Ahmed Fine Weaving Company Limited

By

Ali Raza

2019-GCUF- 04197

Report submitted in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY, GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY
FAISALABAD.

Sep, 2022
 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

Name: _______________________________

Student Roll No: _______________________

Industrial Training Course: ______________

Training Period: _______________________

Training Organization: __________________

Internal Examiner: ____________________

External Examiner: ____________________

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY,
FAISALABAD
 Acknowledgement

I would like to thanks "Engr.Muhammad Shakoor" guiding me in understanding the

concept of generator, transformer, transmission line, and distribution and voltage
technologies and for his cooperation and support to bring this report to completion. I
would also thanks to my father and mother for moral support and prayer. It is because
oftheir prayers that internship report is completed.

Signature of Supervisor...................................

i
 Abstract

Internship is very important to get practical knowledge where theoretical laws

applied. It also helps me to improve my theoretical knowledge in many ways. During
the stay at the department, I gained much knowledge about the electrical equipment
that how they work and I also have good interaction with my coworkers. It was not
only helpful for my education but also for my career. The Engineering Technology
internship is full time work placement with industrial partner conducted as an
alternative path way to increase knowledge. The purpose of internship is to provide
engineering student with experience to world of engineering practice through a pride
of work place employment. This report details work performed during internship in
gird station. Internship has really helped me to polish my skill and capabilities.

ii
 Table of Contents
Subject Page

Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................... i
Abstract .................................................................................................................................. ii
List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ v
List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... vi
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING LOGBOOK ............................................................................. vii
Daily Training Log .............................................................................................................. viii
Daily Training Log ................................................................................................................ ix
Daily Training Log ................................................................................................................. x
Daily Training Log ................................................................................................................ xi
Daily Training Log ............................................................................................................... xii
Daily Training Log .............................................................................................................. xiii
Daily Training Log .............................................................................................................. xiv
Daily Training Log ............................................................................................................... xv
Experience Certificate ......................................................................................................... xvi
Chapter 1 Background/Profile of the Training Organization .............................................. 1
1.1 Backgrounds/profile of the organization ................................................................. 1
1.1.1 Background ...................................................................................................... 1
1.1.2 Profile ............................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Vision and Mission ................................................................................................... 1
1.2.1 Vision ................................................................................................................ 1
1.2.2 Mission ............................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Organogram ............................................................................................................. 2
1.4 Title and position of the supervisor in charge ......................................................... 2
Chapter 2 Schedule of Training & Duties, as Trainee ...................................................... 3
Chapter 3 Working Experiences ...............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1 Introduction of Company ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2 Alternator ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3 xyz............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.5........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.6........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.7........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.8........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

iii
 3.9 Project (s) carried out, if any ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.9.1 Heading Title 1 ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.10 Supervisory works ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.10.1 Heading Title 1 ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.11 Problems encountered............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.11.1 Heading Title 1 ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.12 Problems solving process or approach ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.12.1 Heading Title 1 ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.13 Hands on skill acquired .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.13.1 Heading Title 1 ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.14 How productivity can be further enhanced ............... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.14.1 Heading Title 1 ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.15 Quality Management system in place........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.15.1 Heading Title 1 ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.16 Safety at work ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.16.1 Heading Title 1 ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 4 Conclusion .............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
References ............................................................................................................................ 33
Appendix .............................................................................................................................. 34

iv
 List of Figures
Figure 1: Sample Figure ........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

v
 List of Tables
Table 1: Sample Table............................................................................................................ 3

vi
 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING LOGBOOK

TRAINING INFORMATION

Personal Details:

Student Name:

Student Roll:

Address:

Email:

Course of Study:

Year/Semester of Study:
Training Start Date:

Training End Date:

Training Organization Name:

Address:

Contact Person:

Contact Number:

vii
 Daily Training Log

Training Week: 1st

Date Day Time Entry

01-08-2022 Monday 9:00 to 5:00 Visiting on industry and intro
02-08-2022 Tuesday 9:00 to 5:00 Visit power house and control room
03-08-2022 Wednesday 9:00 to 5:00 Understanding main function of
power house
04-08-2022 Thursday 9:00 to 5:00 Study and understanding the
working of panels installed in
control room
05-08-2022 Friday 9:00 to 5:00 Study and understanding the
working of panels installed in
control room

Training Week: 2nd

Date Day Time Entry

08-08-2022 Monday 9:00 to 5:00 Study and understanding the
working of equipment installed in
switchyard
09-08-2022 Tuesday 9:00 to 5:00 Study and understanding the
working of equipment installed in
switchyard
10-08-2022 Wednesday 9:00 to 5:00 Study and understanding the
working of equipment‘s installed in
switchyard
11-08-2022 Thursday 9:00 to 5:00 Visiting on H.T and L.T room
12-08-2022 Friday 9:00 to 5:00 Study and understanding VCB

Declaration
___________________________________________________
I hereby declare that all information provided above is true

______________ ______ _________________

Signed by Trainee Date Signed by Supervisor

viii
 Daily Training Log

Training Week: 3rd

Date Day Time Entry

15-08-2022 Monday 9:00 to 5:00 Study and understanding capacitor
bank
16-08-2022 Tuesday 9:00 to 5:00 Work on capacitor bank and replace
weak capacitors
17-08-2022 Wednesday 9:00 to 5:00 Study and understanding Bus bar
and coupler
18-08-2022 Thursday 9:00 to 5:00 Work on VCB
19-08-2022 Friday 9:00 to 5:00 Change ACB and update systemm

Training Week: 4th

Date Day Time Entry

22-08-2022 Monday 9:00 to 5:00 Work at 750kw alternator
23-08-2022 Tuesday 9:00 to 5:00 Maintenance of alternator
24-08-2022 Wednesday 9:00 to 5:00 Maintenance of alternator
25-08-2022 Thursday 9:00 to 5:00 Maintenance of alternator
26-08-2022 Friday 9:00 to 5:00 Maintenance of alternator

Declaration
___________________________________________________
I hereby declare that all information provided above is true

______________ ______ _________________

Signed by Trainee Date Signed by Supervisor

ix
 Daily Training Log

Training Week: 5th

Date Day Time Entry

29-08-2022 Monday 9:00 to 5:00 Study and understanding T/F
30-08-2022 Tuesday 9:00 to 5:00 Understanding transformer
connections
31-08-2022 Wednesday 9:00 to 5:00 Study and understanding
compressor panels
01-09-2022 Thursday 9:00 to 5:00 Operating of compressors
02-09-2022 Friday 9:00 to 5:00 Understanding power system of
compressor

Training Week: 6th

Date Day Time Entry

05-09-2022 Monday 9:00 to 5:00 Study and understanding sizing
machine
06-09-2022 Tuesday 9:00 to 5:00 Operation of sizing machine
07-09-2022 Wednesday 9:00 to 5:00 Understanding and study control
panel of sizing
08-09-2022 Thursday 9:00 to 5:00 Cooling system of sizing machine
09-09-2022 Friday 9:00 to 5:00 Maintenance of sizing main motor
and speed control inverter

Declaration
___________________________________________________
I hereby declare that all information provided above is true

______________ ______ _________________

Signed by Trainee Date Signed by Supervisor
x
 Daily Training Log

Training Week: 7th

Date Day Time Entry

12-09-2022 Monday 9:00 to 5:00 Study and understanding warping
machine
13-09-2022 Tuesday 9:00 to 5:00 Operation of warping machine
14-09-2022 Wednesday 9:00 to 5:00 Understanding and study control
panel of warping machine
15-09-2022 Thursday 9:00 to 5:00 Understanding and study sensor‘s of
warping
16-09-2022 Friday 9:00 to 5:00 Maintains of warping machine
control panel

Training Week: 8th

Date Day Time Entry

19-09-2022 Monday 9:00 to 5:00 Study and understanding loom
machine
20-09-2022 Tuesday 9:00 to 5:00 Study and understanding loom
machine
21-09-2022 Wednesday 9:00 to 5:00 Study and understanding loom
machine
22-09-2022 Thursday 9:00 to 5:00 Understanding control panel of loom
machine
23-09-2022 Friday 9:00 to 5:00 Understanding display functions and
software

Declaration
___________________________________________________
I hereby declare that all information provided above is true

______________ ______ _________________

Signed by Trainee Date Signed by Supervisor

xi
 Daily Training Log

Training Week: 9th

Date Day Time Entry

26-09-2022 Monday 9:00 to 5:00 Understanding electronic boards
27-09-2022 Tuesday 9:00 to 5:00 Understanding operating buttons
28-09-2022 Wednesday 9:00 to 5:00 Understanding uploading programs
and USB attachment
29-09-2022 Thursday 9:00 to 5:00 Understanding and study read fault
at display panel and action
30-09-2022 Friday 9:00 to 5:00 Understanding working of drum
motors

Training Week: 10th

Date Day Time Entry

03-10-2022 Monday 9:00 to 5:00 maintains different looms inverts
04-10-2022 Tuesday 9:00 to 5:00 maintains different looms inverts
05-10-2022 Wednesday 9:00 to 5:00 maintains different looms inverts
06-10-2022 Thursday 9:00 to 5:00 Maintains different magnetic
connectors
07-10-2022 Friday 9:00 to 5:00 Maintains different magnetic
connectors star delta of loom

Declaration
___________________________________________________
I hereby declare that all information provided above is true

______________ ______ _________________

Signed by Trainee Date Signed by Supervisor

xii
 Daily Training Log

Training Week: 11th

Date Day Time Entry

10-10-2022 Monday 9:00 to 5:00 maintains of IO1 card and working
11-10-2022 Tuesday 9:00 to 5:00 Maintains of EDP card and working
12-10-2022 Wednesday 9:00 to 5:00 Maintains of leno motors
13-10-2022 Thursday 9:00 to 5:00 Maintains of photo sensor and
working
14-10-2022 Friday 9:00 to 5:00 Maintains of letf motor

Training Week: 12th

Date Day Time Entry

17-10-2022 Monday 9:00 to 5:00 maintains of power module
18-10-2022 Tuesday 9:00 to 5:00 Maintains and working of
provender‘s motors
19-10-2022 Wednesday 9:00 to 5:00 Understanding and study signal of
main motor of loom
20-10-2022 Thursday 9:00 to 5:00 Understanding and study of warp
tension setting of loom
21-10-2022 Friday 9:00 to 5:00 Understanding and study working
and operation of air Bloor

Declaration
___________________________________________________
I hereby declare that all information provided above is true

______________ ______ _________________

Signed by Trainee Date Signed by Supervisor

xiii
 Daily Training Log

Training Week: 13th

Date Day Time Entry

24-10-2022 Monday 9:00 to 5:00 Work at electrical workshop
25-10-2022 Tuesday 9:00 to 5:00 Work at electrical workshop
26-10-2022 Wednesday 9:00 to 5:00 Work at electrical workshop
27-10-2022 Thursday 9:00 to 5:00 Work at electrical workshop
28-10-2022 Friday 9:00 to 5:00 Work at electrical workshop

Training Week: 14th

Date Day Time Entry

31-10-2022 Monday 9:00 to 5:00 Maintains of many motors at
electric work shop
01-11-2022 Tuesday 9:00 to 5:00 Maintains of many motors at
electric work shop
02-11-2022 Wednesday 9:00 to 5:00 Maintains of many motors at
electric work shop
03-11-2022 Thursday 9:00 to 5:00 Maintains other electrical devices at
electric work shop
04-11-2022 Friday 9:00 to 5:00 Maintains other electrical devices at
electric work shop

Declaration
___________________________________________________
I hereby declare that all information provided above is true

______________ ______ _________________

Signed by Trainee Date Signed by Supervisor

xiv
 Daily Training Log

Training Week: 15th

Date Day Time Entry

07-11-2022 Monday 9:00 to 5:00 Introduction of electronics workshop
08-11-2022 Tuesday 9:00 to 5:00 Introduction of electronics workshop
09-11-2022 Wednesday 9:00 to 5:00 Introduction of electronics workshop
10-11-2022 Thursday 9:00 to 5:00 Introduction of electronic equipment
11-11-2022 Friday 9:00 to 5:00 Introduction of electronic equipment

Training Week: 16th

Date Day Time Entry

14-11-2022 Monday 9:00 to 5:00 Maintenance of electronic cards
15-11-2022 Tuesday 9:00 to 5:00 Maintenance of electronic cards
16-11-2022 Wednesday 9:00 to 5:00 Maintenance of electronic cards
17-11-2022 Thursday 9:00 to 5:00 Maintenance of PLC devices
18-11-2022 Friday 9:00 to 5:00 Maintenance of PLC devices

Declaration
___________________________________________________
I hereby declare that all information provided above is true

______________ ______ _________________

Signed by Trainee Date Signed by Supervisor

xv
Experience Certificate

xvi
Chapter 1 Background/Profile of the Training Organization

1.1 Backgrounds/profile of the organization

1.1.1 Background

Ahmed Fines weaving is an integral part of this business community, continuously

striving to revolutionize business practices in this region. Ahmed Fines weaving is a
complete vertical unit with all processes from knitting to packaging and it employs a
centralized computerized system which handles all aspects of operations. We ensure
quickest possible turnaround of shipments with strict compliance to our customers‘
specifications.

1.1.2 Profile

Ahmed Fines weaving limited warmly welcomes you to our site. It is a limited
company located in Pakistan‘s 25 km Khanewal road qadirpur rawan, Multan. The
rise of this Company epitomizes a true success story It is passion to grow which
develops leaders in society and the same way Ahmed Fines weaving can be quoted as
an example of that percentage Ahmed Fines weaving has shown tremendous growth
in a span of just few years by not only contributing to the industry but also to the
society.
1.2 Vision and Mission
1.2.1 Vision

Passion / vision and believes of making the difference which has succeeded not only
in developing an international standard unit also in assembling over the world
under one roof

1.2.2 Mission

Ahmed Fines weaving growth rate remained over 75% during the first decade and
now is maintaining its steady growth rate of 25%. Besides, expanding / developing it
to meet Post WTO challenges Ahmed Fines weaving is being ranked among to 15
knitted garments companies of Pakistan. Today Ahmed Fines weaving with its
competencies of management production and state of the equipment is ready to
compete for any challenges anywhere in the world.

1
1.3 Organogram

CEO Director Operations

Rehman Naseem Mr. Tariq Fazal

Chairman
Ashar Fazal

In charge Trainer
Engr. Muhammad Shakoor Mr. Muhammad Naveed

1.4 Title and position of the supervisor in charge

In charge Engr.Shakoor Sahb

Position in
In Charge
Industrty

Contact# 03008197504

2
Chapter 2 Schedule of Training & Duties, as Trainee

Table 1: Schedule of Duties

Weeks Type of Duties Duration in

Hours
1st Study and understanding the working of panels 40
installed in control room
2nd Study and understanding the working of 40
equipment’s installed in switchyard
3rd Work on capacitor bank and replace weak 40
capacitors
4th Maintenance of alternator 40

5th Operating of compressors 40

6th Maintenance of sizing main motor and speed 40

control inverter
7th Understanding and study sensors of warping 40

8th Understanding display functions and software 40

9th Understanding uploading programs and USB 40

attachment
10th Maintains different magnetic connectors star 40
delta of loom
11th Maintains of let-up motor 40

12th Understanding and study signal of main motor of 40

loom
13th Work at electrical workshop 40

14th Maintains other electrical devices at electric 40

work shop
15th Introduction of electronics workshop 40

16th Maintenance of electronics card 40

3
Chapter 3:

Working Experience
Introduction
An engine power plant is a power station in which power comes from the
combination of a reciprocating engine and an alternator. Thanks to very short start-up
time, Engine power plants can provide full output within few minutes (high
flexibility) and ensure load balancing.

Caterpillar 3412:
3.1 What is Alternator?
An alternator is defined as a machine or generator which produces AC (Alternating
Current) supply and it converts mechanical energy into electrical energy, so it is also
called an AC generator or synchronous generator. There are different types of
alternators based on applications and design. The Marine type alternator, Automotive
type alternator, Diesel-electric locomotive types alternator, Brushless type alternator,
and Radio alternators are the types of alternators based on the applications. The
Salient Pole type and cylindrical rotor type are the types of alternators based on the
design.
The Caterpillar 3412 Marine engine is a V-12, four-stroke Diesel propulsion set and
a total maximum electrical output of 648 KW. Voltage 11 kv and frequency 50 Hz to
60 Hz

V engines are some of the most sought-after internal combustion engine

configurations. Their pistons and cylinders are aligned in two separate planes to a
form a V-shape when viewed from the axis of the crankshaft.

One major advantage of this alignment is that it eliminates the need for balance
shafts; no matter the type of V-angle formed, primary and secondary balance is
always perfect. Moreover, in heavy duty machines, this engine can run slower than
smaller engines often resulting in prolonged engine life.

Maximum Rated speed is 2100 Rpm. It is Turbocharge, After Cooled. The Marine
3412 has an engine displacement of 27.0 L. Displacement is a measure of the volume

4
of the engine‘s cylinders which is also an indicator of the engine‘s power and
size. Valve Lash is 0.38, Intake 0.76 mm, Bore 137 mm and its stroke 152 mm.

Figure 3.1(a) Construction of an Alternator

The main components of an alternator or synchronous generator are rotor and stator.
The main difference between rotor and stator is, the rotor is a rotating part and stator
is not a rotating component means it is a stationary part. The motors are generally run
by rotor and stator.

Figure 3.1 (b) Construction of an alternator

The stator word based on the stationary and the rotor word based on the rotating. The
construction of the stator of an alternator is equal to the construction of the stator of
an induction motor. So induction motor construction and synchronous motor
construction are both are same. Thus the stator is the stationary part of the rotor and

5
the rotor is the component that rotates inside of the stator. The rotor is located on the
stator shaft and the series of the electromagnets arranged in a cylinder causing the
rotor to rotate and create a magnetic field.
3.1.1 Working Principle of Alternator
All the alternators work on the principle of electromagnetic induction. According to
this law, for producing the electricity we need a conductor, magnetic field and
mechanical energy. Every machine that rotates and reproduces alternating Current.
To understand the working principle of the alternator, consider two opposite
magnetic poles north and south, and the flux is traveling between these two magnetic
poles. In the figure (a) rectangular coil is placed between the north and south
magnetic poles. The position of the coil is such that the coil is parallel to the flux, so
no flux is cutting and therefore no current is induced. So that the waveform generated
in that position is Zero degrees.

Figure 3.1.1 (a) Rotation-of-rectangular-coil-between-two-magnetic-poles

If the rectangular coil rotates in a clockwise direction at an axis a and b, the

conductor side A and B comes in front of the south pole and C and D come in front
of a north pole as shown in figure . So, now we can say that the motion of the
conductor is perpendicular to the flux lines from N to S pole and the conductor cuts

6
the magnetic flux. At this position, the rate of flux cutting by the conductor is
maximum because the conductor and flux are perpendicular to each other and
therefore the current is induced in the conductor and this current will be in maximum
position.

The conductor rotates one more time at 900 in a clockwise direction then the
rectangular coil comes in the vertical position. Now the position of the conductor and
magnetic flux line is parallel to each other as shown in figure (c). In this figure, no
flux is cutting by the conductor and therefore no current is induced. In this position,
the waveform is reduced to zero degrees because the flux is not cutting.
In the second half cycle, the conductor is continued to rotate in a clockwise direction
for another 900. So here the rectangular coil comes to a horizontal position in such a
way that the conductor A and B comes in front of the north pole, C and D come in
front of the south pole as shown in the figure (d). Again the current will flow through
the conductor that is currently induced in the conductor A and B is from point B to A
and in conductor C and D is from point D to C, so the waveform produced in
opposite direction, and reaches to the maximum value. Then the direction of the
current indicated as A, D, C and B as shown in figure (d). If the rectangular coil
again rotates in another 900 then the coil reaches the same position from where the
rotation is started. Therefore, the current will again drop to zero.
In the complete cycle, the current in the conductor reaches the maximum and reduces
to zero and in the opposite direction, the conductor reaches the maximum and again
reaches zero. This cycle repeats again and again, due to this repetition of the cycle
the current will be induced in the conductor continuously.

Figure 3.3.1. (b) Waveform-of-one-complete-cycle

7
This is the process of producing the current and EMF of a single-phase. Now for
producing 3 phases, the coils are placed at the displacement of 1200 each. So the
process of producing the current is the same as the single-phase but only the
difference is the displacement between three phases is 1200. This is the working
principle of an alternator.
1.4.1 Characteristics:
The characteristics of an alternator are

1. Output Current with Speed of Alternator: The output of the current reduced or
decreased when the alternator speed reduced or decreased.
2. The efficiency with Speed of Alternator: Efficiency of an alternator is reduced
when the alternator runs with low speed.
3. Current Drop with Increasing Alternator Temperature: When the temperature
of an alternator increased the output current will be reduced or decreased.
1.4.2 Applications:
The applications of an alternator are

 Automobiles
 Electrical power generator plants
 Marine applications
 Diesel electrical multiple units
 Radiofrequency transmission

3.2 Caterpillar 3512:

The Caterpillar 3512 Marine engine is a V-12, four-stroke Diesel propulsion set and
a total maximum electrical output of 1000 KW.

Maximum Rated speed is 2100 Rpm. Voltage 11 kv and frequency 50 Hz to 60 Hz. It

is Turbocharge, After Cooled. The Marine 3412 has an engine displacement of 51.80
L. Displacement is a measure of the volume of the engine‘s cylinders which is also
an indicator of the engine‘s power and size. Valve Lash is 0.38, Intake 0.76 mm,
Bore 170 mm and its stroke 190 mm. Compression ratio 13.5: 1.

8
 Figure 3.2 (a) Caterpillar 3512

3.2.1 Waukesha P48GLD

Power 745 kw
Frequency 50 Hz to 60 Hz
Voltage 11 kv
Direction of rotation clockwise
Speed 1500 Rpm
Cylinder V16
Compression ratio 11:1

Figure 3.2.1(a) Waukesha

9
3.3 Transformer:
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another circuit through inductively conductors—the transformer's coils. A
varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic
flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying field through the secondary
winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force
(EMF) or "voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual
induction. If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will
flow in the secondary winding and electrical energy will be transferred from
the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. In an ideal
transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs) is in
proportion to the primary voltage (Vp), and is given by the ratio of the number
of turns in the secondary(Ns) to the number of turns in the primary (Np).

Figure: 3.3 (a) Transformer

By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an

alternatingcurrent (AC) voltage to be "stepped up" by making Ns greater than
Np, or "stepped down" by making Ns less than Np. In the vast majority of
transformers, the windings are coils wound around a ferromagnetic core, air-
core transformers being a notable exception. Transformers are essential for

10
high voltage power transmission, which makes long distance transmission. A
transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between
two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. A varying current in
one coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic field, which in turn
induces a voltage in a second coil. Power can be transferred between the two
coils through the magnetic field, without a metallic connection between the
two circuits. Faraday's law of induction discovered in 1831 described this
effect. Transformers are used to increase or decrease the alternating voltages
in electric power applications. A varying current in the transformer's primary
winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer core and a varying
magnetic field impinging on the secondary winding. This varying magnetic
field at the secondary winding induces a varying EMF or voltage in the
secondary winding due to electromagnetic induction. The primary and
secondary windings are wrapped around a core of infinitely high magnetic

permeability[d] so that all of the magnetic flux passes through both the
primary and secondary windings. With a voltage source connected to the
primary winding and load impedance connected to the secondary winding, the
transformer currents flow in the indicated directions.

Fig 3.3 (b) Transformer Winding

According to Faraday's law, since the same magnetic flux passes through
both the primary and secondary windings in an ideal transformer, a voltage is
induced in each winding, according to eq. (1) in the secondary winding case,
according to eq. (2) in the primary winding case. The primary EMF is

11
sometimes termed counter EMF. This is in accordance with Lenz's law,
which states that induction of EMF always opposes.

3.3.1 Components of a Power Transformer:

3.3.1.1 Tank:
The transformer tank or enclosure of a power transformer is fabricated of
welded steel. The tank contains the transformer core and coil assembly. It is
normally filled with mineral oil or a synthetic nonflammable insulating
liquid that is used as an insulating and cooling medium.

3.3.1.2 Acoustic Enclosure:

In residential locations, to reduce noise from the transformers an acoustic

enclosure is built around the transformer tank. The bushings, conservator,
explosion vent and cooling radiators and fans are exterior to the enclosure.
Hazards – Noise from transformer; enclosed area.

3.3.2 Components of a Power Transformer:

3.3.2.1 Tank:
The transformer tank or enclosure of a power transformer is fabricated
of welded steel. The tank contains the transformer core and coil
assembly. It is normally filled with mineral oil or a synthetic
nonflammable insulating liquid that is used as an insulating and cooling
medium.

3.3.2.2 Acoustic Enclosure:

In residential locations, to reduce noise from the transformers an acoustic

enclosure is built around the transformer tank. The bushings, conservator,
explosion vent and cooling radiators and fans are exterior to the enclosure.
Hazards – Noise from transformer; enclosed area.

3.3.2.3 Access Cover:

Located on the top of the tank, it allows access to the inside of the tank for

12
Inspection and repairs. Hazards Oil filled tank, confined space - Follow work
procedures for entering transformer.
3.3.2.4 Transformer Core and Coils:

The transformer core is built of iron or steel, and it provides the magnetic
circuit to link the transformer windings. The transformer coils or windings
provide the electrical circuit for current flow in the transformer. The source
winding is known as the primary winding and the winding delivering power
is known as the secondary winding.

3.3.2.5 Terminal or Headboard:

In order to meet the varying requirements of a certain load, or changes in the

supply voltage to the transformer, it is necessary to adjust the turn‘s ratio
(i.e., voltage ratio). This may be accomplished by bringing taps from the
windings up to a terminal board or headboard. These terminals may be
connected together by links or straps to select the number of turns that give
the desired ratio.
3.3.2.6 Off Load tap changer (OLTC):
To change the turn‘s ratio on the source winding, a switch is operated by a
hand wheel on the exterior of the tank. The hand wheel is used to operate a
switch within the tank via an exterior operating rod and interior insulated
operating rods. The switch takes the form of fixed terminals or contacts
arranged in a circle. Turning the hand wheel moves the contact or finger
around the center of the circle to complete the circuit and give the desired
ratio. This is known as changing tap positions and is performed with the
transformer off potential since these switches cannot open a circuit carrying
current.

3.3.2.7 Under load tap changer (ULTC):

To respond to changing voltage levels on the load side of the transformer is

accomplished by adjusting the transformers turns ratios. The under load tap
changer switch is designed to change the tapped windings while carrying
load current. It is normally operated by a motor and can be operated by hand.
The tap changer can be located electrically in the low voltage winding.

13
3.3.2.8 Bushings:
The electrical power circuits must be insulated where they enter the tank. A
bushing provides an insulated oil-tight and weather-tight entrance for the
conductor into the transformer. It is usually composed of an outer porcelain
body, and at higher voltages, additional insulation in the form of oil and
wound paper is used within the porcelain column.

3.3.2.9 Breather:

The conservator tank has a breather to the outside. In order to take care of
the expansion and contraction of the cooling liquid with varying
temperatures, smaller units have an air space above the oil, which is
connected to atmosphere by a breather. This breather is, arranged to prevent
the entry of moisture, snow, etc., into the transformer.

3.3.2.10 Oil Gauge:

Located on the side of the Conservator tank, it indicates the level of oil in the
tank and will provide annunciation when level drops below the gauge limit.
On transformers without a conservator tank, an oil level gauge is located on
the side of the tank to indicate oil level in the tank.

3.3.2.11 Explosion Vent:

When an electrical fault occurs under oil, very high pressures are possible.
These pressures could readily burst the sheet steel tank if some means were not
used to guard against this. The explosion vent consists of a large diameter
pipe extending slightly above the conservator tank of the transformer and
curved in the direction of the ground.

3.3.2.11 Quality Valve:

Newer transformers have been equipped with self-resetting pressure relief vents
known as Quality valves. The vent may be mounted on the top or side of the
transformer. When the fault pressure in the transformer reaches a predetermined level,it
forces open a seal that is under spring pressure. The pressure is then vented to
atmosphere. In some installations, these valves will also initiate tripping of the
transformer zone.

14
3.3.2.12 Gas Relay:

The gas relay is located at the top of the transformer and is used to detect gas
or air in the transformer. An electrical arc or fault can result in a pressure
wave in the liquid, which the gases relay will detect and initiate removal of
the transformer from service.
3.3.2.13 Vacuum Valve:

All transformers are capable of withstanding a vacuum and have a vacuum

valve located on the top of the transformer. Transformers are filled with oil
under vacuum to remove moisture and air in the tank; this improves the
insulation value of both thesolid and liquid insulation.
3.3.2.14 Oil Drain and Sample Valve

In order to conveniently add or remove liquid from the tank, a valve is fitted
at the bottom of the tank. It is usually connected to a sump to ensure that all
liquid will be removed.
3.3.2.15 Transformer Cooling:

In smaller size, liquid-filled types of transformers, natural convection carries

the heat of the insulating medium to the walls of the tank. As the size of the
transformer increases so does the heat generated, additional means of
cooling the transformer Radiator, Fans and Pump.
3.3.2.16 Transformer Types:
Autotransformer: Transformer in which part of the winding is common to
both primary and secondary circuits, leading to increased efficiency, smaller
size, and a higher degree of voltage regulation.

Capacitor voltage transformer: Transformer in which capacitor divider is

used to reduce high voltage before application to the primary winding.

Distribution transformer, power transformer: International standards make

adistinction in terms of distribution transformers being used to distribute energy
from transmission lines and networks for local consumption and power
transformers being used to transfer electric energy between the generator and
distribution primary circuits.

15
Phase angle regulating transformer: A specialized transformer used to control
theflow of real power on three-phase electricity transmission networks.

Scott-T transformer: Transformer used for phase transformation from three-

phaseto two-phase and vice versa.

Poly phase transformer: Any transformer with more than one phase.

Grounding transformer: Transformer used for grounding three-phase circuits

to create a neutral in a three wire system, using a wye-delta transformer, or
more

3.4 Bus Bars:

When a no. of lines operating at the same voltage have to be directly connected
electrically, bus-bar are used, it is made up of copper or aluminum bars
(generally of rectangular X-Section) and operate at constant voltage. Duplicate
bus-bar, generally it consists of two bus-bars a main bus-bar and spare bus-bar.
The incoming and outgoing lines can be connected to either b/b. With the help
of a bus-bar coupler, which consist ofa circuit breaker and isolators?

Figure: 3.4 (a) Bus bar

The following are the important bus bars arrangements:

1. Sectionalizing bus bar scheme
2. Double bus bar scheme
3. Terminal Section scheme
4. Main and transfer bus scheme

16
 5. Ring bus scheme

3.5 Compressor:
The electric compressors are used for the hybrid and electric vehicle application.
The scroll type compression mechanism is used in order to ensure efficient
compression.
In addition, low noise impact and low environmental load are achieved by combining
with a high-performance motor and inverter.
They can also be used in an air conditioning system for trucks during parking to
ensure a comfortable cabin temperature without the engine running and consuming
fuel.

Figure 3.5 (a) Compressor

3.5.1 Air Blower:

3.5.1.1 Introduction to Blower
A blower is a machine that creates pressure to move air at required pace. Blowers, to
put it another way, are machines that blow air or gas to perform certain functions.

17
These devices are well-suited to complex operations and have proved indispensable
in a number of instances.

3.5.1.2 What is Blower?

We hear about blowers around us, and many of us may have seen them functioning
as well. But what is the blower exactly? We need to see it in detail to know what to
make of it. Blowers are installation equipment that transfers air at high or low
pressure in the emitting environment and turns the fan with the force applied by the
engine. Blowers have wide application in industries as industrial blowers.

3.5.1.2 What is Industrial Blower?

An industrial blower is an electromechanical device that uses an electric motor,
impeller, and airfoils to effectively and efficiently improve airflow via ducting,
chassis, or processes in a workspace. Industrial blower machine is designed
by industrial blower manufacturer to be a permanent addition to a workspace,
increasing airflow for exhausting, ventilating, cooling. It can also be used for
aspirating, conveying, or removing pollutants, dust, grime, and particle matter. These
highly sophisticated machines are meant to produce higher pressure than a fan,
putting them midway between a fan and a compressor.

Figure 3.5.1.2 Industrial Blower

3.6 Sizing machine?

Production of ‗quality‘ fabric economically and efficiently is key aim of any textile
company. Sizing is an intermediate protective process which is done to prepare the

18
yarn for the weaving process. The process of applying a protective adhesive
(synthetic/ natural) coating upon the yarns surface is called sizing.

Figure 3.6 Sizing machine

3.6.1 Warping Machine:

The warper is the machine that prepares the warp, so that it can be used on the loom,
through the operation called ―warping‖. This process consists in placing reels – made
of cotton or silk threads – in a creel, the small machine placed next to our vertical
warper.

19
 Figure 3.6.1 Warper machine
3.6.2 Loom machine:
Loom is a machine or device which is used to produce woven fabric by interlacement
of warp and weft yarn. Ginning, opening, cleaning, carding, combing,
drawing, spinning, winding, warping, sizing, beaming are the process prior to
weaving. All these process converge on loom.

Figure 3.6.2 Loom machine

20
There are three types of looms in this unit:
1. JAT 710
2. JAT 810
3. PICKNOOL OMNI
3.6.3 JAT 710
It is worthwhile to introduce the entrepreneurs with some features of imported and
indigenous weaving machines. Our objective is to introduce the technology and not
to further the interest of any particular manufacture. If any machine is not enlisted
here or not represented in any way, it should not be construed as favors or disfavor to
anyone. The entrepreneurs should not be passive recipient of any information but
they should go all out to know each detail of machine viz. capacity, production and
cost. They have to follow sound practice of adoption to newer technology.

Figure 3.6.3 JAT 710

3.6.3.1 Salient Features:
 Speed – 1250 rpm (190cm. Width) with minimum vibration
 Weft insertion: single electric drum, 2, 4, 6-color exchange electric drum and
weft insertion by main nozzle, sub nozzle, stretch nozzle, and short pitch sub
nozzles. Solenoid weft cutter, which can be adjusted from panel
 Nominal reed space: 140 cm, 150 cm, 170 cm, 190 cm, 210 cm, 230 cm, 250
cm, 280 cm, 340 cm, 360 cm, 390 cm
 Shedding: negative cam, positive cam, crank, dobby, electric shedding,
jacquard, CPU microprocessors unit for controlling all systems of loom
 Selvage: left/right rotary full-leno selvage device

21
  Operator can set patterns, dwell and shed crossing time
 Option for double beam attachment driven by servo motor
 Super start-up motor, speed control by inverter, Toyota monitoring system

3.6.3.2 Parts:
 Electrical control panel
 Speed control Inverter
 Electronics cards
 Monitoring system
 Servo Motor
 Left/Right leno motor
 Main motor
 ABS motors
 Prevenders
 CPU panel
 Electrical control panel
3.6.3.2.1 An electrical control panel:

An electrical control panel is an enclosure, typically a metal box or plastic molding

which contains important electrical components that control and monitor a number of
mechanical processes. They are energized systems that require maintenance, with
planned preventative maintenance and condition-based monitoring being the most
effective methods. Electrical personnel will need to gain access within control panels
for fault finding, adjustments, and electrical safety testing. Operators will interact
with the controls of the panel to operate and control the plant and process.
Components within the control panel will facilitate many tasks, for example, they
may monitor pressure or flow within a pipe and signal to open or close a valve. They
are commonplace and integral to most industries. Problems with them, including
neglect, can cause havoc to any business operation and endanger employees. This
makes the safe operation of panels a desirable skill for both electrical and non-
electrical workers.

22
 Figure 3.6.3.2.1 Control panel

3.6.3.2.2 Different types of panels:

Control panels come in many shapes and sizes. They range from a small box on a
wall through to long rows of cabinets located in dedicated plant areas. Some controls
are located in a control room, under the supervision of a small team of production co-
coordinators whilst others are placed close to machinery and are under the control of
certain production operatives. Another form of control panel, common in the UK, is
the Motor Control Centre or MCC, which includes all of the motor starting and
control equipment to drive heavy plant, and which may, in certain circumstances
include high voltage supplies such as 3.3 kV and 11 kV.

3.6.3.2.2.1 Electrical control panel components

Some of the components of an electrical control panel include:

 Enclosures

 Incoming Protection and Switching

23
  Power and Energy Monitoring and Control

 Power Distribution Systems

 Circuit and Load Protection

 Thermal Management

 Motion and Drives

 Safety systems

 Programmers, timers and variable frequency drives

 Power Supplies and Transformers

 Power factor correction, surge protection and uninterruptable power supplies

 Relays and contactors

Electricity is a common hazard within control panels, with electric shock, fires and
arcing being of major concern. Control panels are designed to differing standards,
based on age and country of manufacture, and whilst the panels might appear to be
uniform on the outside, their content and layout internally can be quite different. In
addition to electricity, pneumatic and hydraulic energy, as well as retained heat may
also be a considerable risk to anyone who has needed to enter. We advise learning
through training courses to identify and deal with these risks safely.
To help get you started, here are the basics to some of the first electrical control panel
components you should know about.

3.6.3.2.3 Enclosures

An enclosure is the body of an electrical control panel. It stores the components

inside them and acts as a barrier between the hazards contained within and persons
on the outside. The enclosure must be substantial enough to offer protection in its
installed environment and will typically need to be able to withstand impact,
vibration, heat, dust, liquids and corrosive chemicals.

The size of an enclosure is also important. Smaller ones typically have higher device
density, which pose a greater risk of overheating. With that said, companies don‘t
want to lose too much room space with a giant metal box either. When working with

24
electrical control panels you should first understand what it is used for. This can then
help you determine if there is inefficient wiring and wasted space.

3.6.3.2.4 Circuit breaker

In many cases the supply to a control panel will enter through a circuit breaker,
although in some cases this may simply be a disconnecting device that offers no fault
protection.

The specific arrangements on your site will vary, but in many cases where this device
is located within the control panel itself, it must be remembered that the incoming
connections to the device will remain live, even when switched to the open (off)
position. Aldo remember that some components, typically integral lighting and
power sockets may remain live even when the circuit breaker is switched off.

3.6.3.2.5 Power Distribution systems

Motors and other essential components will be supplied at mains voltage, typically
400-volt, three-phase 50 Hz. For three-phase motor circuits it is unlikely that the
neutral of the supply would be distributed.

Control circuits, the field wiring that goes out to limit switches and other sensing
devices will most likely operate at a much lower voltage, typically 24 volts a.c. or
d.c., although 110-volt a.c. systems are still commonly used. Care should be taken
with control circuits as an electric shock risk may still be present, and where electric
shock is not a consideration, burns, fires and explosions as a result of short-circuiting
control circuit wiring may still put life and property safety at risk. Panels may be
interlinked with each other, and a mishap within one panel might cause other panels
and the equipment connected to it, to operate in an unintended manner.

3.6.3.2.6 Speed control Inverter:

An inverter controls the frequency of power supplied to an AC motor to control the
rotation speed of the motor. Without an inverter, the AC motor would operate at full
speed as soon as the power supply was turned ON. You would not be able to control
the speed, making the applications for the motor limited.
25
 Figure 3.6.3.2.6 Speed control inverter

3.6.3.2.7 Electronics cards:

An electronic card (e-card) is a special occasion, greeting or post card created and
customized within a website and sent through the Internet to the recipient.
Customizations may include a wide variety of backgrounds and text fonts including
some as cursive writing, graphic images, cartoon-style animations (proprietary to
Adobe).
This term is also known as ecard, icard, i-card, digital postcard, cyber greeting card
or digital greeting card.

Figure 3.6.3.2.7 Electronic Cards

3.6.3.2.8 Monitoring system:

Monitoring systems are vital for the operation of electrical equipment that handles

26
measurement and monitoring of all of the different parameters and their control, and
these systems need to support everything from long-term monitoring to planning for
equipment upgrades.

3.6.3.2.9 Servo Motor:

A servo motor is a type of motor that can rotate with great precision. Normally this
type of motor consists of a control circuit that provides feedback on the current
position of the motor shaft; this feedback allows the servo motors to rotate with great
precision. If you want to rotate an object at some specific angles or distance, then you
use a servo motor. It is just made up of a simple motor which runs through a servo
mechanism. If motor is powered by a DC power supply then it is called DC servo
motor, and if it is AC-powered motor then it is called AC servo motor.

Figure 3.6.3.2.9 Servo motor

3.6.3.2.10 Main motor:

An AC motor is an electric motor driven by an alternating current (AC). The AC

motor commonly consists of two basic parts, an outside stator having coils supplied
27
with alternating current to produce a rotating magnetic field, and an
inside rotor attached to the output shaft producing a second rotating magnetic field.
The rotor magnetic field may be produced by permanent magnets, reluctance
saliency, or DC or AC electrical windings.

Less common, AC linear motors operate on similar principles as rotating motors but
have their stationary and moving parts arranged in a straight line configuration,
producing linear motion instead of rotation.

Figure 3.6.3.2.10 (a) Main motor

Figure 3.6.3.2.10 (b) Main motor

28
3.7 Quality management system in place

3.7.1 Organizational Structure

Management control vests with Mr. Ashar Fazal, with defined reporting line to
ensure smooth operations and efficiency. Moreover, the company has five functional
departments, namely (i) Finance & Commercial, (ii) Marketing, (iii) Weaving, (iv) IT
and (v) Internal Audit. All HODs report directly to the CEO.
3.7.2 Management Team
The management team is headed by the CEO Mr. Ashar Fazal who is a management
graduate from USA. He is well versed with the textile business and carries strong
business acumen. He is supported by a team of seasoned professionals,
supplementing his expertise.
3.7.3 Effectiveness
The management meetings are held on periodic basis with follow-up points to
resolve or pro-actively address operational issues, if any, eventually ensuring smooth
flow of operations.
3.7.4 MIS
Ahmed Fine Weaving has in place Oracle based Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
system that provides comprehensive MIS reporting.
3.7.5 Control Environment
The Company is compliant with multiple safety and quality assurance standard;
comprising ISO 9001:2008. In addition, Ahmed Fine‘s plant is connected with head
office through VPN, thereby reporting on real time basis.
3.8 Safety at work
Today, any office or workplace setting operates on electricity. Electrical equipment,
from computers to machinery can all be potentially hazardous and can cause shock
and burn injuries if improperly used or maintained. Though most general personnel
don‘t need specialized electrical safety training, if you work around electricity, but
are not qualified to directly handle electrical components, it‘s important to follow
electrical safety-related work practices to keep yourself and others safe.

29
 Figure 3.8 Safety sign
Here are 10 electrical safety tips for the workplace to help you avoid electrical
hazards:
3.8.1 PREVENT ALL POTENTIAL CONTACT WITH LIVE
ELECTRICAL CURRENT
The best way to stay safe is to stay away from electrical hazards. Unqualified
personnel should not interact or come close to electrical currents greater than 50V. If
you must work in the same area or room as an electrical hazard or equipment
operating on more than 50V, maintain a safe distance. All panel doors should be shut,
and there should be no exposed wires around your work area before you begin your
operations.
3.8.2 DE-ENERGIZE EQUIPMENT AND USE
LOCKOUT/TAGOUT
Exposed, live electrical parts must be de-energized before work on or near them is
permitted. Prevent accidents and isolate electrical energy by locking and tagging out
the electrical system or parts of the system according to your company‘s
Lockout/Tagout policy.
Lockout/Tagout exists to protect employees from electrical hazards while performing
servicing and maintenance activities. Learn more in our article: What is
Lockout/Tagout?
For more in-depth information about implementing proper Lockout/Tagout
procedures in your facility, you may be interested in eSafety‘s Lockout/Tagout
course.
3.8.3 ENSURE SAFE USE OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
Properly using all electrical equipment can go a long way to ensure everyone‘s safety
in the workplace.
Employees should take care to handle electrical cords properly:
 Always unplug cords by pulling on the plug head, rather than the cord

30
 Don‘t press or overstretch electrical cords
 Don‘t fasten cords with staples
 Don‘t hang electrical equipment from cords
Additionally, all cords and plugs in the workplace should be visually inspected for
external defects prior to use. If you encounter a cord or plug with damage, do not use
that equipment.
3.8.4 INSTALL PROPER PHYSICAL BARRIERS AROUND
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
Physical barriers should always be used to protect employees from any electrical
hazards. Cabinet doors on electrical panels should always be closed, and panels
should not have holes where an employee could come into contact with exposed
wires.
If cabinets cannot be closed, or if an electrical hazard cannot be fully closed in,
shields, barriers, or insulating materials should be used.
For example, if a qualified electrician is performing maintenance on an electrical
panel and must keep the panel open, physical barriers should be put in place to
prevent others from entering the area. Signs should be placed to warn employees of
the hazard, and the area in front of the electrical panel should be kept free of any
obstructions.
3.8.5 BEWARE OF CONDUCTIVE TOOLS AND CLEANING
MATERIALS
If you are working in an area where an electrical hazard is present, always assume
that electrical parts are live, and act accordingly. Do not use conductive tools in the
area.
If you are cleaning the area, note that some cleaning materials are conductive as well
and require additional caution. Solvent and water-based cleaning materials are
electrically conductive, as are steel wool and metalized cloth. Keep these cleaning
products, as well as any conductive tools, away from live electrical parts and
equipment.
3.8.6 WHEN WORKING OVERHEAD, LOOK ABOVE FOR
ELECTRICAL LINES
When performing any work or maintenance overhead, beware of electrical lines. In
most workplaces, there is the potential for live electrical equipment and parts above
31
the floor level, which are only accessible with ladders or elevated platforms. Be sure
to use a portable ladder with non-conductive side rails, and stay at least 10 feet away
from any exposed electrical lines while you are performing overhead work.
3.8.7 USE EXTREME CAUTION WITH FLAMMABLE
MATERIALS
Electrical equipment that can cause ignition must not be used where flammable
vapors, gases, or dust are present. The only exception to this rule is when qualified
personnel take measures to lockout and isolate electrical energy sources before these
potentially flammable materials may be used or the electrical equipment is designed
for use under these types of conditions.
3.8.8 ONLY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL SHOULD WORK ON
LIVE ELECTRICAL WIRES
If you encounter a live electrical wire, stay away. Only qualified personnel with the
proper training should work on live electrical wires. The same electrical safety
precaution applies to hazardous electrical equipment. Any live electrical hazard
should only be approached and managed by qualified personnel. If you see a live
electrical wire that is not attended, you should notify the appropriate electrical safety
personnel, who should immediately place physical safety barriers.
3.8.9 ALWAYS FOLLOW YOUR COMPANY’S ELECTRICAL
SAFETY WORK PRACTICES
Every company has unique electrical safety work practices depending on the
electrical equipment and hazards present in your industry and workplace. It is
important to always follow your company‘s specific electrical safety work practices
to keep yourself, and other employees safe.
3.8.10 ELECTRICAL SHOCK CAN BE DEADLY
In every situation, treat an electrical part as if it is live. Electrically live parts do not
look different from de-energized parts. To ensure safety, it‘s best to assume that any
electrical part is live. Take precautions to keep power on its path, and protect you.
You can‘t be too careful when it comes to electricity.
Electricity is a common, but dangerous, workplace hazard. Only those who are
qualified to work with electrical components should do so. Otherwise, it is always in
your best interest to keep away from live electrical currents. If your team is looking
for electrical safety training for the workplace, the safety Electrical Safety course
32
offers a great overview of basic electrical safety for individuals with limited
electrical training. For more information about our courses, contact our team
online or request a free quote today!

References

1. "Abraham Ganz at the Hindukush". Poemas del río Wang. Studiolum.

Archived from the original on 11 February 2016. Retrieved 30
September 2015.
2. Thompson, Sylvanus P., Dynamo-Electric Machinery. p. 7
3. Jacobs, John S. (2006), Variable Speed Tri-Rotor Screw Compression
Technology, International Compressor Engineering Conference. Paper 1825.
4. Morris, Craig; Von Hagen, Adriana (1993). The Inka Empire and its Andean
Origins. American Museum of Natural History. New York: Abbeville Press.
pp. 185-191.
5. ^ Meisch, Lynn A. "The Murúa Code". Natural History Magazine. Retrieved
7 October 2016.
6. ^ David A. Scott, Pieter Meyers, ed. (1994). Archaeometry of Pre-Columbian
Sites and Artifacts: Proceedings of a Symposium Organized by the UCLA
Institute of Archaeology and the Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles,
California, March 23–27, 1992. Getty Publications. p. 8
7. Sorenson, Jim; Forster, Bill (July 13, 2010). Transformers Animated: The
AllSpark Almanac II. IDW Publishing. ISBN 978-1600106835.
8. ^ "Hasbro Publishes Transformers Timeline to Movie". TFormers. 2007-02-
09. Retrieved 2007-02-10.

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Appendix

34
35