in this video we are going to learn

about Enzo II and ESCO if you break it

Ian stands for El Nino and s o stands

for Southern Oscillation because Enzo

phenomena mostly occurs at this southern

hemisphere just right below the equator

and when you look at the term

oscillation it gives us a hint that

something oscillates from one place to

another or back and forth if you want

you can pause the video and think about

what could be that thing well it's the

temperature that we are talking about

and not just any temperature ocean

temperature it is the ocean temperature

that oscillates back and forth from warm

temperature to cool temperature and

vice-versa now the next question that

should be in your mind is which ocean

are we talking about I'll give you a

hint it's the largest one Pacific Ocean

you see Pacific Ocean is this large pool

of water that exists on the western side

of the American continent and eastern

side of the Asian and Australian

continent this large pool of water gets

intensely warm due to the fact that it

exists right at the equator and we all

know that the equatorial region received

great amount of sun rays all throughout

the year so far we have learned what and

where ENSO takes place now it's time to

know how it all happens to understand

how ENSO occurs we will need to break it

into three phases that's how it will

make sense and step by step the concept

will get clearer the first phase is

neutral phase actually there is no such

thing as a neutral phase when it comes

to any of nature's phenomena you see

nature has a constant ongoing cycle that

has never stopped but for our own

understanding we will have to create a

neutral state where we can see how a

particular thing starts and goes on so

the first phase among the three phases

is the neutral phase in this phase this

Central Pacific Ocean is warm now let's

bring in the trade winds

trade winds are these wind that blows in

the tropical region from eastern side to

the western side they are also known as

tropical

easterlies so as we know that the

equator receives great amount of sun

rays and that's what warms the Pacific

Ocean the trade winds pushes the warm

ocean car

towards the Asian side because trade

winds blow from east to west and that

makes the western Pacific Ocean warm you

know the region around New Zealand

Australia and Indonesia this region is

called the western Pacific pool here the

ocean temperature is warm the warm ocean

current affects the surrounding

atmosphere by increasing the temperature

as well as the moisture content and we

know that warm air rises high into the

atmosphere it is through the convection

process and that's how clouds are formed

and then it rains the warm air then

travels east towards eastern Pacific

Ocean

you know the region near South America

especially countries like Ecuador and

Peru the warmer air when it goes up it

reaches the end of troposphere and if

you know the top of the troposphere is

cold when warm air meets cool air slowly

it loses its moisture content and the

air becomes dry the dry air travels

towards the eastern Pacific side and

comes down over the Peruvian coastal

region making the region cold this

pattern of rising air in the West and

falling in the East continues and it is

known as Walker circulation so this was

the neutral phase I hope you understood

this cycle it's plain and simple now

comes the second phase it's called El

Nino so in the neutral phase we saw that

the trade winds played an important role

in pushing the warm ocean current

towards the western Pacific now in this

phase the trade winds a weak yes there

are few months in a year when the trade

winds a week when the trade winds are

weak the warm ocean current do not get

any kind of push so what happens is the

warm pool of ocean water at the western

Pacific slowly moves towards the central

and eastern side of the Pacific Ocean so

this is where the oscillation term comes

in you see the warm ocean current is

replacing the cold ocean current that

exists in the central and eastern

Pacific

when I say replace what I mean is that

the cold water is dense and it settles

down in deep ocean and warm water goes

up and takes over the surface of the

ocean ok I hope you're understanding

when this warm ocean current moves

everything that is associated with it

like the convection process then the

formation of rain cloud everything moves

along with this warm ocean current what

you will notice now is that the Walker

circulation that we saw in the neutral

phase that one big looping pattern it's

now breaking into two parts just look at

this loop as a result the ocean

temperature near Australia is cool and

there is no rain though the inland parts

of Australia witness a severe drought

condition but on the other hand near the

Peruvian coast the warm pool of ocean

current brings heavy rain flood to the

American continent so whenever you hear

the word El Nino immediately think of

warm ocean current and the third phase

is La Nina this is similar to the

neutral phase in this phase the trade

winds are strong since trade winds blow

from east to west

hence it pushes the warm ocean current

from the eastern Pacific toward stay

west in Pacific now imagine this cold

water is dense and it settles down in

deep ocean so that means the temperature

of the ocean surface is warm now if the

trade wind pushes the warm surface ocean

current towards the western Pacific the

cold water from the deep ocean

immediately comes up at the surface

there's a word given to it it's called

thermocline thermocline is the rising

path of water temperature and the rest

of the process is same we saw that in

the neutral phase western Pacific region

of Australia Indonesia New Zealand gets

heavy rains strong the effect of La Nina

is more on these countries than El Nino

so El Nino is a warm ocean current and

La Nina is a cold ocean current remember

that if El Nino is at the eastern

Pacific then La Nina will be at the

opposite region that is western Pacific

and it oscillates back and forth