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LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Define receivables and identify the different types of receivables.
2. Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.
3. Explain accounting issues related to valuation of accounts receivable.
4. Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.
5. Explain accounting issues related to valuation of notes receivable.
6. Understand special topics related to receivables.
7. Describe how to report and analyze receivables.
OVERVIEW
A receivable is money owed to a business by its clients and shown on its balance sheet as an
asset. It is one of a series of accounting transactions dealing with the billing of a customer for
goods and services that the customer has ordered. Accounts receivable is an asset which is the
result of accrual accounting. In this case, the firm has delivered products or rendered services
(hence, revenue has been recognized), but no cash has been received, as the firm is allowing
the customer to pay at a later point in time.
Trade receivables are the total amounts owing to a company for goods or services it has sold,
which are reflected in invoices that the company has issued to its clients, but has not yet
received payments for. Trade receivables are also known as “Account Receivables”.
Accounts receivable (A/R) are assets arising from the sale of goods and/or the rendering of
services on open account in the ordinary course of business, the balance on balance sheet date
showing the amount of revenue resulting from sales on open account and not yet collected at
the end of the accounting period. An open account is an unsecured loan to a customer arising
through credit sales evidenced by a delivery note and invoice, subject to usual trade customs or
specific terms as to discount and payment period. All accounts receivable are trade
receivables.
Notes receivable (N/R) are receivables in the form of unconditional written promises
(promissory notes) to pay specified sums of money at future dates, usually with interest at a
specific rate, arising from cash advances, customers’ purchases on credit, the refinancing of
amounts coming due on accounts receivable, or when money is otherwise loaned. Only the
principal amount of a note is recorded as a note receivable; any interest owed as a result of the
note is recorded as accrued interest.
Non-trade receivables - are the amounts due from third parties for transactions outside its
primary course of business.
Initial measurement
Receivables are initial recognized at fair value plus transaction cost. However, trade
receivables that do not have a significant financing component are measured at their
transaction price in accordance with PFRS 15 Revenue from contracts with customers.
Transaction price is “the amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in
exchange for transferring promised goods and services to a customer, excluding amounts
collected on behalf of third parties(e.g., some sales taxes).” (PFRS 15. Appendix A)
Subsequent measurement
Accounts receivable are subsequently measured at recoverable historical cost (or net
realizable value).
Recoverable historical cost (net realizable value) represents the amount of cash expected to be
recovered from contractual cash flows of receivable. Net realizable value is normally computed
as the transaction price minus any reduction for uncollectibility or impairment.
Estimating the recoverable historical cost of accounts receivable
When estimating recoverable historical cost (net realizable value) of trade receivable, an entity
considers the following:
a. Sales discounts – discounts available to customers, the amount of receivable
may not be wholly recoverable when it is probable that customers
will avail of the cash discount in the future.
b. Doubtful accounts – doubtful accounts expense is recognized when loss becomes
probable and can be measured reliably. There are three methods of estimating doubtful
accounts, namely: (a) percentage of net credit sales; (b) percentage of receivables; and
(c) aging of receivables.
Percentage-of-Sales Approach
Percentage based upon past experience and anticipate credit policy.
Achieves proper matching of costs with revenues.
Existing balance in Allowance account not considered.
Percentage-of-Receivables Approach
Not matching.
Reports receivables at net realizable value.
Companies may apply this method using
► one composite rate, or
► an aging schedule using different rates.
Notes receivable (N/R) are receivables in the form of unconditional written promises
to pay specified sums of money at future dates, usually with interest at a specific rate, arising
from cash advances, customers’ purchases on credit, the refinancing of amounts coming due on
accounts receivable, or when money is otherwise loaned.
Initial measurement
Receivables are initially recognized at fair value plus transaction cost. For
measurement purposes, receivables are classified into the following:
a. Short-term receivable
b. Long-term receivable that bears a reasonable interest rate.
c. Long-term receivable that bears no interest (non-interest bearing)
d. Long-term receivables that bears an unreasonable interest rate (below-market interest
rate).
When the cash price equivalent of the non-cash asset given up in exchange for the
receivable is determinable, the fair value of the receivable is equal to the cash price
equivalent, except when the practical expedient allowed by PFRS 15 is applicable.
Subsequent Measurement
Receivable initially measured at face amount are subsequently measured at
recoverable historical cost (net realizable value).
Amortized cost is the “amount at which the financial asset or financial liability is
measured at initial recognition minus principal repayments, plus or minus the cumulative
amortization using effective interest method of any difference between the initial amount
and maturity amount and, for financial assets adjusted for any loss allowance.” (PFRS 9.
Appendix A)
Derecognition of Receivables
Company may transfer (e.g., sells) a receivables to another company for cash.
Reasons:
Competition.
Sell receivables because money is tight.
Billing / collection are time-consuming and costly.
Summary of transfers
Determining whether receivables that are transferred can be derecognized and accounted for as
a sale is based on an evaluation of whether the seller has transferred substantially all the risks
and rewards of ownership of the financial asset.
Analysis of Receivables
Loans Receivable
Loan receivable is similar to notes receivable in that it is also a claim supported by formal
promise to pay a certain sum of money at specific future date. Loans receivable is more
appropriately used by the financing companies.
The lenders recover these cost from borrowers by charging them origination fees. These fees
include compensation for activities such as evaluating the borrower’s financial condition,
evaluating and recording guarantees, collateral securities and other arrangements, negotiating
the terms, processing documents and closing the transaction.
Direct origination cost are initially added to the carrying amount of the loans amortized over
the term of the loans.
Origination fees charged are initially deducted from the carrying amount of loans.
Indirect origination cost are not included in the measurement of receivables, and are
expense immediately.
Subsequent measurement
Loan receivable initially measured at present value are subsequently measured at amortized
cost.
Evidence that a financial asset is credit-impaired includes observable data about the following
events:
a) Significant financial difficulty of the issuer or obligator.
b) Breach of contract, such as a default or delinquency in interest or principal payments.
c) The lender for economic or legal reasons relating to the borrowers financial difficulty,
granting of the borrower a concession that the lender would not otherwise consider.
d) It becoming probable that the borrower will enter bankruptcy or other financial
reorganization;
e) The disappearance of an active market for that financial asset because of the financial
difficulties; or
f) The purchase or origination of a financial asset at a deep discount that reflects the
incurred credit losses.
The carrying amount of the loan or note receivable before impairments includes any interest
receivable accrued up to the date the loss event has been determined.
The original effective interest rate is the effective interest rate on the date the receivable was
initially recognized.
Impairment loss is deducted from the carrying amount of the impaired loan or note receivable
either directly or through an allowance account.
After impairment, interest income is computed by multiplying the original effective interest rate
by the net carrying amount of the impaired receivable.
MODULE # 2 Post-test
PRACTICAL ACCOUNTING 1 – REVIEW
RECEIVABLES
PROF. U.C. VALLADOLID
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Compute the amount to be presented as “trade and other receivables” under the current assets
a. 1,036,000 b. 1,600,000 c. 1,306,000 d. 1,360,000
2. The audit of Angel Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2023 revealed that the Accounts Receivable
account consists of the following:
Trade accounts receivable (current) 3,440,000
Past due trade accounts 640,000
Uncollectible accounts to be written off 128,000
Credit balances in customers’ accounts (80,000)
Notes receivable dishonored 240,000
Consignment shipments – at cost
The consignee sold goods costing 96,000 for 160,000.
A 10% commission was charged by the consignee and
Remitted the balance to Angel. The cash was received in
January 2024. 320,000
Total 4,688,000
The balance of the allowance for doubtful accounts before audit adjustment is a credit of 80,000. It is estimated that
an allowance should be maintained to equal 5% of trade receivables, net of amount due from the consignee who is
bonded. The company has not provided yet for the bad debt expense.
3. Badeth Enterprise provided the following data relating to accounts receivable for 2023:
Accounts Receivable, January 1 850,000
Credit Sales 2,500,000
Sales Return 80,000
Accounts Written off 60,000
Collections from customer 2,125,000
Allowance for sales return 50,000
Estimated uncollectible accounts at 12/31 per aging 110,000
What amount should Badeth report as net realizable value of accounts receivable on December 31, 2023?
a. 1,350,000 b. 1,225,000 c. 1,085,000 d. 925,000
4. The financial statements of Bimbo International reported the following accounts.
Collections 8,720,000
The cash collected from customers included a 20,000 recovery from a customer whose account was written off in
prior year. On November 15, a customer settled his overdue account by issuing a 15%, 4-month note for 400,000.
During 2023, account of 100,000 were written off as worthless.
Analysis of the account receivable at December 31, 2023 revealed that 600,000 were considered past due.
Management’s estimate of probable loss on past due accounts is 20% and on current accounts at 5%.
1. Determine the adjusted balance of allowance for uncollectible accounts at December 31, 2023.
a. 50,000 b. 70,000 c. 120,000 d. 190,000
4. Determine the December 31, 2023 amortized cost (NRV) of accounts receivable.
a. 1,010,000 b. 1,390,000 c. 1,810,000 d. 2,190,000
What amount of notes receivable should be classified as current assets on December 31, 2023?
a. 594,500 b. 659,895 c. 781,198 d. 902,500
2. How much should be the interest income for the year December 31, 2023?
a. 121,303 b. 154,000 c. 275,303 d. 308,000
3. What amount of notes receivable should be classified as noncurrent assets on December 31, 2023?
a. 2,800,000 b. 1,210,500 c. 1,545,605 d. 2,205,500
1. How much should PlayPoh Manufacturing report as interest income in the 2023 profit or loss?
a. 45,078 b. 49,586 c. 54,544 d. 60,000
2. How much should PlayPoh report as gain or loss on sale of equipment in its 2023 profit or loss?
a. 29,220 loss b. 29,220 gain c. 120,000 gain d. 270,000 gain
3. What is the carrying value of the note receivable as of December 21, 2023 statement of financial position?
a. 450,780 b. 495,858 c. 545,444 d. 600,000
What is the carrying amount of the note receivable on December 31, 2023?
a. 1,009,920 b. 1,102,080 c. 1,200,000 d. 2,302,080
9. Factoring - AR
Jerome Company sold P 5,750,000 in accounts receivable for cash payment of P 4,950,000. An allowance for bad
debts of P500, 000 had previously been established by the entity in relation to these accounts. To allow adjustments
and possible customer returns the factor withheld 10% of the cash proceeds.
1. What amount of cash was received from the assignment of accounts receivable on December 1, 2024?
a. 2, 000, 000 b. 2, 150, 0000 c. 2, 375, 0000 d. 3, 100, 000
3. What amount should be disclosed as the equity of Winterton Company in assigned accounts on December 31, 2024?
a. 425, 000 b. 475, 000 c. 495, 000 d. 525, 000
If the discounting is accounted for as a secure borrowing, what is the interest expense to be recognized on August 31,
2023?
a. 21,725 b. 12,725 c. 21,275 d. 11,725
Kings Company accepted from a customer P 2,000,000 face amount, 6- month, 10% note dated January 15, 2024. On
the same date, the entity discounted the note without recourse at a 12% discount rate.
After considering the direct origination fee incurred and origination fee charged, the effective rate on the loan is
12%
16. On December 31, 2023, SUNSHINE Bank has a 5-year loan receivable with a face value of 5,000,000 dated January
1, 2022 that is due on December 31, 2027. Interest on the loan is payable at 9% every December 31.
The borrower paid the interest that was due on December 31, 2022 but informed the bank that interest accrued in
2023 will be paid at maturity date. There is a high probability that the remaining interest payments will not be paid
because of financial difficulty.
The prevailing market rate of interest on December 31, 2023 is 10%. The PV of 1 for three periods is .772 at 9%, and
.751 at 10%.
The P7, 125,000 note receivable is dated April 1, 2022, bears interest at 10%. Principal payments of P2, 000, 000 plus
interest are due annually beginning April 1, 2023.
The P1, 950,000 note receivable is dated December 31, 2017, bears interest at 8% and is due on December 31, 2024.
Interest is payable annually on December 31, and all interest payments were made through December 31, 2023.
On July 1, 2023, Mississauga Company sold a parcel of land to Binay Company for P4, 000,000 under an installment
sale contract. Binay Company made a P1, 200,000 cash down payment on July 1, 2023, and signed a 4-year 10%
note for the P2,800,000 balance. The equal annual payments of principal and interest on the note totaled P878,000,
payable on July 1 of each year from 2024 through 2027.
1. What is the total amount of notes receivable including accrued interest that should be classified as current
assets on December 31, 2023?
a. 3, 117, 375 b. 2,200,000 c. 2,384,375 d. 5,072,375
2. What is the total amount of notes receivable that should be classified as noncurrent assets on December
31, 2023?
a. 7,300,000 b. 7, 150,000 c. 6,250,000 d. 5,327,000
18. Joshtin Company used the allowance method of accounting for uncollectible accounts. During 2023, the entity had
charged 750,000 to bad debt expense and wrote off accounts receivable of 780,000 as uncollectible. What was the
decrease in working capital?
a. 750,000 b. 780,000 c. 650,000 d. 0
19. Kaila World assigned 2,500,000 of accounts receivable as collateral for a 1,700,000 loan with a bank. The bank
assessed a 4% finance fee and charged 6% interest on the note at maturity. What would be the journal entry to record
the transaction?
a. Debit cash 1,632,000, debit finance charge 68,000 and credit note payable 1,700,000
b. Debit cash 2,342,000, debit finance charge 68,000 and credit note payable 2,050,000
c. Debit cash 2,500,000, debit finance charge 68,000 and credit note payable 2,500,000
d. Debit cash 2,656,000, debit finance charge 86,000 and credit note payable 2,500,000
20. Kaila Inc. sold accounts receivable without recourse for 4,275,000. The entity received 4,000,000 cash immediately
from the factor. The remaining 275,000 will be received once the factor verifies that none of the account receivable is
in dispute. The accounts receivable had a face amount of 5,200,000. The entity had previously established an
allowance for bad debts of 230,000 in connection with such accounts.
21. Alberta Company sold an office equipment with a carrying amount of 739,000, receiving a noninterest-bearing note
due in three years with a face amount of 1,300,000. There is no established market value for the equipment. The
interest rate on similar obligations is estimated at 12%. The present value of 1 at 12% for three periods is .712. What
amount should be reported as gain or loss on the sale and interest income for the first year?
Gain (loss) Interest Income
a. 200,000. 288,000
b. 168,600. 110,072
c. 186,600. 111,072
d. 110,072. 186,600
22. Got7 Bank granted a 10-year loan to More Company in the amount of P1,500,000 with a stated interest rate of 6%.
Payments are due monthly and are computed to be P16,650. Got7 Bank incurred P40,000 of direct loan origination
cost and P20,000 of indirect loan origination cost. In addition, Got7 Bank charged More Company a 4-point non-
refundable loan origination fee.
1. What is the initial carrying amount of the loan receivable on the part of Got7 Bank?
a. 1,520,000 b. 1,500,000 c. 1,480,000 d. 1,580,000
2. What is the initial carrying amount of the loan payable on the part of More Company?
a. 1,520,000 b. 1,500,000 c. 1,480,000 d. 1,440,000
23. Zoro Company provided the following data relating to accounts receivable for the current year:
Accounts receivable, January 1 3,000,000
Credit sales 6,000,000
Sales returns 500,000
Accounts written off 200,000
Collections from customers 1,000,000
Estimated future sales returns at December 31 75,000
Estimated uncollectible accounts at December 31 per aging 200,000
24. Dreyar Company provided the following information relating to current operations:
25. Joseph manages an extensive network of boutique hotels in the country. The entity has significant accounts receivable
from three customers, namely: