Philippine Literature

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21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

(Hum1)
Language and Literature English Studies (Far Eastern University)
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UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION

Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando 2000, Pampanga, Philippines
1Q - Hum1 Page 1 of 10
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand
21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE by forcing you to judge, sympathize with, or criticize
PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD (Hum1) the characters you read about.
(First Semester, First Quarter Reviewer) 6. Helps you compare your own experiences with the
experiences of other people.
LITERATURE
7. Gives information which may be useful in other
• Derived from the Latin word <LITTERATURA=
subjects. For example, in history, social studies, and
meaning <writing formed with letters.=
so on.
• Term to describe written and sometimes spoken
material. TWO (2) TYPES OF LITERATURE
• Most commonly refers to works of the creative
1. ORAL LITERATURE
imagination including poetry, drama, fiction,
• Literature handed down from generation by word
journalism, and in instances, song.
of mouth.
• Total of preserved writings belongings to a given
• Examples are riddle, folk song, tales, and ballad.
language or people.
• Consists of writings which interpret the meanings 2. WRITTEN LITERATURE
of nature and life, in words of charm and power, • Hand written, recorded, or printed.
touched with the personality of the author, and in • Examples are novels and short stories.
artistic forms of permanent interest.
• Written record of man’s best thoughts and feelings. SEVEN (7) LITERARY STANDARDS
• Gives us picture of life, not the picture that science 1. UNIVERSALITY
gives not the picture that is actually or historically - Literature appeals to everyone, regardless of
true, but picture that has its own kind of truth, a truth culture, race, sex, and time which are all considered
that includes important elements that science, from significant.
its very nature, is forced to leave out.
• Life is executed in an artistic pattern. It is into 2. ARTISTRY
harmonious and desired patterns of expression - Literature has an aesthetic appeal and thus
• The written or printed productions of human mind possesses a sense of beauty.
collectivity, which deals with themes of permanent
3. INTELLECTUAL VALUE
and universal interest, characterized by creativeness
- Simulates critical thinking that enriches mental
and grace of expression, as poetry, fictions, essays,
processes of abstract and reasoning, making man
etc., distinguished from works of scientific technical
realize the fundamental of truths of life and its
or journalistic nature.
nature.
FOUR (4) REASONS WHY DO PEOPLE WRITE
4. PERMANENCE
1. For self-expression,
- Literature endures across the time and the time
2. Spread knowledge and information
factor. Timeliness occurring at a particular time, and
3. Pass on ideas and values
timelessness, meaning invariable throughout the
4. Impart truth, accuracy, and evaluation.
time.
SEVEN (7) IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE
5. STYLE
1. Improves your command of language.
- Great literature is marked with the peculiar way in
2. Teaches you about life, cultures, and experiences of
which the writer sees life, forms his or her ideas, and
people in other parts of the world.
dresses them correctly.
3. Gives you information about other parts of the
world which you may never be able to visit in your 6. SPIRITUAL VALUE
lifetime. - Literature devotes the spirit and the soul and thus
4. Entertains you and provides useful occupation in has the power to motivate and to inspire.
your free time.
7. SUGGESTIVENESS
5. Makes you wiser and a more experienced person
Created by: Jopar Jose C. Ramos | STEM 12 - Our Lady of Fatima Professor: Ma’am Maureen E. Manalo

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- Unravels man’s emotional power to define d. PARABLES

symbolism, nuances, implied meanings, images and • Stories from the Bible with symbols.
messages, giving and evoking visions above, and • Biblical stories that are allegorical (symbolical).
beyond the plane of. • Short, didactic story that is meant to teach a moral.
• Uses human characters in believable situations so
TWO (2) MAJOR DIVISIONS OF LITERATURE
that the reader or listener feels able to relate.
I. PROSE
e. FAIRY TALE
• Derived from the Latin word <PROSA= meaning
• May feature folkloric character, enchantments,
<straightforward.=
often involving farfetched sequence of events or
• Writing that resembles everyday speech.
poetic justice.
TWO (2) DIVISION OF PROSE • Sometimes there are talking animals or incidents of
magic in these stories.
1. FICTION
• Defined as a series of imagined facts which B. MODERN
illustrates truths about human life. • More realistic and plausible.
• Made up story from the author’s imagination.
THREE (3) EXAMPLES OF MODERN FICTION
• May be based on some facts or something that
happened to the author. a. SHORT STORY
• Has beginning, middle, and end. • Brief narrative that can be read in one sitting, single
• Read for fun or entertainment. plot, few characters, and the setting is limited.
• Example is The Dead Stars.
TWO (2) TYPES OF FICTION
b. NOVEL
A. TRADITIONAL
• Extended narrative that is divided into chapters.
• Stories that are passed down from person to
• Has one main plot and consists of sub plots.
person.
• Could also have several settings divided into
FIVE (5) EXAMPLES OF TRADITIONAL FICTION chapter.
a. MYTH c. NOVELLA OR NOVELETTE

• Pertaining to stories of Gods and Goddesses, origin • Shorter than a novel, longer than a short story.
of the universe and the creation of mankind.
2. NON-FICTION
• These stories usually reflect a culture’s religious or
• Retelling of actual people, places, or events.
other deeply held beliefs.
• Based on provable facts.
b. LEGEND • Has table of contents.
• Origin of places, things, plants, or animals. • Read for information to learn.
• Stories known throughout a cultural group, about
SEVEN (7) EXAMPLES OF NON-FICTION
people and their actions or deeds they perform to
save their people or nation. a. DIARY
• Based on fact but also includes imaginative • Written account of a person’s experience.
material.
b. JOURNAL
c. FABLES • Entries are more profound because they contain
• Characters are animals that are given human serious thoughts and reflections of the writer.
attributes.
c. BIOGRAPHY
• Kind of folklore in which a brief story is used to
• Life story of a person which is a literary work that
teach a lesson about human nature.
gives the life account of a person written by another
• Aesop’s fables usually a fable ends with a moral or
person.
lesson.

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d. AUTOBIOGRAPHY 4. CHOICE OF METER

• Life story of a person which is a literary work where - The meter of a poem is the rhythm or pattern of
the author writes his own life account. speech with which you read it, and it doesn’t happen
by accident.
e. ESSAY
- Poets use different meters to give their poetry
• Expository type of writing that contains the point of
different rhythms, which have technical names like
view of the writer on a given topic.
iambic pentameter or spondaic heptameter.
• There are 6 types of essay, which are persuasive,
informative, narrative, expository, descriptive, and IAMBIC PENTAMETER
argumentative • Each line has five feet (pentameter).
• The feet are all iambs (da DUM).
f. NEWS
• Reports of expected and unexpected events in IAMB
society and government and incidents in the field of • Metrical pattern of 1 unstressed syllable followed
science, business, etc. by one stressed syllable.
g. LETTERS FOUR (4) EXAMPLE OF IAMBIC FOOT

• Written message which display aspects of an A. Behold
author’s psychological make-up and not immediately B. Destroy
apparent in his more public writings C. The sun (articles such as <the= would be considered
• Prose from which by the force of its style and the as unstressed syllables)
importance of its statement becomes an object of D. And watch (conjunctions such as <and= would be
interest in its own right. considered as unstressed syllables)
II. POETRY 5. RHYTHM
• Define as rhythmic imaginative language expressing - Regular recurrence of stressed and unstressed, long
the invention, though, imagination, taste, passion, and and short, or high-pitched and low-pitched syllables
insight of the human soul creating a pattern in the lines of a poem.
• Purpose is enthrallment.
6. FEET
• William Wordsworth describes it as the
- Number of lines in a pattern of 2 or more accented
spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.
or unaccented syllable occurring a line.
SIX (6) CHARCTERISTICS OF POETRY
THREE (3) KINDS OF POETRY
1. FIGURES OF SPEECH OR FIGURATIVE
A. LYRIC POETRY
LANGUAGE
• Derived from the Latin word <LYRICUS= meaning <of
- Ways of describing or explaining things in a non-
or for the lyre.=
literal or non-traditional way.
• These short poems were originally accompanied by
2. DESCRIPTIVE IMAGINARY music.
- Describes what the poet sees, hears, or otherwise • The mood is melodic and emotional.
senses, be it a literal image or one that exits in his • The writer uses words that express his or her state
mind. of mind, perceptions, and feelings, rather than telling
a story.
3. SOUND AND TONE
• Utterance of the human heart in poetic form
- Poets use different sounds and tones throughout
• Verse poem that is susceptible of being sung to the
poetry to change the way it sounds. For example, the
accompaniment of a musical instrument and in
poet may use alliteration, which is when multiple
ancient times, usually a lyre.
consecutive words start with the same letter. For
example, he may write, <Pretty pugs playfully prance FIVE (5) TYPES OF LYRIC POETRY
on the promenade.=

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a. SIMPLE LYRIC 2. NARRATIVE POETRY

• Includes those lyrical poems that do not properly • Tells a story following a chronology of events.
belong under any of the other types of lyrics.
THREE (3) TYPES OF NARRATIVE POETRY
b. SONG
A. BALLAD
• Short lyric poem which has a particularly melodious
• Short simple narrative poem composed to be sung
quality and is intended primarily to be sung or can be
and altered as it was orally transmitted from
easily set to music.
generation to generation until it was written down
c. ELEGY much later.
• Lamentation or an expression of mourning for the
B. METRICAL TALE
dead.
• Relates real or imaginary events in simple
• By its very nature, the poem’s mood is solemn and
straightforward language.
sorrowful, yet is usually contains suggestions of hope
• Can choose from a wide range of subjects,
and faith to allay the sorrow.
characters, life experiences, emotional situations, and
d. ODE may project a mood that is serious or light.
• Most majestic type of lyric poetry. • Usually concerned with ordinary events.
• Exalted in tone and expresses praise for some
C. EPIC
person, event, object, or idea.
• Long majestic narrative poem which tells of the
• Elaborately designed and is formal in structure and
exploits of a traditional hero and the development of
content.
a nation.
e. SONNET
3. DRAMATIC POETRY
• Lyric of 14 lines with a formal rhyme scheme or
• Any drama that is written in verse, that is meant to
pattern.
be recited, it usually tells a story or refers to a
THREE (3) TYPES OF SONNET situation.
a. ITALIAN OR PETRARCHAN SONNET FIVE (5) TYPES OF DRAMA
• Named after Francesco Petrarch.
A. COMEDY
• Consists of as octave, which develops the theme,
• Written with sparkling dialogue and peopled by
followed by a sestet, which recapitulates the idea.
amusing characters that are in funny situations.
• The octave has a rhyme scheme of abba abba and
the sestet cde cde or cdcdcd, or some other B. TRAGEDY
combination. • Drama in which characters are victims of unhappy
fashions or are involved in desperation instances.
b. ENGLISH, ELIZABETHAN, OR SHAKESPEAREAN
SONNET C. FANTASY
• Named after William Shakespeare and Queen • Setting is generally unrealistic and the characters
Elizabeth. are usually fancifully portrayed.
• Divided into 3 quatrains plus a couplet with a
rhyme scheme of abab cdcd efef gg. D. FARCE
• The idea is developed in the three quatrains, and is • Exaggerated comedy written primarily to entertain
summarized and reinforced in the closing couplet. people.
c. SPENSERIAN SONNET E. ROMANTIC DRAMA

• Named after the English poet Edmond Spenser. • Outstanding feature in poetic language.
• Divided into 3 quatrains and a closing couplet with • Characters are frequently noble.
a rhyme scheme of abab bcbc cdcd ee. FIGURES OF SPEECH
• Authors often use figure of speech in both literature

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and poetry to enhance their writing. • Authors use this figure of speech to emphasize a
• They communicate ideas that go beyond the words’ point or add humor.
usual, literal meanings.
THREE (3) EXAMPLES:
• Writers make use of vivid language in order to catch
A. My backpack weights a ton.
the attention of their readers and present their ideas
B. The wolf was 100 ft high.
creatively.
C. You awakened the blue Mediterranean from his
• Allows readers to visualize an object or idea
summer dreams.
described by a writer.
• Form of expression to present ordinary things in 4. PERSONIFICATION
new or unusual ways. • Giving human traits or characteristic to something
• Poetic device that uses words out of their literal that isn’t human, such as animals, objects, or non-
meaning or out of their ordinary use to achieve a living things.
special effect. • Think of this way: when a writer uses
personification, he or she gives characteristics of a
FOURTEEN (14) TYPES OF FIGURE OF SPEECH
person to an animal, object, or thing.
1. SIMILE
SIX (6) EXAMPLES:
• Comparing two unlike things but have something in
A. The rain was angry. You could tell just by listening
common using <like= or <as.=
to it from indoors.
EXAMPLE: B. The car danced across the icy road.
A. She ran like the wind. C. The angry clouds marched across the sky.
D. The stars in the clear night sky winked at me.
Explanation:
E. The tulips nodded their heads in the breeze.
- Running and the wind are unlike things.
F. The willow tree shook her long hair.
- When you compare the speed of running to the
speed of the wind, you are using simile. 5. METONOMY
• Substitution of a noun for something it is closely
FIVE (5) OTHER EXAMPLES:
related with.
B. The snow was as thick as a blanket.
C. She was light as a feather. FOUR (4) EXAMPLES:
D. You are acting like a baby. A. Malacañang suspended classes yesterday.
E. His temper was as explosive as a volcano B. I gave you the floor to speak.
F. We bear the bridge along like a pearl on a string. C. I will marry him only because of the crown.
D. Lend me your ears.
2. METAPHOR
• Similar to the definition of simile, but there is one 6. SYNECDOCHE
important difference between the two. • The whole is replaced by the part or the part by the
• Used to indicate lack of sensitivity. whole.
• Direct comparison. • Uses a part to represent a whole or vice versa.
FIVE (5) EXAMPLES: EXAMPLE:

A. Her heart is a cold iron. A. He is my right arm.
B. Experience is the best teacher.
Explanation:
C. Time is gold.
- Right arm is used to refer his trusted assistant.
D. Her husband’s hug is her best medicine.
E. The boy was a fish in the water. TWO (2) OTHER EXAMPLES:
B. I had to sell my wheels.
3. HYPERBOLE
C. We’ve got too many mouths to feed.
• Major exaggeration or overstatement used for
emphasis. 7. APOSTROPHE

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• Person talked to in the poem is probably dead, a FOUR (4) EXAMPLES:

victim of infamous Death March. A. I find no peace, yet all my war is done.
• Literary technique of addressing someone absent or B. Parting is such sweet sorrow (William
dead as though he or she were present or alive. Shakespeare).
• Purpose is to unburden one’s self of his/her C. Love is so short... forgetting is so long.
thoughts and emotions. D. Many are called, but few are chosen.
THE MARCH OF DEATH BY BIENVENIDO N. 11. OXYMORON

SANTOS • Puts together in one statement two contradictory
March, my brother march! terms
The springs are clear beyond the road • Combination of words that have apposite or very
There is rest at the foot of the hill. different meanings.
• The common oxymoron phrase is a combination of
FOUR (4) EXAMPLES:
an adjective preceded by a noun with contrasting
A. Car, please get me to work today.
meanings.
B. Feet don’t fail me now.
C. Oh, rose, how sweet you smell and how bright you EIGHT (8) EXAMPLES:
look. A. Silent scream E. Alone together
D. Dear Monday, please be good to me. B. Living dead F. Open secret
C. Clear misunderstood G. Deafening silence
8. ALLUSION
D. Big baby H. Cruel kindness
• Casual reference either by directly or by borrowing
familiar phrases from the Bible, history, or literature. 12. REPETITION
• The reader thus profits from the knowledge he • Repeating of certain words or lines in a poem for
gained. emphasis and clarity.
TWO (2) EXAMPLES: THREE (3) EXAMPLES:

A. Were if I Midas, I would make nothing else but A. My lady sweet, arise: Arise, arise!
such golden days of memory. B. Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow.
- Greek legend, the greedy king, who Dionysus gave C. Oh, woeful, oh woeful, woeful, woeful day!
the power to turn everything he touched into gold.
13. ANAPHORE
B. She is the woman I love the most, she has the face
• Repetition of a word or expression at the beginning
of Aphrodite.
of successive phrases, clauses, sentences, or verse.
9. ALLITERATION
THREE (3) EXAMPLES:
• Repetition of the beginning consonant sounds.
A. We cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we
• Important to note that not every word in the
cannot hallow this ground.
sentence has to begin with the same letter in order
B. Every day, every night, in every way, I am getting
for it to be considered alliteration.
better and better.
THREE (3) EXAMPLES: C. My life is my purpose. My life is my goal. My life is
A. Six silly swans went swimming in the sea. my inspiration.
B. Black bug bit a big black bear.
14. EPISTROPHE
C. Sheep should sleep in a shed
• Repetition of a word or expression at the end of
10. ANTITHESIS successive phrases, clauses, sentences, or verse.
• Juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas to give a
THREE (3) EXAMPLES:
feeling of balance.
A. Of all the people, by the people, for the people.
• Poetic device of putting together opposites,
B. Face the dawn, fear the dawn, own the dawn.
particularly in statement for a particular effect.
C. I swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and

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nothing but the truth. folktales, fables, and parables.

- Even if they were long, ancestors passed them down
EIGHT (8) PERIODS OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
through sharing of stories during their free time.
1. PREHISTORIC PERIOD - Youngsters were consistent and attentive listeners
• Literature was principally oral inasmuch as writing and successfully recalled them when writing finally
was not yet invented. came. They were able to translate works into written
• Most of the works are concise and poetic forms such forms.
as riddles and proverbs. - Some if groups made use of the Alibata.
- It was through writing that prehistoric literature
A. RIDDLES was preserved.
• Type of literary output which call for the audience
to guess the thing being described. 2. SPANISH PERIOD
• When the first group of colonizers came with the
B. PROVERBS
discovery of the Philippines by Magellan and the first
• Contains words of wisdom, it could talk about settlement of Spaniards in Cebu was made by Miguel
prescribed forms of conduct or statement concerning Lopez de Legazpi, many writings were lost because
accepted behavior. Note that some proverbs, the Spaniards burned them so as not to leave traces
although expressed in various tongue, are statement of Philippine literary ingenuity.
considered to be obviously true.
• The Spanish colonizers, particularly the Spanish
• It was easier for ancient Filipinos to master these
friars, whose mission was to spread Christianity
short pieces and passed them to the succeeding
exerted all efforts to convert natives into Christians
generations and to destroy all things indigenous is a part of their
EXAMPLE OF PROVERB TRANSLATED INTO agenda.
DIFFERENT LANGUAGES • Started conversion by printing religious materials.
1. Do not do unto your fellow men what you do not • Doctrina Cristiana is first being the Catholic book of
wish done to you. - English prayers and doctrines.
2. Ang masama sa iyo, huwag mong gawin sa kapwa • Pasyon by Gaspar Aquino de Belen and Mariano
mo. - Tagalog Pilapil, depicting the death of Jesus Christ, celebrated
3. Kung ano ang maraot sa imo, Dai mo gibuhon sa during Holy Week by the way of Pabasa.
iba. - Bicol • In this period, the poet Francisco Baltazar made a
4. Dili mo pagpuhaton ngaton sa uban, Ang alang name for himself the immortal allegorical work,
kamino dautan. - Cebuano Florante at Laura.
- With the passage of time, oral literature became • Popularly called Balagtas, he was immortalized by
lengthy and one of these long forms is epic. the poetic joust named Balagtasan, similar to Crisotan
which named after Crisostomo Sotto, Father of
EPIC Pampango Literature and Bukanegan of Ilocanos.
• Long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral Pedro Bukaneg, Father of Ilocano Literature.
tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of • Fr. Modesto de Castro authored the book of
heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation. etiquette consisting of letters exchanged between 2
• Examples of epic are Biag ni Lam-Ang of the Ilocos, sisters, Urbana and Felisa.
Alim and Hudhud of Ifugaos, Kumintang of Tagalogs, • The latter part of Spanish colonization was more
Ibalon of the Bicolanos, Maragtas of Visayans, and productive part of the period, the rise of
Indarapata and Sulayman of Maguindanaos propagandist led by Rizal and the revolutionist
- Prose works flourished even when the colonizers headed by Andres Bonifacio.
came. These prosaic pieces include legends, myths, • Propagandists battled for reforms and assimilation

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written in Spanish, and published their articles in the • They attacked not only the soldiers but also the
newspaper called La Solidaridad. Noli, El Fili, civilians
Graciano Lopez Jaena’s Fray’s Botod, Del Pilar’s • For this reason, writers stopped wielding pens and
Dasalan at Tocsohan. started wielding guns
• They made use of pseudonyms, Rizal as Dimas • Nihongo or nippongo was introduced, as well as
Alang or Laong Laan, Del Pilar as Plaridel, Jaena as their arts and literary forms.
Diego Laura, Jose Ma. Panganiban as Jomapa and so • Filipinos were acquainted with ikebana where the
on. art of flower arrangement, origami, tempura, and
• Revolutionists like Bonifacio, Jacinto, Mabini, and sushi which is their cru, and haiku.
Mariano Ponce who fought for independence wrote • Haiku is a short descriptive poem about nature 5-7-
in Tagalog. 5 syllables.
• They wanted an armed conflict and with the help of
the Katipuneros, staged a revolt against the Spaniards 5. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
after the secret society named KKK meaning Kataas- • Publishing companies and unions urged the writers
taasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak to write again.
ng bayan. • New award-giving bodies came out, Don Carlos
Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature, known to be
3. AMERICAN PERIOD the most prestigious and longest-running award-
• They introduced the public-school system and giving body in the field of literature, equivalent to the
English language. world well-renowned Pulitzer Prize.
• Established Philippine Normal School in 1901 and • Because of this, writers started producing works
University of the Philippines in 1908, both of each comparable to the works of foreign nationals.
were run by American government.
• Thomasites were the first English teachers. THIRTEEN (13) NOTABLE AUTHORS
Filipinos learned the language and used it. A. Lazaro Francisco H. Edgardo Reyes
• Philippine Literature in English was born. B. Amado Hernandez I. Bienvenido Santos
• Writers increased in number because of freedom of C. Jose Garcia Villa J. Lamberto E. Antonio
expression and freedom of the press. D. Alejandro Abadilla K. Emmanuel Torres
• Establishment of guilds or organizations, Poets, E. Nick Joaquin L. Bienvenido Ramos
Essayists, and Novelists (PEN). The giving of F. N. V. M. Gonzales M. Efren Abueg
incentives in a form of awards to outstanding writers G. Rogelio Sikat
• This period is the most productive not only because 6. MARTIAL LAW PERIOD
of the number of authors but also with the number of • Under the presidency of the previous presidents,
publishing companies involved in this field, literature Philippine writers enjoyed greater liberty in terms of
in various genres were considered world class. content and style.
• The 2 clashing school of thought, first the art for • September 21, 1972 is the implementation of
art’s sake dictum, Jose Garcia Villa which treats Martial Law. Their freedom was suppressed.
literary pieces as art objects subject to aesthetic • Only government publications continued to see
appreciation. Second the art for society’s sake dictum, print, the rest were discontinued.
Salvador Lopez which treats literature as instruments • Anti-government publication proliferated in the
to effect social change. form of underground publication led by Malaya.
• The lives of oppositionist writers were controlled
4. JAPANESE PERIOD
by the state.
• Writing activities in English stopped with the
• Some of them whose works were found subversive
coming of the Japanese
were silenced by means of summary execution,

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others were illegally detained and tortured. H. Bienvenido Lumbera (2006)

• After the lifting of the Martial Law on January 1, I. Lázaro Francisco (2009)
1981, the censorship of publications continued.
• Publishing companies that were remained closed 8. CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
• Nowadays, the increase number of school
did not reopen.
publications containing literary pieces, the rise of
7. POST-MARTIAL LAW PERIOD literary groups or associations, the patronage of
• The assassination of Senator Benigno Aquino on locally-produced works written in vernacular, the use
August 21, 1983 revived the nationalistic spirit in the of English and Filipino, as well as the vernacular, in
Filipino writers who, risking their lives, joined writing various forms or literature, and the
protest rallies, openly demonstrated their disgust encouragement provided by the recognition from
over the government’s handling of national affairs award-giving body of outstanding works of literature
and fearlessly displayed their collective desire to win and the monetary reward from the sale of
back not only their lost freedom of the press, but also commercially-produced works, more and more
all their other liberties writers have come up with traditional forms like
• This desire was more intense as the protest reached poems, essays, plays, short stories, and novels, and
its climax during the EDSA revolution have created novel ones such as prose and poetry.
• The EDSA Revolution of 1986 was responsible for • The influx of technological advances in the form of
the restoration of the lost freedoms, among which computers, cellphones, and other gadgets has given
was the freedom to express one’s ideas and emotions birth to new literary forms, which included and are
in writing. not limited, blogs, text, tula, and various forms of
• Equality if rights between men and women, flash fictions, graphic novel, manga, illustrated novels
women’s liberation violation of women’s rights • Under any circumstances, during peacetime or
• Similarly, LGBT writers enjoyed as much freedom wartime, nobody can prevent an individual who has
and made their voices heard through writing. the passion to write.
• Under the administration of the presidents after
Marcos’ dictatorial rule, the Filipino writers enjoyed SYMBOLISM AND ALLEGORY
the benefits of press freedom
1. SYMBOLISM
• They were able to write about any subject; they
• The use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities by
became prolific writers producing a number of
giving them symbolic meanings that are different
unforgettable works.
from their literal sense.
• To inspire the Filipino artists in the different genres
of art to excel in their respective fields, the National SYMBOL
Artist Awards were given to deserving individuals. • Something that represents something else, usually
greater than itself.
IN THE FIELD OF LITERATURE, THESE ARE THE
• Example: a tree can be a symbol of life.
NINE (9) RECIPIENT OF NATIONAL ARTIST
AWARDS 2. ALLEGORY
A. Jose Gracia Villa (1973) • Figure of speech in which abstract ideas and
B. Amado V. Hernandez (1990) principles are described in terms of characters,
C. Rolando Tinio (1992) figures, and events.
D. Edith Tiempo (1999) • Complete narrative which involves characters, and
E. Francisco Sionil Jose (2001) events that stand for an abstract idea or an event.
F. Alejandro Roces (2003)
G. Virgilio S. Almario (2003) ALLEGORIES
• Narrative that have a symbolic meaning, like fables

lOMoARcPSD|14422385

or parables. CIRILO F. BAUTISTA

• They represent some aspect of life, or life itself, and • Author of the <Third World Geography=
contain symbols. • Multi-awarded Filipino poet, fictionist, critic, and
• The fable of the ant and the grasshopper is an writer of non-fiction.
allegory of the importance of hard work and planning • Received a fellowship to attend the International
for the future. The ant is a symbol of industry and Writing Program at the University of Iowa (1968-
prevision. 1969).
• Doctor of Arts in Language and Literature from De
• The fable of the ant and the grasshopper is an
La Salle University – Manila (1990).
allegory of the importance of hard work and planning
• Received his degree in AB Literature from the
for the future. The ant is a symbol of industry and
University of Santo Tomas (magna cum laude, 1963).
prevision. • Master of Arts in Literature from Saint Louis
University in Baguio City (magna cum laude, 1968).
STYLE AND TONE
1. STYLE
• Writer’s manner of expression.
• Choice of words, sentence, structure, and of
sentence length are all aspects of style.
• Answers the question <how is it written?=
2. TONE
• The writer’s attitude toward themselves, their
subjects, and their audiences.
• Answers the question <what does it convey?=
THREE (3) WAYS ON HOW TO IDENTIFY STYLE
A. DICTION OR CHOICE OF WORDS

- Does the author use simple or complex language?
B. SENTENCE STRUCTURE
- Does the writer use brief or complex sentence?
C. AMOUNT OF DETAIL
- Does the writer go into great depth?
MOOD
• The atmosphere created from the description of the
settings and characters.
• Answers the question <what does it evoke?=
JOHN JACK G. WIGLEY

• Author of the <Home of the Ashfall.=
• His notable work is a humorous examination of his
experience as someone who was always different.
• Born in Angeles City, Pampanga.
• Product of Holy Angel University.
• Struggled as a <G.I. baby= while growing up in
Angeles City.
• Doctor of Philosophy or PhD and cum laude.

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21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

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UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION

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UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION

- Unravels man’s emotional power to define d. PARABLES

a. MYTH c. NOVELLA OR NOVELETTE

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UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION

d. AUTOBIOGRAPHY 4. CHOICE OF METER

g. LETTERS FOUR (4) EXAMPLE OF IAMBIC FOOT

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UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION

a. SIMPLE LYRIC 2. NARRATIVE POETRY

c. SPENSERIAN SONNET E. ROMANTIC DRAMA

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UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION

FIVE (5) EXAMPLES: EXAMPLE:

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UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION

• Person talked to in the poem is probably dead, a FOUR (4) EXAMPLES:

THE MARCH OF DEATH BY BIENVENIDO N. 11. OXYMORON

TWO (2) EXAMPLES: THREE (3) EXAMPLES:

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UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION

nothing but the truth. folktales, fables, and parables.

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UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION

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UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION

others were illegally detained and tortured. H. Bienvenido Lumbera (2006)

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UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION

or parables. CIRILO F. BAUTISTA

A. DICTION OR CHOICE OF WORDS

JOHN JACK G. WIGLEY

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