Water

PSS®SINCAL 18.
0
Water
Water Calculations in Pipe Networks
Published by
Siemens AG
Smart Infrastructure
Digital Grid
Freyeslebenstraße 1
91058 Erlangen, Germany
SIEMENS PSS SINCAL Water
Preface
Preface
The PSS SINCAL manuals can be divided into the following parts:
● the PSS SINCAL System Manual

● manuals for Electrical and Pipe Networks
● the Examples
● the Database Description
● the Automation Manual
The PSS SINCAL System Manual contains a general description for using the application.
The technical manuals for Electrical Networks contain detailed descriptions of the various
calculation methods for electrical networks - such as power flow, or short circuit calculations - and
their input data.
The technical manuals for Pipe Networks contain detailed descriptions of the various calculation
methods for pipe networks - water, gas and heating/cooling - and their input data.
The manuals with the Examples for electrical and pipe networks contain detailed information on the
use of the various calculation modules based on the provided sample networks.
The Database Description contains a complete description of the data models for electrical and
pipe networks. Furthermore, documentation on the Time Series Data Interface is also available, as
well as a description of the additional data files and external result data.
The Automation manual contains the documentation of the automation functions for PSS SINCAL.
Copyright
This manual and all the information and illustrations contained in it are copyrighted.
SIEMENS retains all rights, in particular the right to publish, translate, reprint, photocopy, make
microcopies or electronically store in a database.
Previously expressed written permission from SIEMENS is required for any reproduction or use
beyond the limits specified by copyright law.
Warranty
Even though our manuals are thoroughly checked for errors, no liability can be taken for errors found
or any resulting problems or difficulties. Modifications are frequently made to the text and the software
as a part of our routine updates.
PSS® is a registered trademark of SIEMENS AG

Copyright SIEMENS AG 2021 All Rights Reserved
Table of Contents
1. Introduction to Water 1
1.1 Basic Information 2

1.2 Network Observation over Time 2
2. Water Input Data 4
2.1 Creating the Network 4

2.1.1 Node or Distributor 4
2.1.2 Terminal 8
2.1.3 Network Level 8
2.1.4 Network Area 10
2.1.5 Network Zone 13
2.1.6 Network Element Group 14
2.1.7 Graphic Element Group 15
2.2 Supply Sources 15
2.2.1 Water Tank 15
2.2.2 Infeeder Pump 18
2.3 Node Elements 20
2.3.1 Consumer 20
2.3.2 Pressure Buffer 22
2.3.3 Leakage 24
2.4 Branch Elements 25
2.4.1 Pipe 26
2.4.2 Sliding Valve/Non-Return Valve 29
2.4.3 Constant Pressure Decrease/Const. Flow 31
2.4.4 Pressure Regulator 32
2.4.5 Pressure Increase Pump 34
2.5 General Control and Input Data 36
2.5.1 Calculation Settings 37
2.5.2 Element Data for Network Elements 44
2.5.3 Additional Data for Network Elements 45
2.5.4 Scenario 46
2.5.5 Include Network 48
2.5.6 Element State 48
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PSS SINCAL Water SIEMENS
Table of Contents
2.5.7 Assigned Master Resources 49

2.5.8 Assigned External Data 50
2.5.9 Description 51
2.5.10 Pump Characteristics 51
2.5.11 Water Tank Characteristics 53
2.5.12 Pressure Buffer Characteristics 55
2.5.13 Pressure Drop Characteristics 57
2.5.14 Temperature Consumption Characteristics 59
2.5.15 Variant 63
2.6 Operating/Time Series Data 63
2.6.1 General Operating/Time Series Data for Network Elements 64
2.6.2 Operating Point 64
2.6.3 Operating Points/Profiles 65
2.6.4 Growth Series 67
2.7 Contingency Analysis 67
2.7.1 Malfunction Scenario 67
3. Steady-State Calculations – Water Procedure 69
3.1 First Kirchhoff Rule 69

3.2 Second Kirchhoff Rule 70
3.2.1 List of Formulas and Signs 70
3.3 Incompressible Fluids 71
3.3.1 Pipes 71
3.3.2 Losses 72
3.4 Mathematical Model 74
3.4.1 List of Formula Signs 74
3.5 Calculation Methods 74
3.6 Cross Method 77
3.7 Monitoring the Limits 78
4. Operating Point and Time Series Calculations – Water Procedure 81
4.1 Calculation Method 83

4.1.1 Determining the Factor in Operating Points 83
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Table of Contents
4.1.2 Determining Factors in Time Series 84

4.1.3 Cyclical Treatment of Time Series 85
4.1.4 Water Tank Level Calculations 87
5. Fire Water Procedure 90
5.1 Simulating the Hydrant in the Calculations 91

5.2 Fire Water Need 92
5.3 Fire Water Plan 92
6. Convergence Debug 93
6.1 Details of the Convergence Debug 94
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Table of Contents
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Introduction to Water
1. Introduction to Water
PSS SINCAL Water is an effective tool for planning large supply networks.
This simulation program can determine steady-state flow relationships quickly and conveniently in
any number of meshed supply networks for Newtonian fluids in filled pipes. PSS SINCAL can
simulate different technical and operational variations.
When segments or segment data are defined, PSS SINCAL automatically creates profile curve
diagrams.
Calculations can be made with only one kind of substance (one set of material values). It is not
possible to calculate pipes with different substances simultaneously.
This manual contains the following chapters:
● Water Input Data

● Steady-State Calculations – Water Procedure
● Operating Point and Time Series Calculations – Water Procedure
● Fire Water Procedure
● Convergence Debug
The Examples for Water show in detail the functionality of the different procedures of the water
calculation.
Procedure of Water Calculations
Steady-state calculations are always active and you can enter steady-state water calculation data
without any special settings at any time.
Steady-State Calculations
The following steps are necessary:
● Determine the physical data in the calculation settings

● Enter the necessary network levels
● Create nodes and network elements in the corresponding network levels
● Create a network element to produce pressure
Time Series Calculations
For time series calculations, the Operating/Time Series Calculation Method first has to be
switched ON.
● Define time series

● Assign time series
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Operating Series Calculations
For operating series calculations, the Operating/Time Series Calculation Method first has to be
switched ON.
● Add an operating point

● Define operating points
● Assign operating points
1.1 Basic Information

A network’s structure is described by its intersecting nodes and branches. The branches connect two
nodes to each other. These nodes are called the starting node and end node of the branch. A branch
goes from the starting node to the end node. A network diagram is created using points as symbols
for the nodes and pipes for the branches.
Node element
Branch element
PC
Node or
distributor
A network makes sense physically when the nodes and branches have been assigned elements.
The most important elements of a network are the supply nodes, the consumers and the pipes.
Depending on whether they are assigned to nodes or branches, the elements are called node
elements or branch elements. A network can be described in its entirety by network elements. These
elements are nodes, node elements or branch elements.
1.2 Network Observation over Time

Since the network changes topologically over time, PSS SINCAL also considers this. Enter the
current observation time for the network in the calculation settings. During the calculations,
PSS SINCAL considers establishment and shutdown times for the nodes and network elements as
follows:
No Establishment and Shutdown Time Specified
The respective network element is always in operation.
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Only Establishment Time Specified
The respective network element goes into operation at the time specified and remains in operation
after this time.
Only Shutdown Time Specified
The respective network element shuts down at the time specified and was in operation the entire
time before this time.
Establishment and Shutdown Time Specified
Within the specified period, the respective network element is in operation and outside the specified
period, it is not in operation.
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Water Input Data
2. Water Input Data
PSS SINCAL describes available elements with the following structure:
● Picture of the corresponding data screen form

● Field description for each element type
2.1 Creating the Network

Depending on the problem, PSS SINCAL can perform different types of calculations for pipe
networks.
Before trying to solve such problems, however, a network must be created for the calculations with:
● General data
● Nodes
● Supply sources and consumers or
● Branch elements
PSS SINCAL has six types of data:
● Node
● Terminal
● Network Level
● Network Area
● Network Zone
● Network Element Group
● Graphic Element Group
2.1.1 Node or Distributor
Insert – Node/Distributor – Node or Distributor in the menu is used to define the element as either
a node or a distributor.
For an overview of the fields for nodes, see the Database Description.
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Water Input Data
Basic Data – Node
Network Area assigns a Network Area to the node that can be used for extended evaluations.
Network Zone assigns a zone to the node so you can perform enhanced evaluations.
Pressure Curve specifies nodes to be used when automatically generating pressure-curve

diagrams. PSS SINCAL determines the maximum diameter of the connected pipes that have output
flow from nodes selected with Start. Then PSS SINCAL checks the network along all the pipes with
this diameter, and any nodes found are included in the pressure-curve diagram. If the diameter
changes, there are two possibilities: The network check is terminated if the current node is not
marked for Change. Alternatively, the network continues with the maximum diameter of the pipes
connected to this node that have output flow. Select Name or No name to display or suppress the
node name in the pressure-curve diagram.
Marked specifies nodes for the diagram output or for saving results.
The following fields are used for documentation purposes. This enables the geographical position of
the node to be defined.
The Elevation above sea level is important for the pressure relationships in the network.
● Distance Right and Up:

Distance Right is the distance of the node from the meridian.
Distance up is measured from the equator.
The Meridian is a semi-circle positioned vertically on the equator and running from the North to
the South pole.
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Water Input Data
● Latitude and Longitude:

The Longitude (geographical length) is the angle from the Greenwich meridian.
The Latitude (geographical width) is the angle from the equator.
The geographical data stored with the node is also used by different functions of the PSS SINCAL
user interface for the correct integration of the node according to geographical location. They are
thus for example used for reference positioning on background maps or for Google Earth Export.
Establishment Time and Shutdown Time specify the times when you create the node or shut it
down.
Any name for a node can be entered in the Connection Name field. PSS SINCAL uses this name
to uniquely assign the node in include networks.
Additional Data – Node
Comment
This input field is used to enter additional information for the node.
Extended Data
This section enables additional data for nodes to be defined, edited, copied and deleted.
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Water Input Data
The following dialog box opens after clicking the New or Edit button.
The Attribute field is used to specify the name of the attribute for the node.
Depending on the selected Type (number or text), the Numeric Value or Text Value fields can be
filled. A Unit can be entered for a numerical attribute to show the technical dimension of the particular
numerical data.
The comment and the extended data can be displayed along with element input data in the element
annotation of the network diagram. PSS SINCAL calculation methods do not consider this
supplementary information.
For an overview of the fields for extended node data, see the Database Description.
Master Resource
This section enables master resources for nodes to be defined, edited and deleted.
The Value field makes it possible to define a new GUID (Global Unique ID). The GUID is generated
automatically when the new master resource is created. The Category determines the range of
validity of the respective GUID. PSS SINCAL automatically fills this in certain procedures (CIM
Import, CIM Export).
For an overview of the fields for master resources, see the Database Description.
A clear display of all network elements and the assigned master resources is available in the network
browser. For a general description, see the chapter on Master Resource in the System Manual.
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Water Input Data
2.1.2 Terminal
When PSS SINCAL creates a network element, it automatically creates the connection data for the
element. These include topological connection from the network elements to the nodes.
For an overview of the fields for terminals, see the Database Description.
Basic Data – Terminal
The Element field assigns connection data to a network element.
Node and Connection Number set the connection of the network element to the node. Node
elements have one connection, and branch elements have two connections.
Operating State places a switch at this connection.
2.1.3 Network Level
In PSS SINCAL, all network elements must be assigned to a subnetwork. The subnetwork is built
with the network level, which defines global data for the assigned network elements.
Insert – Network Level in the menu lets you administer network levels. PSS SINCAL displays a
data screen form with a browser. For a general description of this feature, see the chapter on Special
Screen Form with Browser.
For an overview of the fields for network levels, see the Database Description.
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Water Input Data
Basic Data – Network Level
Use network levels to enter rating data for electrical subnetworks.
A Name can have any name that precisely identifies it. Names need not be unique. Network areas
can even be assigned Short Name.
The Rated Pressure is the pressure for the network elements of this network area.
The Air Temperature is used for calculating the consumption of the consumers at the setting in the
Temperature Consumption Characteristics.
Max. Flow Velocity determines the maximum flow speed permitted in the network level. If this value
is exceeded, PSS SINCAL automatically makes a note of this in the results and generates caution
messages.
The Min. Operating Pressure and Max. Operating Pressure set the permissible limits of the
pressures in the network level. If these values are exceeded, PSS SINCAL automatically makes a
note of this in the results and generates caution messages.
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Water Input Data
Operating/Time Series – Network Level
The network level defines default data for individual network elements in operating/times series
calculations.
The Time Series column defines a time curve for individual network elements in time series
calculations.
Operating Points prescribes a series of operating points for individual network elements in operating
point calculations.
Increase Series determines growth data for individual network elements. This function is not yet
available.
2.1.4 Network Area
The network area is used to structure the network, i.e. functions in the user interface let you use the
network area to color or select network elements area, etc. Network areas can also be organized
hierarchically to describe references and dependencies.
Insert – Network Area in the menu lets you administer network areas. PSS SINCAL displays a data
screen form with a browser. For a general description of this feature, see the chapter on Special
For an overview of the fields for network areas, see the Database Description.
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Water Input Data
Basic Data – Network Area
can even be assigned Short Name.
The Parent Area field defines the hierarchy of the network areas.
Contingency Analysis – Network Area
Malfunction turns the elements in the network area ON and OFF or checks them for the contingency
analysis.
● None:
No elements malfunction.
● All elements:
All elements malfunction.
● All pipes:
All pipes malfunction.
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Water Input Data
● All restricted elements:

All elements with a flow rate over the set limit malfunction.
● All restricted pipes:
All pipes with a flow rate over the set limit malfunction.
Base Speed Limit sets the limit where network elements start to malfunction.
The Caused Malfunction field regulates the number of caused malfunctions in the network areas.
● None:
No caused malfunctions are generated.
● Marked areas:
Caused malfunctions for network areas are only generated, if Marked for Caused Malfunction
is selected.
● Own area:
Caused malfunctions are only generated in the current network area.
How many elements for caused malfunctions PSS SINCAL actually considers can also be set with
the Caused Elements field.
● Restricted elements:
All elements with a flow rate over the set limit generate a caused malfunction.
● Restricted pipes:
All pipes with a flow rate over the set limit generate a caused malfunction.
Caused Speed Limit sets the limit for the maximum permissible flow rate. All elements that are
outside this limit after the basic malfunction generate a caused malfunction.
In the Reporting field parameters can be set for the scope of the results of the contingency analysis.
You can define which network elements outside the limits will be documented. PSS SINCAL has the
following options:
● None
● Elements
● Nodes
● Elements and nodes
● Pipes
● Pipes and nodes
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Water Input Data
Fire Water – Network Area
The fields for Length, Diameter, Sand Roughness and Loss Factor Zeta Value are used to specify
the connection pipe’s fluid properties.
Delta Elevation defines the difference in level between the network connection and the hose
connection at the hydrants.
Fire Water Flow specifies the amount removed for the fire water calculations.
Fire Water Pressure specifies the relative pressure for the fire water calculations.
Fire Water Time specifies the time period used to calculate the fire water amount of fire water.
Min. Pressure – Relative specifies the minimum pressure in the network area for the fire water
calculations.
2.1.5 Network Zone
The network zone structures the network, i.e. the user interface has functions that color or select
network elements with the help of network zones.
Insert – Network Zone in the menu lets you administer network zones. PSS SINCAL displays a data
screen form with a browser. For a general description of this feature, see the chapter on Special
For an overview of the fields for network zones, see the Database Description.
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Water Input Data
Basic Data – Network Zone
can even have abbreviated names (Short Name).
2.1.6 Network Element Group
Network element groups are used to group network elements.
PSS SINCAL calculation methods can also process network element groups, for example, to
generate profile curves.
Click Insert – Network Element Group in the menu to open the network browser for editing network
element groups. For a general description of the network element group functions, see the chapter
on Network Element Group in the System Manual.
For an overview of the fields for network element groups, see the Database Description.
Basic Data – Network Element Group
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Water Input Data
The Type of Group field defines the group type (Common group). The following groups are available:
● Common group:
Common group groups network elements. PSS SINCAL does not consider these groups in
calculations.
● Profile curve:
A profile curve is group of elements representing a route in the network. PSS SINCAL creates
profile curve diagrams for these groups.
● Malfunction group:
Malfunction group is a group of elements that are treated as a separate malfunction in
contingency analysis.
● Function group:
A function group contains network elements that can operate as a group and therefore also
malfunction at the same time.
● Operating group:
An operating group must have a node and a network element. PSS SINCAL creates an
operating condition diagram for each group.
2.1.7 Graphic Element Group
The graphic element group, like the Network Element Group, groups network elements.
However, unlike the network element group, this group is for graphics. A polygon stored in the
database is used for this purpose.
Click Insert – Graphic Element Group in the menu to open the network browser for processing
graphic element groups. For a general description of the graphic element group functions, see the
chapter on Graphic Element Group in the System Manual.
2.2 Supply Sources

PSS SINCAL water has the following supply sources:
● Water Tank
● Infeeder Pump
2.2.1 Water Tank
The pressure in the water tank remains constant. It is independent of the load distribution in the
network.
Water tanks compensate for the difference between the total input at supply points and the total
output at distribution points. Accordingly, at least one water tank must be entered per network when
making calculations.
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Water Input Data
Insert – Node Elements – Water Tank in the menu is used to create water tanks.
For an overview of the fields for water tanks, see the Database Description.
Basic Data – Water Tank
The water tank characteristic values describe the water tank characteristics for the pump. This can
be defined in Water Tank Characteristics.
The field for Level Data shows whether the data of the water tank are entered as an absolute value
(level above sea level) or as a relative value (level relative to node height).
The Water Level inside the tower indirectly indicates the pressure of the water tank.
Limit Type switches ON the input for the flow limits entered in the fields for Minimum Flow and
Maximum Flow. For more precise information, see the chapter on Monitoring the Limits.
Calculating Water Tank Pressure
𝑝 = 𝜌𝐻2𝑂 × ℎ × 𝑔 × 10−2
p … Pressure of the water tank (taking the node altitude into consideration)
g … Gravitational pull
H2O … Density of water
h … Altitude of the water level as measured against the reference altitude
The Factor Water Level multiplies the water level by the factor entered.
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Water Input Data
Connecting Networks
When multiple networks are calculated simultaneously, PSS SINCAL calculates separately any
water tanks marked as Equivalent Supply.
If a water tank is connected to a node, it is automatically deactivated in the calculation if the

connection is active.
For additional information, see the chapter on Include Network in the System Manual.
Element Data – Water Tank
Element data for water tanks are described in the Element Data for Network Elements section.
Additional Data – Water Tank
Additional data for water tanks are described in the Additional Data for Network Elements section.
Operating/Time Series – Water Tank
The Operating/Time Series tab is used to enter data for operating point and time series calculations.
If there are no entries for operating/time series calculations, PSS SINCAL uses the data from the
network level.
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Water Input Data
Data for Operating Series Calculations
The Operating Points field is used to enter a series of operating points for individual network
elements in operating series calculations.
Data for Time Series Calculations
The Time Series field defines a time curve for individual network elements in time series calculations.
If a water tank characteristic curve exists, PSS SINCAL empties the water tank during the time series
calculations. PSS SINCAL calculates the pressure of the water tank from the filling height of the
water tank. If no filling data exist, the water tank is only emptied.
Three pumps can be activated to fill the water tank.
The fields for Filling Level 1 Start, Filling Level 1 Stop, Pump Speed 1 and Pump Characteristics
1 control filling by the first pump.
Filling Level 2 Start, Filling Level 2 Stop, Pump Speed 2 and Pump Characteristics 2 control
filling by the second pump.
Filling Level 3 Start, Filling Level 3 Stop, Pump Speed 3 and Pump Characteristics 3 control
filling by the third pump.
2.2.2 Infeeder Pump
Use this element to simulate centrifugal and reciprocating pumps.
Insert – Node Elements – Infeeder Pump in the menu is used to create infeeders for pump.
For an overview of the fields for infeeder pumps, see the Database Description.
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Water Input Data
Basic Data – Infeeder Pump
In the Pump Type field, PSS SINCAL distinguishes between centrifugal pump and reciprocating
pump.
Centrifugal Pump
A centrifugal pump supplies water to the supply network according to a specific pump characteristic
curve. The water comes from a water reservoir that is assumed to be unlimited, or from a main supply
network to which it is subordinate.
The Output Flow is used as the initial (outlet) value for the simulation.
The Max. Flow controls the behavior of the simulation. The values in this field represent the
maximum of the change in flow between two calculation iterations. Changing this value influences
the convergence behavior of the simulation.
The Characteristic Pump Speed is used to choose the adequate pump characteristics.
The pump characteristic values describe the pump characteristics for the pump. This can be defined
in Pump Characteristics.
The calculations determine the operating point of the pump by interpolation between the two nearest
points in the curve of pump characteristics. If the operating point is outside the characteristic curve,
PSS SINCAL uses the end of the characteristic curve as the operating point.
Limit Type switches ON the input of the limits for output flow entered in the fields for Minimum Flow
and Maximum Flow. For more precise information, see the chapter on Monitoring the Limits.
October 2021 19
Water Input Data
The Factor Output Flow multiplies the flow rate by the factor entered.
Reciprocating Pump
A reciprocating pump supplies water to the network in output flow. The water comes from a reservoir,
which PSS SINCAL assumes is unlimited.
The distinguishing characteristic of a reciprocating pump as branch element is the constant rate of
output flow. Pressure can change depending on the load, but flow remains constant.
The Output Flow for a pipe with a reciprocating pump is independent of the pressures at the inlet or
outlet node.
Limit Type switches ON the input of the limits for output flow entered in the fields for Minimum Flow
and Maximum Flow. For more precise information, see the chapter on Monitoring the Limits.
Element Data – Infeeder Pump
Element data for infeeder pumps are described in the Element Data for Network Elements section.
Additional Data – Infeeder Pump
Additional data for infeeder pumps are described in the Additional Data for Network Elements
section.
Operating/Time Series – Infeeder Pump
General Operating/Time Series Data for Network Elements describes the operating/time series data
for infeeder pump.
2.3 Node Elements

This element simulates regulated elements and consumers in pipe networks.
PSS SINCAL water has the following node elements:
● Consumer
● Pressure Buffer
● Leakage
2.3.1 Consumer
Consumers create flow equivalent to their consumption in the outlet pipes. This flow is independent
of the consumers' water pressure.
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Water Input Data
Insert – Node Elements – Consumer in the menu is used to create consumers.
For an overview of the fields for consumers, see the Database Description.
Basic Data – Consumer
The Const. Consumption for a consumer is independent of the pressure at the outlet node.
Please note that a consumer always produces inlet-pipe flow that is independent of pressure.
Example:
5 l/s
5 l/s
The fields for Pressure Dependent Consumption Decrease and Min. Relative Pressure adjust
consumption to the network’s operating condition. This means that if pressure drops below the
minimum relative pressure, consumption is reduced by the factor (p/Pmin)². At a minimum relative
pressure less than or equal to 0.0 there is no consumption.
The Factor Constant Consumption multiplies the constant consumption by the factor entered. This
data is manipulated according to the consumption determined by the assigned Temperature
Consumption Characteristics.
The Design Temperature is the temperature for which the consumption volume is determined. An
assigned Temperature Consumption Characteristics setting enables the consumption volume of
the consumer to be defined as a function of temperature.
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Water Input Data
Connecting Networks
When multiple networks are calculated simultaneously, PSS SINCAL calculates separately any
network supplies marked as Equivalent Consumer.
If a consumer is connected to a node, it is automatically deactivated in the calculation if the

connection is active.
For additional information, see the chapter on Include Network in the System Manual.
Element Data – Consumer
Element data for consumers are described in the Element Data for Network Elements section.
Additional Data – Consumer
Additional data for consumers are described in the Additional Data for Network Elements section.
Operating/Time Series – Consumer
for consumer.
2.3.2 Pressure Buffer
This element simulates a water reservoir with an overflow.
Insert – Node Elements – Pressure Buffer in the menu is used to create pressure buffers.
For an overview of the fields for pressure buffers, see the Database Description.
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Water Input Data
Basic Data – Pressure Buffer
The flow is determined from the Pressure Buffer Characteristics. The Pressure Buffer
Characteristics field defines the type of characteristic curve for the buffer.
Max. Pressure is the pressure above which PSS SINCAL simulates an overflow in steady-state
network calculations. If the maximum pressure is larger than the largest pressure of the characteristic
curve, the larger pressure is used as the maximum pressure.
The amount removed from the pressure buffer is defined as follows:
● p < pmax:
No removal
● p = pmax:
Amount removed selected is large enough to keep the relationship p = p max.
Element Data – Pressure Buffer
Element data for pressure buffers are described in the Element Data for Network Elements section.
Additional Data – Pressure Buffer
Additional data for pressure buffers are described in the Additional Data for Network Elements
section.
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Water Input Data
Operating/Time Series – Pressure Buffer
for pressure buffer.
2.3.3 Leakage
This element creates leakage.
Insert – Node Elements – Leakage in the menu is used to create leakages.
For an overview of the fields for leakages, see the Database Description.
Basic Data – Leakage
Consumption Type field specifies the consumption that does not take place in normal operations.
You can select either leakage or fire hydrant.
Leakage
The Output Surface specifies the opening size. The opening form has no effect on the calculations.
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Water Input Data
The Flow Number is a multiplier for the output for leakage calculated without resistance. The flow
number lies between 0 and 1.
● 1 = Output without resistance

● 0 = No output possible (resistance infinite)
The Max. Step for Flow controls the behavior of the simulation. The value in this field represents
the maximum change in flow between two calculation iterations. Changing this value influences the
convergence behavior of the simulation.
Fire-Hydrant
Hydrant data specifies the removal conditions for the fire water calculations. The removal only takes
place for fire water calculations. The hydrant does not participate in any other type of calculations.
The fields for Length, Diameter, Sand Roughness and Loss Factor Zeta Value are used to specify
the connection pipe’s fluid properties.
Delta Elevation defines the difference in level between the network connection and the hose
connection at the hydrants.
Fire Water Flow specifies the amount removed for the fire water calculations.
Fire Water Pressure specifies the relative pressure for the fire water calculations.
Fire Water Time specifies the time period used to calculate the amount of fire water.
Element Data – Leakage
Element data for leakages are described in the Element Data for Network Elements section.
Additional Data – Leakage
Additional data for leakages are described in the Additional Data for Network Elements section.
Operating/Time Series – Leakage
for leakage.
2.4 Branch Elements

Branch elements define the connections from two nodes to each other.
PSS SINCAL water has the following branch elements:
● Pipe
● Sliding Valve/Non-Return Valve
● Const. Pressure decrease
● Pressure Regulator
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Water Input Data
● Pressure Increase Pump
2.4.1 Pipe
The pipe data let the user simulate all kinds of pipes or pipe segments. The pressure drop at this
branch element is determined on the basis of flow that can change depending on the load.
Insert – Branch Elements – Pipe in the menu is used to create pipes.
For an overview of the fields for pipes, see the Database Description.
Basic Data – Pipe
Use Standard Type to take data for the pipe from a Standard Type Database.
The Length field defines the length of pipes or pipe segments.
In irregularly shaped diameters (i.e. diameters that are not perfectly round), the equivalent diameter
is used as the inside pipe Diameter
4𝐴
𝑑=√
𝜋
26 October 2021
Water Input Data
and the quotient of
𝑑𝜋
𝑈
must be entered as the Curve Factor.
A … Actual diameter of the pipe in [mm]

U … Actual circumference in [mm]
The Sand Roughness influences pressure decrease and is needed to determine the pipe-friction
coefficient lambda.
The Length Allowance Factor takes into consideration the curvature of pipes.
The Loss Factor Zeta Value considers the dynamic pressure.
The Leakage Rate is the water loss in liters per second per meter of pipe.
The Annual Roughness Increase shows any change in smoothness of the inner pipe surface over
a single year.
The Annual Diameter Reduction shows the reduction in the pipe diameter due to incrustation over
a single year.
Calculating Pipe Resistance
PSS SINCAL needs the pipe resistance to calculate pressure decrease in pipes.
1
𝑐 =𝜌×𝜆×𝑙× × 𝐾1 × 𝐾3
𝑑5
c … Pipe resistance in [kg/m7]

 … Density in [t/m3]
 … Pipe-friction coefficient
l … Length of the pipe in [m]
d … Inside pipe diameter in [mm]
8
K1 … × 109 [s 2 /m]
𝑔 × 𝜋2
1
K3 … 𝑔× [m/s 2 ]
100
g … Gravitational pull in [m/s2]
Calculating Pipe-Friction Coefficient Lambda
As can be seen by the above formula, PSS SINCAL needs the pipe-friction coefficient lambda to
calculate pipe resistance.
1 𝑅 2.51 1
= −2 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( + × ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑒 > 4000
√𝜆 3.71 × 𝑑 𝑅𝑒 √𝜆
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𝜆 = 0.03
for
𝑅𝑒 = 0
and
64
𝜆=
𝑅𝑒
for
0 < 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 2320
PSS SINCAL makes a linear interpolation between 2320 and 4000 to eliminate any inconsistency.
 … Pipe-friction coefficient
Re … Reynolds number
R … Sand roughness in [mm]
Calculating the Reynolds Number
1
𝑅𝑒 = 𝐾2 × |𝑄𝑚 | ×
𝑑×𝜈
Re … Reynolds number
4
K2 … × 106
𝜋
Qm … Amount of flow in [l/s]
ν … Kinematic viscosity in [mm2/s]
Calculating the Annual Reduction in Diameter
1
𝑑𝐵 = 𝑑𝑉 × (1 − ∆𝑑 × × (𝑡𝐵 − 𝑡𝑉 ))
100
dB … Diameter in the year of observation in [mm]

dV … Diameter in the year of construction in [mm]
d … Annual diameter reduction in percent in [%]
tB … Year of observation
tV … Year of construction
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Calculating the Annual Increase in Roughness
1
𝑅𝐵 = 𝑅𝑉 × (1 + ∆𝑅 × × (𝑡𝐵 − 𝑡𝑉 ))
100
RB … Sand roughness in the year of observation in [mm]

RV … Sand roughness in the year of construction in [mm]
tB … Year of observation
tV … Year of construction
R … Annual roughness increase in percent in [%]
Element Data – Pipe
Element data for pipes are described in the Element Data for Network Elements section.
Additional Data – Pipe
Additional data for pipes are described in the Additional Data for Network Elements section.
2.4.2 Sliding Valve/Non-Return Valve
This element creates sliding and non-return valves.
Insert – Branch Elements – Valve/Non-Return-Valve in the menu is used to create valves.
For an overview of the fields for sliding or non-return valves, see the Database Description.
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Basic Data – Sliding Valve/Non-Return Valve
In the Valve Type field, PSS SINCAL distinguishes between sliding valves and non-return valves.
Sliding Valve
The valve can be opened and closed without steps.
Valve Position sets the position of the sliding valve.
The Degree of Opening is the ratio between the present opening and the widest possible opening,
meaning that, with an opening degree of 100 %, the valve is opened completely.
The Valve Diameter is the diameter of a circle with the same surface area as the transmission
surface of the fully opened valve.
Non-Return Valve
The non-return valve blocks the flow in a particular direction. Flow can move only from the node at
the beginning to the node at the end of the non-return valve.
Element Data – Sliding Valve/Non-Return Valve
Element data for sliding or non-return valves are described in the Element Data for Network Elements
section.
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Additional Data – Sliding Valve/Non-Return Valve
Additional data for sliding or non-return valves are described in the Additional Data for Network
Elements section.
Operating/Time Series – Sliding Valve/Non-Return Valve
for non-return valves.
2.4.3 Constant Pressure Decrease/Const. Flow
This network element defines a pressure decrease between the starting node and the end node. This
pressure decrease is independent of the output flow.
Insert – Branch Elements – Const. Pressure/Const. Flow in the menu is used to create constant
pressure decreases or constant flows.
For an overview of the fields for constant pressure decreases or constant flows, see the Database
Description.
Basic Data – Const. Pressure Decrease/Const. Flow
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PSS SINCAL differentiates between a pipe with constant pressure drop and a pipe with constant
flow. Select the respective type with the Pipe Type field.
Constant Pressure Drop
The Pressure Drop is the constant pressure decrease of the branch element. It is independent of
flow and pressure at the inlet node.
The Factor Pressure Drop multiplies the pressure drop by the factor entered.
Constant Flow
This operating condition is not permitted in water networks. Instead, use the pressure increase pump
with the reciprocating pump type.
Element Data – Const. Pressure Decrease/Const. Flow
Element data for constant pressure decreases are described in the Element Data for Network
Elements section.
Additional Data – Const. Pressure Decrease/Const. Flow
Additional data for constant pressure decreases are described in the Additional Data for Network
Elements section.
Operating/Time Series – Const. Pressure Decrease/Const. Flow
for constant pressure decrease.
2.4.4 Pressure Regulator
Pressure regulators connect the various pressure areas and assure constant pressure, even if the
initial pressure varies.
Insert – Branch Elements – Pressure Regulator in the menu is used to create pressure regulators.
For an overview of the fields for pressure regulators, see the Database Description.
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Basic Data – Pressure Regulator
The Controlled Node can be any node in the network for which the pressure is defined.
The Function controls the behavior of the pressure regulator:
● Pressure increase:
The pressure regulator only increases pressure.
● Pressure drop:
The pressure regulator only decreases pressure.
● Pressure increase and drop:
The pressure regulator can either increase or decrease the pressure.
Pressure Drop Characteristics prescribe the Internal Pressure Drop.
The approximate Pressure at Inlet Node is the estimated pressure at the starting node.
The Pressure at Outlet Node is the constant regulated pressure at the controlled node.
The Max. Pressure Deviation indicates the maximum permissible variation of the current pressure
from the prescribed pressure.
Limits
The Maximum Flow field specifies the maximum flow across the pressure regulator.
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Element Data – Pressure Regulator
Element data for pressure regulators are described in the Element Data for Network Elements
section.
Additional Data – Pressure Regulator
Additional data for pressure regulators are described in the Additional Data for Network Elements
section.
Operating/Time Series – Pressure Regulator
for pressure regulator.
2.4.5 Pressure Increase Pump
This element creates centrifugal or reciprocating pumps.
Insert – Branch Elements – Pressure Increase Pump in the menu is used to create pressure
increase pumps.
For an overview of the fields for pressure increase pumps, see the Database Description.
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Basic Data – Pressure Increase Pump
In the Pump Type field, PSS SINCAL distinguishes between centrifugal pump and reciprocating
pump.
Centrifugal Pump
A centrifugal pump supplies water to the supply network according to a specific pump characteristic
curve. The water comes from a reservoir assumed to be unlimited, or from a main supply network to
which it is subordinate.
A centrifugal pump as branch element increases the pressure between the inlet and outlet node,
thereby improving the reliability of the supply in the network.
The Output Flow is used as the initial (outlet) value for the simulation.
The Max. Flow controls the behavior of the simulation. The values in this field represent the
maximum of the change in flow between two calculation iterations. Changing this value influences
the convergence behavior of the simulation.
The Characteristic Pump Speed is used to choose the adequate pump characteristics.
Pump characteristic values describe the Pump Characteristics for the pump. This can be defined in
Pump Characteristics.
The calculations determine the operating point of the pump by interpolation between the two nearest
points in the curve of pump characteristics. If the operating point is outside the characteristic curve,
PSS SINCAL uses the end of the characteristic curve as the operating point.
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Reciprocating Pump
A reciprocating pump supplies water to the network in output flow. The water comes from a reservoir,
which PSS SINCAL assumes is unlimited.
The distinguishing characteristic of a reciprocating pump as branch element is the constant rate of
output flow. Pressure can change depending on the load, but flow remains constant.
The Output Flow for a pipe with a reciprocating pump is independent of the pressures at the inlet or
outlet node.
Element Data – Pressure Increase Pump
Element data for pressure increase pumps are described in the Element Data for Network Elements
section.
Additional Data – Pressure Increase Pump
Additional data for pressure increase pumps are described in the Additional Data for Network
Elements section.
Operating/Time Series – Pressure Increase Pump
for pressure increase pump.
2.5 General Control and Input Data

General control and input data set general parameters for the calculations and define supplementary
information for the network.
PSS SINCAL has the following types of general control data:
● Calculation Settings
PSS SINCAL has the following types of general input data:
● Element Data for Network Elements

● Additional Data for Network Elements
● Scenario
● Include Network
● Element State
● Assigned Master Resources
● Assigned External Data
● Description
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● Pump Characteristics
● Water Tank Characteristics
● Pressure Buffer Characteristics
● Pressure Drop Characteristics
● Temperature Consumption Characteristics
● Variant
2.5.1 Calculation Settings
This element sets supplementary settings for the flow calculations.
Calculate – Settings in the menu is used to define calculation settings.
This dialog box offers the following setting options:
Common Settings:
● Network Model
● Extended Settings
Calculation Settings:
● Steady-State – Steady-State
● Steady-State – Time Series
Result Settings:
● Results – Results
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Network Model – Calculation Settings
The View Date and Time field is used to determine the date and time for the calculations. If the date
is not between the start-up and shutdown time for a network element, PSS SINCAL does not include
this element in the calculations. If there is no observation date, PSS SINCAL includes all the network
elements in the calculations, irrespective of their start-up and shutdown time. A time can also be
specified for the calculation of a specific point in time. These are entered simply in the format
1.1.2010 12:00 directly in the input field.
Time Series Data Interface
Use the checkbox in this section to enable/disable the use of the TSDI database.
With the selection field TSDI Database the database to be used can be selected. The available
databases must be defined beforehand via the menu item Insert – Time Series Database.
The selection field Default Substitute Values controls the processing of TSDI data that are not
available at the time of the calculation. Here you can choose between the following values.
● Previous time step:

The value of the last valid time step is used.
● Zero data:
The power is set to zero.
● Input data:
The input data of the element are used.
● Profile data:
The profile data of the element are used.
● Profile or zero data:
If there is no profile data for the element, the power is set to zero.
● Profile or input data:
If there is no profile data for the element, the input data is used.
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A detailed description of the TSDI database can be found in the Database Description in chapter
Time Series Data Interface (TSDI).
For an overview of the fields for calculation settings, see the Database Description.
Extended Settings
These parameters let you save any supplementary information in the network you want. These are
firstly used to store global data and parameters from the network in the database. However, this also
enables parameters for special calculation functions to be set, which are not available via the normal
calculation settings.
Here all the settings of the network in groups are listed. The settings can be edited directly by clicking
in the Value column.
Clicking the New button opens the screen form for editing a new extended setting.
Click Edit to open the Extended Settings data screen form for editing. Or simply double-click the
entry you want.
Delete deletes all extended settings selected.
With the Defaults button all available default settings for the opened network type can be inserted.
A message appears in which you can select whether only the missing settings or all settings are to
be imported. If All is selected, already existing parameters will be overwritten.
The Import button is used to open a file browser for selecting an INI file that contains extended
settings. These are accepted by clicking the Open button.
The Export button enables all extended parameters to be saved in an INI file. For this a file browser
is opened, in which the file name of the INI file can be entered.
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For an overview of the fields for extended settings, see the Database Description.
Basic Data – Extended Settings
The fields for Feature and Name can contain any identifier you want.
Type defines the type of settings. You can select between a number and text.
Depending on what type was selected, you can enter any Numeric Value or Text Value in the setting
field.
The calculation process can be controlled by means of predefined extended parameters. The
following predefined extended parameters are provided:
Feature Name Type Unit Description

General settings
Simulation MRCategory Text Master resource category to be loaded.
Simulation MRDefault Text On/Off Load and consider master resources without category assignment.
All parameters with the Text type are excluded by default from the calculation if no or invalid entries
are made.
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Steady-State – Calculation Settings
The Max. Number of Iterations 1 determines the number of permissible iterations needed to solve
the calculation problem. The Max. Number of Iterations 2 determines the number of permissible
iterations needed to solve the meshes.
During the network calculations, PSS SINCAL constantly checks to see if the Mesh Accuracy
(indicating the amount of accuracy required for pressure in the nodes) is met. The Node Accuracy
for the flow is checked once mesh accuracy has been met.
Exceeding these limits means that the network is overloaded or that the Max. Number of Iterations
is too large.
The Max. Step for Flow controls the behavior of the simulation. The value in this field is the maximum
change in flow between two calculation iterations. Changing this value influences the convergence
behavior of the simulation.
Before and after the calculation, the operating points of the individual network elements are checked
to see if they lie outside the specifications. Here it is to be noted that before the calculation the input
data and after the calculation the results are used for the check. With the help of the Check
Operating Conditions selection field the output scope of the messages can be controlled.
● Warning:
Warnings are issued for network elements if the operating points from the input data before the
calculation or the calculated operating points are outside the specifications.
● Error:
Error messages are issued for network elements if the operating points (input data) are outside
the specifications before the calculation. To avoid interrupting the saving of results, warnings
are issued instead of error messages when checking the calculated operating points.
● No checking:
No messages are generated regarding operating point outside the limit values.
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Connect Nodes defines in which networks the nodes’ connection names are used in the
calculations.
● Include networks:
The nodes’ connection names are only considered in include networks.
● All:
The nodes’ connection names are considered both in include networks and in their own
network.
Enter the Characteristic Curve Factor to define the initial value for the pump flow (flow rate) for the
calculations. The curve of pump characteristics or the "predicted output" for the pump in question
can be used for this initial value. Values between 0 and 1 can be entered as the characteristic curve
factor to indicate the weight of the predicted output:
● 0 stands for curve of pump characteristics,

● 1 stands for predicted output.
The Specific Density is the mass of a material in relation to the volume.
The Kinematic Viscosity is the viscosity of the material being moved.
Parallel Pumps defines the number of parallel pumps in the network. If there are parallel pumps in
the network, PSS SINCAL applies special convergence-improvement procedures.
Time Series – Calculation Settings
Starting Time, Duration and Time Step determine the time horizon of the time series calculations.
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Result Settings
Database Results
In special calculations that produce large amounts of results, Store Internal controls whether the
calculation results are stored in the database. This control field is mainly used with time series
calculation module. You can select from the following options:
● None:
No results are stored.
● Completely:
All results are stored.
● Violations:
Results are then stored when a limit violation has occurred.
● All elements in case of violations:
Analog limit violation, but the results of all elements are stored.
● Marked:
Only those results of the elements that are marked are stored.
● Marked or violations:
Is a combination of the two options above.
The Store Signal selection field can be used to configure the scope of the signals generated by the
various calculation modules. These are stored in the signal database and made available in the
signal explorer.
The following options are available for configuring result storage:
● None:
No results are stored.
● Completely:
All results are stored.
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● Marked:
Results are saved only for those elements where the corresponding result generation has been
activated.
2.5.2 Element Data for Network Elements
Each network element consists of its basic data, element data, additional data and the appropriate
network element data.
These element data provide supplementary information on elements.
Short Name is an abbreviation for the network element.
Description contains additional information on the network element.
Network Area assigns a Network Area to the network element. The network area can be used for
extended evaluations.
Network Zone assigns a zone to the network element so you can perform enhanced evaluations.
Marked specifies nodes for the diagram output or for saving results.
Establishment Date and Shutdown Date specify the times when you create the node or shut it
down.
Click the Element State button to open a dialog box in which the operating state of the network
element can be defined by date. In other words, the network element can be put into or out of service
between the establishment date and the shutdown date as often as required.
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2.5.3 Additional Data for Network Elements
Extended element data stores supplementary information on network elements. These can be
displayed along with element input data in the element annotation of the network diagram.
PSS SINCAL calculation methods do not consider this supplementary information.
Comment
This input field is used to enter additional information for the network element.
Extended Data
This section enables additional data for nodes to be defined, edited, copied and deleted.
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The Attribute field is used to specify the name of the attribute for the network element.
Depending on the selected Type (number or text), the Numeric Value or Text Value fields can be
filled. A Unit can be entered for a numerical attribute to show the technical dimension of the particular
numerical data.
For an overview of the fields for extended element data, see the Database Description.
Master Resource
This section enables master resources for network elements to be defined, edited and deleted.
The Value field makes it possible to define a new GUID (Global Unique ID). The GUID is generated
automatically when the new master resource is created. The Category determines the range of
validity of the respective GUID. PSS SINCAL automatically fills this in certain procedures (CIM
Import, CIM Export).
2.5.4 Scenario
A scenario is used to define various operating points and operating states of the network without
saving the changes in the database. For this the modifications of network element and node attributes
are defined in network status files (special XML files which describe the network changes). This
enables a network to be examined and considered in various ways.
For a detailed description of scenarios, see the chapter on Scenarios in the System Manual.
Click Insert – Scenario in the menu to open the network browser for defining scenarios. For a
general description of the scenario functions, see the chapter on Scenarios in the System Manual.
For an overview of the fields for scenarios, see the Database Description.
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Basic Data – Scenario
A Name can have any name that precisely identifies the scenario. The Comments field is used for
defining additional comments.
The Consider for all Calculations using Scenarios option causes subvariants with calculation
results to be generated for multiple calculations with scenarios for the marked scenarios. It also
controls whether this scenario is taken into account in the scenario calculation. This means that a
steady-state result is provided for the changes defined in the scenario.
Scenario Data
This tab shows a list of all the scenario files assigned to the scenario. The possibility of using several
scenario files enables the structured storing of changes and modifications in files and also their
multiple use. The assigned scenario files are processed in the order shown in the dialog. The Up
and Down buttons allow you to change the order of the scenario data up or down.
Delete removes the scenario currently selected from the list.
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The list enables scenario data to be created by clicking the Add button and later modified by clicking
Edit. This opens the following dialog box.
The name of the scenario file can be changed in the Name field.
The Active button is used to define whether the scenario file is to be used.
The scenario file is selected in the Scenario File field.
The Options apply to all elements in the scenario file. The Operating State, the Establishment
Date and the Shutdown Date can be activated and defined here.
2.5.5 Include Network
For a precise description, see the chapter on Include Network in the PSS SINCAL System Manual.
2.5.6 Element State
This data is defined via Additional Data – Element State in the pop-up menu of a network element.
PSS SINCAL displays a data screen form with a browser. For a general description of this feature,
see the chapter on Special Screen Form with Browser.
For an overview of the fields for element states, see the Database Description.
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Basic Data – Element State
This data enables the operating state of a network element to be defined by date. In other words, the
network element can be put into or out of service between the establishment date and the shutdown
date as often as required.
The network element is selected in the Element field.
The Name field is used to store any designation/identifier for the change in operating state.
The State field defines whether the network element is in or out of service.
The Date field defines when the change in operating state takes place.
2.5.7 Assigned Master Resources
These data let you to assign a special key to a network element or supplementary data for
identification. These keys are used to couple data with external systems.
Use Additional Data – Master Resource in the element’s pop-up menu to enter these data.
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The dialog box lists all defined master resources.
Press New to define a new master resource for the network element. This generates a new GUID
(Global Unique ID) and adds it to the list. The category determines the range of validity of the
respective GUID. PSS SINCAL automatically fills this in certain procedures (CIM Import, CIM
Export).
Click Delete to delete the data selected in the list of options.
2.5.8 Assigned External Data
This data makes it possible to assign any number of links to files to a network or to additional data.
Use Additional Data – External Data in the element’s pop-up menu to enter these data.
For an overview of the fields for external data, see the Database Description.
The dialog box lists all defined external data.
Clicking the New and Edit button opens the following dialog box:
This dialog box defines the Name, Category and File name of the external data. The Use relative
path option makes it possible to link the file relative to the _files directory.
Click Delete to delete the external data selected in the list of options.
Clicking the Open button opens the file of the selected external data.
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2.5.9 Description
This element lets you enter as many description texts you want to describe the network. You can
then display these in diagrams as well as the network graphics with the help of format codes.
Insert – Annotations – Description in the menu is used to edit descriptions. PSS SINCAL displays
a data screen form with a browser. For a general description of this feature, see the chapter on
Special Screen Form with Browser.
For an overview of the fields for descriptions, see the Database Description.
Basic Data – Description
Name can have any name that precisely identifies it.
You can enter the description text in the Description fields.
2.5.10 Pump Characteristics
Pump characteristics describes the behavior of a pump by the characteristics of flow rate and flow
pressure.
Insert – Characteristics – Pump in the menu is used to edit pump characteristics.
A record with the basic data and assigned pump characteristics values defines the pump
characteristics. For a description of how pump characteristics values are entered, see the chapter
on Screen Form for Characteristics Input.
For an overview of the fields for pump characteristics and pump characteristic-curve values, see the
Database Description.
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Basic Data – Pump Characteristics
The Characteristic Interpolation field controls the internal reproduction of characteristics from the
characteristic values. PSS SINCAL distinguishes between linear interpolation (which requires more
points to describe the characteristic curve) and polynomial interpolation.
Factor Flow Rate at Output Pressure multiplies all flow rate values of the pump characteristics can
be multiplied.
Factor Output Pressure at Flow Rate multiplies all flow pressure values of the pump characteristics
can be multiplied.
The Flow Rate Accuracy must be input for the simulation.
Pump Characteristics Values
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PSS SINCAL determines the pressure from the output flow at each iteration step in the calculations:
p[bar] Output pressure
pn n = 1000 1/min
p1
n = 700 1/min
ps
Output flow
Qn Q1 Qs Q [l/s]
The predicted output Qs and the pump type with the pump speed are used as the initial (outlet) value
for the simulation. This value is based on the pressure Q s of the pump ps from the first iteration.
The result of the first iteration is Q1. This establishes the value for the pressure p1.
This sequence is repeated until
|𝑝𝑛 − 𝑝𝑛−1 | ≤ ∆𝑝
and
|𝑄𝑛 − 𝑄𝑛−1 | ≤ ∆𝑄
The mesh accuracy and node accuracy p and Q are entered in the calculation settings.
Several characteristic curves with different rotation speeds can be entered for one pump type. If there
is a rotation speed between the smallest and largest rotation speed for the characteristic curve,
PSS SINCAL automatically calculates a temporary characteristic curve.
Pump characteristics are clearly described from value pairs of Qp (flow rate at output pressure) and
pQ (output pressure at flow rate).
Different characteristics can be declared for different pump speeds. Therefore, an n (characteristic
pump speed) is assigned to each point of the characteristics.
2.5.11 Water Tank Characteristics
Water tank characteristics describe the behavior of a water tank by the characteristics of fill volume
and water level.
Insert – Characteristics – Water Tank in the menu is used to edit water tank characteristics.
A record with the basic data and assigned water tank characteristics values defines the water tank
characteristics. For a description of how water tank characteristics values are entered, see the
chapter on Screen Form for Characteristics Input.
For an overview of the fields for water tank characteristics and water tank characteristic-curve values,
see the Database Description.
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Basic Data – Water Tank Characteristics
The Characteristic Interpolation controls the internal reproduction of characteristics from the
characteristic values. PSS SINCAL distinguishes between linear interpolation (which requires more
points to describe the characteristic curve) and polynomial interpolation.
Factor Fill Volume multiplies all fill volume values of the water tank characteristics.
Factor Level multiplies all level values of the water tank characteristics can be multiplied.
Water Tank Characteristics Values
To define the type of water tank, enter at least four points for the characteristic values. The shape of
the water tank determines the progression of the characteristic curve.
PSS SINCAL interpolates the table to produce a curve for the water-tank level. This means each fill
volume can be assigned a level over node height.
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PSS SINCAL calculates the level over node height using the fill volume at each iteration step in the
simulation of water-tank levels.
h[m]
hStat
h1
V[m3]
V1 VStat
The level over node height hStat from the steady-state simulations is the initial (outlet) value of the
simulations of water-tank level.
The first iteration of the water-tank level produces a flow Q.
The fill volume V1 is calculated using the characteristic curve for the buffer as follows:
𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡 − ∆𝑡 × 𝑄
A new level over node height h1 is calculated from the characteristic curve for the next iteration.
Water tank characteristics are clearly described from value pairs of V (fill volume) and h (level over
node height).
2.5.12 Pressure Buffer Characteristics
Pressure buffer characteristics describe the behavior of a pressure buffer by the characteristics of fill
volume and pressure.
Insert – Characteristics – Pressure Buffer in the menu is used to edit pressure buffer
characteristics.
A record with the basic data and assigned pressure buffer characteristics values defines the pressure
buffer characteristics. For a description of how pressure buffer characteristics values are entered,
see the chapter on Screen Form for Characteristics Input.
For an overview of the fields for pressure buffer characteristics and pressure buffer characteristic-
curve values, see the Database Description.
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Basic Data – Pressure Buffer Characteristics
The field Characteristic Interpolation controls the internal reproduction of characteristics from the
characteristic values. PSS SINCAL distinguishes between linear interpolation (requires more points
to describe the characteristic curve) and polynomial interpolation.
Factor Fill Volume multiplies all fill volume values of pressure buffer characteristics.
Factor Pressure multiplies all pressure values of pressure buffer characteristics.
Pressure Buffer Characteristics Values
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To define the type of buffer, enter at least four points for the characteristic values. The shape of the
buffer determines the progression of the characteristic curve.
p[bar]
pStat
p1
V[m3]
V1 VStat
The pressure pStat from the steady-state simulations is the initial (outlet) value of the operating/time
series simulations.
The first iteration of the pressure buffer level produces a flow Q.
The fill volume V1 is calculated using the characteristic curve for the buffer as follows:
𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡 − ∆𝑡 × 𝑄
A new pressure p1 is calculated from the characteristic curve for the next iteration.
Pressure buffer characteristics are clearly described from value pairs of V (fill volume) and p
(pressure).
2.5.13 Pressure Drop Characteristics
The pressure drop characteristics describe a pressure regulator’s inner pressure drop with a
characteristic curve for flow and pressure drop.
Insert – Characteristics – Pressure Drop in the menu is used to edit pressure drop characteristics.
A record with the basic data and assigned pressure drop characteristics values defines the pressure
drop characteristics. For a description of how pressure drop characteristics values are entered, see
the chapter on Screen Form for Characteristics Input.
For an overview of the fields for pressure drop characteristics and pressure drop characteristic-curve
values, see the Database Description.
October 2021 57
Water Input Data
Basic Data – Pressure Drop Characteristics
Characteristics Interpolation defines a logarithmic interpolation between the points of

characteristic curve. This simplifies entering data since pressure drops increase quadratically with
the flow and usually create a straight line in the double logarithmic diagram.
Factor Flow multiplies all the flow values for the pressure drop characteristics.
Factor Pressure Drop multiplies all pressure drops for the pressure drop characteristics.
Pressure Drop Characteristics Values
58 October 2021
Water Input Data
You need at least two points of the characteristic curve when you enter characteristics for the
characteristic curve of a concrete pressure regulator. The pressure regulator’s inner structure
determines the course of the characteristic curve. This can be obtained from the manufacturer.
∆p [mbar]
1000
100
10
Q [l/s]
1
1 10 100 1000
The initial value for calculating inner pressure drop is the flow Q calculated in the steady-state
simulation.
The pressure drop characteristic curve creates an inner pressure drop ∆p. The pressure at a pressure
regulator’s outlet node cannot be more than the pressure at the inlet node less the inner pressure
drop. Depending on the pressure at the inlet node, pressure can collapse. In this case, the pressure
at the outlet node can no longer be maintained.
Pressure drop characteristics are clearly described from value pairs of Q (flow) and ∆p (pressure
drop).
2.5.14 Temperature Consumption Characteristics
The temperature consumption characteristics describe the consumption behavior of a consumer in

relation to temperature.
Data – Characteristics – Temperatures in the menu is used to edit temperature consumption

characteristics.
A record with basic data and assigned temperature consumption characteristics values defines the
temperature consumption characteristics. For a description of how to enter temperature consumption
characteristics values, see the chapter on Screen Form for Characteristics Input.
For an overview of the fields for temperature consumption characteristics and temperature
consumption characteristics values, see the Database Description.
October 2021 59
Water Input Data
Basic Data – Temperature Consumption Characteristics
The Kind of Temperature field is used to enter the temperature for the temperature consumption
characteristics as follows:
● Absolute Temperature
● Difference to Design Temperature
The Kind of Data field is used to define the consumption for the temperature consumption
characteristic values as follows:
● Absolute Consumption
● Relative Consumption
● Factor Consumption
Temperature Consumption Characteristics Values
The characteristics are entered by defining at least two points on the characteristic curve. The
temperature consumption characteristics curve is produced from the consumption behavior.
The following examples show the same consumption behavior for different power and temperature
settings at a design temperature of -20 degrees.
60 October 2021
Water Input Data
Absolute Consumption and Absolute Temperature
Qvabs
100
Tabs
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10
The absolute consumption from the interpolation in the characteristics curve is used as the
consumption value in the calculation. The air temperature is used for the interpolation in the
characteristics.
Relative Consumption and Absolute Temperature
Qvrel
Tabs
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10
-100
The relative consumption from the interpolation in the characteristics curve plus the consumption
stated at the consumer are used as the consumption value in the calculation. The air temperature is
used for the interpolation in the characteristics.
Factor for Consumption and Absolute Temperature
fQv
1.0
Tabs
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10
The consumption stated at the consumer multiplied by the factor from the interpolation in the
characteristics curve is used as the consumption value in the calculation. The air temperature is used
for the interpolation in the characteristics.
October 2021 61
Water Input Data
Absolute Consumption and Difference to Design Temperature
Qvabs
100
Trel
0
-10 0 10 20 30
The absolute consumption from the interpolation in the characteristics curve is used as the
consumption value in the calculation. The air temperature minus the design temperature is used for
the interpolation in the characteristics.
Relative Consumption and Difference to Design Temperature
Qvrel
Trel
0
-10 0 10 20 30
-100
The relative consumption from the interpolation in the characteristics curve plus the consumption
stated at the consumer are used as the consumption value in the calculation. The air temperature
minus the design temperature is used for the interpolation in the characteristics.
Factor for Consumption and Difference to Design Temperature
fQv
1.0
Trel
0
-10 0 10 20 30
The consumption stated at the consumer multiplied by the factor from the interpolation in the
characteristics curve is used as the consumption value in the calculation. The air temperature minus
the design temperature is used for the interpolation in the characteristics.
62 October 2021
Water Input Data
2.5.15 Variant
Variants save different development variants and planning stages in a network hierarchically.
PSS SINCAL only stores the differences to the preceding variant in each variant.
File – Variants – Variants opens the dialog box for selecting and administrating variants.
For an overview of the fields for variants, see the Database Description.
Basic Data – Variant
You can enter any name for the variant you want in the Variant Name field. PSS SINCAL will display
this in the variant dialog box and the in the status line.
You can save any revision number you want in the Revision Number field.
Add additional information for the variant in Comment 1 and Comment 2.
The fields for Author and Modified By let you document who created the variant or last modified it.
For more precise information, times can also be entered in the Created and Modified fields.
2.6 Operating/Time Series Data

To enter operating point and time series data, the Operating/Time Series Calculation method has
to first be switched ON.
Input data for operating point/time series calculations are developed independent of the network.
They are in their own layer above the input data for steady-state calculations. The input data only
defined modifications of operational incidents.
These data define both time series and different operating points (operational incidents).
PSS SINCAL provides the following data:
● General Operating/Time Series Data for Network Elements

● Operating Point
October 2021 63
Water Input Data
● Operating Points/Profiles
● Growth Series
2.6.1 General Operating/Time Series Data for Network Elements
These input data prescribes additional information for operating point/time series calculations. If there
are no entries for operating point/time series calculations, PSS SINCAL uses the data from the
network level.
The Time Series field defines a time series for individual network elements in time series
calculations.
Operating Points prescribes a series of operating points for individual network elements in operating
point calculations.
Increase Series determines growth data for individual network elements. This function is not yet
available.
2.6.2 Operating Point
Operating points can name specific operational incidents in the network.
64 October 2021
Water Input Data
Insert – Extended Data – Operating Point in the menu is used to edit operating points.
PSS SINCAL displays a data screen form with a browser. For a general description of this feature,
see the chapter on Special Screen Form with Browser.
For an overview of the fields for operating points, see the Database Description.
Basic Data – Operating Point
The State field switches operating points ON or OFF for operating series calculations.
2.6.3 Operating Points/Profiles
Both the operating points for different operating states as well as time series can be designed flexibly
with these data.
Insert – Extended Data – Operating Points/Profiles in the menu is used to edit these data.
A record with the basic or additional data and assigned data values defines the data. For a description
of how these values are entered, see the chapter on Screen Form for Characteristics Input.
For an overview of the fields for operating points/profiles and operating points/profiles values, see
the database description.
Operating/time series data assigns the operating points.
October 2021 65
Water Input Data
Basic Data – Operating Points/Profiles
The Type field distinguishes between time series and operating points.
Operating Points/Profiles Values
Operating Point Values
The fields for Op. Point and f (factor) define the sequence for operating series calculations.
Time Series Values
66 October 2021
Water Input Data
The fields for t (time), Curve and f (factor) define the series over a specific period for time series
calculations.
2.6.4 Growth Series
This function is not yet available.
2.7 Contingency Analysis

PSS SINCAL has the following data for contingency analysis:
● Malfunction Scenario
2.7.1 Malfunction Scenario
Malfunction Scenario defines groups of network elements that can either malfunction together or can
be reconnected. PSS SINCAL considers these data in the contingency analysis, enabling it to model
more complex scenarios of malfunctions and connections.
Click Insert – Extended Data – Malfunction Scenario in the menu to open the network browser for
processing malfunction scenarios. For a general description of the malfunction scenario functions,
see the chapter on Malfunction Scenario in the System Manual.
For an overview of the fields for malfunction scenarios, see the Database Description.
Basic Data – Malfunction Scenario
Name prescribes a name for the malfunction scenario.
The Type selection field is used to specify which type of scenario is present. The following scenarios
are defined, which have completely different functions.
● Malfunction:
This type defines precisely those elements as malfunctions that are defined in a scenario, and
the predefined resupply measures are also executed precisely. In other words, a special
malfunction is predefined precisely.
October 2021 67
Water Input Data
● Resupply:
This type defines a resupply measure. For this those elements are defined that are shut down
and reconnected. This is the resupply measure. The malfunctions for which this measure is to
be executed are also defined.
Scenario State can be used to switch the scenario for the contingency analysis ON or OFF. When
switched OFF, it is not considered by the calculation methods.
68 October 2021
Steady-State Calculations – Water Procedure
3. Steady-State Calculations – Water Procedure
PSS SINCAL steady-state calculations determine the pressure and flow distribution in the network
from the entries for the operating points of individual network elements. Then PSS SINCAL uses the
flow rate of the material in the pipes to calculate the run time and mixture of the material for all nodes.
PSS SINCAL also determines global information for the entire network such as:
● Pipe lengths
● Pipe volumes
● Sum of supply sources and consumption
● Minimum and maximum values
● Losses from leaks
The following diagram shows steady-state simulation.
Steady-State Water Calculation Procedures
Check the network
Compute initial values
Apply Hardy-Cross
Apply Kirchhoff rule
Display results
3.1 First Kirchhoff Rule

In a node k with n supplies, there is no loss of quantity in the nodes. Therefore, the quantity remains
the same in each node. If the flow in a pipe is Qik, the following is true:
2 n-1
k
1 n
October 2021 69
∑ 𝑄𝑖𝑘 = 0
𝑖=1
This shows that a distribution node cannot be a network supply source. The amount of flow into a
network must be equal to the amount of flow out of the network.
3.2 Second Kirchhoff Rule

In a closed mesh with n pipe segments, the sum of all increases and decreases in pressure must be
equal. Pressure differences are a result of changes in static pressure (due to differences in altitude)
and from dynamic pressure (due to flow). Thus, for a closed- pipe (meshed) system, the following is
true:
4 i
pi,i+1
p34
i+1
3
p23
2 n-1
p12 pn-1,n
1n
𝑛−1
∑ ∆𝑝𝑖,𝑗+1 = 0
𝑖=1
3.2.1 List of Formulas and Signs
Formula sign Description Unit

 Pipe friction coefficient 1
 Specific mass kg/m3
pij Pressure difference between nodes i and j bar
d Inside pipe diameter m
fl Length-allowance factor 1
g Gravitational pull m/s2
h Altitude from reference pipe m
hp Pressure altitude m
httl Total effective pressure altitude m
hv Pressure altitude loss on the basis pipe friction m
l Length of the pipe m
70 October 2021
m Mass kg
P Power W
p Pressure bar
pttl Total pressure bar
pv Pressure decrease in a pipe bar
Qik Flow from the node i to the node k m3/h
Qm Amount of flow m3/h
R Sand roughness m
Re Reynolds factor 1
Rij Frictional drag of the pipe i in j kg/m7
v Flow speed m/s
V Volume m3
W Energy J
Wi Energy at the starting position J
Wj Energy at the end point J
Wkin Kinetic energy J
Wp Pressure energy J
Wpot Potential energy J
ζ Correctional value for resistance 1
ν Kinematic viscosity m2/s
3.3 Incompressible Fluids

PSS SINCAL treats the means of conveyance as an ideal incompressible fluid.
3.3.1 Pipes
In pipe networks, the pipe always connect two nodes.
Strictly speaking, a leak-free pipe will not appear to have any loss of energy or quantity. Hence the
sum of all the forms of energy of the pipe at the beginning Wi and at the end Wj must be equal.
The following equation is used:
∑ 𝑊𝑖 = ∑ 𝑊𝑗 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡.
The sum of the three forms of energy is constant for each node.
𝑊𝑝𝑜𝑡 + 𝑊𝑘𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊𝑝 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡.
If the definitions for the individual forms of energy are used, we get
𝑚𝑣 2
𝑚×𝑔×ℎ+ + 𝑉 × 𝑝 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡.
2
October 2021 71
These results are divided by the mass m and the earth gravity g. This gives us the so-called Bernoulli
equation, which is the basis for the following calculations:
𝑣2 𝑝
ℎ+ + = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡.
2×𝑔 𝜌×𝑔
h is the actual elevation of the point in question as measured from an arbitrarily chosen base line. v
is the flow speed of the material. p is the pipe pressure relative to environmental pressure.
Adding up the constants, the equation is:
ℎ + 𝑐1 × 𝑣 2 + 𝑐2 × 𝑝 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡.
Thus we see that altitude and pressure are linearly dependent. To connect the two variables, the
pressure is changed by the factor c2 to an altitude pressure. The altitude pressure hp is added to the
altitude h for a total effective altitude httl.
ℎ𝑡𝑡𝑙 + 𝑐1 × 𝑣 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡.
This equation can be transformed with the help of multipliers:
2
𝑝𝑡𝑡𝑙 + 𝑐 × 𝑄𝑚 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡.
This equation can be used in network calculations. After the total altitude h ttl has been calculated,
the node pressure is calculated. After subtracting the altitude h from httl, the pressure altitude hp and
the node pressure p are calculated.
ℎ𝑝 = ℎ𝑡𝑡𝑙 − ℎ
ℎ𝑝
𝑝= = (ℎ𝑡𝑡𝑙 − ℎ) × 𝜌 × 𝑔
𝑐2
Note that in this case the p unit is Pascal.
The following simplifications have been applied to the above equations:
● The difference in altitude between the upper and lower brim of the pipe can be disregarded with
regard to differences in altitude.
● The liquid cannot be compressed, i.e. there is no acceleration energy in the material.
● Energy changes stemming from changes in temperature and length are disregarded.
These simplifications reduce the complexity of the algorithms but do not affect their practical
implementation.
3.3.2 Losses
Losses interfere with Bernoulli's equation for the balance of existing energy. The energy flow Wi
minus any leakage represents the energy flow Wj.
Wi Wj = Wi – WV
WV
72 October 2021
The reasons for losses are many. The possibilities range from friction losses on the inside of the pipe
to turbulence losses in valves and pipe bends. PSS SINCAL does not consider temperature losses
when calculating cold water networks.
The loss altitude hv takes losses into consideration. The first part describes losses from sand
roughness and the second part losses from attachments such as valves and pipe bends.
𝜆 × 𝑙 𝑣 × |𝑣| 𝑣 × |𝑣|
ℎ𝑣 = × + 𝜁𝑡𝑡𝑙 ×
𝑑 2𝑔 2𝑔
Equipment losses are included in the calculations with the additional factor fl.
𝜆×𝑙 𝑣 × |𝑣|
ℎ𝑣 = (𝑓𝑙 × + 𝜁𝑡𝑡𝑙 ) × = 𝑅𝑖𝑗 × 𝑣 × |𝑣|
𝑑 2𝑔
The loss level hv is subtracted from the total altitude h ttl. The positive or negative sign of the flow
velocity is considered. If you consider pressure and not altitude, the equation is:
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑅𝑖𝑗 × 𝑄 × |𝑄|
The actual pressure difference between the starting node and the end node is a result of the pressure
decrease pv and the pressure difference of altitude difference pij.
𝑝2 − 𝑝1 = 𝑝𝑉 − 𝑝𝑖𝑗
The pipe friction factor  depends on the absolute sand-pipe roughness R. Additionally,  depends
on the kinematic viscosity ν, the flow velocity v and the diameter d. The first step in calculating the
pipe friction factor  is determining the Reynolds factor Re.
𝑣×𝑑 4 × 𝑄𝑚
𝑅𝑒 = =
𝜐 𝜋×𝑑×𝜐
We Must Differentiate between
● Laminar flow (Re < 2320)

● Linear Interpolation (2320 < Re < 4000)
● Turbulent flow (Re > 4000)
Equation for laminar flow:
64
𝜆=
𝑅𝑒
Equation for turbulent flow:
1 𝑅 2.51 1
= −2 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( + × )
√𝜆 3.71 × 𝑑 𝑅𝑒 √𝜆
The correctional value for resistance ζ or the additional factor fl depends on the type of equipment
construction. The required numerical values are found in the appropriate tables.
October 2021 73
3.4 Mathematical Model

To reconstruct the network elements mathematically, an equivalent circuit diagram containing all the
elements in the network is used.
Q12
1 Q11' 1' Q1'2' 2' Q2'2 2

R1'2' p12
V1'2'
Q1'0 Q2'0
p1 V1'0 V2'0 R2'0 Q20 p2

R1'0 Q10
3.4.1 List of Formula Signs
Formula sign Description

p1 Pressure at the inlet
p2 Pressure at the outlet
p12 Pressure source between inlet and outlet
Q10 Flow source at the inlet
Q20 Flow source at the outlet
Q12 Flow source in series direction
Q11' Flow at the inlet
Q2'2 Flow at the outlet
Q1'2' Flow in series direction
Q1'0 Leakage flow at the inlet
Q2'0 Leakage flow at the outlet
R1'0 Leakage resistance at the inlet
R2'0 Leakage resistance at the outlet
R1'2' Flow resistance in series direction
V1'0 Valve at the inlet
V2'0 Valve at the outlet
V1'2' Valve in series direction
3.5 Calculation Methods

A tree that contains all the nodes in a network is called a spanning tree. We refer to edges that are
not a part of the spanning tree as a co-tree with respect to the spanning tree. The spanning tree and
the co-tree are not uniquely defined. If the network itself is a tree, the co-tree can be empty (contain
no edges).
74 October 2021
Each edge is assigned a resistance factor. Edges are processed in ascending order according to
resistance factor.
A direction must be assigned to each edge in the network in order to apply Kirchhoff's laws and the
iteration process. This is done by defining an edge (a, b) in terms of its starting node a and end
node b. Edge (a, b) is therefore different from edge (b, a). Flow is defined as positive if and only if it
travels from the starting node to the end node.
Consider a network with n nodes and m branches. The branches of the network with node i as a
starting node or end node can be divided into two sets.
1) +i is the set where all the branches have i as the end node
2) -i is the set where all the branches have i as the starting node
With qj as the flow in an edge j, the first Kirchhoff law can be simplified as follows:
∑ 𝑞𝑖 − ∑ 𝑞𝑗 = 0
𝑗∈𝜔𝑖+ 𝑗∈𝜔𝑖−
for all nodes i
All the edges are added up. Since one of the n equations can be derived from the other n – 1
equations, only n – 1 equations need to be considered.
PSS SINCAL determines the direction (e.g. towards the outside co-tree edge) for each mesh of
edges. The edges in a mesh formed by edge k of the co-tree can be divided into two sets:
1) μ+k is the set of all the edges in the direction of the mesh
2) μ-k is the set of all the edges in the opposite direction
If pj is the pressure decrease in edge j, the following equation can be derived using the second
Kirchhoff law
∑ ∆𝑝𝑗 − ∑ ∆𝑝𝑗 = 0
+ −
𝑗∈𝜇𝑘
𝑗∈𝜇𝑘
for all edges k of the co-tree
Since the co-tree consists of m – n + 1 edges, there are m – n + 1 equations for the meshes. Together
with the equations for the nodes n – 1 there are as many equations as there are edges. Two unknown
factors, flow and pressure decrease per edge, are to be computed. So other m equations are required
to compute these factors. These can be found using the functional dependency between flow,
resistance and pressure decrease.
In water-pipe systems the square law can be applied. This is simplified for pressure decrease pj in
pipe j:
∆𝑝𝑗 = 𝑟𝑗 × 𝑞𝑗 |𝑞𝑗 | − 𝑝𝑗
pj is the pressure of any pump that may exist in the edge.
October 2021 75
This section explains how flow in the edges of the spanning tree can be explained in terms of
overlapping flow in the edges of the co-tree.
If we individually add edges in the co-tree to the spanning tree, the flow in the co-tree edges will
circulate through the entire mesh. Otherwise the node condition will not be fulfilled.
By joining the spanning tree and the co-tree, we get the original network. The flow in the edges of
the spanning tree, however, has been created by the overlapping flow in the edges of the co-tree.
The left sides of mesh equations are functions of the flow in all edges. Hence we assume that the
amounts of flow in the co-tree edge are numbered from l to 1 = m – n + 1. If we use the overlapping
flow for all the flows in the spanning tree, we get functions Uk. These depend only on the l flow in the
edges of the co-tree:
𝑈1 (𝑞1 , 𝑞2 , … 𝑞𝑙 )
𝑈2 (𝑞1 , 𝑞2 , … 𝑞𝑙 )
to
𝑈𝑙 (𝑞1 , 𝑞2 , … 𝑞𝑙 )
In a network, we therefore look for flows in the edges of the co-tree that satisfy the following
equations:
𝑈1 (𝑞1 , 𝑞2 , … 𝑞𝑙 ) = 0
𝑈2 (𝑞1 , 𝑞2 , … 𝑞𝑙 ) = 0
to
𝑈𝑙 (𝑞1 , 𝑞2 , … 𝑞𝑙 ) = 0
76 October 2021
3.6 Cross Method

The following illustration shows the Hardy-Cross sequence diagram.
Tree and co-tree
Determine operation points
Linear set of equations
Tree and co-tree
Set operating points
Is convergence No
attained?
Yes
Prepare results
If you wish to find a zero position for a real valued function f (x)
𝑓(𝑥) = 0
you can often do so using Newtonian iteration procedures
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥𝑖+1 = 𝑥𝑖 −
𝑓′(𝑥)
Now we observe the l mesh equations individually
𝑈𝑘 (𝑞1 , 𝑞2 , … 𝑞𝑙 ) = 0
𝑘 = 1, 2, … 𝑙
and consider all flows except for qk as fixed. Then we use the Newtonian iteration procedure to solve
each equation and get the following for the nth iteration step
𝑈𝑘 (𝑞1𝑖 , 𝑞2𝑖 , … 𝑞𝑙𝑖 )

𝑞𝑘𝑖+1 = 𝑞𝑘𝑖 −
𝜕
𝑈 (𝑞 𝑖 , 𝑞 𝑖 , … 𝑞𝑙𝑖 )
𝜕𝑞𝑘 𝑘 1 2
𝑘 = 1, 2, … 𝑙
This is the Cross procedure for mesh equations.
Normally, network resistances and sources are not constant. They are functions of the flows and
pressures.
Each resistor and each source can also be assigned a characteristic curve that usually depends on
several parameters. Any point in a characteristic curve can be designated as an operating point.
October 2021 77
If you filter the calculation requirements for the Cross procedure, you see that a large number of
functions and their first partial derivatives could be calculated for each iteration step and each mesh.
Network calculations for larger networks would not be possible due to the amount of time needed for
this kind of procedure. In many cases, you cannot create the partial derivatives of the functions.
Instead, you need to use the following procedure. Starting with approximate values, you calculate
operating points for all the network elements. These fixed values for resistances and sources are
then used to calculate the network with the Cross procedure to a prescribed degree of accuracy. The
new flows and pressures are used to calculate new operating points and once again kept during the
iteration. This process is repeated until the change in the operating points is small enough.
This method substantially shortens the calculation time needed for networks with variable resistances
or sources. Sometimes operating points for resistances move so much that a minimal spanning tree
can no longer be recognized as such. In this case, PSS SINCAL creates a new spanning tree with
the minimum characteristic. This is a common procedure for networks in poor condition.
As soon as a sufficiently accurate solution has been found for the mesh equations for fixed operating
points, the flows in the edges of the co-tree and all its edges are available. For each edge, the
pressure decrease can be calculated from flow, resistance and pressure sources. You use a
spanning tree with a root to calculate the pressures at the nodes.
3.7 Monitoring the Limits

Limits for the minimum and maximum flow can be prescribed for supplies. As soon as the limits have
been entered, they are monitored and, if possible, also maintained by redistributing the flow between
supplies.
For pressure-providing supplies (water tank), the network situation produces the quantity. A supply
that provides pressure cannot take on quantity. Quantity can only be monitored and, if necessary,
divided up for quantity supplies.
For quantity supplies (reciprocating pump), the quantity is prescribed and the network situation
produces the pressure. Quantity supplies can load or unload pressure-providing supplies by varying
the quantity within prescribed limits.
As soon as limits are entered for pressure-providing supplies and quantity supplies in a network,
monitoring and distributing quantity is automatically switched ON.
The behavior of the power distribution is explained below with the help of a simple network.
In the diagram below, the network situation fits to the operating points entered for the supply sources,
so no quantity is distributed.
78 October 2021
Network Operating Normally – no Limit Violation – Operating Points Maintained
Qnet = 120 l/s
Q = 50 l/s
P = 5 bar
Qmax = 100 l/s Q
Qmin = 0 l/s
Qmax = 100 l/s
P Qmin = 0 l/s
Q = 70 l/s
Network with a High Load – Limit Violation at Pressure-Providing Supply – Increase in

Quantity
If the network situation does not match the operating points, distribution is switched ON. In the
example below, the pressure-providing supply cannot provide the amount needed. The amount at
the quantity supply is increased and the quantity for the results is in green.
Qnet = 170 l/s

Q = 70 l/s
Q = 50 l/s
P = 5 bar
Qmax = 100 l/s Q
Qmin = 0 l/s
Qmax = 100 l/s
P Qmin = 0 l/s
Q = 120 l/s
Q = 100 l/s
Network with a Weak Load – Limit Violation at Pressure-Providing Supply – Reduction in

Quantity
In the example below, the pressure-providing supply cannot take on the excess supplied amount.
The amount at the quantity supply is reduced and the quantity for the results is shown in green.
October 2021 79
Qnet = 25 l/s
Q = 25 l/s
Q = 50 l/s
P = 5 bar
Qmax = 100 l/s Q
Qmin = 0 l/s
Qmax = 100 l/s
P Qmin = 0 l/s
Q = – 25 l/s
Q = 0 l/s
If the quantity supply is unable to compensate the quantity violation at the pressure-providing supply,
it remains at the minimum or maximum quantity.
80 October 2021
Operating Point and Time Series Calculations – Water Procedure
4. Operating Point and Time Series Calculations – Water

Procedure
To perform operating point and time series calculations, the Operating/Time Series Calculation
method has to first be switched ON.
Steady-state calculations are combined to created operating/time series calculations. The changes
between individual steady-state calculations are prescribed as factors of the:
● Time series
● Operating points
During the individual steady-state calculations, PSS SINCAL uses factor from the series to change
the steady-state operating points of the network elements.
Operating/time series calculations let you simultaneously calculate and then compare different
steady-state operational incidents.
Defining time independent (operating points) and time-dependent (time series) series lets you:
● Simulate and compare different operational incidents

● Simulate short-term sequences over a period of time
● Simulate long-term growth over a period of time
● Simulate filling and removal
PSS SINCAL provides the results as:
● Individual steady-state results

● Diagrams
● Reports
Basic Calculation Sequence Operating Point and Time Series Calculation
PSS SINCAL differentiates between time series calculations and operating series calculations.
October 2021 81
The following illustration show the sequence diagram for time series calculations.
Unload and check all network data
Assign the time series to the elements
Set time to starting time and time period to 0
Determine factors of the time series for current time
Determine operating points of the network elements
Do steady-state calculations
Increase time by a time step
Is the time greater than the No

prescribed calculation time?
Yes
Prepare results
The following illustration show the sequence diagram for operating series calculations.
Assign operating points to the elements
Set current operating point with index from list
Determine factors of operating points for operating point
Determine operating points of the network elements
Increase index
Is the index greater than the number of No

operating points in the list?
Yes
Prepare results
82 October 2021
4.1 Calculation Method

This calculation method determines only the current valid factor of a series.
If a piece of equipment is assigned to a series, PSS SINCAL assigns the factor it calculates to the
individual network elements for steady-state calculations.
Depending on the type of equipment, these factors affect the following input fields:
● Water tank:
Height of water level
● Pump infeeder source:
Centrifugal pump – speed
Reciprocating pump – output flow
● Consumer:
Constant consumption volume
● Pressure buffer:
Maximum pressure
● Leakage:
Output surface
● Pressure increase pump:
Speed
● Constant pressure drop:
Constant pressure drop
● Pressure regulator:
Pressure at exit node
● Sliding valve/non-return valve:
Opening angle
Open valves cannot be closed while they are letting out water. The factor for the opening angle has
to be greater than 5 percent.
4.1.1 Determining the Factor in Operating Points
PSS SINCAL calculates the factor from the operating point under observation. If the operating point
is part of the series, the factor can be taken directly from the series data.
Example
Operating point Factor

A 1.10
B 1.25
C 1.75
October 2021 83
Factor
1
C
B
A
Operating points
For operating point B PSS SINCAL calculates a factor of 1.25.
If the operating point cannot be found in the series data, PSS SINCAL sets this to 1.0.
4.1.2 Determining Factors in Time Series
PSS SINCAL interpolates over the time axis to calculate the factor at the time of observation.
Example of a Continuous Curve
Time Factor Curve

6:00 1.25 Continuous
Factor
6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 t
For 7:30 am PSS SINCAL calculates a factor of 1.7 by interpolating in the continuous curve.
84 October 2021
Example of a Discrete Curve
Time Factor Curve

6:00 1.25 Discrete
7:00 1.50 Discrete
8:00 1.90 Discrete
9:00 1.65 Discrete
Factor
6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 t
For 7:30 am PSS SINCAL calculates a factor of 1.5 by interpolating in the discrete curve.
4.1.3 Cyclical Treatment of Time Series
The starting time and the time period of time series calculations do not need to be the same as the
times entered in the time series. Time series are repeated in cycles to be able to show all calculations
times accurately.
Example
A simple example: PSS SINCAL simulates an 8-hour cycle within a single day. The cycle starts with
the start of the shift at 6 a.m. and ends with the end of the shift at 2 p.m.
Time Factor Curve

October 2021 85
Factor
6:00 14:00 t
The following illustration shows the individual interval in the daily routine.
Factor
6:00 t
14:00 22:00 24:00 6:00
Next day
As can be seen from the illustration above, PSS SINCAL can accurately determine factors for every
starting time and every calculation time.
The cycle is not limited to a single day. The individual interval is repeated cyclically towards previous
and subsequent time points. PSS SINCAL calculates the number of iterations from the starting time,
calculation time and the time points of the individual interval.
Factor
Iteration Iteration Input Iteration Iteration
t t t t t t
tACycle tECycle
tStart
86 October 2021
4.1.4 Water Tank Level Calculations
In time series calculations, PSS SINCAL automatically evaluates water level for each water tank, if
it finds water tank characteristics.
List of Formula Signs
Formula sign Description

hi=0 Initial value – height
Vi=0 Initial value – volume
ViHB Output volume of water tank
QiHB Input flow of water tank
t Time step for time series calculations
le Stopping level for filling
ls Starting level for filling
hi Height at current time step
QiPMP Input flow rate of pump
ViPMP Input flow volume of pump
Vi Difference volume
Vi Volume of current time step
Vi-1 Volume from final time step
Initial Values
The height of the water level is only used as the initial value for input pressure and filling volume.
hi=0
Vi=0 V
October 2021 87
Removal Volume
PSS SINCAL performs steady-state calculations for each time step. Input flow from steady-state
calculations and the time step determine the amount removed by the water tank.
∆𝑉𝑖𝐻𝐵 = 𝑄𝑖𝐻𝐵 × ∆𝑡
During the calculations, the height of the water level decreases. Once the water tank is empty,
PSS SINCAL stops the calculations.
Input Flow
Water tanks can be emptied and filled at the same time. One to three pumps operating independently
do the filling. PSS SINCAL does not specially consider the topology of the pumps and the topology
of the pipes for filling, nor does it consider them to be part of the network topology.
Each pump is switched ON and OFF by the current level of the water tank. If the current level falls
below the filling level needed to start filling, PSS SINCAL switches the pump ON. When the filling
level needed to stop is reached, PSS SINCAL switches the pump OFF. Thus the operating range is
between the filling levels.
le
ls
PSS SINCAL calculates the input flow rate of the pump in the water tank from the current filling level
of the tower. The pump works against pressure, depending on the level of the water in the tower.
The pump characteristics can be determined simply by interpolating the input flow rate in the tower.
hi
QiPMP Q
88 October 2021
Input flow rate and time step can be used to determine the amount of input flow of the pump.
∆𝑉𝑖𝑃𝑀𝑃 = 𝑄𝑖𝑃𝑀𝑃 × ∆𝑡
The use of different filling heights for start and stop and different characteristic curves for the
individual pumps controls filling. When you prescribe an almost horizontal curve of pump
characteristics, this assures constant filling by a pump.
Current Values
From the amount removed and filled, PSS SINCAL calculates the new water tank volume. From the
water tank volume, PSS SINCAL then calculates a new filling height and input pressure for the next
calculation step.
hi
Vi
Vi-1 Vi V
∆𝑉𝑖 = −∆𝑉𝑖𝐻𝐵 + ∆𝑉𝑖𝑃𝑀𝑃
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖−1 + ∆𝑉𝑖
If no infeeder pumps exist, or if they fill less than they remove, PSS SINCAL reduces the height used
for the water level throughout the calculations. Once the water tank is empty, PSS SINCAL stops the
calculations.
October 2021 89
Fire Water Procedure
5. Fire Water Procedure
PSS SINCAL fire water calculations are a series of steady-state calculations. One hydrant at a time
is included in the individual calculations. As results, PSS SINCAL provides the operating conditions
at the node and maximum values for networks.
Alternatively, the user can also switch ON a pre-selected number of hydrants and use this in the
steady-state calculations. In this case, PSS SINCAL provides the complete pressure and flow
distribution in the network as the results.
The fire water calculations are divided up into the following types:
Fire Water Pressure: The prescribed pressure at the hydrant’s hose connection is used to determine
the fire water amount.
Fire Water Amount: The prescribed amount at the hydrant’s hose connection is used to determine
the fire water pressure.
Basic Calculation Sequence Fire Water Calculations
PSS SINCAL differentiates between fire water calculations for all hydrants and individual fire water
calculations for preselected hydrants.
The following illustration shows the sequence diagram for fire water calculations for all hydrants.
Create list of all hydrants
Set index of hydrant list to 0
Increase index of hydrant list to 1
Generate connection line for current hydrant
Set consumption/given pressure at the end of the connection line
Note operation conditions/maximum values for current hydrant
List of hydrants No
processed completely?
Yes
Prepare results
90 October 2021
The following illustration shows the sequence diagram for fire water calculations for preselected
hydrants.
Create list of all hydrants
Determine preselected hydrants
Generate connection line for all preselected hydrants
Set consumption/given pressure at the end of the

connection line for all preselected hydrants
Prepare results
5.1 Simulating the Hydrant in the Calculations

Enter the data of the connection pipe and the difference in elevation between network nodes and
hose connections at the hydrants in the hydrant data.
In removal, the connection pipe between network nodes and hose connections at the hydrants is
considered as a stand-alone pipe in the calculations.
The pressure or amount are placed at the hose connection.
PSS SINCAL models the connection pipe as a normal pipe. When the network volume, the pipe
length in the network and the maximum flow rate are calculated, the connection pipes are not
considered.
October 2021 91
5.2 Fire Water Need

Fire water need is usually measured for a time period of 5 hours and depends on the structure.
Depending on the structure and use, DVGW W 405 prescribes a fire water amount ranging from 144
m3 for 5 hours to 960 m3 for 5 hours. In the PSS SINCAL fire water calculations, this creates a flow
from 8.0 l/s to 53.33 l/s.
The authorities are responsible for preparing the fire water. When the pipe network of a water supplier
is used to prepare the fire water, the necessary fire water requirements need to be coordinated with
the responsible authorities. If the fire water requirements cannot be met using the pipe network, other
measures (fire water pools, etc.) need to be used. This is however not the task of the water supplier.
In network planning, including fire water preparation is a special case. An oversized pipe network
could be created, where the fire water requirements far surpass normal need. This would mean very
long periods for normal operations. Time periods influence water quality. If these time periods are
too long, there can be unwanted contamination that make the water unfit to drink.
To evaluate water quality, PSS SINCAL steady-state calculations provide both the mixture and the
time period.
5.3 Fire Water Plan

The network diagram and its equipment (supplies, pipes, consumers, hydrants, etc.) and background
pictures with information on structural environment and usage (streets, passageways, buildings, etc.)
are the basis of a fire water plan.
The fire water calculations determine any additional missing information and provide this as results:
● Fire water amount at the specified fire water pressure

● Fire water pressure at the specified fire water amount
PSS SINCAL displays these results directly in the network diagram so the resulting network picture
can be used for a fire water plan.
PSS SINCAL filter functions also let you color the network according to the following criteria:
● Fire water amount

● Fire water pressure
● Fire water volume
● Fire water time
This means that the stipulations of the authorities (fire water requirements according to DVGW W
405) can be accentuated visually.
92 October 2021
Convergence Debug
6. Convergence Debug
The following dialog box opens during the steady-state calculation if there are any convergence
problems. This requires the Show interactive calculation dialog for convergence problems
option to be activated in the Options dialog box of the Calculation tab.
Three options are provided in the Select action section:
● 1 further iteration:
One more iteration is calculated and the output is updated.
● 50 further iterations:
50 more iterations are calculated and the output is updated.
● Consider as convergent:
The debug continues as if the power flow is convergent and the current state is saved in the
results.
The selected action is carried out by clicking the Continue button, pressing F6 or clicking the Start
the last calculation button.
Clicking the Cancel or Pause button in the left-hand area of the status bar closes the dialog box
and the calculation is terminated with the usual faults.
The Iteration section outputs general information about the iteration in which the problems occurred
and the number of elements and nodes that cause the convergence problems.
Clicking the Show Details button opens the Result View containing more detailed information.
October 2021 93
Convergence Debug
6.1 Details of the Convergence Debug

Clicking the Show Details button in the Steady-State Debug Details window opens the result view.
The view used to display the debug details has a toolbar and the view area.
View Area
The header line shows the iteration in which the convergence problems occur. This is followed by
general information about the iteration in which the problems occur and the number of elements and
nodes that cause the convergence problems.
The table shows the nodes that cause the convergence problems, with their names and the pressure
deviation from the previous iteration stated as a percentage. The pipes are sorted according to the
largest deviation. Clicking one of the node names selects the particular node in the graphic.
94 October 2021

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PSS®SINCAL 18.

● the PSS SINCAL System Manual

PSS® is a registered trademark of SIEMENS AG

1.1 Basic Information 2

2. Water Input Data 4

2.1 Creating the Network 4

2.5.7 Assigned Master Resources 49

3. Steady-State Calculations – Water Procedure 69

3.1 First Kirchhoff Rule 69

4. Operating Point and Time Series Calculations – Water Procedure 81

4.1 Calculation Method 83

4.1.2 Determining Factors in Time Series 84

5. Fire Water Procedure 90

5.1 Simulating the Hydrant in the Calculations 91

6.1 Details of the Convergence Debug 94

This manual contains the following chapters:

● Water Input Data

Procedure of Water Calculations

The following steps are necessary:

● Determine the physical data in the calculation settings

Time Series Calculations

The following steps are necessary:

● Define time series

Operating Series Calculations

The following steps are necessary:

● Add an operating point

1.1 Basic Information

1.2 Network Observation over Time

No Establishment and Shutdown Time Specified

The respective network element is always in operation.

Only Establishment Time Specified

Only Shutdown Time Specified

Establishment and Shutdown Time Specified

2. Water Input Data

PSS SINCAL describes available elements with the following structure:

● Picture of the corresponding data screen form

2.1 Creating the Network

PSS SINCAL has six types of data:

2.1.1 Node or Distributor

Basic Data – Node

Pressure Curve specifies nodes to be used when automatically generating pressure-curve

● Distance Right and Up:

● Latitude and Longitude:

Additional Data – Node

Basic Data – Terminal

The Element field assigns connection data to a network element.

Operating State places a switch at this connection.

2.1.3 Network Level

Basic Data – Network Level

Use network levels to enter rating data for electrical subnetworks.

Operating/Time Series – Network Level

2.1.4 Network Area

Basic Data – Network Area

Contingency Analysis – Network Area

● All restricted elements:

Fire Water – Network Area

2.1.5 Network Zone

Basic Data – Network Zone

2.1.6 Network Element Group

Network element groups are used to group network elements.

Basic Data – Network Element Group

2.1.7 Graphic Element Group

2.2 Supply Sources

2.2.1 Water Tank