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449

Appendix II

Formulary for Common Wildlife Species

Heather W. Barron
Clinic for the Rehabilitation of Wildlife, Sanibel, FL, USA

Medical Management of Wildlife Species: A Guide for Practitioners, First Edition. Edited by Sonia M. Hernandez,
Heather W. Barron, Erica A. Miller, Roberto F. Aguilar and Michael J. Yabsley.
© 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

­Analgesics and Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
Buprenorphine can be used at
this dose q24h in the
concentrated 1.8 mg/ml
formulation (Simbadol®)
Bupivacaine
Buprenorphine‐SR
(compounding pharmacy;
sustained release; shelf‐life
1 year, refrigerate)
Butorphanol
(can be compounded at
30–50 mg/mL by compounding
pharmacy)
Carprofen
Fentanyl
Gabapentin
(compounded suspension has a
shelf‐life of ~90 days at
5 °C/41 °F)
Birds
0.1–0.6 mg/kg SQ q12h (Adamcak and
Otten 2000)
2 mg/kg
Toxic effects seen at 3 mg/kg in some species
1.8 mg/kg IM, SQ q12–24h
Most species:
1–4 mg/kg SQ, IM, IV q2–3h (Bowles 2006;
Bowerman et al. 2010)
Not recommended for use in American
kestrels (Brown and Donnelly 2012)
Very low oral bioavailability and short
plasma half‐life
Use with caution (Catbagan et al. 2011)
3 mg/kg IM q 6–12h (Ceulemans et al. 2014)
Loading dose 2–5 μg/kg SQ, IM + CRI
0.15–0.50 μg/kg/min IV (Cooper and
Penaliggon 1997)
10–80 mg/kg PO q8–12h (Dahlhausen 2006;
Diaz‐Figueroa and Mitchell 2006)
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Mammals Reptiles and Amphibians
Most species: Currently not recommended for
0.01–0.05 mg/kg SQ, IM, IV, IP, OTM q6–12h reptiles (Beynon et al. 1996; Black
(Adkesson et al. 2011; Baker et al. 2011) et al. 2010)
Felids:
0.01–0.02 mg/kg SQ, IM q12h; may be administered Amphibians: 75 mg/kg into dorsal
via transmucosal route at higher dosage of 0.02– lymph sac q4–6h (Blankespoor et al.
0.03 mg/kg q12h (Barnard 2009) 2001)
Bats: 0.1 mg/kg SQ q24h (Bechert et al. 2010)
Carnivores: 2 mg/kg 1–2 mg/kg
Rabbits: 1 mg/kg Toxic dose 4 mg/kg
Rodents: 1–2 mg/kg (Caligiuri et al. 1990)
Cervids: up to 5 mg/kg
Toxic dose varies with species; use lowest dose possible
Carnivores: Currently not recommended
0.06–0.12 mg/kg SQ q72h (Bloomfield et al. 1997)
Rodents:
1–2 mg/kg SQ q 48–72h (Bodri et al. 2001; Bonar et al.
2003)
Carnivores: Currently not recommended
0.1–0.5 mg/kg SQ, IV, IM q2–4h (Carpenter et al. 2005)
Rabbits, small rodents:
0.1–0.5 mg/kg SQ, IM, IV q4–6h (Bush et al. 1981)
Prairie dog: 2 mg/kg IM, SQ q4h (Caligiuri et al. 1990)
Ruminants:
0.2–0.25 mg/kg IV, SQ q4h; do not recommend using
alone (Barnard 2009)
Canids: Use with caution (Coke et al. 2003)
2.2 mg/kg PO q12h 2 mg/kg IM q 24h (Cole et al. 2009)
Not recommended for felids
Rabbits:
1–2 mg/kg PO q12h; 4 mg/kg SQ q24h
Rodents:
2–5 mg/kg PO, SQ, IM q12–24h (Chitty 2003)
Most species: Transdermal patch 12.5–25 μg/h may
transdermal patch have some application in reptiles
1–5 mg/kg/h; dysphoria more prevalent at higher end (Cybulski et al. 1996)
of dose range (Barnard 2009)
100 mg/kg (de la Navarre 2003) Not commonly used

Ketoprofen Currently not recommended (Deeb and
Carpenter 2004)
Lidocaine 2–3 mg/kg
Potentially toxic dose (varies with species):
4–6 + mg/kg
Meloxicam 0.5–2 mg/kg PO, IM, SQ q12–24h (Divers
1996; Desmarchelier et al. 2012)
(use with caution in xerophilic species or
hospitalized wild birds not able to have
access to free‐ choice drinking water;
discontinue if decrease in appetite seen)
Compounded sustained‐release meloxicam
in kestrels 1.8 mg/kg q 24–48h (Blankespoor
et al. 2001)
Morphine Not commonly used in avian species
Tapentadol No data at this time
Tramadol Most species:
(compounded suspension has a 5–30 mg/kg PO q6–12h (Gauvin 1993;
shelf‐life of 90 days at Gentz et al. 1995; Gades et al. 2000; Funk
5 °C/41 °F) (Fleming and and Diethelm 2006; Gamble 2008; Foley
Robertson 2012) et al. 2011) (dosage inversely proportional to
size; smaller birds may need higher doses
given more frequently)
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Rodents: 5 mg/kg SQ (Delk et al. 2014) 2 mg/kg IM q 24h (DeMarco et al.
Bats: 2–5 mg/kg SQ q24h 2002)
Cervids: 3 mg/kg IV, IM q24h
Canids: <4 mg/kg Reptiles: 2–5 mg/kg
Felids: <3 mg/kg Toxic dose varies with species; use
Rabbits, rodents: 1–2 mg/kg (Caligiuri et al. 1990) lowest dose possible
Toxic dose varies with species; use lowest dose possible Amphibians: 1.0 mg/kg of 2%
lidocaine topically
Canids: Reptiles:
0.2 mg/kg PO, IV, SQ, then 0.1 mg/kg PO q24h (Barnard 0.2–0.4 mg/kg PO, SQ, IM q24h
2009) (Fernández‐Varón et al. 2006)
Felids:
Label dosage: 0.3 mg/kg SQ once for 3–4 day effect Amphibians:
(Barnard 2009) 0.1–0.4 mg/kg PO, SQ, ICe, IM q24h
Extralabel dosage: 0.2 mg/kg PO once, then 0.1 mg/kg (Flammer 2002)
PO q24h in food for 3–4 days
Bats: 0.1 mg/kg PO q24h (Bechert et al. 2010)
Rabbits:
1 mg/kg PO SID (di Somma et al. 2007)
Rodents:
1–2 mg/kg PO, SQ q24
(a compounded sustained‐release meloxicam
reportedly used in rodents at 4 mg/kg q72h and rabbits
0.6 mg/kg q72h) (Donnelly 2004)
Canids: Most reptile species:
0.5–2 mg/kg IM, SQ q4–6h 1–5 mg/kg IM q24h; monitor for
Felids: respiratory depression (Flammer
0.1–0.5 mg/kg IM, SQ q4–6h; do not recommend 1993)
using alone (Barnard 2009) May be ineffective in snakes
Rabbits, rodents: (Flammer et al. 2011)
2–5 mg/kg IM, SQ q2–4h (Caligiuri et al. 1990)
Amphibians: 30–100 mg/kg IM, SQ,
topical; peak analgesia 60–90 m
(Flammer 2002)
Studies in domestic species only Chelonians:
5 mg/kg IM q10h (Flecknell et al.
1999; Flecknell 2001)
Canids: Chelonians:
3–5 mg/kg PO q8–12h (Barnard 2009) 5–10 mg/kg PO, SQ q24–72h
Felids: (Gibbons 2014; Giorgi et al. 2014,
0.5–2 mg/kg PO q12h (Barnard 2009) 2015)
Rodents: No data in snakes
10–40 mg/kg PO q12–24h (weak analgesic; combine
with NSAIDs) (Georoff et al. 2013)
Not currently recommended for rabbits or deer
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­Anesthetic/Sedative Agents

Birds Mammals Reptiles and Amphibians

Acepromazine Currently not recommended Prairie dog: 0.5–2.5 mg/kg IM (Graham et al. 2014) Currently not recommended
Beaver, porcupine: 0.1 mg/kg IM (Graham et al. 2014)
Alfaxalone 2 mg/kg IV (Griggs et al. 2015) Most species: Most reptile species:
5–10 mg/kg IM or 1.5 mg/kg IV (Guinotte et al. 1993) 6–30 mg/kg IM, IV (Guzman et al. 2011)
Amphibians:
20–30 mg/kg IM (Guinotte et al. 1993)
Atipamezol Give same volume as medetomidine or Give same volume as medetomidine or dexmedetomidine SQ, Give same volume as medetomidine or
dexmedetomidine SQ, IV, IM IV, IM dexmedetomidine SQ, IM (IV use may
cause severe hypotension)
Atropine sulfate Most species: Most species: Most species but rarely indicated;
(preanesthetic dose) 0.01–0.02 mg/kg SQ, IM 0.03–0.05 mg/kg SQ (Bechert et al. 2010) 0.01–0.04 mg/kg SQ, IM
(not routinely used in smaller birds due to (may not be effective in lagomorphs and some rodents)
risk of increased viscosity of secretions
plugging endotracheal tube)
Dexmedetomidine 80 mg/kg IN with midazolam (Greenacre Generally insufficient alone to produce sedation in most wild 30 mg/kg + ketamine 6 mg/kg IV in
et al. 2006) mammals. hatchling sea turtles (Guzman et al. 2011)
25–75 mg/kg IM (Guinotte et al. 1993) (given Carnivores: 20–30 mg/kg + ketamine 3 mg/kg IM
alone at this dose, adequate sedation for Dexmedetomidine 70–100 mg/
handling, but not intubation) kg + midazolam 1–2 mg/kg + ketamine
1–5 mg/kg SQ/IM
Diazepam Most species: Prairie dog: 1–2.5 mg/kg IM, IP, PO 0.2–1 mg/kg IM, IV (generally used in
(available as a 1 mg/mL oral daily anxiolytic dose: 1–4 mg/kg PO q12h Beaver, porcupine: 0.1–1.0 mg/kg IM, PO combination with other chemical restraint
solution) Most species: Bats: 0.5–2 mg/kg IM, SQ, PO (Bechert et al. 2010) agents like ketamine)
0.05–1 mg/kg IV or IM
Flumazenil 0.05–0.1 mg/kg IM, IV (Greenacre et al. 0.01–0.05 mg/kg IM, IV, IO; repeat q1h PRN 0.008–0.01 mg/kg IM, IV, IO
2005) If using 5 mg/mL midazolam and 0.1 mg/mL flumazenil,
0.05–0.3 mg/kg IN (Harris 2003) use 2× the volume of midazolam given
Glycopyrrolate 0.02 mg/kg IM, IV (slower onset than Prairie dog: 0.05 mg/kg SQ, IM (Giorgi et al. 2014) 0.01 mg/kg IM, IV; rarely indicated
atropine) Beaver, porcupine: 0.01 mg/kg SQ, IM (Giorgi et al. 2014)
Ketamine Rarely used; 5–30 mg/kg IM, IV, IO Bats: 30–100 mg/kg SQ (Bechert et al. 2010) Most species:
combined with benzodia­ (Harrison et al. 2006) Rodents: 0.1–0.4 mg/kg/h CRI for postoperative analgesia 5–50 mg/kg IM, IV (Hawkins and Pascoe
zepines or alpha‐2 agonists (Hawkins and Pascoe 2007) 2012)
Midazolam Raptors: Carnivores:0.2–0.4 mg/kg IV, IM 1–2 mg/kg IM, IV
0.5–1 mg/kg IM, IV q8h (sedative, 0.05–0.5 mg/kg/h IV CRI for recurrent seizures
anticonvulsant) Rabbits, rodents: 1–2 mg/kg IV, IM
2–5 mg/kg IN Prairie dog: 1–2 mg/kg IM, IP (Giorgi et al. 2014)
Waterfowl: Beaver, porcupine: 0.1–0.5 mg/kg IM (Giorgi et al. 2014)
2–6 mg/kg IM

Propofol:
reduce dose with
hypoproteinemia;
supplemental oxygen
recommended; induces
profound respiratory
depression; be prepared to
ventilate
Chemical immobilization:
example combinations
frequently used by the
authors. Most can be
followed by intubation and
inhalant anesthetic drugs if
general anesthesia is
required
Concentrated formulations
of ketamine
(200 mg/mL), butorphanol
(30–50 mg/mL) and
medetomidine (20 mg/mL)
are available from
compounding pharmacies
and are advised for larger
mammals
SR = sustained‐release
products available from
compounding pharmacies
Most species:
1–15 mg/kg IV, IO slow bolus to effect
(Hernandez‐Divers 2001, 2003; Hawkins
et al. 2003; Heard 2007)
0.5–1 mg/kg/min CRI (Hess 2004)
May experience rough recovery from CRI
Ketamine 10–40 mg/kg + 0.2–2.0 mg/kg
midazolam (Harrison et al. 2006)
OR
Butorphanol 1–2 mg/kg + 1 mg/kg midazolam
(adequate sedation for physical therapy or
lateral recumbancy or premedication prior to
induction with inhalant anesthetic); reverse
with flumazenil at 2× the volume of
midazolam
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Carnivores: Snakes:
3–7 mg/kg IV slowly to effect 5–10 mg/kg IV slow bolus
0.1–0.6 mg/kg/min CRI (sedation at lower doses; light Chelonians:
anesthesia at higher doses) 7–10 mg/kg IV slow bolus (Hilf et al. 1991)
Rabbits: 3–6 mg/kg IV slowly to effect; 1.2–1.3 mg/kg/min IV CRI
Rodents: 6–10 mg/kg IV slowly to effect (Giorgi et al. 2014) Amphibians: 10–30 mg/kg ICe; 75 ml/L
immersion bath (lower dose for sedation or
light anesthesia,
induction within 30 min, recovery in 24 h;
bath provides sedation but duration/depth
highly variable (Hillyer 1997)
Bear: Snakes:
tiletamine‐zolazepam 3–7 mg/kg (can concentrate up to 250 mg/ propofol 5–10 mg/kg IV slow bolus
mL; reconstitute with concentrated ketamine 2–5 mg/kg); OR
prolonged recoveries midazolam 1–2 mg/kg + dexmedetomidine
OR 0.05 mg/kg and ketamine 10–40 mg/kg IM;
medetomidine (20 mg/mL) 0.05 mg/kg + ketamine (200 mg/mL) reverse dexmedetomidine with equal
5 mg/kg for escapes/free‐ranging wildlife; lower doses for volume of atipamezole IM
routine immobilizations
medetomidine 0.02–0.025 mg/kg + ketamine 2–3 mg/kg Chelonians:
Reverse with atipamezole at 0.2 mg/kg IM propofol 7–10 mg/kg IV slow bolus
AND OR
To any of the above can add Mild‐moderate sedation – ketamine
buprenorphine SR 0.06–0.12 mg/kg SQ q3d +/− meloxicam SR 5–10 mg/kg + dexmedetomidine 0.03–
0.6 mg/kg SQ q3d for analgesia 0.05 mg/kg IM +/− hydromorphone
0.3–0.5 mg/kg IM; reverse
Deer: dexmedetomidine with equal volume of
butorphanol 0.2–0.4 mg/kg + azaperone 0.15–0.30 mg/ atipamezole IM
kg + medetomidine 0.05–0.1 mg/kg
OR
xylazine 2–3 mg/kg IM + ketamine 1 mg/kg IV once head down
to prevent sudden arousal.
Reverse with yohimbine 0.2 mg/kg half IM and half IV
Bobcat:
0.01 mL per pound IM each of ketamine (100 mg/mL),
dexmedetomidine (0.5 mg/mL), and butorphanol (10 mg/mL).
Deepen anesthesia with isoflurane for invasive procedures.
Reverse dexmedetomidine with equal volume of atipamezole
IM (wait at least 30 min after ketamine is administered)
Coyote/fox:
dexmedetomidine 0.02 mg/kg with butorphanol 0.04 mg/kg IM;
+/− ketamine 4 mg/kg IM or inhalant anesthetic for invasive
procedures. Reverse with 0.2 mg/kg atipamezole IM (wait at
least 30 min after ketamine is administered)
Raccoon/skunk:
ketamine 5 + 0.06 mg/kg medetomidine IM

­Antibiotics
Amikacin
Amoxicillin/
clavulanic acid (Clavamox®, Pfizer)
or amoxicillin
Ampicillin sodium + sulbactam
(Unasyn®, Pfizer) stable for 3 days
refrigerated and 3 months frozen
Ampicillin trihydrate
Azithromycin (Zithromax®)
Cefazolin sodium
Birds
7–10 mg/kg SQ, IV, IM q12h (may cause
myositis with IM injection; monitor renal
function; maintain hydration) (Bloomfield
et al. 1997)
3 g/40 g packet bone cement for PMMA
bead formation; apply at site of infection,
remove in 30 days
Clavamox:
125–150 mg/kg PO q12h (Samour 2000)
Amoxicillin:
100–150 mg/kg PO q12h (Mitchell and
Tully 2009)
200–300 mg/kg IM, IV slow q8h
(Fernández‐Varón et al. 2004, 2006)
100 mg/kg IM q4–8h (Harrison et al. 2006)
40–45 mg/kg PO q24h for infection with
intracellular organisms (Chlamydophila,
Mycobacteria, Plasmodium,
Cryptosporidium) (Carpenter et al. 2005)
10–20 mg/kg PO q48h for nonintracellular
infections (Carpenter et al. 2005)
Raptors:
50–100 mg/kg PO, IM q12h (Scott 2010)
Other species:
25–75 mg/kg IM, IV q12h (Ritchie and
Harrison 1997)
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Mammals Reptiles and Amphibians
Rodents: Reptiles:
10–15 mg/kg SQ, IM, IV q12h (Yarto‐Jaramillo 2.5–5 mg/kg IM q48–72h (Caligiuri et al.
2015) 1990)
Amphibians:
Bats: 20 mg/kg SQ; q24h (Barnard 2009) 5 mg/kg IM, SQ, ICe q24–48h (Letcher and
Papich 1994; Wright and Whitaker 2001)
To make AIPMMA beads:
1.25 g/20 g methylmethacrylate
(Vennen and Mitchell 2009)
DO NOT USE in rabbits and certain species of Reptiles:
rodents. OK in rats, mice, squirrels, bats, raccoons, amoxicillin
opossums, wild felids and canids. (use with an aminoglycoside):
Clavamox: 10–22 mg/kg PO, IM q12–24h (Mitchell
13–22 mg/kg PO q8–12h (Barnard 2009; Plumb and Tully 2009)
2015; pers. comm. Schott 2015)
Amoxicillin:
10–20 mg/kg PO q8h (Plumb 2015)
For infections susceptible to amoxicillin–clavula­ No information available
nate in patients unable to receive oral doses (extra‐
­label): 10–20 mg/kg IV or IM q8h (Plumb 2015)
DO NOT USE in rabbits and certain species of May use with an aminoglycoside
rodents. OK in rats, mice, squirrels, raccoons, 20–50 mg/kg IM q12–24h
opossums: (Mitchell and Tully 2009; Schumacher 2011)
20–30 mg/kg SQ, IM, IV q8h (Plumb 2015; pers.
comm. Schott 2015)
Canids and felids:
6.6 mg/kg SQ, IM q12h (Plumb 2015)
Cervids:
for respiratory infections, 11–22 mg/kg SQ
q12–24h (Plumb 2015)
Carnivores: 10 mg/kg PO q2–7d (Coke et al. 2003)
5–10 mg/kg PO q24h × 3–5 days (Plumb 2015)
Rabbits, rodents:
15–30 mg/kg PO q24h (Yarto‐Jaramillo 2015)
Bats: 20 mg/kg PO q24h (Barnard 2009)
DO NOT USE in rabbits and rodents. Chelonians:
Carnivores: 22 mg/kg IM q24h (Johnson 2002)
10–30 mg/kg SQ, IM, IV q8h (Plumb 2015)
For making AIPMMA beads: 2 g per 20 g
methylmetha­­crylate (Vennen and Mitchell 2009)

Cefovecin (Convenia®)
Ceftazidime
Ceftiofur crystalline‐free acid (Excede®)
Cephalexin
Clindamycin
Doxycycline
Enrofloxacin: injectable may cause tissue
necrosis; in general, more than 1 IM
injection not advised; appears stable when
compounded (Petritz et al. 2013); dilute
1:10 to reduce irritation
Birds
Not currently recommended for use in
birds due to short half‐life (Thuesen et al.
2009; Wernick and Muntener 2010)
50–100 mg/kg IM, IV q4–8h (Flammer
2002)
10 mg/kg IM q72h (Sadar et al. 2014)
20 mg/kg IM q96h (Hope et al. 2012)
50–100 mg/kg PO q4–8h (Bush et al. 1981,
Samour 2000)
Most species:
50–100 mg/kg PO q12–24h (Harrison et al.
2006; Lenarduzzi et al. 2011)
Most species:
25–50 mg/kg PO q 12–24h
Most species:
20–30 mg/kg PO, SQ, q24h (pulse dosing; if
giving SQ, may dilute with saline 1:1)
7.5–9.5 mg/kg IV, IM q24h (Waxman et al.
2013)
15 mg/kg PO, IV q12–24h; may be given in
food items (Wack et al. 2012)
IV administration in owls may result in
weakness, tachycardia, vasoconstriction; no
detected effect on cartilage in day‐old chicks
Mammals
Carnivores: 8 mg/kg SQ once, repeat in 10 days if
indicated (author experience in raccoons)
Carnivores:
25–30 mg/kg IV, IM q8–12h (Plumb 2015)
Rabbits:
100 mg/kg IM q12h
VOPs: 2 mg/kg IM q24h q7–10 days
Ruminants: 6.6 mg/kg SQ once, IM q4d
Carnivores: 7 mg/kg SQ (Travis 2007; Jankowski
et al. 2012)
DO NOT USE in rabbits and certain species of
rodents. OK in rats, mice, bats, squirrels,
raccoons, opossums, wild felids and canids:
22–60 mg/kg PO q6–12h (Barnard 2009; Plumb
2015)
DO NOT USE in rabbits/rodents/ruminants
(Quesenberry and Carpenter 2004; Mitchell and
Tully 2009)
Carnivores:
15–30 mg/kg PO q12h (Plumb 2015)
Felids only:
11–33 mg/kg PO q24h (Plumb 2015)
Carnivores:
5–10 mg/kg PO q12h (Plumb 2015)
Rabbits, rodents:
2.5–5 mg/kg PO q12h (Quesenberry and
Carpenter 2004)
Canids:
5–20 mg/kg PO, IM, IV q24h (Plumb 2015)
Felids:
5 mg/kg PO q24h (Plumb 2015)
(contraindicated in young, growing canids and
felids)
Rabbits, rodents:
5–10 mg/kg PO, IM q12h (Donnelly 2004)
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Reptiles and Amphibians
Not currently recommended for use in
reptiles due to short half‐life (Thuesen et al.
2009; Wernick and Muntener 2010)
20 mg/kg IM, IV q72h (Mader 2006;
Mitchell and Tully 2009)
Snakes: 15 mg/kg IM (Adkesson et al. 2011)
20–40 mg/kg PO q12h (Funk and Diethelm
2006)
5 mg/kg PO, IM q24h (Mader 2006; Mitchell
and Tully 2009; Plumb 2015)
Chelonians:
10 mg/kg PO q24h × 10–45 days for
mycoplasmosis (Wright 1997; Mitchell and
Tully 2009)
Amphibians:
5–10 mg/kg PO q12h, q24h
10–50 mg/kg PO q24h (Wright and
Whitaker 2001)
Chelonians:
5–10 mg/kg PO, IM q24–48h (James et al.
2003)
Snakes:
10 mg/kg IM then 5–10 mg/kg IM, PO q48h
(Young et al. 1997)
Amphibians:
10 mg/kg q24h applied topically
5–10 mg/kg PO, SQ, IM q24h (Wright and
Whitaker 2001)
(Continued )
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Birds Mammals Reptiles and Amphibians

Gentamicin: potential for nephrotoxicity Diluted to 5 mg/mL with sterile saline and Rodents: Most reptiles:
high used as sinus flush or for nebulization 1.5–2.5 mg/kg SQ, IM, IV q12h (Adamcak and 2.5 mg/kg loading dose, then 1.5 mg/kg q96h
Otten 2000) Amphibians:
8 μg/mL in 0.5% saline as 24 h bath × 5 days
made fresh daily
2–4 mg/kg IM q72h × 4 (Jacobson 1999)
Metronidazole Most species: Rodents: Amphibians:
25–50 mg/kg PO q12–24h 10–40 mg/kg PO q24h (Quesenberry and 50 mg/kg PO q24h × 3 days;
Carpenter 2004) 50 mg/L bath for up to 24 h
Felids: (Wright and Whitaker 2001)
10–15 mg/kg PO q12h (Plumb 2015)
Penicillin G procaine Not used routinely DO NOT USE in rabbits/rodents 10 000–20 000 IU/kg SQ, IM, IV q8–12h
Carnivores: 20 000–40 000 IU/kg IV q6h; SQ, IM
q12h (Plumb 2015)
Cervids: 44 000–66 000 IU/kg IM, SQ q24h
(Plumb 2015)
Piperacillin/tazobactam (Zosyn®, Wyeth) 100 mg/kg IV, IM q 6–12h (Nemetz and Canids: Reptiles:
Lennox 2004) 50 mg/kg IV q8h (Kuehn 2015) 100 mg/kg IM, SQ q48h (dose extrapolated
from PK study on piperacillin in pythons)
Amphibians:
100 mg/kg IM, SQ q24h (based on
piperacillin dose) (Wright 1997)
Trimethoprim/ 30–48 mg/kg PO q12h (Flammer 2002) Rabbits, rodents: Reptiles:
sulfadiazine 30–48 mg/kg PO q12h (Adamcak and Otten 2000; 30 mg/kg PO q24h × 2d; then q48h
(Tribrissen, Schering‐Plough Jenkins 2004) (Jacobson 1999)
Carnivores: Amphibians:
15–30 mg/kg PO q12h 15 mg/kg PO q24h up to 21 days
Bats: (Wright and Whitaker 2001)
15–30 mg/kg PO q12h (Barnard 2009)
Tylosin (Tylan®): injectable may cause Finch mycoplasmosis: Carnivores: Chelonians:
tissue necrosis 1 mg/mL of drinking water; give as only 10–40 mg/kg PO q12h (Plumb 2015) mycoplasmosis 5 mg/kg IM once daily × 10d
water source for 21 days; change water Rabbits: (Gauvin 1993)
daily; make new solution q2 days 10 mg/kg PO q12–24h (Quesenberry and
(Mashima et al. 1997) Carpenter 2004)
Not recommended for use in rodents
Cervids:
5–10 mg/kg IM or slow IV q24h not to exceed 5d
(Plumb 2015)

­Antifungals
Amphotericin B: efficacy against
aspergillosis may be low; MIC
indicated (Silvanose et al. 2011)
Internal mycoses: study in leopard
frogs naturally infected with
Batrachochytrichium dendrobatidis
showed reduction of infection but not
complete fungal clearance
Griseofulvin: administer with fatty
meal; may cause bone marrow
depression; monitor CBC during
treatment
Itraconazole: give w/meal for most
effective absorption; monitor liver
function (Itrafungol® may be used)
Chytridiomycosis, topical route best,
do not use with larvae
Nystatin 100 000 IU/mL suspension:
apply topically to oral lesions
Birds
1.5 mg/kg IV q8h × 3–7 days (Flammer
1993)
1–1.5 mg/kg IT or intralesional via
endoscope (dilute with sterile water if
larger volume needed) (Jenkins 1991;
Beynon et al. 1996)
7 mg/mL sterile water
nebulization × 15 min q12h
Dermatophytosis: 10 mg/kg PO q12h × 21d
(Beynon et al. 1996)
Aspergillosis prophylaxis:
5–10 mg/kg PO q12h × 5–7d, then
q24h × 14d, then q48h
Aspergillosis treatment:
6–10 mg/kg PO q12–24 h (Lumeij et al.
1995; Jones et al. 2000)
Oral candidiasis: 100 000–300 000 IU/kg
topically or PO q12h × 7–14d (Dahlhausen
2006)
Mammals
Carnivores:
0.25 mg/kg IV 3 r/w. Total dose 8 mg/kg;
4 mg/kg if used with an azole (Oglesbee
2011b)
Rabbits, rodents:
1 mg/kg IV q24h (Sanati et al. 1997)
Carnivores:
dermatophytosis: 25 mg/kg PO q12h or
50 mg/kg PO q24h. Continue therapy
2 weeks beyond clinical resolution
(Oglesbee 2011a)
Rabbits, rodents:
dermatophytosis: 25 mg/kg PO q24h × 28d
(Hillyer 1997; Adamcak and Otten 2000)
Carnivores:
5–10 mg/kg PO q24h (Plumb 2015)
Rabbits:
5–10 mg/kg PO q24h for dermatophytosis
(Hess 2004)
Rodents:
5–10 mg/kg q12–24h (Lightfoot 2000)
Carnivores:
oral candidiasis: 50 000–150 000 IU
topically q6–8h (Plumb 2015)
Marsupials:
5000 IU/kg PO q8–12h (Ness and Johnson‐
Delaney 2012)
Rodents:
60 000–100 000 units topically or PO q 8h
(Mans and Donnelly 2012)
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Reptiles and Amphibians
Reptiles:
0.1 mg/kg intrapulmonary or intralesional
q24h × 4w (Hernandez‐Divers 2001)
Amphibians:
1 mg/kg ICe q24h; 15 μg/mL continuous
immersion bath (Wright and Whitaker,
2001; Holden et al. 2014)
Not routinely used
Snakes and lizards:
5–10 mg/kg PO q24–48 h; blood levels
may persist for up to 14d after cessation
(Gibbons 2014)
Chelonians:
5 mg/kg PO q24h or 15 mg/kg PO q72h
(Manire et al. 2003)
Amphibians:
10 mg/kg PO q24h;
0.01% in 0.6% salt solution as 5 min bath
buffered with sodium bicarbonate
q24h × 11d;
0.0025% itraconazole bath × 5 min/
day × 6 days (Georoff et al. 2013)
Oral and enteric yeast infections:
100 000 units/kg topically and PO q24h
(Mader 2006)
(Continued )
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Birds Mammals Reptiles and Amphibians

Terbinafine Raptors: Carnivores: Reptiles:

22 mg/kg PO q24h (Bechert et al. 2010)
Questionable efficacy against aspergillosis;
may be more effective when used in
combination with itraconazole
Voriconazole Raptors:
12.5 mg/kg PO q12h × 3 days then
q12–24 h for 44–100 days (di Somma et al.
2007)
dermatophytosis: 10–20 mg/kg PO q24h.
Can do pulse therapy (7 d on, 21 d off )
(Plumb 2015)
Rabbits:
8–20 mg/kg PO q24h (Hess 2004)
Rodents:
10–40 mg/kg PO q24h (Oglesbee 2011a)
Canids:
4 mg/kg PO q12h (Plumb 2015)
Not recommended in felids due to
significant side effects
10 mg/kg PO q24h (Klaphake 2005a)
Amphibians:
0.01% bath 15 min q24h (Wright 2014)
0.005–0.01% bath × 5 min × 5d. Dilute in
ethanol (Bowerman et al. 2010)
10 mg/kg PO q24h (Waeyenberghe et al.
2010)

­Antiparasitics
Carbaryl powder 5% (Sevin® dust)
Nitenpyram (Capstar®): Capstar wound
flush: one 11.4 mg tablet crushed and
mixed with 30 mL sterile 0.9% NaCl
Fenbendazole (Panacur®):
toxicosis reported in vultures, storks
(Bonar et al. 2003); pigeons, doves
(Howard et al. 2002); porcupines (Weber
et al. 2006); rabbits (Graham et al. 2014)
*Leukopenia may occur with prolonged
treatment or overdosage (Neiffer et al.
2005; Wright 2014)
Fipronil
Imidacloprid/Moxidectin
Ivermectin
Intravenous lipid emulsion has been
successfully used to treat ivermectin
toxicosis in mammals (Kidwell et al.
2014)
Birds
For ectoparasites, dust over feathers
(Samour 2000)
Topical flush
May cause feather abnormalities if used
during molt. Mortality reported in
cormo­rants with Cyathostoma sp within
24 h of deworming. (Barron, pers.
commun. 2016)
25–50 mg/kg PO q24h × 5d; repeat in two
weeks (Huckabee 2000)
Topical light spray 1× (Redig 2003)
0.2 mg/kg topically PRN (BSAVA)
Most species:
Knemidokoptes, Dermanyssus, ascarids,
Capillaria, gapeworm:
0.2–0.4 mg/kg PO, SQ, topical once
q7–14d
Intramuscular administration may result
in propylene glycol (PG) toxicosis,
particularly in smaller birds. Can dilute
solution further with PG if needed for
smaller animals if giving PO or topically
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Mammals Reptiles and Amphibians
Most species: No data
for ectoparasites, dust lightly q7d (Morrisey and
Carpenter 2004)
Carnivores: Reptiles:
fleas, myiasis: 11.4 mg (1 tablet) PO for animals for maggots (extra‐label): crush one
weighing 0.9–11.36 kg (Plumb 2015) 11.4 mg tablet into powder and give PO,
Rodents: as an enema, or on wound one time
myiasis: 1 mg/kg PO once (Klaphake 2005a)
*Can halve and quarter tablets for smaller wildlife
patients
Canids, felids (Plumb 2015): Reptiles*:
ascarids, hookworms, whipworms, Taenia: 50 mg/ 25–50 mg/kg PO q24h × 4 treatments
kg PO q24h × 3–5d (Diaz‐Figueroa and Mitchell 2006)
Paragonimus:25–50 mg/kg PO q12h × 10–14d
Giardia: 50 mg/kg PO q24h × 3–7d Amphibians*:
Ursids: 50 mg/kg PO q24h × 3–5d. Repeat in
10 mg/kg PO q24h × 3d 14–21d. (Wright and Whitaker 2001)
Rabbits: 25–50 mg/kg PO q24h × 3d. Repeat in
10–20 mg/kg PO q24h × 5d; repeat q14d 14d (Wright 2014)
Prairie dogs and other rodents:
10–25 mg/kg PO q24h × 5d (Lightfoot 2000)
Ruminants:
15 mg/kg PO q24h × 3d
Marsupials:
Capillaria: 25 mg/kg PO q24h × 5d
Most species; do NOT use in rabbits (Cooper and No data
Penaliggon 1997; Plumb 2015)
Most species: No data
0.2 mg/kg topically PRN (Wagner and Wendlberger
2000)
Canids: Reptiles:
Sarcoptes: 0.3–0.4 mg/kg PO, SQ q7d for weeks DO NOT USE IN CHELONIANS,
Endoparasites (Capillaria, Oslerus, Eucoleus, SKINKS, INDIGO SNAKES
Pneumonyssoides): 0.2–0.4 mg/kg SQ once
Felids: Nematodes, mites: 0.2 mg/kg PO, SQ,
Aelurostrongylus: 0.4 mg/kg SQ once IM, topical q14d (Diaz‐Figueroa and
Rabbits, rodents: Mitchell 2006)
Sarcoptes, fur mites, ear mites: 0.3–0.4 mg/kg SQ
q10–14d (Quesenberry and Carpenter 2004) Amphibians:
Bats: toxicosis reported; use not recommended 0.2–0.4 mg/kg PO once; 0.2–0.4 mg/kg
PO or IM q14d (Wright 1996)
(Continued )

Birds
Metronidazole Most species:
25–50 mg/kg PO q12–24h (Cybulski et al.
1996)
Mefloquine Raptors:
Plasmodium: 30 mg/kg PO at time 0 h,
12 h, 24 h, 48 h (Tavernier et al. 2005)
Praziquantel (Droncit®) Cestodes, trematodes: 10 mg/kg PO
repeat in 7–14 days; higher doses needed
to treat schistosomes (Blankespoor et al.
2001)
Pyrantel pamoate 4.5–25 mg/kg PO once; can repeat in
2 weeks (Samour 2000)
Quinacrine Hemoparasites: 5–10 mg/kg PO q24h × 7d
Selamectin (Revolution®) 6 mg/kg topical spray for lice (anecdotal
reports)
Sulfadimethoxine (Albon®) 25–50 mg/kg PO q12–24h × 3–7d
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Mammals Reptiles and Amphibians
Carnivores: Reptiles:
Giardia: 15–25 mg/kg PO q12h × 5–7d (Plumb 20 mg/kg PO q24h or 40 mg/kg q48h
2015) (Kolmstetter et al. 1998; Bodri et al.
Rabbits: 2001)
anaerobic infections: 20 mg/kg PO q12h or 40 mg/
kg PO q24h × 3–5d (Ivey and Morrisey 2000) Amphibians:
Rodents: 10 mg/kg PO once; 10 mg/kg PO q24h
10–40 mg/kg PO q24h (Brown and Donnelly 2012) 5–10d; 50 mg/kg PO q24h for 3–5d;
50 mg/L bath for up to 24 h (Poynton and
Whitaker 1994; Wright 1996)
Not applicable Not applicable
Carnivores: Reptiles:
cestodes: 5–10 mg/kg PO, SQ cestodes, trematodes: 8 mg/kg PO, SQ,
Trematodes: 20–25 mg/kg PO q24h × 3–10d (Plumb IM; repeat in 14d (Diaz‐Figueroa and
2015) Mitchell 2006)
Rabbits, rodents: Amphibians:
cestodes, trematodes: 5–10 mg/kg PO, SQ, IM; 10 mg/L bath up to 3h q7–21d; 8–24 mg/
repeat in 10d (Jenkins 2004) kg PO, SQ, ICe or topically q7–21d
(Wright 1996)
Carnivores, rabbits: 5 mg/kg PO q14d
5–10 mg/kg PO after meal q2–3weeks (Ivey and
Morrisey 2000; Plumb 2015)
Rodents:
50 mg/kg PO once (Adamcak and Otten 2000)
Rodents; antiprotozoal: 75 mg/kg PO q8h (Adamcak Hemoparasites: 20–100 mg/kg PO
and Otten 2000) q48h × 2–3w
All species: Not recommended for chelonians
6–12 mg/kg topically once, repeat 10–14d for mites
or q30d for fleas (Oglesbee 2011a)
Carnivores: 50 mg/kg PO q24h × 5d then q48h PRN
coccidiosis: 55 mg/kg PO, then 25 mg/kg PO (Diaz‐Figueroa and Mitchell 2006)
q24h × 10–20d
Ruminants:
coccidiosis: 55 mg/kg PO, then 25 mg/kg PO q24h
>4d or until clinical signs resolve
Rabbits (Gentz et al. 1995):
coccidiosis: 50 mg/kg PO once. Then 25 mg/kg PO
q24h × 21d
Rodents:
coccidiosis: 50 mg/kg PO, then 25 mg/kg PO
q24h × 10–20d

­Fluids and Emergency Drugs
Activated charcoal
Atropine (0.54 mg/mL)
QUICK DOSE FOR CARNIVORE
CPCR: 0.5 mL/10 lb (or 5 kg) IV;
1 mL/10 lb (or 5 kg) intratracheal
QUICK DOSE FOR AVIAN CPCR:
0.1 mL/100 g IM, IV, IO, IT
Crystalloid bolus volume for shock
Diazepam
QUICK DOSE FOR CARNIVORE
STATUS EPILEPTICUS: 0.5 mL/10 lb
IV; 1 mL/10 lb rectally
Dexamethasone sodium phosphate;
methylprednisolone sodium succinate
Dextrose 50%
Edetate calcium disodium (CaEDTA)
Nephrotoxic; consider administration
of fluids during treatment to maintain
hydration
Birds
2–8 g/kg PO PRN (Samour 2000)
Bradycardia: 0.2 mg/kg IM, IV, IO
CPCR: 0.5 mg/kg IM, IV, IO, IT (O’Malley
2011)
Organophosphate toxicity: 0.2 mg/kg IM
q3–4h PRN (Harrison et al. 2006)
10–15 ml/kg IV, IO over 5–10 minutes
Seizures: 0.5–1 mg/kg IM, IV, IO, PRN
(Samour 2000)
Steroid use generally not recommended in
birds (Rosenthal 2004), but the exception may
be a single dose of Dex SP in cases of acute
retinal trauma (Korbel, pers. commun.)
Hypoglycemia: 50–100 mg/kg IV slow bolus;
can dilute with fluids (Ritchie 1990)
35 mg/kg IM, IV q12h × 5d. Recheck lead
levels after 5 days of treatment; if still
elevated, allow 3‐day rest period before
restarting treatment (Harrison et al. 2006)
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Mammals Reptiles and Amphibians
Carnivores: 1–4 g/kg with 5–10 mL of water per g of No data
charcoal PO q4–6h (Plumb 2015)
Rabbits, rodents: 2–3 g/kg PO (Idid and Lee 1996)
Carnivores: bradycardia: 0.02–0.04 mg/kg IM, IV Organophosphate toxicity:
(Plumb 2015) 0.1–0.2 mg/kg SQ, IM (Gauvin
CPCR: 0.04 mg/kg IV, IO; repeat q3–5 min PRN for 1993; Wright and Whitaker
maximum of 3 doses OR 0.08–0.1 mg/kg intratracheal; 2001)
dilute with 5–10 mL sterile water before administration
(Plumb 2015)
Organophosphate toxicity: 0.2–0.5 mg/kg; give ¼ dose
IV and remainder IM, SQ (Plumb 2015)
Rodents: organophosphate toxicity: 10 mg/kg SQ
q20min (Ivey and Morrisey 2000)
Preanesthetic: 0.05 mg/kg IM, SQ (Heard 2004)
Rabbits: many have serum atropinase and need higher
doses: 0.8–1 mg/kg IM, SQ (Olson et al. 1994)
90 mL/kg – administer ¼ of total dose over 15 min, then No data
reassess heart rate, blood pressure, mucous membranes
Carnivores: status epilepticus or cluster seizures: Seizures: 0.5 mg/kg IV, IM
0.5–1 mg/kg IV, intranasally, rectally. Repeat twice PRN (Hernandez‐Divers 2003)
(Plumb 2015)
Rabbits, rodents: 1–3 mg/kg IM, IV, IO (Oglesbee
2011a)
High‐dose (e.g. 30 mg/kg IV), fast‐acting corticosteroids Currently not recommended
are no longer recommended for use in shock or CNS
trauma (still controversial); recent studies have not
demonstrated significant benefit and it actually may
cause increased deleterious effects (Plumb 2015)
Hypoglycemia: 0.5 g/kg IV bolus (dilute by half to make Hypoglycemia: 0.5 g/kg IV slow
a 25% solution), follow up with CRI of 5% dextrose in a bolus (Funk and Diethelm 2006)
balanced electrolyte solution (Plumb 2015)
Small mammal CPR: 0.25 mL/kg. 50% dextrose diluted
50% w/saline (Lichtenberger 2012)
Most species: 25 mg/kg SQ q6–12h × 5d. Recheck lead Chelonians: 35 mg/kg IM q24h
levels after 5 days of treatment; if still elevated, allow (Chitty 2003)
5–7‐day rest period before restarting treatment.
(Lightfoot 2000; Deeb and Carpenter 2004; Plumb 2015)
(Continued )

Epinephrine 1:1000 (1 mg/mL)
Large mammal cheat dose: 0.5–1 mL
per 10 lbs (or 5 kg) IV, IO, IT
Small mammal/avian/reptile cheat
dose: 0.01 mL per 100 g IV, IO, IT
Furosemide
Hetastarch
Hypertonic saline (HTS) 7.5%
Maintenance fluid rate
Mannitol
Pralidoxime (2‐PAM)
Birds
0.1 mg/kg IV, IO, IT (Harris 2003)
Pulmonary edema, ascites: 0.15–2 mg/kg/day
IM, PO (Pees et al. 2006)
10–15 mL/kg IV, IO bolus over 15 min q8h
for up to 4 treatments (Joseph 1998);
maximum of 20 mL/kg/day
Hypovolemic shock, head trauma: 3 mL/kg
IV, IO; consider using with a colloid to
prolong effect (1 part HTS:5 parts HES; max
bolus volume 15 mL/kg) (author experience)
70–120 mL/kg/day
0.2–2 mg/kg IV over 10–20 min q24h (Joseph
1998)
10–20 mg/kg IM q8–12h (Jones 2007)
10–100 mg/kg IM q24–48h (Samour 2000)
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Mammals Reptiles and Amphibians
Most species: use of low‐dose (0.01 mg/kg IV/IO) 0.1 mg/kg IV, intracardiac (Funk
epinephrine administered every 3–5 min early in CPR is and Diethelm 2006)
recommended, but high‐dose (0.1 mg/kg IV/IO)
epinephrine may be considered after prolonged CPR:
0.1–0.2 mg/kg IV, IO, IT; dilute in 5–10 mL sterile water
or saline for IT administration (Ramer et al. 1999;
Lichtenberger 2012; Plumb 2015)
Carnivores: pulmonary edema, ascites: 2–4 mg/kg IM, Pulmonary edema, ascites:
IV q1–2h until respiration improves (Plumb 2015) 2–5 mg/kg q12–24h PO, IM, IV
Rabbits: pulmonary edema: 1–4 mg/kg IM, IV q4–12h (Gauvin 1993)
(Huston 2004)
Canids: 10–20 mL/kg IV bolus 15–30 min Reptiles: 3–5 mL/kg IV, IO
1–2 mL/kg/h IV CRI; do not exceed 25 mL/kg/day bolus over several minutes; do
Felids: 5–10 mL/kg IV bolus over 15–30 min not exceed 10 mL/kg/day
1–2 mL/kg/h IV CRI; do not exceed 10 mL/kg/day (author experience)
(Plumb 2015) Amphibians: Hetastarch 6% in
Rabbits: 20 mL/kg IV (Mitchell and Tully 2009) 0.9% saline; bath not to exceed
1 h without reassessment
(Wright 2014)
Head trauma, pulmonary contusions: 4–6 mL/kg slow No data
bolus; consider using with a colloid to prolong effect
(Plumb 2015)
Carnivores: 40–60 mL/kg/day 25–30 mL/kg/day
OR Reptile lactated Ringer’s
(140 × BW)^0.73/day solution (LRS): 1 part LRS + 1
Rabbits, rodents: part 5% dextrose +1 part 0.9%
75–100 mL/kg/day NaCl
OR
1 part LRS + 2 parts 2.5%
dextrose in 0.45% NaCl
Amphibian LRS: 6.6 g NaCl,
0.15 g KCL, 0.15 g CaCl2, 0.2 g
NHCO3, in 1 L H2O for treating
hydrocoelom and SQ edema
(soak 24 h or until stable)
Carnivores: most species: traumatic brain injury: No data
0.5–1.5 g/kg IV over 10–20 min. Repeat q6–8 h PRN for
maximum of three boluses and only if patient is showing
response (Plumb 2015)
Carnivores:
20 mg/kg IM, SQ or IV (slowly) q6–12 h until nicotinic
signs are present
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­Nutritional Supplements and Miscellaneous

Birds Mammals Reptiles and Amphibians

Acetylcysteine: OK in Nebulize 50 mg as a 2% solution diluted with Most species: Tortoises:

refrigerator for 6 months; do not saline over 15–30 min for mucoid nasal discharge. nebulize 50 mg as a 2% solution diluted with saline nebulize 50 mg as a 2% solution diluted with
freeze Monitor respiration (author experience) (Oglesbee 2011a, b; Plumb 2015) saline over 30–60 min for mucoid nasal
discharge (author experience)
Calcium gluconate: dilute the Hypocalcemic tetany, dystocia: Most species hypocalcemia: Reptiles:
23% solution 1:1 with saline or 50–100 mg/kg IV slowly to effect (can be given 94–140 mg/kg IV slowly to effect; monitor Hypocalcemic tetany, dystocia:
sterile water for IV or IM IM if venous access is unavailable) respiration and cardiac rhythm during 100 mg/kg SQ, IM, ICe q6–24h (Funk and
administration administration. Halt administration if arrhythmias Diethelm 2006)
occur (Plumb 2015)
Hyperkalemic cardiotoxicity (serum K+ >8 mEq/L): Amphibians:
50–100 mg/kg IV over 10–20 min; monitor ECG 2–5% daily baths with 2 IU vitamin D3 per
(Plumb 2015) 10–100 mL of water (Wright 2006)
Cimetidine 10–25 mg/kg PO, IM, IV q12h (Guinotte et al. Most species: Reptiles:
1993; Tully 1996) 5–10 mg/kg IM, IV, PO, SQ q6–12h (Ivey and 4 mg/kg IM, PO q8–12h (Gauvin 1993)
Morrisey 2000; Plumb 2015)
Diphenhydramine 2–4 mg/kg IM, IV, PO q12h (Ritchie and Harrison Most species: No data
1997) 2–5 mg/kg PO, SQ, IM, IV (Barnard 2009; Plumb
2015)
Famotidine Not effective in chickens, even at high doses Most species: No data
(Guinotte et al. 1993) 0.5 mg/kg IM, IV, PO, SQ q6–12h (Oglesbee 2011a,
b; Plumb 2015)
Iron dextran 10 mg/kg IM q7d (Samour 2008) Carnivores: 10–20 mg/kg IM followed by oral Reptiles:
therapy (Plumb 2015) 12 mg/kg IM 1–2×/week (Mader 2006;
Rabbits: 4–6 mg/kg IM once (Quesenberry and Mitchell and Tully 2009)
Carpenter 2004)
Isoxsuprine Raptors: Canids: No data
5–10 mg/kg PO q24h (Redig 2003) 1 mg/kg PO q24h (Plumb 2015)
Lactulose 0.2–1 mL/kg PO q8–12h (Samour 2000) Carnivores: Reptiles:
0.25–0.5 mL/kg PO q6–8h until stools are loose 0.3–0.5 mL/kg PO q12–24h (Stahl 1999;
(Plumb 2015) author experience)
Loperamide No data Most species: No data
0.1 mg/kg PO q8h × 3d. Then q24h × 2d. Give in 1 mL
water (Ivey and Morrisey 2000; Oglesbee 2011a, b)
Maropitant No data Carnivores: No data
0.5–1 mg/kg SQ or IV slow q24h OR 2–4 mg/kg PO
q24h up to 5 consecutive days (Oglesbee 2011a, b;
Plumb 2015)

(Continued )
 10.1002/9781119036708.app2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119036708.app2 by Cochrane Poland, Wiley Online Library on [19/12/2022]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Birds Mammals Reptiles and Amphibians

Meclizine No data Most species: No data

Metoclopramide
Omeprazole
Oxytocin
Simethicone (66 mg/mL)
Succimer (DMSA)
Sucralfate
Vitamin B complex
(dose based on thiamine/B1)
Vitamin E‐selenium
(Bo‐Se 1 mg/mL; Mu‐Se 5 mg/
mL)
2–12 mg/kg PO q12–24h (Ivey and Morrisey 2000;
Oglesbee 2011a, b; Plumb 2015)
Raptors, waterfowl: Carnivores: Reptiles:
0.5–2 mg/kg IV, IM, PO q8–12h PRN (Samour 0.2–0.4 mg/kg PO, SQ q6–8h 0.06 mg/kg PO q24h × 7d (Divers 1996)
2000; author experience) Rabbits: Chelonians:
0.2–1.0 mg/kg IM, PO, SQ q12h (Oglesbee 2011a, b) 1–10 mg/kg PO q24h
10–100 mg/kg PO q24h (author uses 20 mg/kg Carnivores: No data
PO q24h) × 3d. Feed only soft foods as increase in 0.5–1 mg/kg PO q24h (Plumb 2015)
gut pH limits ability to digest bones, etc.
(Guinotte et al. 1993; Hinrichsen et al. 1997)
3–5 IU/kg IM. May repeat q30m × 3 if Most species: Reptiles:
ureterovaginal sphincter dilated (Samour 2000) 0.2–3 IU/kg IM, IV, SQ 5–20 IU/kg. Repeat in 20–60 min if required.
Alternatively, use PGE2A gel topically if Better in turtles than snakes/lizards. Efficacy
ureterovaginal sphincter not dilated (Bowles increased if used with PGF2A (Feldman,
2006) pers. commun.)
No data Most species (adult or infant): No data
60 mg/kg PO q8–12h or at every feeding for infants
(Oglesbee 2011a, b). Also consider burping nursing
neonates after every feeding
20–40 mg/kg PO q12h
25 mg/kg PO q12h Most species:
25–125 mg/kg PO q8h; give 30–60 min after
histamine‐2 blockers
10–30 mg/kg IM q7d (Samour 2008) Carnivores: Reptiles:
10–20 mg/kg IM, SQ q8–12h PRN (Plumb 2015) 5–10 mg/kg SQ, IM (Mader 2006)
Ruminants:
10 mg/kg IV, then 10 mg/kg IM q12h for 2–3d
(Plumb 2015)
Rodents:
2–20 mg/kg SQ, IM (Quesenberry and Carpenter
2004; Mitchell and Tully 2009)
Prevention of capture myopathy in ratites, other Ruminants: Reptiles: no data
long‐legged species: 0.06 mg/kg IM once 0.3 mL/10 lbs SQ, IM (Plumb 2015)
Raptors: Amphibians:
vitamin E only: 15 mg/kg IM, PO (Mainka et al. 100 IU/kg PO q7d (Wright 2014)
1994)
 10.1002/9781119036708.app2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119036708.app2 by Cochrane Poland, Wiley Online Library on [19/12/2022]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Birds Mammals Reptiles and Amphibians

To reduce nasal congestion No data Most species: Tortoises:

(author’s experience; we put in hypertonic saline (dilute to 2% with normal saline) hypertonic saline (dilute to 2% with normal
insulin syringe, cut the needle 3–4 drops each nostril 3–4×/day saline) 3–4 drops each nostril 3–4×/day
off at hub and then use to put
drop up nose) Cerenia (reduces substance P, the primary
inflammatory cytokine involved in nasal
inflammation): dilute 1:10 with normal saline and
put 1 drop in each nostril 1–2×/day

Phenylephrine hydrochloride:
1 drop each nostril 1–2×/day for no more than 3
days to try to avoid rebound effect
Oxymetazoline HCL 0.05%
(OR xylometazoline 0.05%):1 drop each nostril
1–2×/day for no more than 3 days to try to avoid
rebound effect

“Carnivores” may include wild North American felids, canids, procyonids, ursids, and mustelids.
“Rodents” may include wild North American flying, tree, and ground squirrels; rats, mice, beaver, prairie dogs, ground hogs, and porcupines
NOTE: Many species of wildlife are hunted for human consumption. Drugs prohibited for use in food animals should not be administered to these species if they will be released to the wild and/or consumed
by humans. See www.farad.org for list of drugs prohibited from use in food animals.
CBC, complete blood count; CNS, central nervous system; CPCR, cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation; CRI, constant rate infusion; ECe, epicoelomic; ECG, electrocardiogram; ICe, intracoelomic; IM,
intramuscular; IN, intranasal; IO, intraosseous; IP, intraperitoneal; IT; intratracheal; IU, international unit; IV, intravenous; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; SQ, subcutaneous; NSAID, nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drug; OTM, orotransmucosal; PO, orally; PRN, as needed; SQ, subcutaneous.

466 Appendix II Formulary for Common Wildlife Species
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