MUHAMMAD AHSAN ANJUM

2021-CIV-115

elEMENTARY SURVEY-II
LAB REPORT
Table of Contents
JOB NO. 1.......................................................................................................................................2
TO STUDY THEODOLITE & PRACTICE ITS CENTERING & LEVELLING.....................2
JOB NO. 1

TO STUDY THEODOLITE & PRACTICE ITS CENTERING & LEVELLING

OBJECTIVES:
These are the following objectives of this job:
i. To get familiar with various parts of theodolite.
ii. To understand the working of theodolite.
iii. To practice centering, levelling and focusing of theodolite.
APPARATUS:
Following apparatus is used in this job:
i. Theodolite
ii. Tripod Stand

RELATED THEORY:

THEODOLITE:
Theodolites are telescopic instruments with high precision used for measuring
angles in the horizontal and vertical planes.

Classification based upon Telescope

I. Transit Theodolites
Transit theodolites are those in which the telescope can be rotated in the vertical
plane along its horizontal axis.
II. Non-Transit Theodolites
In Non-transit Theodolite, telescope can’t be rotated in vertical plane along its
horizontal axis.
Classification Based upon Angle Measurement
I. Digital/ Electronic Theodolite
 Modern theodolites give angle values digitally and have replaced the earlier versions
of theodolites.
II. Vernier Theodolite
Vernier theodolites are fitted with the vernier scale.
III. Micro-optical Theodolite
The theodolite is fitted with a micrometer to read the angle.
CENTERING:
Setting of Theodolite exactly over the station mark/point is called Centering. So that
vertical axis lies immediately above the station mark. It can be done by means of
plumb bob suspended from small hook attached to the vertical axis of Theodolite, if
the shifting arrangement is provided with the instrument it helps in easy and rapid
performance of the centering.
Transiting
The method of turning the telescope about its horizontal axis in a vertical plane
through 180º is termed as transiting. Transiting results in the change of face of the
theodolite.
Face Left
It means that the vertical circle of the theodolite is on the left of the observer at the
time of taking readings. Observation taken in this position is known as face left
observation.
Face Right
It means that the vertical circle of the theodolite is on the right of the observer at the
time of taking readings. Observation taken in this position is known as face right
observation.
Line of Collimation
It is an imaginary line passing through the intersection of the cross hairs at the
diaphragm and the optical center of the object glass and its continuation.

Axis of the bubble tube

It is the straight line tangential to the longitudinal curve of the plate level tube at its
center. The axis of the plate level is horizontal when the bubble is centered.
PARTS OF THEODOLITE
 Base plate
 Leveling foot screws
 Vertical axis
 Circular Bubble
 Horizontal clamping screw along with horizontal slow motion
 Optical Plummet
 Key Board
 Vertical clamping screw along with vertical slow motion
 Telescope
 Grip Handle

Temporary adjustment of Theodolite:

Following steps are involved in the temporary adjustment of theodolite.
1. Opening the tripod stand approximately over the instrument station
point
2. Setting the theodolite over the tripod stand.
3. Bringing the leveling foot screws of the theodolite to zero level.
4. Centering the instrument and the stand over the inst. station point.
 5. Leveling
• Leveling the Plate bubble along two axis that are perpendicular to
each other.
• Leveling by adjusting the heights of the legs of the tripod stand and
using the circular bubble.
6. Centering
• Centering by using optical plummet
• Centering by using plumb line.
7. Focusing the eye-piece to clear the cross hairs image
8. Focusing the object glass to clear the object image by rotating the focusing
ring.
COMMENTS:
We came to know about terms related to theodolite traversing and also learnt
working of theodolite and how to level/center it. All the group members
practiced levelling and centering the instrument one by one which was the
main objective of this job. We also checked the function of different buttons
on the digital display of theodolite.
JOB NO. 2
TO STUDY & PRACTICE TOTAL STATION

OBJECTIVES:
These are the following objectives of this job:
I. To get familiar with various parts of total station.
II. To understand the working of total staion.
III. To practice taking readings by using total station with or without
triangular prism.

APPARATUS:
Following apparatus will be used in this job:
I. Total Station
II. Surveying Prism
III. Holder For Surveying Prism

RELATED THEORY:
It involves the following things:

TOTAL STATION:
A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying and building
construction that uses electronic transit theodolite in conjunction with an electronic distance
meter (EDM). It is also integrated with a microprocessor, electronic data collector, and storage
system.
 TYPES OF TOTAL-STAION:
These are the following types of total-stations:

I. Manual total station

II. Semiautomatic Total station
III. Automatic Total Stations

Manual total station

In this type of device, the values of horizontal and vertical angles read
manually and the value of slope distance read electronically.

Semiautomatic Total station

For these instruments, read the horizontal circle manually but the reading of
the vertical circle is displayed digitally. the values of slope distances calculate
electronically. In most cases, the values of horizontal and vertical components
could reduce by using the instruments.

Automatic total Stations

This is the most common type of total station used today. They sense both the
horizontal and vertical angles electronically and find the coordinates of
observed points and measure the slope distance, calculate the horizontal and
vertical components of those distances.

CENTERING:
Setting of Total-Station exactly over the station mark/point is called Centering. So that
vertical axis lies immediately above the station mark. It can be done by means of
optical plummet.

OPTICAL SURYEY PRISM:

Optical Survey prisms are a specially designed retro reflector, specifically a corner reflector, that is used to
reflect the Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) beam from a total station. A survey prism reflects the EDM
beam back to its source with both a wide angle of incidence and with high precision. Prisms reduce the scatter
of the beam as it is reflected back to the total which allows for both a more accurate measurement and a
longer range that the measurement can be made.
 PRISM POLE:
Prism Poles or what many call range poles are used by construction professionals and
surveyors worldwide to accurately measure the elevation of existing ground or grade by using a
variety of levels, such as total stations, automatic levels, transit levels, or even construction and
laser levels.

PARTS OF TOTAL-STATION:
A total station is composed of four main components:
I. EDM (Electronic Distance Measurement)
II. Electronic Theodolite
III. Microprocessor
IV. Electronic Display

Further Different Parts Of Electronic Theodolite are:

 Base plate
 Leveling foot screws
 Vertical axis
 Circular Bubble
 Horizontal Slow Motion
 Optical Plummet
 Key Board
 Vertical Slow Motion
 Telescope
 Grip Handle