdV§Ì ApñVËd gm§JZy , Jwhm EH$m
Eo{Vhm{gH$ gË`mH$So> Amnbo bj doYVmV. Vo gË`
åhUOo "^maVr` A{^OZm§Zm gd© amï—mÀ`m dVrZo
~mobÊ`m_Ü`o Ambobo An`e' (failure of the
Indian Bourgeoisie to speak for the nation)
ho hmo`. ^maVmVrb gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§À`m OrdZmda Am{U
Ë`m§À`m Om{Udm§da A{^OZ dJ© à^wËd {Z_m©U H$ê$
eH$bm Zmhr. g~mëQ>Z© B{VhmgH$mam§Zr KoVbobr hr
^y{_H$m nma§n[aH$ B{VhmgH$mam§À`m ^y{_Ho$er \$maH$V
KoUmar hmoVr åhUyZ Vr H$m`mnmbQ> H$aUmar R>abr.
dmgmh{VH$ amÁ`g§ñWoMo ñdê$n
Jwhm§Zr J«mågrÀ`m à^wËdmÀ`m g§H$ënZoMm Cn`moJ
"dmgmh{VH$ amÁ`g§ñWoMo' (Colonial State) ñdê$n
ñnï H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm. dmgmh{VH$ amÁ`g§ñWoMo ñdê$n
OJmVrb BVa amÁ`g§ñWm§nojm doJio hmoVo, ho bjmV
¿`m`bm gm_«mÁ`dmXr Aä`mgH$ V`ma ZìhVo. Vo
^maVmVrb dmgmh{VH$ amÁ`g§ñWoMo ñdê$n {~«Q>ZÀ`m
bmoH$emhr amÁ`g§ñWoà_mUoM _mZV hmoVo. {~«Q>Z_Yrb
amÁ`g§ñWm ZmJ[aH$m§À`m gh_Vrda AmYmabobr hmoVr.
Ë`mà_mUoM ^maVmVrb dmgmh{VH$ amÁ`g§ñWm ^maVr`
bmoH$m§À`m gh_Vrda ApñVËdmV hmoVr, Agm `w{º$dmX
gm_«mÁ`dmXr Aä`mgH$ H$aV hmoVo. {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rbm
^maVmVrb bmoH$m§Mr g§_Vr hmoVr, Agm g_O ÑT>
H$aÊ`mMm Ë`m§Mm à`ËZ hmoVm. g~mëQ>Z© B{VhmgH$mam§Zr
Amnë`m g§emoYZmVyZ, {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rMo à^wËd ho {dZm
àm~ë` (dominance without hegemony)
Aem ñdê$nmMo hmoVo, ho XmIdyZ {Xbo. AWm©V, Vo
~imÀ`m dmnamÀ`m VwbZoV bmoH$m§Mr _Zo didÊ`mMm
à`ËZ (persuasion) OmñV H$arV hmoV.o VWm{n, Ë`m§Mm
~imMm dmna (coercion) nyUn© Uo jrU ZìhVm. B.g.
1992 _Ü`o ^maVmVrb {~«{Q>e à^wËdmMr {M{H$Ëgm
H$aUmao Am{U B{VhmgboIZmÀ`m A{^OZdmXr na§naoda
Q>rH$m H$aUmao Jwhm `m§Mo VrZ XrK© boI "Dominance
without Hegemony" erf©H$ Agboë`m J«W
§ m_Ü`o
à{gÕ Pmbo.
M§ÐmO S>W
o ho XmIdyZ {Xbo. M§Ðm IyZ IQ>ë`mMm H$m`Xoera
B.g. 1987 _Ü`o à{gÕ Pmboë`m g~mëQ>Z©
ñQ>S>rOÀ`m nmMì`m I§S>mV àH$m{eV Pmbobm Jwhm `m§Mm
"M§ÐmO XoV' hm boI Iyn M{M©bm Jobm. Ë`mMo H$m¡VwH$
Pmbo. `m boImVyZ EH$m gm_mÝ` ì`º$sÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrda àH$me Q>mH$Umè`m
B{VhmgboIZmMo EH$ ZmdrÝ`nyU© àmê$n Jwhm§Zr
Aä`mgH$m§nTw >o Ro>dbo. ~§Jmb_Yrb "M§Ðm' ZmdmÀ`m EH$m
~mJS>r OmVrÀ`m órÀ`m IwZmMr KQ>Zm Jwhm§Zr
Aä`mgbr. M§ Ð mÀ`m Iw Z mVy Z {Z_m© U Pmbo ë `m
H$mJXnÌm§Mm Cn`moJ B{VhmgboIZmgmR>r H$aÊ`mMm
à`ËZ Jwhm§Zr Ho$bm. hm boI {b{hVmZm Jwhm§Zr Amnbr
{d{eï ^y{_H$m {deX Ho$br. Vr ^y{_H$m B{Vhmgmbm
Zdr Am{U H«$m§VXeu hmoVr. M§ÐmÀ`m IyZ IQ>ë`mMr
H$mJXnÌo B{VhmgboIZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnaUo, ho EH$
AmìhmZ hmoVo. nma§n[aH$ B{VhmgboIZ àUmbrMo V§Ì
`mgmR>r Anwao hmoVo. ho V§Ì _hÎdmÀ`m KQ>Zm {H§$dm
g§ñWm§Mo B{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mgmR>r dmnabo OmV hmoVo.
M§Ðmgma»`m EH$m emo{fV órÀ`m _¥Ë`yMm AW© ho
B{VhmgboIZemó bmdy eH$V ZìhVo. nma§n[aH$
B{VhmgboIZ àUmbrMm H$b Aem N>moQ>çm-_moR>çm
KQ>Zm§H$So> H$mZmS>moim H$aÊ`mH$So> Ago. åhUyZM `m
B{Vhmgbo I Z àUmbrda {dœmg Agbo ë `m
B{VhmgH$mam§H$Sy>Z EH$m emo{fV ór g§X^m©V KS>bobr
hr KQ>Zm ZOaoAmS> H$aUo Ano{jV hmoVo. _mÌ EH$m
{M{H$ËgH$ B{VhmgboIZ àUmbr_Ü`o `m H$mJXnÌm§Mm
dmna H$ê$Z AmH$bZ Am{U kmZm_Ü`o {Z_m©U Pmboë`m
\$Q>r ^ê$Z H$mT>Uo Ano{jV hmoVo. VimJmimVrb
bmoH$m§À`m OrdZmVrb nmD$bIwUm emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ
Ë`mgmR>r _hÎdmMm hmoVm. Jwhm§Zr Amnë`m boIm_Ü`o
hoM Ho$bo. M§Ðm IyZ IQ>ë`m_Ü`o Amamon Agboë`m
ì`º$r§À`m Odm~m§Mo {díbofUmË_H$ dmMZ H$ê$Z Jwhm§Zr
VËH$mbrZ J«m_rU ~§Jmb Bbm»`mVrb gm_m{OH$
14 & g_mO à~moYZ n{ÌH$m-E{àb-_o-OyZ 2023
g§~Y§ m§da Zdm àH$me Q>mH$bm. Ë`m§Zr EH$m N>mQo >çm KQ>ZM
o m
Cn`moJ H$ê$Z {~«{Q>e dmgmh{VH$ gÎmm hr H$em àH$mao
nwéfgÎmmH$ g_mO Am{U OmV g§~Y§ m§_Ü`o JwV§ bobr hmoVr,
H$mJXnÌmVrb _OHw$am_Ü`o XS>bobm AW© Ë`m§Zr emoYyZ
H$mT>bm. EH§$XarV hm boI gyú_ {H§$dm A§ebjr`
B{VhmgmMo (microhistory) CÎm_ CXmhaU hmoVo.
~Zm©S>© H$mohZ `m§À`m J«W
§ mbm àñVmdZm
B. g. 1987 _Ü`o Jwhm `m§Zr »`mVZm_ A_o[aH$Z
_mZdd§eemñÌk ~Zm©S>© H$mohZ `m§À`m J«§WmMr àñVmdZm
{b{hbr. B{VhmgH$mam§_Yrb EH$ _mZdd§eemñÌk (An
Anthropologist among the Historians) Ago
`m J«§WmMo erf©H$ hmoVo. H$mohZ `m§À`m _mZdd§eemñÌr`
B{VhmgmÀ`m (anthropological history)
Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ ^maVr` g_mOmMm Aä`mg H$aUmè`m
{Z~§Ym§Mo g§H$bZ `m J«§Wm_Ü`o Ho$bo Amho. gm_m{OH$
emómÀ`m g§emoYZ joÌm_Ü`o H$mohZ `m§Mm Mm§JbmM
à^md hmoVm. Ë`m§À`m {bImUmV {_Mob \w$H$mo Am{U
ES>dS>© g¡X `m {dMmad§Vm§Zr _m§S>bëo `m {dMmam§Mr nydN© >m`m
{XgyZ `oV.o WmoS>Š`mV, `m {dMmad§Vm§Zr _m§S>bëo `m AZoH$
Jmoïr H$mohZ `m§Zr AmYrM _m§S>boë`m hmoË`m. {~«{Q>e
bmo H $m§ Z r ^maVr` g_mOmMo {MÌU H$aÊ`mgmR> r
Adb§~boë`m {d{dY _mJmªMo dU©Z Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo hmoVo.
^maVr` B{Vhmg Am{U g_mO `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUmè`m
naXoer Aä`mgH$m§_Ü`o Vo AË`§V bmoH${à` hmoVo. Iao
Va, Ë`m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rOMm {eaH$md
A_o[aH$s Aä`mgjoÌmV Pmbm hmoVm. B.g. 1985 _Ü`o
H$mohZ ho g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rOgmR>r {b{hUmao n{hbo A_o[aH$s
B{VhmgH$ma ~Zbo. g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rOÀ`m Mm¡Ï`m I§S>mVrb
"^mfodaMo à^wËd Am{U à^wËdmMr ^mfm' (The Lan-
guage of Command and Command of
Language) hm Ë`m§Mm EH$m {VaH$g {df`mda
{b{hbobm boI Iyn JmObm hmoVm.
A_o[aHo$V Am{U `wamo{n`Z {dÚmjoÌmV gwà{gÕ
Am{U à^mdembr Agboë`m ~Zm©S>© H$mohZ `m§À`m AË`§V
_hÎdmÀ`m boIm§À`m g§J«hmMr àñVmdZm {b{hë`m_wio
aU{OV Jwhm `m§Mo Zmd nm{ü_mË` OJVmV MM}V Ambo.
Ë`m§ M o {dMma Am{U bm¡ { H$H$ `m àñVmdZo _ w i o
nm{ü_mË`m§À`m bjmV Ambm. Ë`m_wioM So>{dS> bwSo>Z
`m§Zr g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rO OmJ{VH$ ñVamda nmohmoMÊ`mMo
EH$ _w»` H$maU aU{OV Jwhm Am{U ~Zm©S>© H$mohZ
`m§Mr ^mJrXmar Agë`mMo gm§{JVbo Amho.
aU{OV Jwhm `m§Zr J«§WmÀ`m àñVmdZoV B{Vhmg
Am{U _mZdd§eemómVrb nañnag§~§YmMm _hÎdnyU©
{df` hmVmibm. H$mohZ ho _mZdd§eemók hmoVo Am{U
B{Vhmg Ë`m§À`m AmdS>rMm {df` hmoVm. Ë`m§Mo gd©
{bImU EH$m ZmdrÝ`nyU© _mZdd§eemór` B{VhmgmÀ`m
(anthropological history) ^y{_Ho$VyZ Pmbo hmoVo.
aU{OV Jwhm `m§Zr H$mohZ `m§Zr H$em àH$mao `m ZdrZ
^y{_Ho$Mm dmna Amnë`m boIm§_Ü`o Ho$bm hmoVm `mMr
CH$b Ho$br. B{Vhmg d _mZdd§eemó EH$Ì Ambo
Am{U g§emoYZmÀ`m d B{VhmgH$WZmÀ`m ZdrZ nÕVr
{dH${gV Ho$ë`m, Va B{VhmgboIZmbm ZdrZ diU
{_iy eHo$b, Aer Amem Ë`m§Zr ì`º$ Ho$br hmoVr.
1980 Vo 1988 hm H$mi Jwhm `m§Zr H°$Z~oam
`oWrb Am°ñQ´>o{b`Z Z°eZb `w{Zìh{g©Q>r (ANU) _Ü`o
d[að g§emoYH$ åhUyZ H$m_ Ho$bo. H°$Z~oam `oWyZ Ë`m§Zr
g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rOÀ`m ghm I§S>m§Mo g§nmXZ Ho$bo. 1988
gmbr Vo ZmoH$arVyZ {Zd¥Îm Pmbo. nwT>rb dfu Ë`m§Zr
g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rOÀ`m I§S>mM§ o g§nmXH$nX gmoS>b.o Jwhm§À`m
`m _hÎdmÀ`m {ZU©`mMo H$maU _oM{WëS> Jwhm `m§Zr
Amnë`m AmR>dUr§_Ü`o {Xbo Amho. {Zd¥Îm Pmë`m_wio
Ë`m§Zm {dÚmnrR>mH$Sy>Z {_iUmao H$maHw$Zr gmhmæ` ~§X
Pmbo hmoVo. Xwgao Ago H$s, aU{OV Jwhm `m§Zm ZdrZ
CnH«$_ gwê$ H$amdm, Ago dmQ>V hmoVo. Am°ñQ´>o{b`m_Ü`o
Aä`mgmÀ`m _wX²Úm§da dmX-à{VdmX H$aÊ`mMr na§nam
ZìhVr. Jwhm§Zm BVa Aä`mgH$m§~amo~a e¡j{UH$
dmX{ddmXm§_Ü`o Amnbo {dMma VnmgyZ ¿`m`bm AmdS>V
hmoVo. Am°ñQ´>o{b`m_Ü`o `mgmR>r nmofH$ dmVmdaU ZìhVo.
H$maU `oWrb {ejUjoÌmVrb bmoH$m§Mm dmX-à{VdmX
H$aÊ`mnojm EH$_V H$aÊ`mH$So> H$b hmoVm. `mCbQ> Jwhm
aU{OV Jwhm : ^maVr` B{VhmgboIZmbm H$bmQ>Ur XoUmao Aä`mgH$ & 15
dmX{ddmX `mH$So> Amnbo {dMma OmñV Q>mHo $Xma H$aÊ`mMm
_mJ© åhUyZ nmhmV AgV. Amnbo {dMma VnmgyZ
nmhmÊ`mgmR>r Jwhm§Zr `wamon, ^maV Am{U A_o[aHo$VyZ
ì`m»`mZo XoÊ`mMr {Z_§ÌUo ñdrH$maÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br.
Ë`m§Mo boI A_o[aHo$Vrb Zm_d§V {dÚmnrR>m§_m\©$V
àH$m{eV hmoD$ bmJbo. `m Xaå`mZ Ë`m§Mm n[aM`
ZdZdrZ Aä`mgH$m§er Pmbm. Ë`m§Mo {dMma EH$ doJir
{Xem KoD$ bmJbo.
Amjon d Q>rH$m
Jwhm§À`m {dMmam§Zm à{gÕr {_imbr Agbr Var
H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ë`m§À`m {dMmam§Mr {M{H$Ëgm XoIrb
Ho$br. Jwhm `m§Zr Amnbo `w{º$dmX H$aVm§Zm "g~mëQ>Z©
OmUrd' `m g§H$ënZoMm AmYma KoVbm hmoVm. _mÌ
Añgb Eo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZm§_Ü`o g~mëQ>Z© Om{Udm§Mm
g~i Am{U AZw^dm{Yð>rV nwamdm {_iUo H$R>rU hmoVo.
Ë`m_wio Q>rH$mH$mam§À`m _Vo, `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m dmnam_wio
Jwhm `m§Zr Ho$bobr g~mëQ>Z© CR>mdmMr {M{H$Ëgm ì`{º${Zð>
qH$dm AZw _ mZr` ñdê$nmMr Pmbr. Iao Va,
B{VhmgH$mam§Zm g~mëQ>Z© bmoH$m§Mo AZw^d nyU©nUo g_Oy
eH$VmV H$m, hmM dmX{ddmXmMm _wÔm Pmbm hmoVm.
Jm`Ìr MH«$dVu pñndmH$ `m H$mob§{~`m {dÚmnrR>mVrb
B§JO« r ^mfoÀ`m àmÜ`m{nHo$Zo `m~Ôb g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rOÀ`m
I§S>m_§ Yrb boIm§_YyZ {dMma _m§S>bo hmoV.o Oa g~mëQ>Z©
B{VhmgH$mam§Zm g~mëQ>Z© g_yhmVrb bmoH$m§Mo AZw^d
g§nyU©nUo g_Oy eH$V ZgVrb Va _J Ë`m§Zr {b{hbobo
B{Vhmg ho "g~mëQ>Z© bmoH$m§Mo' B{Vhmg H$m _mZbo
Omdo, Agm àý Q>rH$mH$mam§Zr C^m Ho$bm. hr Q>rH$m
g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rOÀ`m _yi hoVyda haH$V KoUmar hmoVr.
Jwhm `m§Zr Amnë`m _m§S>UrV gÎmonmgyZ Xÿa Agbobm
Am{U emo{fV-d§{MV Agboë`m g~mëQ>Z© bmoH$m§À`m
EH${OZgr dJm©Mo ApñVËd J¥hrV Yabo hmoVo. emo{fV
- d§{MVm§Mm JQ> EH${OZgr ZgyZ Ë`m_Ü`o AZoH$
A§V{d©amoY hmoVo, Ago H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§Zr åhUUo hmoVo.
g~mëQ> Z © g_y h mbm EH${OZgr g_Oy Z Jw h m§ Z r
Ë`m§À`m_Yrb A§VJ©V {damoY Am{U pŠbï>VoH$So>
S>mi
o gnUo nmhUo Q>mibo hmoV,o Agm Amamon Q>rH$mH$mam§Zr
Ho$bm. Jwhm§Zr "EH${OZgr g~mëQ>Z© dJm©Mo' ApñVËd
J¥hrV Yaë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo dJ©, qbJ^oX, OmV, Am{U
dm§{eH$Vm `mgma»`m gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aUmÀ`m BVa
ê$nm§H$So> Xþb©j Pmbo.
H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§Zr Jwhm§da Aer Q>rH$m Ho$br
H$s, Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m boIZm_Ü`o g~mëQ>Z© bmoH$m§À`m
g§Kfm©Mo EH$ AØþVaå` {MÌ C^o Ho$bo. Amnbm gd©
Aä`mg gÎmmYrem§Zm Pmbobo à{VH$ma Am{U {damoY
`mda H|${ÐV Ho$bm. `m_wio g~mëQ>Z© bmoH$m§_Yrb A§VJ©V
g§Kf© Am{U {damoY `mH$So> Ë`m§Mm H$mZmS>moim Pmbm.
{edm` g§Kfm©À`m Xaå`mZ g~mëQ>Z© g_yhm§Zr dmnaboë`m
Owb_r nÕVr XoIrb Ë`m§Zr ZOaA§XmO Ho$ë`m.
^maVr` A{^OZ Am{U g~mëQ>Z© Ago
amOH$maUmÀ`m XmoZ ñdV§Ì joÌm§Mo ApñVËd AgUo, ho
Jwhm§À`m _m§S>UrMo EH$ _hËdmMo gyÌ hmoVo. Amnbr
_m§S>Ur H$aVm§Zm Ë`m§Zr ^maVr` n[apñWVrMr VwbZm
`wamon_Yrb n[apñWVrer Ho$br hmoVr. `wamonmVrb
AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMr à{H«$`m Ooìhm gwê$ Pmbr Voìhm
VoWrb A{^OZ Am{U g~mëQ>Z© amOH$maUmMo joÌ
EH${ÌV Pmbo hmoVr. _mÌ ^maVm_Ü`o Vgo hmoD$ eH$bo
Zmhr. Jwhm§À`m _Vo `mMo à_wI H$maU åhUOo ^maVmVrb
A{^OZ dJm©Mo Am{U ^m§S>dbemhrMo ho An`e hmoVo.
Jwhm§À`m `m _m§S>Urda Aä`mgH$ {ddoH$ {M~a `m§Zr
Ame§H$m Zm|Xdbr Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, Jwhm§Zr `wamo{n`Z
B{VhmgmMm MwH$sMm AÝd`mW© bmdbm. `wamon_Yrb
A{^OZ dJ© VoWrb g~mëQ>Z© dJm©er H$YrM EH${ÌV
Pmbm Zmhr. Ë`m§À`m _Vo Jwhm `m§Zr à{VnmXZ Ho$ë`mà_mUo
n[apñWVr ApñVËdmV Ambr Zmhr. ^maVmÀ`m Am{U
`wamonr` n[apñWVrV \$ma H$mhr \$aH$ ZìhVm. EH§$XarVM
Jwhm `m§Mr amOH$maUmVrb ñdmV§Í` joÌm§À`m ApñVËdmMr
_m§S>Ur dmXJ«ñV R>abr.
amOH$maUmÀ`m g§X^m©V A{^OZ Am{U g~mëQ>Z©
ho {ÛnX (binary) ñdrH$maë`m_wio ^maVr` ñdmV§Í`
bT>çmMm B{Vhmg gm§JVmZm `m XmoZ amOH$maUmÀ`m
jo Ì m_Yrb Q> H $amd qH$dm g§ K f© XmIdÊ`mH$So >
16 & g_mO à~moYZ n{ÌH$m-E{àb-_o-OyZ 2023
Aä`mgH$m§Mm H$b dmT>bm. ñdmV§Í` MidirÀ`m amï´>r`
ZoË`m§Mo H$m`© `m g§Kfm©Mm ^mJ åhUyZ nm{hbo Jobo.
ñdmV§Í` g§J«m_mVrb bmoH$Midir `m A{^OZ
ZoV¥ËdmÀ`m à^mdmnmgyZ H$em ñdm`Îm hmoË`m ho
XmIdÊ`mMo g~mëQ>Z© Aä`mgH$m§Zr à`ËZ Ho$bo. A{^OZ
ZoVo Am{U g~mëQ>Z© bmoH$m§À`m g_Ýd`mH$So> _mÌ Xþb©j
Pmbo. {edm` Jwhm§Zr Amnë`m _m§S>UrV gÎmoMm dmna
Am{U Ë`mMm à{VH$ma `m§ZmM AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd
{Xë`m_wio `mM XmoZ à{H«$`m gm_m{OH$ ApñVËdmMm
Jm^m hmoË`m, Agm ^«_ {Z_m©U hmoVmo.
gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV aU{OV Jwhm `m§À`m boIZmZo
g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rOÀ`m ^y{_Ho$bm àoaUm {Xbr. nwT>rb
H$mimV g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rO àH$ënm_Ü`o A§VJ©V \o$a~Xb
hmoV am{hbo. g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rOMm nmMdm Am{U ghmdm
I§S> 1987-89 `m H$mbI§S>mV à{gÕ Pmë`mZ§Va
g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rObm EH$ doJio diU {_imbo. nmW©
M° Q >Ou Am{U Xrno e MH« $ dVu `m§ À `m gma»`m
Aä`mgH$m§À`m à^mdmImbr g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rOMo
{dMma{dœ {dñVmabo.
{Zd¥ÎmrZ§VaMm àdmg
Jw h m§ M m d¡ M m[aH$ àdmg _mŠg© d mXr
{dMmaàUmbrnmgyZ gwê$ Pmbm hmoVm. VWm{n, Ë`m§Zr
1950À`m XeH$mV gmopìhEV a{e`m_Yrb ZmoH$aemhrda
Iwbr Q>rH$m Ho$br. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mda B.g. 1991
Z§Va `wamon_Yrb g_mOdmXr amOdQ>r§À`m {dKQ>ZmMm
\$ma n[aUm_ Pmbm Zmhr. B.g. 1999 _Ü`o aU{OV
Jwhm `m§Zr nwHo$g©S>m°\©$ `m pìhEÞm ehamÀ`m CnZJamV
ñWm{`H$ hmoÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm. Jwhm§Mr nËZr _oM{WëS>
Jwhm `m Am°pñQ´>`m XoemÀ`m ZmJ[aH$ hmoË`m. Jwhm `m§Zr
Amnë`m VéU d`mV gmå`dmXr njmMo H$m`© Ho$bo hmoVo.
gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m Am§Vaamï´>r` g§ñWm§_Ü`o àMma H$m`©
H$aUmao AZoH$ H$m`©H$V} Ë`m§À`m n[aM`mMo Pmbo hmoVo.
H$mbm§VamZo `mVrb AZoH$ OU Ë`m§À`m Xoem§_Ü`o Cƒ
nXmda nmohmoMbo hmoVo. {Zd¥Îm Pmë`mda Jwhm§À`m `m
nyduÀ`m ghH$mè`m§er ^oQ>rJmR>r hmoV AgV. _mÌ `m
^oQ>r Ë`m§Zm AñdñW H$ê$Z gmoS>V AgV, Ago Ë`m§À`m
EH$m ghH$mè`mZo Z_yX Ho$bo Amho.
aU{OV Jwhm `m§Zm {dÚm{W©XeonmgyZ gm{hË`mMr
Iyn AmdS> hmoVr. ~§Jmbr ^mfm Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü`o Va
Vo nyU©nUo EH$ê$n Pmbo hmoVo. Cƒ{ejU KoV AgVmZm
Ë`m§Zr "n[aM`' `m ~§Jmbr {Z`VH$m{bHo$VyZ AZoH$
boI {b{hbo hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm ~§Jmbr H${dVo~Ôb AmVyZ
AmË_r`Vm dmQ>V Ago. VéU d`mV à{gÕ Pmbobm
Ë`m§Mm n{hbm boI hm _m`H$b _YwgXy Z XÎm `m ~§Jmbr
H$drda hmoVm. adr§ÐZmW Q>mJmoa ho Ë`m§À`m AmñWoÀ`m
{R>H$mUr hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m~Ôb {b{hVmZm Vo åhUVmV,
Q>mJmoam§Mr g§dXo ZerbVm Ë`m§À`m VmpÎdH$ Ñïrer OmoS>bb
o r
hmoVr. Aem {dYmZm§_wio Jwhm§Mo gm{hË`mer Agbobo
ZmVo AYmoao{IV hmoVo.
`m Xaå`mZ, Jwhm `m§Zr AmYw{ZH$ B{VhmgboIZ
àUmbrMr Zì`mZo {M{H$Ëgm H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br.
B.g. 2000 _Ü`o H$mob§{~`m {dÚmnrR>m_Ü`o Ë`m§Mr
ì`m»`mZ_mbm g§nÞ Pmbr. hr ì`m»`mZo 2002 gmbr
'History at the Limit of World History' `m
ZmdmZo J«{WV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Jwhm§À`m _Vo, B{Vhmg
hm Zoh_rM amÁ`g§ñWoVrb à{H«$`m§er Jw§Vbobm AgVmo.
amÁ`g§ñWm hr Zoh_rM B{VhmgmMm Cn`moJ Amnbm à^md
{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$aV AgVo. Ë`m_wio B{VhmgboIZ
gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§À`m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmMo `mo½` à{V{Z{YËd
H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. `m noMmVyZ _mJ© H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Jwhm§Zr
"Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm' (historicality) hr g§H$ënZm _m§S>br.
Jwhm§À`m _Vo, `m g§H$ënZoMm dmna H$ê$Z gm_mÝ`
bmoH$m§À`m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb ^yVH$mimMm
àË`` Amnë`mbm `oD$ eH$Vmo. ho H$aÊ`mgmR>r
B{VhmgH$mam§À`m nÕVr Anwè`m AmhoV, Ago Ë`m§Mo
R>m_ _V hmoVo. X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmÀ`m g§X^m©V B{Vhmg
OmUÊ`mgmR>r B{VhmgH$mamZo H$dr {H§$dm H$mX§~ar
boIH$m§H$So> _mJ©Xe©ZmgmR>r dibo nm{hOo, Ago Ë`m§Zm
dmQ>V hmoVo. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ^maVmVrb boIH$m§Zr
Zì`m {Xem Adb§~ë`m AmhoV; na§Vw B{VhmgH$ma _mÌ
`m {Xem AÚmn Amnë`m boIZmV g_m{dï H$ê$ eH$bobo
aU{OV Jwhm : ^maVr` B{VhmgboIZmbm H$bmQ>Ur XoUmao Aä`mgH$ & 17
ZmhrV. gm{hË` ho boIH$mMr g§doXZerbVm Am{U
VmpÎdH$ ^y{_Ho$er OmoS>bo Agë`m_wio Vo EH$ ZdrZ
Am§VaÑïr XoVo. `m ÑïrMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z B{VhmgH$ma
gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§À`m X¡Z{§ XZ OrdZmMm emoY KoD$ eH$VmV.
hm J«§W dmMVmZm Jwhm§À`m B{Vhmgm~ÔbÀ`m ^y{_Ho$V
ñnï n[adV© Z KSy > Z Ambo b o {XgVo . Ë`m_w i o M
nwam{^boImJmamVrb H$mJXnÌo {H§$dm amOH$s` KS>m_moS>rM § o
g§X^© XoÊ`mEodOr Vo Am°adob, H$m°Za°S>, MoH$m°ìh, Q>mJmoa
BË`mXr boIH$m§Mo g§X^© _moR>çm à_mUmV XoVmZm {XgVmV.
adr§ÐZmW Q>mJmoam§À`m "gm{hË`mVrb Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm'
(Historicality in Literature) `m {Z~§ Y mMo
{M{H$ËgH$ dmMZ H$ê$Z Jwhm§Zr B{VhmgboIZm~m~V
EH$ d¡H$pënH$ ^y{_H$m ñnï Ho$br. Q>mJmoa `m boIm_Ü`o
EH$ doJir n[aÑïr AgUmar nÕV Adb§~Ê`mMm AmJ«h
H$aV hmoVo, Ago Jwhm§Mo {ZarjU Amho. B{VhmgH$mam§À`m
gmYmaU Ñïr_wio B{VhmgboIZm_Ü`o H$_VaVm {Z_m©U
hmoVo. B{VhmgH$mamZo Ho$di {b{IV gmYZm§Mm d
nwamì`m§Mm hÅ Yê$ Z`o. Vgm Yaë`mZo Vmo Amnë`m
gmYmaU ÑïrÀ`m nbrH$So> OmD$Z gm_mÝ` _mUgmÀ`m
X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV hmoUmè`m KQ>Zm Am{U pñWË`§VamMr
XIb KoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Q>mJmoam§À`m _Vo, Ago H$aUo
EImÚm gO©Zerb H$drbm eŠ` hmoV AgVo. H$maU
Vmo Amnbr gO©Zerb à{V^m dmnê$Z OJmVrb {d{dY
àH$maMr Ñí`o Amnë`m H${dVoV AmË_gmV H$ê$Z KoV
AgVmo. Q>mJmoa Amnë`m boIm_Ü`o åhUVmV H$s,
"B{VhmgH$mam§Zm Oa _mZdmÀ`m ^yVH$mimMo OmñVrV
OmñV àm{V{Z{YH$ {MÌ C^o H$am`Mo Agob, Va Ë`m§Zr
B{VhmgboIZ H$aVmZm Amnë`m_Yrb gO©ZerbVoMm
dmna H$aUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo.' ho {dYmZ g_moa Ro>dyZ Jwhm
gm§JVmV H$s, AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb B{VhmgH$mam§nwTo>
hoM H$aUo gdm©V _moRo> AmìhmZ hmoVo.
B{VhmgboIZmMm B{Vhmg hm aU{OV Jwhm `m§À`m
g§emoYZmMm Am{U boIZmMm AOyZ EH$ AË`§V _hÎdmMm
{df` hmoVm. "B{Vhmg H$gm {b{hbm OmV Amho Am{U
Vmo H$gm {bhmdm?' `m _yb^yV àýmMm doY Ë`m§Zr
Ë`m§À`m {bImUmV dma§dma KoVbobm {XgVmo. B{Vhmg
{b{hÊ`m~amo~a B{VhmgboIZmMm B{Vhmg {b{hUo, hm
Ë`m§Mm Xþhoar hoVy hmoVm. Ë`m§Zr B{Vhmgmbm Ho$di KQ>Zm
H$WZmÀ`m ñdê$nmV nm{hbo Zmhr, Va B{VhmgmMr à{H«$`m
g_Oy Z Ko Ê `mMm à`ËZ Ho $ bm. Jw h m§ À `m _Vo ,
B{VhmgboIZm_Ü`o "g¡Õm§{VH$' (theory) _m§S>Urbm
AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd hmoVo. dgmhVdmXmÀ`m {d{dY
{dMmad§Vm§Zr Ho$boë`m g¡Õm§{VH$ _m§S>UrMo AmH$bZ
Pmë`m{edm` dgmhVdmXmMm B{Vhmg {b{hbm OmD$
eH$V Zmhr. H$m`_Ymam nÕVrMo ñdê$n ñnï ìhm`Mo
Agob Va Vr gwê$ H$aÊ`m_mJMr {~«{Q>em§Mr d¡Mm[aH$
^y{_H$m ñnï hmoUo OéarMo hmoVo. eoVH$ar CR>mdmMo Am{U
{~«{Q>e à^wËdmMo ñdê$n H$ië`mdaM Ë`m§Mm B{Vhmg
CbJSy>Z XmIdVm `oBb © . B{VhmgmVrb àý \$º$ KQ>Zm§er
g§~§{YV ZgVmV, Va g§H$ënZm§À`m g§~§{YVXoIrb
AgVmV. B{VhmgboIZmV g¡Õm§{VH$ _m§S>Ur~amo~a
nwam{^boImJmamVrb H$mJXnÌm§Mm dmna Ho$bm nm{hOo.
B{VhmgboIZemómVrb `m XmoZ à{H«$`m EH$_oH$mV
Jw§\$boë`m hmoË`m, ho Ë`m§À`m {bImUmdê$Z ñnï hmoVo.
Ë`m§ À `m _Vo , nw a m{^bo I mJmamVrb H$mJXnÌo
Aä`mgÊ`m~amo~a g§emoYH$m§Zr ñdV…Mm AmdmO {H§$dm
Ñ{ï>H$mo Z {dH${gV H$aUo Amdí`H$ hmo V o .
nwam{^boImJmamVrb _ohZVr~amo~aM Amnbo {dMma
{dH${gV H$aÊ`mMr JaO hmoVr. nwam{^boImJmamVrb
H$mJXnÌm§Mo dmMZ Ë`m§À`m ^mfoÀ`m Am{U VËH$mbrZ
n[apñWVrÀ`m g§X^m©V Pmbo nm{hOo, Ago Jwhm§Mo _V
hmoVo.
Jwhm§À`m gd© g§emoYZmV ^oXH$ àým§Zr Am{U
B{VhmgmVrb {damoYm^mgm§Zr EH$ AË`§V _hÎdmMr
^y{_H$m nma nmS>br. Ë`m§À`m B.g. 1983 _Ü`o à{gÕ
Pmboë`m "E{b_o§Q>ar AñnoŠQ²>g…' `m J«§WmMr g_H$mbrZ
àñVwVVm Aä`mgH$m§Zm AmOhr dmQ>Vo. `mMo H$maU `m
J«§WmV Jwhm§Zr H$mhr _yb^yV àý CnpñWV H$ê$Z Ë`mda
CÎmao emoYbr AmhoV. Ë`m§Zr eoVH$è`m§er {ZJ{S>V AZoH$
àý {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Am{U Ë`mVrb {damoYm^mg ñnï
H$ê$Z Ë`mMr CÎmao emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`m_wioM
Aä`mgH$m§Zm `mgX§^m©Vrb àým§Mr CH$b H$ê$Z
18 & g_mO à~moYZ n{ÌH$m-E{àb-_o-OyZ 2023
KoÊ`mgmR>r `m J«§WmH$So> nwÝhm nwÝhm `mdo bmJVo. Jwhm
`m§À`m H$ënH$ Ñïr_wio Am{U gyú_ g§X^mªÀ`m VrúU
boIUr_wio Ë`m§Mr bmoH${à`Vm OJ^a Pmbr. OmJ{VH$
ñVamda {d{dY {dÚmemIm§_Ü`o Ë`m§À`m {dMmam§Mm à^md
nS>bm. A_o[aH$m, _Ü`nyd© Xoe, b°{Q>Z A_o[aH$m XoemVrb
Aä`mgH$m§Zr aU{OV Jwhm `m§À`m {dMmam§Mm g§X^© XoD$Z
Eo{Vhm{gH$ Am{U ^m{fH$ g§emoYZmÀ`m àM{bV nÕVr§Zm
AmìhmZ {Xbo.
EHy$UM, aU{OV Jwhm `m§À`m boIZàdmgmH$So>
nmhmVm Ago bjmV `oVo H$s, Ë`m§Zr B{VhmgboIZmMr
EH$ AZdQ> Am{U AZwn_ dmQ> MmoImibr. ^maVr`
B{Vhmg dmMVmZm {Z_m©U Pmboë`m àým§_YyZ Ë`m§Zm
g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mMr àoaUm {_imbr. gm_«mÁ`dmXr, amï—
dmXr Am{U Ho$§{~«O `m§À`mgma»`m A{^OZdmXr
B{VhmgboIZmVrb AZoH$ C{Udm Ë`m§Zr XmIdyZ {Xë`m.
nma§n[aH$ Aä`mgnÕVrVrb AZoH$ kmZemór` \$Q>r
emoYë`m. B{VhmgboIZmVrb amOH$maU g_moa AmUbo.
nydg© aw r§À`m B{VhmgboIZ àUmbr§Mr Q>rH$mË_H$ {M{H$Ëgm
H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr "g~mëQ>Z©' Ñ{ï>H$moZ _m§S>bm. Ë`m§À`m
_m§S>UrZo eoVH$ar CR>mdm§À`m g§emoYZmMo Zdo XmbZ Iwbo
Pmbo. ^maVr` ñdmV§Í`bT>çmÀ`m gwñnï g¡Õm§{VH$
_m§S>Ur_wio g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rObm EH$ ñdV§Ì AmoiI
àmá Pmbr. g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rOÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Jwhm§Zr
OJmVrb Aä`mgH$m§À`m _Zmda Am{U {dMmam§da à^md
Q>mH$bm. Ë`m§À`m H$ënH$ Am{U A{^Zd {dMmam§Mo JméS>
{Z_m©U Pmbo. Ë`m§Zr B{VhmgboIZmbm Zdo diU {Xbo.
Zdr Ñïr {Xbr. Ë`m_wioM Vo ^maVm~amo~a naXoemVhr
gO©H$ Am{U H$ënH$ B{VhmgH$ma åhUyZ bmoH${à` Pmbo.
B{VhmgboIZmbm {Xboë`m EH$m Zì`m H$bmQ>Ur_wio
aU{OV Jwhm ho nmümÎ` amï—m§_Ü`o gdm©V à{gÕ Agbobo
^maVr` B{VhmgH$ma ~Zbo.
Q>rnm :
1) hm boI {bhrV AgVmZm àm. Z§XHw$_ma _moao `m§Zr
AZoH$ gyMZm Ho$ë`m. Ë`m~Ôb Ë`m§Mo Am^ma!
2) An Administrative Blueprint of 1785
 ,1955; Introduction to the Burdwan
District Records, 1788-1800, 1956;
Report on the Investigation of the
Gauripur Raj Estate Archives 1956;
Rent in Kind and Money Rent in
Eastern India under Early British Rule,
1963 ; ho gd© boI Ranajit Guha, The
Small Voice of History: Collected
Essays, Permanent Black, 2002 , `m
J«§Wm_Ü`o nwÝhm à{gÕ H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.
3) Gramsci in India: Homage to a
teacher, Ranajit Guha, The Small
Voice of History: Collected Essays,
Permanent Black, 2002, pp. 361-370
g§X^© J«W
§ gyMr
) Chakrabarty, Dipesh (2002):
Habitations of modernity. Essays in
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Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
) Chatterjee, Partha (2010): Empire and
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) Chatterjee, Partha; Pandey,
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) Chaturvedi, Vinayak (2012): Mapping
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) Chibber, Vivek (2013): Postcolonial
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) De, Barun (1977): Perspectives in
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) De, Barun (1983): Susobhan Sarkar
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Social Scientist, 11, No.2, pp. 3–15.
aU{OV Jwhm : ^maVr` B{VhmgboIZmbm H$bmQ>Ur XoUmao Aä`mgH$ & 19
) Guha, Ranajit (1990-99): Subaltern
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) Guha, Ranajit (1994): Elementary
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