ARTICLE 2
RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
T-210 SCOPE
The radiographic method described in this Article for
examination of materials including castings and welds
shall be used together with Article 1, General Require-
ments. Definitions of terms used in this Article are in
Mandatory Appendix V of this Article.
Ccnain product-specific, technique-specific, and appli-
cation-specific requirements are also given in other Man-
datory Appendices of this Article, as listed in the table
of contents. These additional requirements shall also be
complied with when an Appendix is applicable to the
radiographic or radioscopic examination being con-
ducted.
T-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
T-221 Procedure Requirements
04 T-221.1 Written Procedure. Radiographic examina-
tion shall be performed in accordance with a written
procedure. Each procedure shall include at least the fol-
lowing information, as applicable:
(a) material type and thickness range,
(b) isotope or maximum X-ray voltage used,
(c) source-to-object distance (D in T-274.1),
(d) distance from source side of object to film (d i n
T-274.1),
(a) cource oi2.e (Fin T 2711.1),
(f) film brand and designation. and
(g) screens used.
T-221.2 Procedure Demonstration. Demonstration
of the density and IQI image requirements of the written
procedure on production or technique radiographs shall
be considered satisfactory evidence of compliance with
that procedure.
T-222 Surface Preparation
T -222.1 Materials Including Castings. Surfaces
shall satisfy the requirements of the applicable materials
specification or referencing Code Section, with additional
conditioning, if necessary, by any suitable process to such
Copyright © 2004 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME.
a degree that the resulting radiographic image due to any
surface irregularities cannot mask or be confused with
the image of any discontinuity.
T -222.2 Welds. The weld ripples or weld surface
irregularities on both the inside (where accessible) and
outside shall be removed by any suitable process to such
a degree that the resulting radiographic image due to any
surface irregularities cannot mask or be confused with
the image of any discontinuity.
The finished surface of all hun-welded joints may he
flush with the base material or may have reasonably uni-
form crowns, with reinforcement not to exceed that speci-
fied in the referencing Code Section.
T-223 Backscatter Radiation
A lead symbol ''B," with minimum dimensions of 1/ 2
in. (13 mm) in height and '116 in. (1.5 mrn) in thickness,
shall be attached to the back of each film holder during
each exposure to determine if backscatter radiation is
exposing the film.
T-224 System of Identification
A system shall he used to produce permanent identifi-
cation on the radiograph traceable to the contract, compo-
nent, weld or weld seam, or pan nu111b~::rs , as appropriate.
In addirion, the Manufacmrer's symbol or name and the
date ot the radiograph shall be plaJll..ly i:WU (.Jt:.I.LI.1.al.ltllitly
included on the rudiogruph. This identi fica tion system
does not necessarily require that the information appear
as radiographic images. In any case, this information shall
not obscure the area of interest.
T-225 Monitoring Density Limitations of
Radiographs
Either a densitometer or step wedge comparison fil m
shall be used for judging film density.
T -226 Extent of Examination
The extent of radiographic examination shall be as
specified by the referencing Code Section.
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•.;
T-230 2004 SECTION V T -233.1

TABLE T-233.1
HOLE-TYPE IQI DESIGNATION, THICKNESS, AN D HOLE DIAM ETERS
IQI 1 THole 2 THole 4 THole
IQI Thickness, Diameter, Diameter, Diameter,
Designation in. (mml in. (mml in. (mml in. (mml

5 0.005 (0.13) 0.010 (0.25) 0.020 (0.51) 0.040 (1.02)

7 0.0075 (0.19) 0.010 (0.25 ) 0.020 (0.51) 0.040 (1.02)
10 0.010 (0.25) 0.01 0 (0.25) 0.020 (0.51) 0.040 (1.02)
12 0 .0125 (0.32) 0.0125 (0.32) 0.025 (0.64) 0.050 (1.27)
15 0 .015 (0.38) 0.015 (0.38) 0.030 (0.76) 0.060 (1.52)
17 0.0175 (0.44) 0.0175 (0.44) 0.035 (0.89) 0.070 (1.78)
20 0.020 (0.51) 0.020 (0.5 1) 0.040 (1,02) 0.080 (2.03 )
25 0.025 (0.64) 0.025 (0.64 ) 0.050 (1.27) 0.100 (2.54)
30 0.030 (0.76) 0.030 (0.76) 0.060 (1.52 ) 0.120 (3.05)
35 0.035 (0.89) 0.035 (0.89) 0.070 (1.78) 0.140 (3.56 )
40 0.040 Cl.02) 0.040 Cl.02) 0.080 ((2.03) 0.160 (4.06)
45 0.045 (1.14) 0.045 (1.14) 0.090 (2.29) 0. 180 (4.57)
so 0.050 (1.27) 0.050 (1.27) 0.100 (2 .54) 0.200 (5.08)
60 0.060 (1.52) 0.060 (1.52) 0.120 (3.05) 0.240 (6.10)
70 0.070 (1.78) 0.070 (1. 78) 0.140 (3.56 ) 0 .280 (7.11)
80 0.080 (2.03) 0.080 (2.03) 0.160 (4.06) 0.320 (8.13)
100 0.100 (2.54) 0.100 (2.54) 0.200 (5.08) 0.400 (10.16)
120 0.120 (3.05) 0.120 (3.05) 0.240 (£>.10) 0.480 (12.19)
140 0.140 (3.56) 0.140 (3.56) 0.280 (7.11) 0.560 (14.22)
160 0.160 (4.06) 0.160 (4.06) 0.320 (8.13 ) 0.640 (16.26)
200 0.200 (5.08) 0.200 (5.08) 0.400 Cl0. 16)
240 0.240 (6.10) 0.240 (6. 10) 0.480 (12.19)
280 0.280 (7.11) 0.280 (7. 11 ) 0.560 Cl4.22)

T-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

T-231 Film
T-231.1 Selection. Radiographs shall be made using
industrial radiographic film.
TABLE T-233.2 04
T -231.2 Processing. Standard Guide for Controlling
WIRC 101 DC3IGNATION, WTR F r>TA MFTFR,
lh(; Quulily uf Imlul!triaJ Radiographic Pllm Processlng, AND WIR E IDENTITY
SE-999, or paragraphs 23 through 26 of Standard Guide
for Radiographic Examination SE-94 shall be used as a Set A Set B
guide for proce.~sing film . Wire Wire Wire Wire
Diameter, in. (mm) Identity Diameter, in. (mm) Identity
T-232 Intensifying Screens 0.0032 <0.08) 1 0.010 <0.25) 6
0.004 m.1m 2 0.013 <0.33) 7
Intensifying screens may be used when performing 0.005 <0.13) 3 0.016 (0.41) 8
radiographic examination in accordance with this Article. 0.0063 (0.16) 4 0.020 (0.51) 9
0.008 <0.20> 5 0.025 <0.64) 10
T-233 Image Quality Indicator (IQD Design 0.010 (0.25) 6 0.032 <0.81 ) 11
T -233.1 Standard IQI Design. IQis shall be either
the hole type or the wire type. Hole-type IQis shall be Set C Set D
manufacmred and identified in accordance with the Wire Wire Wire Wire
Diameter, in. (mml Identity Diameter, in. (mm) Identity
requirements or alternates allowed in SE-1 025. Wire-type
IQis shall be manufactured and identified in accordance 0.032 (0.81) 11 0.100 (2.54 ) 16
with the requirements or alternates allowed in SE-747, 0.040 (1.02) 12 0.126 (3.20) 17
except that the largest wire number or the identity number 0.050 (1.27) 13 0.160 (4 .06) 18
0.063 (1.60) 14 0.200 (5.08) 19
may be omitted. ASME standard IQis shall consist of
0.080 (2.03) 15 0.250 (6.35) 20
those in Table T-233.1 for hole type and those in Table 0. 100 (2.54) 16 0.320 (8.13) 21
T-233.2 for wire type.

Copyright © 2004 by the A merican Society of Mechanic al Engineers. ~

No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME. ~
 T-233.2 ARTIC LE 2 -
T-233.2 Alternative I QI Design. IQis designed and
manufactured in accordance with other national or inter-
national standards may be used provided the requirements
of either (a) or (b) below, and the material requirements
of T-276.1 are met
(a) Hole Type !Qls. The calculated Equivalent IQI
Sensitivity (EPS), per SE-1025, Appendix XI, is equal
to or better than the required standard bole type IQL
(b) Wire Type /Qls. The alternative wire IQI essential
wire diameter is equal to or less than the required standard
IQI essential wire.
T-234 Facilities for Viewing of Radiographs
Viewing facilities shall provide subdued background
lighting of an intensity that will not cause troublesome
reflections, shadows, or glare on the radiograph. Equip-
ment used to view radiographs for interpretation shall
provide a variable light source sufficient for the essential
IQI hole or designated wire to he visihle for the specified
density range. The viewing conditions shall be such that
light from around the outer edge of the radiograph or
coming through low-density portions of the radiograph
does not interfere with interpretation.
T -260
CALffiRATION
T -261 Source Size
T-261.1 Verification of Source Size. The equipment
manufacturer's or supplier's publications, such as techni-
cal manuals, decay curves, or written statements docu-
menting the actual or maximum source size or focal spot,
shall be acceptable as source size verification.
T -261.2 Determination of Source Size. When manu-
facturer' s or supplier's publications are not available,
source size may be determined as follows:
{a) X-Ray Machines. For X-ray machines operating at
500 kV and less, the focal spot size may be determined
by the pinhole method, 1 or in accordance with SE-1165,
Standard Test Me thod for Measurement of Focal Spots
of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging.
(b) Iridium-792 Sources. For Iridium-1 92, the source
size may be determined in accordance with SE- 11 14,
Standard Test Method for Determining the Focal Size of
lridium-192 Industrial Radiographic Sources.
T-262 Densitometer and Step Wedge
Comparison Film
04 T -262.1 Densitometers. Densitometers shall be cali-
brated at least every 90 days during use as follows:
1 parison film verifications required by T -262.2 and
Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Volwne I, F"lrst Edition, pp.
14.32- 14.33, "'Measuring Focal-Spot Size."' Also, pp. 20-21 ofRadiog -
raphy in Modem flufusrry, Fourth Edition.
Copyright © 2004 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME.
RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION T -262.4
(a) A national standard step tablet or a step wedge
calihration film, traceahle to a national standard step tahlet
and having at least 5 steps with neutral densities from at
least 1.0 through 4.0, shall be used. The step wedge
calibration film shall have been verified within the last
year by comparison with a national standard step tablet
unlt:ss, prior to first use, it was maintained in the original
light-tight and waterproof sealed package as supplied by
the manufacturer. Step wedge calihration films may he
used without verification for one year upon opening, pro-
vided it is within the manufacturer's stated shelf life.
(b) The densitometer manufacturer's step-by-step
instructions for the operation of the densitometer shall
be followed.
(c) The density steps closest to 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0
on the national standard step tablet or step wedge calibra-
tion film shall he read.
(d) The densitometer is acceptable if the density read-
ings do not vary by more than ± 0.05 density units from
the actual density stated on the national standard step
tahlet or step wedge calihration film.
T -262.2 Step Wedge Comparison Films. Step wedge
comparison films shall be verified prior to first use, unless
performed by the manufacturer, as follows:
(a) The density of the steps on a step wedge compari-
son film shall be verified by a calibrated densitometer.
(b) The step wedge comparison film is acceptable if
the density readings do not vary by more than ± 0.1
density units from the density stated on the step wedge
comparison film.
T-262.3 Periodic Verification 04
(a) Densitometers. Periodic cablibration verification
checks shall be performed as describ ed in T-262.1 at the
beginning of each shift, after 8 hr of continuous use, or
after change of apertures, whichever comes first.
(b) Step Wedge Comparison Films. Verification
checks shall be performed annually per T-262.2.
T-262.4 Documentation
(a) Densitometers. Densitometer calibrations required
by T-262.1 shall be documented, but the actual readings
for each step do not have to be recorded. Periodic densi-
tometer verification checks required by T-262.3(a) do nor
have to be documented.
(b) Step Wedge Calibration Films. Step wedge calibra-
tion film verifications required by T-262.1 (a) shall be
documented, but the actual readings for each step do not
have to be recorded.
(c) Step Wedge Comparison Films. Step wedge com-
T-262.3(b) shall be documented, but the actual readings
for each step do not have to be recorded.
~
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T-270 2004 SECTION V T-275

T-270 EXAMINATION the minimum number of exposures indicated in (b)(l) or

T-271 Radiographic Teehnique 2 (b)(2) above.

A single-wall exposure technique shall be used for

T-272 Radiation Energy
radiography whenever practical. When it is not practical
to use a single-wall technique, a double-wall technique The radiation energy employed for any radiographic
shall be used. An adequate number of exposures shall be technique shall achieve the density and IQI image require-
made to demonstrate that the required coverage has been ments of this Article.
obtained.
T-271.1 Single-Wall Technique. In the single-wall T-273 Direction of Radiation
technique, the radiation passes through only one wall of The direction of the central beam of radiation should
the weld (material), which is viewed for acceptance on be centered on the area of interest whenever practical.
the radiograph.
T -271.2 Double-Wall Technique. When it is not T-274 Geometric Unsharpness
practical to use a single-wall technique, one of the follow- T-274.1 Geometric Unsharpness Determination. 04
ing double-wall techniques shall be used. Geometric unsharpness of the radiograph shall be deter-
(a) Single-Wall Viewing. For materials and for welds mined in accordance with:
in components, a technique may be used in which the Ug = Fd/D
radiation passes through two walls and only the weld
(material) on the film-side wall is viewed for acceptance where
on the radiograph. When complete coverage is required
for circumferential welds (materials), a minimum of three Ug = geometric unsharpness
exposures taken 120 deg. to each other shall be made. F = source size: the maximum projected dimension
(b) Double-Wall Viewing. For materials and for welds of the radiating source (or effective focal spot)
in components 3 112 in. (89 mm) or less in nominal outside in the plane perpendicular to the distanceD from
diameter, a technique may be used in which the radiation the weld or object being radiographed, in.
passes through two walls and the weld (material) in both D = distance from source of radiation to weld or
walls is viewed for acceptance on the same radiograph. object being radiographed, in.
For double-wall viewing, only a source-side IQI shall be d = distance from source side of weld or object being
used. Care should be exercised to ensure that the required radiographed to the film
geomP.trir. nn sh ::~rpnt>.~s is not Plcrt>Prled. If the geometric D and d shall be measured to the approximate center
unsharpness requirement canaot be met, then single-wall of the area of interest.
viewing shall be used.
(1) For welds, the radiation beam may be offset NOTE: Refer to Standard Guide for Radiographic Testing SE-94 for
a method of detennioiog geometric unsharpness. Alternatively, a nomo-
from the plane of Lhe weld at an angle sufficient to sepa-
graph a~ shown in Standard Guide for Radiographic Testing SE-94
rate the images of the source-side and film-side portions may be used.
of the weld so that there is no overlap of the areas to
be interpreted. When complete coverage is required, a T-274.2 Geometric Unsharpness Limitations. Rec-
minimum of two exposures taken 90 deg. to each other ommended maximum values for geometric unsharpness
shall be made for each joint. are as follows:
(2) As an alternative, the weld may be radiographed Material u,
with the radiation beam positioned so that the images of Thickness, in. (mm) Maximum, in. (mm)

both walls are superimposed. When complete coverage Under 2 (50) 0.020 (0.51)
is required, a minimum of three exposures taken at ei ther 2 through 3 (50-75) 0.030 (0.76)
Over 3 through 4 (75-100) 0.040 ( 1.02)
60 deg. or 120 deg. to each other shall be made for
Greater than 4 (100) 0.070 (1.78)
each joint.
( 3) Additional expos ures shall be made if the NOTE: Material thickness is the thickness on which the IQI is based.
required radiographic coverage cannot be obtained using
T-275 Location Markers
Sketches shuwing suggested source, film, and IQI pl:~cemt:llts fur
2

pipe or tube welds are illustrated in Article 2, Noomandatory Appen- Location markers (see Fig. T -275), which are to appear
dix A. as radiographic images on the film. shall be placed on the

10

Copyright © 2004 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ~

No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME. ~
 Source side
acceptable
~ Film side
(;! (')
unacceptable
't:l 0
8.~
5t:t. ~·
0
~@
~ N
f( ~
I:T
~

Flat component or longitudinal seam

+ ~
s
Curved components with radiation source to Curved components with convex surface
8~ [See T-275.1 (a)(1)] film distance less than radius of component t owards radiation source
g,Er [See sketch (e) for alternate] [See T-276.1(a)(2)] [See T-275.1(a)(3)]
IV
"'g,;>"' (a) (b) (c)
s-B I
-· "'
~
VI :J.
3 0
~ ~

--
~
"'
::l. en
0
2:!. ~.
,. "'
;S.q location marker
g-g, is acceptable
a3::
~. ~ m

!
;:: ~
g ~·
8 e.
~ ~
!! 5·
..... "'
0
>iil
"' ~
~ Source side marke r alternate
Flat component o r logitudinal seam

e Curved components with radiation source to

film distance greater than radius of curvature
[See T-275.1 (b)(1)]
(d)
X= (t/ D) (M,t 2)
x = additional required coverage
beyond film side location marker
t = component thickness
Curved components with radiation source
at center curvature
[See T-275.1(c)]
(f)
Mt = film side location marker interval
LEGEND: Radiation source - -1f.. D = source to component distance
[See T-275 .1 (b)(2)]
Location marker - • (e)
Component center- +
FIG . T-275 LOCATION MARKER SKETCH ES
T-275 2004 SECfiON V
part, not on the exposure bolder/cassette. Their locations
shall be permanently marked on the surface of the part
being radiographed when permitted. or on a map, in a
manner permitting the area of interest on a radiograph to
be accurately traceable to its location on the part, for the
required retention period of the radiograph. Evidence
shall also be provided on the radiograph that the required
coverage of the region being examined has been obtained.
Location markers shall be placed as fo1Jows.
T-275.1 Single-Wall Viewing
(a) Source-Side Markers. Location markers shall be
placed on the source side when radiographing the fol-
lowing:
(1) flat components or longitudinal joints in cylin-
drical or corneal components;
(2) curved or spherical components whose concave
side is toward the source and when the "source-to-mate-
rial" distance is less than the inside radius of the com-
ponent;
(3) curved or spherical components whose convex
side is toward the source.
(b) Film-Side Markers
(I) Location markers shall be placed on the film
side when radiographing either curved or spherical com-
ponents whose concave side is toward the source and
when the ·'source-to-material" distance is greater than the
inside radius.
(2) As an alternative to source-side placement in
T-275.l(a)(l), location markers may be placed on the
film side when the radiograph shows coverage beyond
the location markers to the extent demonstrated by Fig.
T-275, sketch (e), and when this alternate is documented
in accordance with T-291.
(c) Either Side Markers. Location markers may be
placed on either Lhe source side or film side when radio-
graphing either curved or spherical components whose
concave side is toward the source and the "source-to-
material" distance equals the inside radius of the com-
ponent.
T-275.2 Donble-Wall Viewing. For double-wall
viewing, at least one location marker shall be placed
adjacent to the weld (or on the material in the area of
interest) for each radiograph.
T-275.3 Mapping the Placement of Location Mark-
ers. When inaccessibility or other limitations prevent the
placement of markers as stipulated in T-275.1 and
T-275.2, a dimensioned map of the actual marker place-
ment shall accompany the radiographs to show that full
coverage bas been obtained.
12
Copyright © 2004 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME.
T-277.1
T-276 IQI Selection
T-276.1 Material. IQis shall be selected from either
the same alloy material group or grade as identified in
SE-1025, or SE-747, as applicable, or from an alloy mate-
rial group or grade with less radiation absorption than
the material being radiographed.
T-276.2 Size. The designated hole IQI or essential
wire shall be as specified in Table T-276. A thinner or
thicker hole-type IQI may be substituted for any section
thickness listed in Table T-276, provided an equivalent
IQI sensitivity is maintained. See T-283.2.
(a) Welds With Reinforcements. The thickness on
which the IQI is based is the nominal single-wall thick-
ness plus the estimated weld reinforcement not to exceed
the maximum permitted by the referencing Code Section.
Backing rings or strips shall not be considered as part of
the thickness in IQI selection. The actual measurement
of the weld reinforcement is not required.
(b) Welds Without Reinforcements. The thickness on
which the IQI is based is the nominal single-wall thick-
ness. Backing rings or strips shall not be considered as
part of the weld thickness in IQI selection.
T -276.3 Welds Joini ng Dissimilar Materials or
Welds With Dissimilar Filler Metal. When the weld
metal is of an alloy group or grade that bas a radiation
attenuation that differs from the base material, the IQI
material selection shall be based on the weld metal and
be in accordance with T-276.1. When the density limits of
T-282.2 cannot be met with one IQI, and the exceptional
density area(s) is at the interface of the weld metal and
the base metal, the material selection for the additional
IQis shall be based on the base material and be in accor-
dance with T-276.1.
T-277 Use of IQis to Monitor Radiographic
Examination
T-277.1 Placement ofiQis
(a) Source-Side IQI(s). The IQI(s) shall be placed on
the source side of the part being examined, except for
the condition described in T-277.l(b).
When, due Lo parl or weld configuration or size, iL is
not practical to place the IQI(s) on the part or weld, the
IQI(s) may be placed on a separate block. Separate blocks
shall be made of the same or radiographically similar
materials (as defined in SE-1025) and may be used to
facilitate IQI positioning. There is no restriction on the
separate block thickness, provided the IQI/area-of-inter-
est density tolerance requirements of T-282.2 are met.
(1) The IQI on the source side of the separate block
shall be placed no closer to the film than the source side
of the part being radiographed.
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 T-277.1 ARTICLE 2 -RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION T-277.2

TABLE T-276
IQI SELECTION
IQI
Nominal Single-Wall Source Side Fi lm Side
Material Thickness Range Hole-Type Wire-Type Hole-Type Wire-Type
in. mm Designation Essential Wire Designation Essential Wire

Up to 0.25, incl. Up to 6.4, incl. 12 5 10 4

Over 0.25 through 0.375 Over 6.4 through 9.5 15 6 12 5
Over 0.375 through 0.50 Over 9.S through 12.7 17 7 1S 6
Over O.SO through 0.7S Over 12.7 through 19.0 20 8 17 7
Over 0.7S through 1.00 Over 19.0 through 2S.4 2S 9 20 8
Over 1.00 through l.SO Over 2S.4 through 38.1 30 10 2S 9
Over 1.SO through 2.00 Over 38.1 through S0 .8 3S 11 30 10
Over 2.00 through 2 .SO Over S0.8 through 63.S 40 12 3S 11
Over 2.50 through 4.00 Over 63.5 through 101.6 so 13 40 12
Over 4 .00 through 6.00 Over 101.6 through 1S2.4 60 14 so 13
Over 6.00 through 8.00 Over 152.4 through 203.2 80 16 60 14
Over 8 .00 through 10.00 Over 203.2 through 2S4.0 100 17 80 16
Over 10.00 through 12.00 Over 2S4.0 through 304.8 120 18 100 17
Over 12.00 through 16.00 Over 304.8 through 406.4 160 20 120 18
Over 16.00 through 20.00 Over 406.4 through S08.0 200 21 160 20

(2) The separate block shall be placed as close as
possible to the part being radiographed.
( 3) When hole-type IQls are used, the block dimen-
sions shall exceed the IQI dimensions such that the outline
of at least three sides of the IQI image shall be visible
on the radiograph.
(b) Film-Side IQI(s). Where inaccessibility prevents
hand placing the IQI(s) on the source side, the IQI(s)
shall be placed on the film side in contact with the part
being examined. A lead letter "F' shall be placed adjacent
to or on the IQI(s), but shall not mask the essential bole
where hole IQis are used.
(c) IQI Placement for Welds - Hole IQls. The IQI(s)
may be placed adjacent ro or on the weld. The identifica-
tion number(s) and, when used, the lead letter "F," shall
not be in the area of interest, except when geometric
configuration makes it impractical.
(d) IQI Placement for Welds- Wire ! Qls. The IQI(s)
shall be placed on the weld so that the length of the
wires is perpendicular to the length of the weld. The
identification numbers and, when used, the lead letter
''F," shall not be in the area of interest, except when
geometric configuration makes it impractical.
(e) lQT Placement for Materials Other Than Welds.
The TQT(s) with the TQT identification numbcr(s), and,
when used, the lead letter "F," may be placed in the area
of interest.
04 T-277.2 Number of IQis. When one or more film
holders are used for an exposure, at least one IQI image
shall appear on each radiograph except as outlined in (b)
below.
(a) Multiple IQis. If the requirements ofT-282 are met
by using more than one IQI, one shall be representative of
the lightest area of interest and the other the darkest area
of interest; the intervening densities on the radiograph
shall be considered as having acceptable density.
(b) Special Case~
( 7) For cylindrical components where the source is
placed on the axis of the component for a single exposure,
at least three IQls, spaced approximately 120 deg. apart,
are required under the following conditions:
(a) When the complete circumference is radio-
graphed using one or more film holders, or;
(b) When a section or sections of the circumfer-
ence, where the length between the ends of the outermost
sections span 240 or more deg., is radiographed using
ont: or more film hohkrs. Additional film locations may
be required to obtain necessary IQI spacing.
(2) For cylindrical components where the source is
placed on the axis of the component for a single exposure,
at least three IQis, with one placed at each end of the
span of the circumference radiographed and one in the
approximate center of the span, are required under the
following conditions:
(a) When a section of the circumference, the
length of which is greater than 120 deg. and less than
240 dcg., is radiographed using just one film holder, or;
(b) When a section or sections of the circumfer-
ence, where the length between the ends of the outermost
3
Refer to Nonrnandatory Appendix D for additional guidance.

13

Copyright © 2004 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ~

No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME. ~
T-277.2 2004 SECTION V
sections span less than 240 deg., is radiographed using
more than one film holder.
(3) In (1) and (2) above, where sections of longitudi-
nal welds adjoining the circumferential weld are radio-
graphed simultaneously with the circumferential weld,
an additional IQI shall be placed on each longitudinal
weld at the end of the section most remote from the
junction with the circumferential weld being radio-
graphed.
(4) For spherical components where the source is
placed at the center of the component for a single expo-
sure, at least three IQls, spaced approximately 120 deg.
apart, are required under the following conditions:
(a) \Vhen a complete circumference is radio-
graphed using one or more film holders, or;
(b) When a section or sections of a circumfer-
ence, where the length between the ends of the outermost
sections span 240 or more deg., is radiographed using
one or more film holders. Additional film locations may
be required to obtain necessary IQI spacing.
(5) For spherical components where the source is
placed at the center of the component for a single expo-
sure, at least three IQis, with one placed at each end of
the radiographed span of the circumference radiographed
and one in the approximate center of the span, are required
under tbe following conditions:
(a) When a section of a circumference, the length
of which is greater than 120 deg. and less than 240 deg.,
is radiographed using just one film holder, or;
(b) When a section or sections of a circumfer-
ence, where the length between the ends of the outermost
sections span less than 240 deg. is radiographed using
more than one film holder.
(6) In (4) and (5) above, where other welds are
radiographed simultaneously with the circumferential
weld, one additional IQI shall be placed on each other
weld.
(7) For segments of a flat or curved (i.e., ellipsoidal,
torispherical, toriconical, elliptical, etc.) component
where the source is placed perpendicular to the center of
a length of weld for a single exposure when using more
than three film holders, at least three IQls, one placed
at each end of the radiographed span and one in the
approximate center of the span, are required.
(8) When an array of components in a circle is
radiographed, at least one IQI shall show on each compo-
nent image.
(9) In order to maintain the continuity of records
involving subsequent exposures, all radiographs exhib-
iting IQis that qualify the techniques permitted in accor-
dance with (1) through (7) above shaH be retained.
14
Copyright © 2004 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of AS!vffi.
T-282.2
T-277.3 Shims Under Hole IQis. For welds, a shim
of material radiographically similar to the weld metal
shall be placed between the part and the IQI, if needed,
so that the radiographic density throughout the area of
interest is no more than minus 15% from (lighter than)
the radiographic density through the IQL
The shim dimensions shall exceed the IQI dimensions
such that the outline of at least three sides of the IQI
image shall be visible in the radiograph.
T -280 EVALUATION
T-281 Quality of Radiographs
All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemi-
cal, or other blemishes to the extent that they do not mask
and are not confused with the image of any discontinuity
in the area of interest of the object being radiographed.
Such blemishes include, but are not limited to:
(a) fogging;
(b) processing defects such as streaks, watem1arks, or
chemical stains;
(c) scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirtiness, static
marks, smudges, or tears;
(d) false indications due to defective screens.
T-282 Radiographic Density
T-282.1 Density Limitations. The transmitted film
density through the radiographic image of the body of
the appropriate hole IQI or adjacent to the designated
wire of a wire IQI and the area of interest shall be 1.8
minimum for single film viewing for radiographs made
with an X-ray source and 2.0 minimum for radiographs
made with a gamma ray source. For composite viewing
of multiple film exposures, each film of the composite
set shall have a minimum density of 1.3. The maximum
density shall be 4.0 for either single or composite viewing.
A tolerance of 0.05 in density is allowed for variations
between densitometer readings.
T-282.2 Density Variation
(a) General. If the density of the radiograph anywhere
through the area of interest varies by more than minus
15% or plus 30% from the density through the body of
the hole IQI or adjacent to the designated wire of a wire
IQI, within the minimum/maximum allowable density
ranges specified in T -282.1 , then an additional IQI shall be
used for each exceptional area or areas and the radiograph
retaken. When calculating the allowable variation in den-
sity, the calculation may be rounded to the nearest 0.1
within the range specified in T -282.1.
(b) With Shims. When shims are used with hole-type
IQis, the plus 30% density restriction of (a) above may
~
~
 T -282.2 ARTICLE 2 - RADIOGRAPIDC EXAMINATION T-292

TABLE T-283 tion from backscatter is insufficient and the radiograph

EQUIVALENT HOLE-TYPE IQI SENSITIVITY shall be considered unacceptable. A dark image of the
Hole-Type " B" on a lighter background is not cause for rejection.
Designation Equivalent Hole-Type Designations
2THole 1 THole 4 THole
T-285 Evaluation by Manufacturer 04
10 15 5
12 17 7
15 20
The Manufacturer shall be responsible for the review,
10
17 25 12 interpretation, evaluation, and acceptance of the com-
20 30 15 pleted radiographs to assure compliance with the require-
25 35 17 ments of Article 2 and the referencing Code Section. As
30 40 20 an aid to the review and evaluation, the radiographic
35 50 25
40 60
technique documentation required by T -291 shall be com-
30
50 70 35 pleted prior to the evaluation. The radiograph review
60 80 40 form required by T-292 shall be completed during the
80 120 60 evaluation. The radiographic technique details and the
100 140 70 radiograph review form documentation shall accompany
120 160 80
160 240
the radiographs. Acceptance shall be completed prior to
120
200 280 140 presentation of the radiograph s and accompanying docu-
mentation to the Inspector.

be exceeded, and the minimum density requirements of

T -282.1 do not apply for the IQI, provided the required DOCUMENTATION
IQI sensitivity ofT-283.1 is met.
Ra~_i.ogr~p_hj_<:_ ltl~b.u.i_Q\ltl
Documentation Details
T-283 IQI Sensitivity
T -283.1 Required Sensitivity. Radiography shall be The Manufacturer shall prepare and document the
perfo~med with a technique of sufficient sensitivity to
radiographic technique details. As a minimum, the fol-
display the designated hole IQI image and the 2T bole, lowing information shall be provided.
or the essential wire of a wire IQI. The radiographs shall (a) identification as required hy T-224
also display the IQI identifying numbers and letters. If (b) the dimensional map (if used) of marker placement
the designated hole IQI image and 2T hole, or essential in accordance with T-275.3
wire, do not show on any film in a multiple film technique, (c) number of radiographs (exposures)
but do show in composite film viewing, interpretation (d) X-ray voltage or isotope type used
shall be permitted only by composite film viewing. (e) source size (Fin T-274.1)
04 T-28J.2 Equivalent Hok...Typc. Sensitivity. A thin- (j) base material type and thickness. weld thickness.
ner or thicker hole-type IQI than the required IQI may weld reinforcement thickness, as applicable
be substituted, provided an equivalent or better IQI sensi- (g) source-to-object distance (D in T-274.1)
tivity, as listed in Table T-283, is achieved and all other (h) distance lrom source side or objecl Lo tilm (d in
requirements for radiography are met. Equivalent IQI T-274.1)
sensitivity is shown in any row of Table T -283, which ( i) film manufacturer and Manufacturer's type/desig-
ronf:l!i.ns t;b~ J;~ql!.i.J:<:d I.QI. ~Q.. hpl~. fi~t:.t~J: I_QI_ s~gsjtiyi_ty natio!}_
is shown in any row of Table T-283, which is above the (j) number of film in each film holder/cassette
equivalent sensitivity row. If the required IQI and hole (k) single- or double-wall exposure
are not represented in the table, the next thinner IQI row (l) single- or double-wall viewing
from Table T-283 may be used to establish equivalent
IQI sensitivity.
T-292
T -284 Excessive Backscatter
The Manufacturer shall prepare a radiograph review
If a light image of the "B," as described in T-223, form. As a minimum, the following information shall be
appears on a darker background of the radiograph, protec- provided.

15

Copyright © 2004 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ~

No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME. ~
T -292 2004 SECTION V T-292

(a) a listing of each radiograph location
(b) the information required in T-291, by inclusion or
by reference
(c) evaluation and disposition of the material(s) or
weld(s) examined
(d) identification (name) of the Manufacturer's reprc-
l'entative who performed the final acceptance of the radio-
graphs
(e) date of Manufacturer's evaluation

16

Copyright © 2004 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ~

No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME. ~
 ARTICLE 2
MANDATORY APPENDIX

APPENDIX I - IN-MOTION c = distance from weld side of the diaphragm to the

RADIOGRAPHY source side of tl1e weld Sllt-face
F = source size: the maximum projected dimension
1-210 SCOPE of the radiating source (or focal spot) in the
In-motion radiography is a technique of radiography plane perpendicular to the distance b + c from
where the object being radiographed and/or the source the weld being radiographed
of radiation is in motion during the exposure.
NOTE: Use consistent units.
In-motion radiography may be pelfonu.:d on wdd-
menlS when Lht: following modified provisions Lo Lhose
in Art.idc 2 are satisfied.
1-270 EXAMINATION
1-274 Geometric and In-Motion Unsharpness
1-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 1-274.1 Geometric Unsharpness. Geometric 04
1-223 Backscatter Detection Symbol Location unsharpnes:i for in-motion radiography shall be deter-
mined in accordance with T-274.1.
(a) For longitudinal welds the lead symbol "B'' shall
h e aLtached to the hack of each film casseue or at approxi- 1-274.2 In-Motion Unsbarpness. In-moti on
mately equal intervals not exceeding 36 in. (914 mm) unsharpness of the radiograph shall be determined in
apart, whichever is smaller. accordance with:
(b) For circumferential welds, the lead symbol "B" . wt/
UM= -
shall he attached to the hack of the film cassette in each D
quadrant or spaced no greater than 36 in. (914 mm),
whichever is smaller. where
UM = in-motion unsharpness
w = beam width at the source side of the weld mea-
1-260 CALffiRATION sured in the direction of motion determined as
1-263 Beam Width specified in I-263
d = distance from source side of the weld being
The beam width shall be controlled by a metal dia- radiugrapht:d lo Lhe film
phragm such as lead. The diaphragm for the energy D = distance from source of radiation to weld being
selected shall be at least 10 half value layers thick. radiographed
The beam width as shown in Fig. I-263 shall be deter-
mined in accordance with: NOTE: Use consiste1it units.

c (F +a) 1-274.3 Unsharpness Limitations. Recommended 04

w = b +a maximum values for geometri c unsharpness and in-
motion unsharpness are provided in T-274.2.
where
w = beam width at the source side of the weld mea- f -275 Location Markers
sured in the direction of motion
a = slit width in diaphragm in direction of motion Location markers shall be placed adjacent to the weld
b =
distance from source to the weld side of the aLthe extremity of each film cassette and also at approxi-
diaphragm mately equal intervals not exceeding 15 in. (381 mm).

17

Copyright © 2004 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ~

No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASI'v!E. ~
I-277 2004 SE<..'TlON V 1-279-

Diaphragm

Ll+-----1 ·~
.,.41--- Motion_____.

FIG. 1-263 BEAM WIDTH DETERMINATION

1-277 Placement and Nmnber of IQis
(a) For longitudinal welds, hole IQis shall be placed
adjacent to and on each side of the weld seam, or on the
weld seam at the beginning and end of the weld seam,
and thereafter at approximately eq ual intervals not
exceeding 36 in. (914mm) or for each film cassette. Wire
IQis, when used, shall be piaced on the weid seam so
that the length of the wires is perpendicular to the length
of the weld and spaced as indicated above for hole IQis.
(b) For circumferential welds, hole IQis shall be
placed adjacent to and on each side of the weld seam or
on the weld seam in each quadrant or spaced no greater
than 36 in. (914 mrn) apart, whichever is smaller. Wire
IQis, when used, shall be placed on the weld seam so
that the length of the wires is perpendicular to the length
of the weld and spaced as indicated above for hole IQis.
1-279 Repaired Area
When radiography of a repaired area is required, the
length of the film used shall be at least equal to the length
of the original location marker interval.

18

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 ARTICLE 2
MANDATORY APPENDIX

APPENDIX II - REAL-TIME II-235 Calibration Block

RADIOSCOPIC EXAI'viTNATION The calibration block shall be made of the same mate-
ll-210 SCOPE rial type and product form as the test object. The calibra-
tion block may be an actual test object or may be
Real-time radioscopy provides immediate response fabricated to simulate the test object with known disconti-
imaging with the capability to follow motion of the nuities.
inspected part. This includes radioscopy where the motion
of the test object must be iimited (commonly referred to
as near real-time radioscopy). II-236 Calibrated Line Pair Test Pattern and
Real-time radioscopy may be performed on materials Step Wedge
including castings and weldments when the modified pro- The line pair test pattern shall be used without an
visions to Article 2 as indicated herein are satisfied. additional absorber to evaluate the system resolution. The
SE-1255 shall be used in conjunction with this Appendix step wedge shall be used to evaluate system contrast
as indicated by specific references in appropriate para- sensitivity.
graphs. SE-1416 provides additional information that The step wedge must be made of the same material as
may be used for radioscopic examination of welds. the test object with steps representing 100%, 99%, 98%,
and 97% of both the thickest and the thinnest material
sections to be inspected. Additional step thicknesses are
ll-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS permissible.
This radioscopic methodology may be used for the
examination of ferrous or nonferrous materials and weld- TT-237 Equivalent Performance Level
ments.
A system which exhibits a spatial resolution of 3 line
pairs per millimeter, a thin section contrast sensitivity of
ll-221 Procedure Requirements 3%, and a thick section contrast sensitivity of 2% has an
A written procedure is required and shall contain as a c:quivalenl perfunnam:e levd of 3%- 2%- 3 lp/mm.
minimum the following (see SE-1255, 5.2):
(a) material and thickness range
(b) equipment qualifications
II-260 CALIBRATION
(c) test object scan plan System calibration shall be performed in the static
(d) radioscopic parameters mode by satisfying the line pair test pattern resolution,
(e) image processing parameters step wedge contrast sensitivity, and calibration block dis-
(f) image display parameters continuity detection necessary to meet the IQI require-
(g) image archiving ments of T-276.

II-263 System Performance Measurement

II-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
Real-time radioscopic system performance parameters
II-231 Radioscopic Examination Record
shall be determined initially and monitored regularly with
The radioscopic examination data shall be recorded the system in operation to assure consistent results. The
and stored on videotape, magnetic disk, or optical disk. system performance shall be monitored at sufficiently

19

Copyright © 2004 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ~

No reproduction may be made of this material w ithout written consent of ASME. ~
II-263 2004 SECTION V II-292

scheduled intervals to minimize the probability of time-
dependent performance variations. System performance
tests require the use of the calibration block, line pair
test pattern, and the step wedge.
System performance measurement techniques shall be
standardized so that they may be readily duplicated at
the spedtied intervals.
the components specified in ll-278. (Sec SE-1255, 6.1.)
When using wire IQis, the radioscopic examination
system may exhibit asymmetrical sensitivity, therefore,
the wire diameter axis shall be oriented along the axis
of the least sensitivity of the system.

II-264 Measurement With a Calibration Block 11-290 DOCUMENTATION

The calibration block shall also be placed in the same
position as the actual object and manipulated through the 11-291 Radioscopic Technique Information
same range and speed of motions as will be used for the
actual object to demonstrate the system's response in the To aid in proper interpretation of the radioscopic exam-
dynamic mode. ination data, details of the technique used shall accom-
pany the data. As a minimum , the information shall
include the items specified in T-291 when applicable.
II-270 EXAMINATION
II-221, and the following:
II-278 System Configuration
(a) operator identification
The radioscopic examination system shall, as a mini-
(b) system performance test data
mum, include the following:
(a) radiation source
(b) manipulation system
(c) detection system
(d) information processing system
II-292 Evaluation by Manufacturer
(e) image display system Prior to being presemed w me Inspector for acceptance,
(f) record archiving system the examination data shall be interpreted by the Manufac-
turer as complying with the referencing Code Section.
II-280 EVALUATION The Manufacturer shall record the interpretation and dis-
11-286 Factors Affecting System Performance position of each weldment examined on a radiographic
The radioscopic examination system performance interpretation review form accompanying the radio-
quality is determined by the combined performance uf scopic data.

20

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 ARTICLE 2
MANDATORY APPENDIX

APPENDIX i l l - DIGITAL IMAGE ill-234 Viewing Considerations

ACQUffiniTON,DffiFLAY,ru~
The digital image shall be judged by visual comparison
STORAGE FOR RADIOGRAPHY AND to be equivalent to the image quality of the original image
RADIOSCOPY at the time of digitization.
ID-210 SCOPE
Digital image acquisition, display, and storage can be ID-236 Calibrated Optical Line Pair Test
applied to radiography and radioscopy. Once the analog Pattern and Optical Density Step
image is converted to digital format, the data can be Wedge
displayed, processed, quantified, stored, retrieved, and
An optical line pair test pattern operating between 0.1
converted back to the original analog format, for example,
and 4.0 optical density shall be used to evaluate the
film or video presenlal.ion.
modulation transfer function (MTF) of the system. The
Digital imaging of all radiographic and radioscopic
optical density step wedge shall be used to evaluate sys-
examination test results shall be performed in accordance
lcm l:onlrasl scru.ilivity.
with the modified provisions to Article 2 ao; indicated
herein.
m-250 IMAGE ACQUISITION AND
ID-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS STORAGE
ill-221 Procedure Requirements ID-255 Area of Interest
A written procedure is required and shall contain, as a Any portion of the image data may be digitized and
minimum, the following system performance parameters: stored provided the information th at is digitized and
(a) image digitizing parameters - modulation transfer stored includes the area of interest as defined by the
function (MTF), line pair resolution, contrast sensitivity, referencing Code Section.
and dynamic range;
(b) image display parameters - format, contrast, and
ill-258 System Configuration
magnification;
(c) image processing parameters that are used.; The system shall, as a minimum, include the following:
(d) storage - idemification, data compression, and (a) digitizing system
media (including precautions to be taken to avoid data (b) display system
loss); (c) image processing system
(e) analog output formats. (d) image storage system

ill-222 Original Image Artifacts

Any artifacts that are identified in the original image
shall be noted or annotated on the digital image.
ffi-236 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
ill-231 Digital Image Examination Record
The digital image examination data shall be recorded
and stored on video tape, magnetic disk, or optical disk.
lll-260 CALlBRATION
The system shall be calibrated for modulation transfer
function (MTF), dynamic range, and contrast sensitivity.
ill-263 System Performance Measurement
System performance parameters (as noted in ill-221)
shall be determined initially and monitored regularly with

21

Copyright © 2004 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ~

No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME. ~
ill-263 2004 SECTION V ill-292

the system in operation to assure consistent results. The ill-290 DOCUMENTATION

system performance shall be monitored at the beginning
and end of each shift to minimize the probability of time-
dependent performance variations.
ill-280 EVALUATION
ill-286 Factors Affecting System Performance
The quality of system performance is determined by
the combined perfonnauce of the components specified
in III-258.
ID-287
System-Induced Artifacts
The digital images shall be free of system-induced
artifacts in the area of interest that could mask or be
confused wir.h me image of any discontinuity in the origi-
nal analog image.
ill-291 Digital Imaging Technique Information
To aid in proper interpretation of the digital examina-
tion data, details of the technique used shall accompany
the data. As a minimum, the information shall include
items specified in T-291 and II-221 when applicable,
III-221, III-222, and the following:
(a) operator identification
(b) system performance test data
ill-292 Evaluation by Manufacturer
Prior to being presented to the Inspector for acceptance,
tbe digital examination data from a radiographic or radio-
scopic image shall have been interpreted by the Manufac-
turer as complying with the referencing Code Section.
The cligital examination data from a radiograph that
has previousiy been accepted by the Inspector is nor
required to be submitted to the Inspector for acceptance.

22

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 ARTICLE 2
MANDATORY APPENDIX
APPENDIX IV - INTERPRETATION,
EVALUATION, Al'lu DISPOSffiON
OF RADIOGRAPIDC AND
RADIOSCOPIC EXAMINATION TEST
RESULTS PRODUCED BY THE
DIGITAL IMAGE ACQUISITION
AND DISPLAY PROCESS
IV-210 SCOPE
The cligital image examination test results produced in
accordance with Article 2, Mandatory Appenclix II, and
Article 2, Mandatory Appenclix III, may be interpreted
and evaluated for final disposition in accordance with !.he
adclitional provisions to Article 2 as inclicated herein.
The digital information is obtaine-d in series with radi-
ography and in parallel with radioscopy. This data collec-
tion process also provides for interpretation, evaluation,
and disposition of the examination test results.
IV-220 GENERAL REQUIREMEJ~t,r'TS
The digital image shall be interpreted wbile displayed
on a cathode ray tube (soft display). The interpretation
may include density and contrast adjustment. quanti fica-
tion, and pixel measurement, inclucling digital or optical
density values and linear or area measurement.
The interpretation of a digitized image is dependent
upon the same subjective evaluation by a trained inter-
preter as the interpretation of a radiographic or radio-
scopic image. Some of the s ignificant parameters
considered during interpretation include: area of interest,
image quality, IQI image, magnification, density, con-
trast, discontinuity shape (rounded, linear, irregular), and
artifact identification.
The digital image interpretation of the radiographic and
radioscopic examination test results shall be performed in
accordance with the modified provisions to Article 2 as
indicated herein.
After the interpretation has been completed, the inter-
pretation data and the digital image, which shall include
23
Copyright © 2004 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME.
the unprocessed original full image and the cligitally pro-
cessed image, shall be recorded and stored on video tape,
magnetic tape, or optical disk.
IV-221 Procedure Requirements
A written procedure is required and shall contain, as a
minimum, the following system performance parameters:
(a) image digitizing parameters - modulation transfer
function (MTF), line pair resolution, contrast sensitivity,
dynamic range, and pixel size;
(b) image display parameters - monitor size includ-
ing display pixel size, luminosity, format, contrast, and
magnification;
(c) signal processing parameters- including density
shift, contrast stretch, log transform, and any other tech-
niques that do not mathematically alter the original digital
data, e.g., linear and area measurement, pixel sizing, and
value determination;
(d) storage - identification, data compression, and
media (including precautions to be taken to avoid data
loss). The non-erasable optical media should be used
for archival applications. This is frequently called the
WORM (Write Once Read Many) technology. When stor-
age is accomplished on magnetic or erasable optical
media, then procedures must be included that show
trackable safeguards to prevent data tampering and guar-
antee data integrity.
IV-222 Original Image Artifacts
Any artifacts that arc identified shall be noted or anno-
t-ated OR the digital image.
IV-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
IV-231 Digital Image Examination Record
The digital image examination data shaH be recorded
and stored on video tape, magnetic disk, or optical djsk.
~
~
IV-234 2004 SECTION V IV-292

IV-234 Viewing Considerations IV-263 System Performance Measurement

The digital image shall be evaluated using appropriate
monitor luminosity, display techniques, and room lighting
to insure proper visualization of detail.
IV-236 Calibrated Optical Line Pair Test
Pattern and Optical Density Step
Wedge
An optical line pair test pattern operating between O.l
and 4.0 optical density shall be used to evaluate the
modulation transfer function (MTF) of the system. High
spatial resolution with 14 line-pairs per millimeter
(lp/mm) translates to a pixel size of 0.0014 in. (0.035
mm). Lesser spatial resolution with 2 lp/mm can be
accomplished with a pixel size of 0.012 in. (0.3 mm).
The optical density step wedge shall be used to evaluate
system contrast sensitivity. Alternatively, a contrast sensi-
tivity gage (step wedge block) in accordance with
SE-1647 may be used..
System performance parameters (as noted in IV-221)
shall be determined initially and monitored regularly with
the system in operation to assure consistent results. The
system performance shall be monitored at the beginning
and end of each shift to minimize the probability of time-
dependent performance variations.
IV-280 EVALUATION
IV-286 Factors Affecting System Performance
The quality of system performance is determined by
the combined performance of the components specified
in IV-258.
IV-287 System-Induced Artifacts
The digital images shall be free of system-induced
artifacts in the area of interest that could mask or be
confused with the image of any discontinuity.

IV-250 IMAGE ACQUISITION, STORAGE,

AND INTERPRETATION IV-290 DOCUMEl\T'fATION
IV-255 Area of Interest IV-291 Digital Imaging Technique Information
The evaluation of the digital image shall include all To aid in proper interpretation of the digital examina-
areas of the image defined as the area of interest by the tion data, details of the technique used shall accompany
referencing Code Section. the data. As a minimum, the information shall include
items specified in T-291 and 11-221 when applicahle,
IV-258 System Configuration ill-221, ill-222, IV-221, IV-222, and the following::
(a) operator identification
The system shall, as a minimum, include:
(b) system performance test data
(a) digital image acquisition system
(c) calibration test data
(b) display system
(c) image processing system
(d) image storage system IY-292 Evaluation by Manufacturer
Prior to heingpresented to the Inspector for acceptance,
the digital examination data from a radiographic or radio-
IV-260 CALffiRATION
scopic image shall have been interpreted by the Manufac-
The system shall be calibrated for modulation transfer turer as complying with the referencing Code Section.
function (MTF), dynamic range, and contrast sensitivity. The digitized examination data that has previously been
The electrical performance of the hardware and the qual- accepted by the Inspector is not required to be submitted
ity of the digital image shall be measured and recorded. to the Inspector for acceptance.

24

Copyright © 2004 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ~

No reproduction may be made of this material without wrinen consent of ASME. ~
 ARTICLE 2
MANDATORY APPENDIX
APPENDIX V - GLOSSARY OF
TERt'VIS FOR RADIOGRAPHIC
EXAMINATION
V-210 SCOPE
This Mandatory Appendix is used for the purpose of
estabHshing standard terms and definitions of terms relat-
ing to radiographic exa!T'.ination.
V-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
(a) The Standard Terminology for Nondestructive
Examinations (ASTM E 1316 bas been adopted by the
Committee :1s SE- 1316.
(b) SE-1316 Section 7 provides t.he definitions of terms
listed in V-230(a).
(c) For general terms, such as Indication, Flaw, Dis-
continuity, Evaluation, etc., refer to Article 1, Mandatory
Appendix I.
(d) Paragraph V-230(b) provides a list of terms and
definitions that are Code specific. Paragraph V-230(c)
provides a list of terms and definitions that are specific
to Section V, Article 2, Appendix VI.
V-230 REQUIREMENTS
(a) The following SE-1316 terms are used in conjunc-
tion with this Article: analog image, back scattered radia-
tion, cassette, composite viewing, contrast sensitivity,
contrast stretch, densitometer, density (film), digital, digi-
tal image, digitize, digital image acquisition system, eras-
able optical medium, focal spot, fog, geometric
unsharpness, intensifying screen, !Ql sensitivity, line pair
per millimeter, line pair Lest pattern, location marker.
luminosity, magnetic storage medium, optical density,
pixel, pixel size, radiograph, screen, source, step wedge,
system-induced artifacts, transmission densitometer, and
transmitted film density.
(b) The following Code terms are used in conjunction
with this Article.
annotate - to provide an explanatory note on the
digital image
25
Copyright © 2004 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME.
calibrated line pair test pattern- see optical line pair
test pattem
calibrated step wedge film- a radiograph with discrete
density steps, which is traceable to a national standard
cathode ray tube (soft display) - a device that pro-
duces an image hy exciting a fluorescent suhstance with
a magnetically guided beam
data compression - a reduction in the size of :1 digital
data set to a smaller data set
density shift - a function that raises or Jowers all
density I greyscale values equally such that contrast is
maintained within the data set
designated wire - the specific wire that must be dis-
cernible in the radiographic image of a wire-type irnage
quality indicator
diaphragm- an aperture (opening) in a radiation
opaque material that limits the usable beam size of a
radiation source
display pixel size - the length and width dimensions
of the smallest element of a displayed image
display system - a system that can display an array
of pixels on a screen (CRT)
dynamic range - the range of operation of a device
between its upper and lower limit; this range can be
given as a ratio (e.g., 100:1) of the maximum signal level
capability to its noise level, the number of measurable
steps between the upper and lower limits, the number of
bits needed to record this number of measurable steps,
or the maximum and minimum measurable values
equivalent IQJ sensitivity - that thickness of hole-
type IQI, expressed as a percentage of the part thickness,
in which 2Thole would be visible under the same radio-
graphic conditions
essential hole- t.he specific hole that must be discern-
ible in the radiographic image of a hole-type IQI
image processing system - a system that uses mathe-
matical algorithms to manipulate digital image data
image quality indicator
hole type - a rectangular plaque, made of material
radiographically similar to that of the object being radio-
graphed, with small diameter boles (lT, 2T, and 41) used
to check the image quality of the radiograph
~
~
V-230 2004 SECTION V
wire type - a set of small diameter wires, made of
material radiographically similar to that of the object
being radiographed, used to check the image quality of
the radiograph
image storage system- a system that can store digital
image data for future use
TQT- image quality indicator
line pair resolution - the number of line pairs per
unit distance that are detectable in an image
log transfonn- a function that applies a logarithmic
mapping to all density I greyscale values in an image; this
operation is often performed when the resulting distribu-
tion is normal, or if the resulting relationship with another
variable is linear
modulation transfer f unction (MTF) - a measure of
spatial resolution as a function of contrast; a plot of these
variables (spatial resolution and contrast) yields a curve
representing the frequency response of the system
national standard step tablet - an x-ray film with
discrete density steps produced and cenilied by a nation-
ally recognized standardizing body
nonerasable optical media (optical disk)- a storage
media that prevents the erasure or alteration of digital
data after it is stored
optical density step wedge - a radiographic image of a
mechanical step wedge with precise thickness increments
and may be used to correlate optical film density to the
thickness of material, also known as a step tablet
penetrameter- no longer used in Article 2; see image
quality indicator
qUilniijicaiion - the act of determining or expressing
a quantity (i.e., giving a numerical value to a measurement
of something)
radiographic examination- a nondestructive method
for detecting discontinuities in materials and components
using penetrating radiation to produce an image on a
recording medium
sensitivity - the s mallest discernible detail and/or
contrast change (e.g., IQI hole or wire) in a :radiographic
image
26
Copyright © 2004 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME.
V-230
shim - a material, radiographicall y similar to t he
object being radiographed, that is placed between a hole-
type IQI and the object in order to reduce the radiographic
density through the image of the hole- type IQI
source side - that surface of the area of interest being
radiographed for evaluation nearest the source of radi-
ation
step wedge calibration film. - a processed film with
discrete density steps that have heen verified hy compari-
son with a national standard step tablet
step wedge comparison film - a processed film with
discrete density steps that have been verified by use of
a calibrated densitometer, which is used to determine if
production radiographs meet density limits
WORM (write once read many) - a term relating to
a type of digital storage media where the data can be
stored only once but accessed (nondestructively) many
times
(c) The following Code terms are used in conjunction
with Article 2, Appendix VI:
contrast sensitivity- the size of the smallest detectable
change in optical density
dynamic range - the extent of measurable optical
density obtained in a si ngle scan
image - the digital representation of a target on the
reference film used to evaluate hoth the digiti7ation and
display aspects of a film digitization system
reference film - a single industrial radiographic film
that encompasses the targets necessary for the evaluation
and quantification of the perfmmance characteristics of
a film digitizalion system
spatia/linearity- the accuracy to which a digitization
system reproduces the physical dimensions of informa-
tion on the original film [both in the horizontal (along a
single scan line) and vertical (from one scan line to
another) directions]
spatial resolution - the size of the smalles t detectable
element of the digitized image
target- a physical pattern on a reference film used
to evaluate the perfonnance of a film digitization system
~
~
 ARTICLE 2
MANDATORY APPENDIX
APPENDIX VI - DIGITAL IMAGE
ACQUISTI10N, DISPLAY,
INTERPRETATION, AND STORAGE
OF RADIOGRAPHS FOR NUCLEAR
APPLICATIONS
VI-210 SCOPE
Digital imaging process and technology provide the
ability to digitize and store the detailed information con-
tained in the radiograph (analog image), thus eliminating
the need to maintain and store radiographs for permanent
record.
VI-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
VI-221 Supplemental Requirements
VI-221.1 Additional Information. Article 2, Manda-
tory Appendices Ill and IV, contain additional informa-
tion that shall be used to supplement the requirements of
i.hb Appt:mlix. Th~s~ suppl~m~nlal r~quir~ru~nls shall b~
documented in the written procedure required by this
Appendix.
VI-221.2 Reference Film. Supplement A contains
requirements for the manufacture of the reference film.
VI-222 Written Procedure
A written procedure is required. The written procedure
shall be the responsibility of the owner of the radiographs
and shaH be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the
Authorized Nuclear Inspector (ANI). When other
enforcement or regulatory agencies are involved, the
agency approval is required by formal agreement The
written procedure shall include, as a minimum, the fol-
lowing essential variables:
VI-222.1 Digitizing System Description
(a) manufacturer and model no. of digitizing system;
( b) physical size of the usable area of the image
monitor;
(c) film size capacity of the scanning device;
( d) spot size(s) of the film scanning system;
27
Copyright © 2004 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME.
(e) image display pixel size as defined by the vertical/
horizontal resolution lirr.its of the monitor;
(j) luminance of the video display; and
(g) data storage medium.
VI-222.2 Digitizing Technique
(a) digitizer spot size (in microns) to be used (see
VI-232);
(b) Joss-less data compression technique, if used;
(c) method of image capture verification;
(d) image processing operations;
(e) time period for system verification (see VI-264);
(j) spatial resolution used (see VI-241);
(g) contrast sensitivity (density range obtained) (see
VI-242);
(h) dynamic range used (see VI-243); and
(i) spatial linearity of the system (see VI-244).
VI-223 Personnel Requirements
Personnel shall he qualified a~ follows:
(a) Level 11 and Level liTPersonnel. Level II and Level
Ill personnel shall be qualified in the radiographic method
as required by Article 1. In addition, the employer's writ-
Len practice shall describe the specific training and practi-
cal experience of Level II and Level III personnel
involved in the application of the digital imaging process
and the interpretation of results and acceptance of system
performance. Training and experience shall be docu-
menled in the individual's certification records.
(b) As a minimum, Level II and ill individuals shall
have 40 hours of training and 1 month of practical experi-
ence in the digital imaging process technique.
(c) Other Person11el. Personnel with limited qualifica-
tions performing operations other than those required for
Lht! Level II or Level Ill shall be yualitied in accordance
with Article 1. Each individual shall have specified train-
ing and practical experience in the operations to be per-
formed.
~
~
VI-230 2004 SECTION V VI-261

VI-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS Vl-250 TECHNIQUE

VI-231 System Features
The following features shall be common to all digital
image processing systems:
(a) noninterlaced image display format;
(b) WORM- write-once/read-many data storage; and
(c) fully reversible (loss-less) data compression (if
data compression is used).
The reference film described in Supplement A and Fig.
VI-A-l shall be used to determine the performance of
the digitization system. The system settings shall be
adjusted to optimize the display representation of the
reference targets (images). Th.:: rcfcrcnc.:: f.lm and all
subsequent radiographs shall be scanned by the digitiza-
tion system using these optimized settings.

VI-251 Spatial Resolution Evaluation

VI-232 System Spot Size
The spot size of the digitizing system shall be:
(a) 70 microns, or smaller for radiographs made with
energies up to 1 MeV; or
(b) 100 rllicrons or smaller for radiographs made with
energies over 1 MeV.
VI-240 SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
REQUIREMENTS
System performance shall be deterrllined using the digi-
tized representation of the reference targets (images). No
adjust1nent shall be made to the digitizing system which
may affect system performance after recording the refer-
ence targets.
VI-241 Spatial Resolution
Spatial resolution shall be determined as described in
Vl-251. The system shall be capable of resolving a pattern
of 7 line pairs/millimeter (lp/mm) for systems digiti7.ing
with a spot size of 70 microns or less, or 5 line pairs/
millimeter for spot sizes greater than 70 microns.
Vi-242 Contrast Sensitivity
Contrast sensitivity shall be determined as described
in Vl-252. The system shall have a minimum contrast
sensitivity of 0.02 optical density.
V1-243 Dynamic Range
Dynamic range shall be determined as described in
VI-253. The system shall have a minimum dynamic range
of 3.5 optical density.
At least two of the converging line pair images (0 deg.,
45 deg., and 90 deg. line pairs) shall be selected near tbe
opposite comers of the digitizing field and one image
near the center of the digitized reference film. The spatial
resolution in each position and for each orientation shall
be recorded as the highest indicated spatial frequency (as
determined by the reference lines provided) where all of
me lighter lines are observed to be separated by the darker
lines. Tbe system resolution shall be reported as the poor-
est spatial resolution obtained from all of the resolution
images evaluated.
VI-252 Contrast Sensitivity Evaluation
Using the contrast sensitivity images and the digitized
stepped density scale images to evaluate the detectability
of each density step (the observed density changes shall
be indicative of the system's capability to discern 0.02
density differences), the detectability of each density step
and the difference in density between steps shall be eval-
uated.
VI-253 Dynamic Range Evaluation
The dynamic range of the digitization system shall be
delc:rmined by finding the lasl visible density step al bolh
ends of the density strip. The dynamic range shall be
measured to the nearest 0.50 optical density.
VI-254 Spatial Linearity Evaluation
The digitization system shall be set to read the inch
scale on the reference film. The measurement tool shall
then be used to measure the scale in a vertical direction
and horizontal direction. The actual dimension is divided
by the measured dimension to find tbe percentage of error
in the horizontal and vertical directions.

VI-260 DEMONSTRATION OF SYSTEM

Spatial Lineru-ity PERFORM.Al....,.CE
Spatial linearity shall be determined as described in VI-261 Procedure Demonstration
VI-254. The system shall return measured dimensions The written procedure described in VI-222 shall be
with 3% of the actual dimensions on the reference film. demonstrated to the ANI and, if requested, the regulatory

28

Copyright © 2004 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ~

No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME. ~
VI-261 ARTICLE 2 - MANDATORY APPENDICES
agency, as having the ability to acquire. display, and
reproduce the analog images from radiographs. Evidence
of the demonstration shall be recorded as required by
Vl-291.
VI-262 Processed Ta1:gets
The digitizing process and equipment shall acquire
and display the targets described in Supplement A. The
digitally processed targets of the reference film shall be
used to verify the system performance.
VI-263 Changes in Essential Variables
Any change in tlle essential variables identified in
Vl-222 and used to produce the results in VI-250 shaH
be cause for reverification of the System Performance.
VI-264 Frequency of Verification
The System Performance shall be initially verified in
accordance with VI-262 at the beginning of each digitiz-
ing shift ReveriticaLion in accordance wiLh Vl-262 shall
take place at the end of each shift or at the end of 12
continuous hours, whichever is Jess, or at :my time that
malfunctioning is suspected.
VI-265 Changes in System Performance
Any evidence of change in the System Performance
specified in VI-240 shall invalidate the digital images
processed since the last successful verification and shall
be cause for reverification.
VI-270 EXAMINATION
VI-271 System Performance Requir ements
The digitizing system shall meet the requirements spec-
ified in Vl-24-0 before digitizing archival radiographs.
VI-272 Artifacts
Radiographs shall be visualJy exa.rpJned for foreign
material and artifacts (e.g., scratches or water spots) in
the area of interest. Foreign material not removed and
artifacts observed shall be documented.
VI-273 Calibration
The calibration for a specific set of parameters (i.e.,
film size, density range, and spatial resolution) shall be
conducted by following VI-240 and Supplement A. The
results shall be documented.
29
Copyright © 2004 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME.
VI-292
VI-280 EVALUATION
VI-281 Process Evaluation
The Level II or Level III Examiner described in
VI-223(a) shall be responsible for determining that the
digital imaging process is capable of reproducing the
original analog image. This digital image shall then be
transferred to the write-once-read-many (WORM) opti-
cal disc.
VI-282 Interpretation
When interpretation of tbe radiograph is used for
acceptance, the requirements of Article 2, Mandatory
Appendix IV and the Referencing Code Section shall
apply. If analog radiographs must be viewed in composite
for acceptance, then both radiographs shall be digitized.
The digital image of the analog radiographs shall be
interpreted singularly.
VI-283 Baseline
Digital images of previously accepted radiographs may
be used as a baseline for subsequent in-service inspec-
tions.
VI-290 DOCUMENTATION
VI-291 Reporting Requirements
The following shall be documented in a final report:
(a) spatia! resolution (VI-241);
(b) contrast sensitivity (VI-242);
(c) frequency for system verificatiDn;
(d) dynamic range (VI-243);
(e) Traceability technique from original component to
radiograph to displayed digital image, including original
radiographic report(s}. (The original radiographic reader
sheet may be digitized to fulfill this requirement);
(f) condition of original radiographs (VI-281);
(g) procedure demonstration (VI-261);
(h) spatial linearity (VI-244);
(i) system performance parameters (VI-241); and
UJ personnel performing the digital imaging process
(VI-223).
VI-292 Archiving
When the final report and digitized information arc
used to replace the analog radiograph as the permanent
record as required by the referencing Code Section, all
information pertaining to the original radiography shall
be documented in the final report and processed as part
of the digital record. A duplicate copy of the WORM
~
~
VI-292 2004 SECTION V
storage media is required if the radiographs are to be
destroyed.
ARTICLE2
MANDATORY APPENDIX VI -
SUPPLEMENT A
VI-A-210 SCOPE
The reference film described in this supplement pro-
vides a set of targets suitable for evaluating and quantify-
ing the performance characteristics of a radiographic
digitizing system. The reference film is suitable for evalu-
ating both the radiographic film digitization process and
the electronic image reconstruction process.
The reference film shall he used to conduct perfonn-
ance demonstrations and evaluations of the digitizing
system to verify The operating characteristics before radio-
graphs are digitized. The reference film provides for the
evaluation of spatial resolution, contrast sensitivity,
dynamic range, and spatial linearity.
VI-A-220 GENERAL
VI-A-221 Reference Film
The reference film shall he specified in VI-A-230 and
VI-A-240.
VI-A-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
Vl-A-231 Reference Targets
The illustration of the reference film and its targets is
as shown in Fig. VI-A-l.
VI-A-232 Spatial Resolution Targets
The reference film shall contain spatial resolution tar-
gets as follows:
VI-A-232.1 Con verging Line Pair Targets. Con-
verging line pairs shall consist of 3 identical groups of
no less than 6 converging line pairs (6 light lines and 6
dark lines). The targets shall have a maximum resolution
of no less than 20 line pairs per millimeter (lp/mm) and
a minimum resolution of no greater than 1 lp/mm. The
3 line pair groups shall be oriented in the vertical, hori-
zontal, and the last group shall be 45 deg. from the previ-
ous two groups. The maximum resolution shall be
oriented toward the corners of the film. Reference marks
shall be provided to indicate spatial resolution at levels
of no less than l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, and 20 lp/
30
Copyright © 2004 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME.
VI-A-240
mm. The spatial resolution targets shall be located in
each comer of the needed film ~i7e.~.
VI-A-232.2 Parallel Line Pair Targets. Parallel line
pairs shall consist of parallel line pairs in at least the
vertical direction on the reference film. It shall have a
maximum resolution of at least 20 lp/mm and a minimum
resolution of no less than 0.5 lp/mm. It shall have distinct
resolutions of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, and 20
lp/ mm and have the corresponding reference marks. It
shall be located near the middle of the reference film.
VI-A-233 Constrast Sensitivity Targets
Contrast sensitivity targets shall consist of approxi-
mately 0.4 in. by 0.4 in. (10 mm by 10 mm) blocks
centered in 1.6 in. by 1.6 in. (40 mm by 40 mm) blocks
of a slightly lower density. Two series of these step blocks
shall be used with an optical density of approximately
2.0 on a background of approximately 1.95, an optical
density change of 0.05. The second block series will have
an optical density of approximately 3.5 on a background
of approximately 3.4, an optical density change of 0.10.
The relative density change is more important than the
absolute density. These images shall be located near the
edges and the center of the film so as to test the contrast
sensitivity throughout the scan path.
VI-A-234 Dynamic Range Targets
Stepped density targets shall consist of a series of 0.4
in. by 0.4 in. (10 mm by 10 mm) steps aligned in a row
with densities ranging from 0.5 to 4.5 with no greater
than 0.5 optical density steps. At four places on the density
strip (at approximately 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 optical densi-
ties), there shall be optical density changes of 0.02 which
shall also be used to test the contrast sensitivity. These
stepped density targets shall be located near the edges of
the film and near the center so as to test the dynamic
range throughout the scan path.
VI-A-235 Spatial L inearity Targets
Measurement scale targets shall be located in the hori-
zontal and vertical dimensions. The measurement scale
targets shall be in English andlor metric divisions.
VI-A-240 MISCELLANEOUS REQUIREMENTS
Manufacturing speci fications shall be minimum
requirements necessary for producing the reference film.
The reference film shall have a unique identification
which appears as an image when digitized.
~
~
 ARTICLE 2 - MANDATORY APPENDICES

FIG. VI-A-l REFERENCE FILM

31

Copyright © 2004 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ~

No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME. ~
VI-A-241 2004 SECTION V VI-A-245

VI-A-241 Material (a) The tolerance for the optical density changes stated
The reference film shall be a fine grain, inc!Usuiai type in VI-A-233 and Vl-A-234 shall be ±0.005.
film. The film used will be of high quality so the required (b) The measured densities shall be within ±0.15 of
specifications in VI-A-230 are met the values stated in Vl-A-233 and VI-A-234. The actual
densities shall be recorded and furnished with the refer-
VI-A-242 Film Size ence film.
(c) Density requirements shall be in accordance with
The film size shall be sufficient to accommodate the
ANSI IT-2.19.
largest area of interest to be digitized.
(d) The background density, where there are no images
VI-A-243 Spatial Resolution located, s hall have a 3.0 optical density ±0.5.

The spatial resolution shall be a minimum of20 Jp/mm.

VI-A-245 Linearity
VI-A-244 Density
The relative densities stated in VI-A-233 and VI-A- The measurement scale targets shall be accurately elec-
234 shall be within ±0.005 optical density. tronically produced to ±0.05 in. (±1.3 mm).

32

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 ARTICLE 2
MANDATORY APPENDIX

APPENDIX Vll - RADIOGRAPIDC
EXAMINATION OF METALLIC
CASTINGS
Vll-210 SCOPE
Metallic castings, due to their inherent complex con-
figurations, present examination co nditions that are
unique to this product form.
Radiographic examination may be performed on cast-
ings when the modified provisions to Article 2, as indi-
cated herein, are satisfied.
Vll-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
VII-224 System of Identification
A system shall be used to produce permanent identifi-
cation on the radiograph traceable to the contract, compo-
nent, or part numbers, as appropriate. ln addition, each
film of a casting being radiographed shall be plainly and
permanently idemified with Lhe name or symbol or Lhe
Material Manufacturer, Certificate Holder, or Subcontrac-
tor, job or heat number, date, and, if applicable, repairs
(Rl , R2, etc.). This identification system does not neces-
sarily require that the information appear as racliographlc
images. In any case, this information shall not obscure
the area of interest.
VD-270 EXAMINATION
\'II-271 Radiographic Technique
Vll-271.2 Double-Wall Viewing Technique. A dou-
ble-wail v iewing techniqoe may be u sed for cylindrical
castings 3 112 in. (88 mm) or less in O.D. or when the
shape of a casting precludes single-wall viewing.
VII-276 IQI Selection
VD-276.3 Additional IQI Selection Requirements.
The thickness on which the IQI is based is the single-
wall thickness.
(a) Casting Areas Prior to Finish Machining. The IQI
shall be based on a thickness that does not exceed the
finished thickness by more than 20% or 1;4 in. (6 rom),
whichever is greater. In no case shall an IQI size be
based on a thickness greater than the thickness being
radiographed.
(b) Casting Areas That Will Remain in the As-Cast
Condition. The IQI shall be based on the thickness being
radiographed.
VU-280 EVALUATION
VII-282 Radiographic Density
Vll-282.1 Density Limitations. T he transmilLed film
density through the radiographic image of the body of
the appropriate hole IQI or adjacent to the designated
wire of a wire IQI and the area of interest shall be 1.5
minimum for single film viewing. For composite viewing
of multiple film exposures, each film of the composile
set sba11 have a m.in:imum density of 1.0. The maximum
density shall be 4.0 for either single or composite viewing.
A tolerance of 0.05 in density is allowed for variations
between densitometer readings.
Vll-290 DOCUMENTATION
VII-293 Layout Details 1
To assure that all castings are radiographed consistently
in the same manner, layout details shaH be provided. As
a minimum, the layout details shall include:
(a) sketches of the casting, in as many views as neces-
sary, to show the approximate position of each location
marker; and
(b) source angles if not perpendicular to the film.
' Sillll]lle tayout ll!ld rechtlique details .u-e illn:l'trated in SE-H>30,
Appendix (Nonmandatory Information) XI, Fig. X l.l , Radiographic
Standard Shooting Sketch (RSS).

33

Copy right © 2004 by the American Society of Mechanical E ngineers. ~

No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME. ~
 ARTICLE 2
NONMANDATORY APPENDIX

04 APPENDIX A - RECOMMENDED
RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE
SKETCHES FOR
PIPE OR TUBE WELDS
A-210 SCOPE
The sketches in this Appendix illusttate techniques
used in me radiographic examination of pipe or rube
welds.
Other techniques may be used.

34

Copyright © 2004 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ~

No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME. ~
 ARTICLE 2 - NONMANDATORY APPENDICES

FIG. A-210-1 SINGLE-WALL RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES 04

Source-Weld-Film Arrangement 101

Location

0 .0.
ITechnique
Exposure Radiograph
Viewing End View Side View Selection Placement
Marker
Placement

Filno Source
Single-
Wall
T-271.1
~
I Side
T-277.1!al

T-276 Either
Single- and Side
Any
Wall Table T-275.3
T-276 T-275.1(c)

Film
Side
T-277.1(b)
Exposure Arrangement - A

Single- Source
Wall Side
T-271.1 T-277.1 (a)

T-276 Film
and Side
Any Single-
Table T-275.1
Wall
(b)(1)
T-276

Film
Film
Side
Exposure Arrangement- 8 T-277.1(bl

yl, Source y
I I
I I
'11
I I Source
I I I I

/ ' \
Side
Single- : 'f I
T-277.1 (a)
Wall
T-271.1 T-276 Source
Any Single- and Side
Wall Table T-275.1
T-276 (a)(3)

Fi lm
Side
Exposure Arrangement- C T-277.1 (bl

35

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No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME. ~
 2004 SECTION V

04 FIG. A-210-2 DOUBLE-WALL RADIOGRAPHIC TECH NIQU ES

Source-Weld-F ilm Arrangement [Q[ Location
Exposure Radiograph Marker
O.D. Technique Viewing End View Side View Selection Placement Placement

Optional
source
Source
Double- Side T-
Wall: T- 277.l(a)
271.2!al at
T-276 Fi lm
Least 3
Single- and Side
Any Exposures
Wall TableT- 1 - - - - - - t T-275.1
120 deg. to
276 (b)(l)
Each Other
for Complete
Coverage Fi lm Side
Film T-277.Hbl

Exposure arrangement - D

Optional
source
location Source
Double- Side T-
Wall: T- 277.Hal
271.2(al at
T-276 F ilm
least 3 Expo-
Smgle- and S1de T-
Any sures 120
Wall Table T- 1 - - ----1 275.1
deg. to Each
276 (bllll
Other for
Complete
Coverage Film Side
T-277.1Cbl
Film

Exposure arrangement - E

~~·,
Soutte
I I
I I
I I
I \
I \
Double-Wall I I
Double- I \
T- I I
Wall I \
271.2!bHll I \
at Least 2 ! Ellipse): I I T-276
I \
and Source Either
3 1~ in. (88 mml Read Off- I I
t--- - -
Exposures at I \
1 Table T- Side T- Side T-
or Less set Source
90 deg. to I
276 277.Hal 275.2
Side and I
Each Other I
I
Fi lm Side I
I
for Complete I
I
Images I
I
Coverage I
I
I
I
I r-- --
I
I
.;
Film
Exposure arrangement - F

{continued)

36

Copyright © 2004 by the Amciican Society of Mechanical Engineers. ~

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 ARTICLE 2 - NONMANDATORY APPENDICES

FIG. A-210-2 DOUBLE-WALL RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES CCONT'D)

Source- Weld-Film Arrangement IQI location
Exposure Radiograph 1-- - -- -- - -- , - - - - -- - -- - - t- - - - , - - - -- - ! Marker
0.0. Technique Viewing End View Side View Selection Placement Placement

Source

I I

Double- -:r··
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I
Wall: T- Double- I \
I I
271.2(b)(2) Wall : Read I I
I I
at Least 3 Super- I I T-276
Source Either
3 1~ in. (88 mml Exposures at
I I

or Less 60 oeg. or
imposed
Source
T----
'
1
and
Tabie T-
Side T- Side T-
'' 277 .Hal 275.2
120 deg. t o Side and 276
Each Other Film Side ''I
for Complete I mages \

Coverage --,''- --
'
Film
Exposure arrangement - G

37

Copyright © 2004 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ~

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 ARTICLE 2
NONMANDATORY APPENDIX

APPENDIX C - HOLE-TYPE rial to demonstrate suggested locations of IQis and are

IQI PLACEI'vlENT SKETCHES not intended to cover all configurations or applications
FOR WELDS of production radiography. Other IQI locations may be
used provided they comply with the requirements of Arti-
C-210 SCOPE cle 2. Wire IQis shall be placed in accordance with the
The figures in this Appendix demonstrate typical IQI requirements of Article 2.
(hole type) placement for welds. These sketches are tuto-

38

Copyright © 2004 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ~

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 ARTICLE 2 - NONMANDATORY APPENDICES

Radiation

~~a T,= T
Film

Film

(a) Single Wall, No Reinforcement. No Back-Up Strip

(b) Single Wall. Weld Reinforcement. N o Back-Up Strip

Film

(c) Single Wall. Weld Reinforcement. Back-Up Strip

Film

(d) Single Wall, Integral Backing Ring, Weld Reinforcement

GENERAL NOT E: LEGEND:
P and P1 are suggested placements of IQ!s and are not intended P = IQI placement
to cover all geometric configurations or applications of production P1 = alternate IQI placement
radiography. SH = shim
T = weld thickness upon which the IQI is based
T11 = r.omir.al wan thickness
T5 = total thickness including backing strip and/or reinforcement
when not removed

FIG. C-210-l SIDE AND TOP VIEWS OF HOLE-TYPE IQI PLACEMENTS

39

Copyright © 2004 hy the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ~

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 2004 SECTION V

Radiation

\\\\\\\\\\

(a) Double-Wall Technique, Double-Wall Viewing, With Weld Reinforcement and Back-Up Strip

Radiat ion

\\\\\\\\\\

(b) Double-Wall Technique, Double-Wall Viewing, With Weld Reinforcement and No Back-Up Strip
GENERAL NOTES: L EGE NO:
(a) P and P1 are suggested placements of IQ!s and are not intended P = JQJ placement
to cover a ll geometric configurations or applications of produc- P1 = alternate !QI placement
t ion radiography. SH = shim
(b) IQI is based on the single-wall thickness plus reinforcement. T = weld thickness upon which the JQI is based
T11 = nominal waii thicknes-
Ts = total t hickness including backing strip and/or reinforcement
when not removed

FIG. C-210-2 SIDE AND TOP VIEWS OF HOLE-TYPE IQI PLACE MENTS

40

( Copyright © 2004 bv the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ~)

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 ARTICLE 2 - NONMANDATORY APPENDICES

Radiation

\\\\\\\\\\\

(a) Double-Wall Technique, Single-Wall Viewing, Back-Up Strip

Radiat ion

\\\\\\\\\\\

(b) Double-Wall Technique, Single-Wall Viewing, Wall Reinforcement. No Back-Up Strip

GENERAL NOTE: LEGEND:
P and P1 are suggested placements of IQ!s and are not intended P = IQI placement
to cover all geometric configurations or applications of production P1 = alternate IQI placement
radiography. SH = shim
T = weld thickness upon which the IQ! is based
T" = ;1omin<1l wuli thickness
T5 = total thickness including backing strip and/or reinforcement
when not removed

FIG. C-210-3 SIDE AND TOP VIEWS OF HOLE-TYP E IQI PLACE MENTS

41

Copyright © 2004 by the: Amelican So~:i.:ly of Mechanical Engineers. ~

No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME. ~
 2004 SECTION V

Radiation

~~~~~~~~~~

(a) Double-Wall Technique, Double-Wall Viewing, With Weld Reinfo rcement and Back-Up Strip

T=

(b) Double-Wall Tec hnique, Double-Wall Viewing, With Weld Reinfor cement and No Back-Up Strip
GENERAL NOTES: LEGEND:
(a) P a nd P1 are suggested placements of !Qls and are not intended
to cover all geometric configurations or applications of production P = IQI placement
radiography. P1 = a lternate !Ql placement
(b) IQI is based on the single-wall thickness plus reinforcement. SH =shim
T = weld thickness upon which the IQI is based
TN = nomina l wall thickness
Ts = total thickness including backing strip and/or reinfotce-
ment when not removed

FIG. C-210-4 SIDE AN D TOP VI EWS OF HOLE-TYPE IQI PLACEM ENTS

42

Copyright © 2004 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ~

No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME. ~
 ARTICLE 2
NONMANDATORY APPENDIX

APPENDIX D - NUMBER OF special cases described in T-277.2(b). These figures are

IQis (SPECIAL CASES) not intended to cover all configurations or applications
of production radiography.
D-210 SCOPE
The figures in this Appendix illustrate t:xamples or the
number and placement of IQis that may be used in the

43

Copyright © 2004 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ~

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 2004 SECTION V

FIG. D-210-1 COMPLETE CIRCUMFERENCE FIG. D-210-2 SECTION OF CIRCUMFERENCE

CYLINDRICAL COMPONE NT 240 deg. OR MORE CYLINDRICAL COMPONENT
ET-277.2{bHl)(a) & T-277.2{b)(3)] (EXAMP LE IS ALTERNATE INTERVALS)
LT-277.2{b){l)(b) & T-277.2{b){3)J

FIG. D-210-3 SECTION(S) OF CIRCUMFERENCE FIG. D-210-4 SECTION<S) OF CIRCU MFERE NC E

LESS THAN 240 deg. CYLINDRICAL COMPONENT EQUAL TO OR MOR E THAN 120 deg. AND LESS THAN
ET-277 .2{b)(2)(b)J 240 deg. CYLINDRICAL COMPONENT
IT-277.2{b)(2)(b) OPTION]

44

Copyright © 2004 by the Amelican Society of Mechanical Engineers. ~

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 ARTICLE 2 - NONMANDATORY APPENDICES

FIG. D-210-6 WELDS IN SEG MENTS OF SPHE RI CAL

COMPONENT
IT-277.2(b)(5) & T-277.2(b)(5)(b) & T-277.2(b)(6)]

FIG. D-210-5 COM PLETE CIRCUMFERENTIAL

WELDS SPHERICAL COMPONENT
[ T-277.2(b)(4)(a) & T-277.2(b)(6)J

Note: Special Cases IQI Locations are Typical in All

Figures.

FIG. D-210-7 PLAN VI EW A-A FIG. D-210-8 ARRAY OF OBJECTS IN A CIRCLE

IT-277.2(b)(7)]

45

Copyright © 2004 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ~

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