Product: midas Civil Temperature Gradient stress Page No.

Comparison of manual calculations (V. K. Raina) and software output

Contents: Page No.

1 Problem Statement …1
2 Calculation method as in V. K. Raina …2
3 midas Civil output …3
4 V.K. Raina (Reference) Calculations …5
5 Comparision without refining calculations …6
6 Refined Calculations …7
7 Conclusion …9

1 Problem Statement
100 cm 30oC

25 cm
7oC

25 cm

20 cm 0oC
25 cm
0oC

25 cm
10oC
40 cm
Fig. 1: Section Dimensions Fig. 2: Temperature Gradient
Calculate the eigen stress in the section (Fig. 1) due to Temperature gradient
load (Fig. 2)
Modulus of Elasticity: 240000 kg/cm2
Thermal Coefficient: 1.17E-05 /oC
Product: midas Civil Temperature Gradient stress Page No. 2

Comparison of manual calculations (V. K. Raina) and software output

2 Calculation method as in V. K. Raina

Fig. 3: Eigen Strain figure (Fig 30.2 from V. K. Raina)

Resulting Equations to obtain e0 and q from the reference document are:

e0SA - qSAy = aSAt … Eq. 1

2
e0SAy - qSAy = aSAyt … Eq. 2

A= Area of each fiber y = Distance of fiber from top

SA = Total section area t = Average temperature at that fiber
Product: midas Civil Temperature Gradient stress Page No. 3

Comparison of manual calculations (V. K. Raina) and software output

3 midas Civil output

Stresses can be checked in GUI at following locations for PSC type section.

Red points in the image above represent the default locations for PSC section
Blue points represent additional locations defined for results
Additional point 1 (Blue) is at 50cm from top

Simply supported beam of 5m length is modelled in midas Civil

Beam Section Temperature is used to assign required Temperature Gradient
Product: midas Civil Temperature Gradient stress Page No. 4

Comparison of manual calculations (V. K. Raina) and software output

Stress
Position
kg/cm2 MPa
max 23.417 2.296
min -33.559 -3.291
Pos-1 -28.038 -2.749
Pos-2 -28.038 -2.749
Pos-3 -33.559 -3.291
Pos-4 -33.559 -3.291
Pos-5 21.126 2.072
Pos-6 21.126 2.072
Pos-7 23.244 2.279
Pos-8 23.244 2.279
Pos-9 9.942 0.975
Pos-10 9.942 0.975
Add-1 23.396 2.294

Position 1 (Top):

Position 4 (Bottom):
Product: midas Civil Temperature Gradient stress Page No. 5

Comparison of manual calculations (V. K. Raina) and software output

4 V. K. Raina (Reference) Calculations

A y Ay Ay 2 t At Aty
Zone 2 3 4 o
(m ) (m) (m ) (m ) ( C)
a 0.25 0.125 0.03125 0.00391 18.5 4.625 0.578125
b 0.05 0.375 0.01875 0.00703 3.5 0.175 0.065625
c 0.05 0.625 0.03125 0.01953 0.0 0.000 0.000000
d 0.10 0.875 0.08750 0.07656 5.0 0.500 0.437500
Sum 0.45 0.16875 0.10703 5.300 1.08125
SA S Ay S Ay 2
S At S Aty

Using above values, we can write equations 1 & 2 as:

e0 0.45 - q 0.16875 = 1.17E-05 x 5.300 … Eq. 3
e0 0.16875 - q 0.10703 = 1.17E-05 x 1.08125 … Eq. 4

Eq. 4 could be rewritten as:

e0 0.45 - q 0.28542 = 1.17E-05 x 2.88333 … Eq. 5

Eq. 3 - Eq. 5 will give: q = 2.42357E-04

Using q in equation 3 will give: e0 = 2.28684E-04
Product: midas Civil Temperature Gradient stress Page No. 6

Comparison of manual calculations (V. K. Raina) and software output

Eigen Stress at different levels could be tabulated as below:

y yq t at f ci = E c ( e 0 - y q - a t)
(m) ( o C) (kg/cm2)
0.000 0.000E+00 30.0 3.51E-04 -29.356 Compression
0.250 6.059E-05 7.0 8.19E-05 20.687 Tension
0.500 1.212E-04 0.0 0.00E+00 25.801 Tension
0.750 1.818E-04 0.0 0.00E+00 11.260 Tension
1.00 2.424E-04 10 1.17E-04 -31.362 Compression

5 Comparison without refining calculations

midas Civil V. K. Raina method

Stress Stress Difference (%)
Position 2
y 2
kg/cm MPa kg/cm MPa
Pos-1 -28.038 -2.749 0.000 -29.356 -2.879 -4.701
Pos-5 21.126 2.072 0.250 20.687 2.029 2.079
Add-1 25.364 2.487 0.500 25.801 2.530 -1.726
Pos-9 9.942 0.975 0.750 11.260 1.104 -13.255
Pos-4 -33.559 -3.291 1.000 -31.362 -3.075 6.547

It could be noted that the difference in results are quite huge.

However, the working theory of V.K. Raina and method adopted in midas Civil
are very much similar, so there shouldn't be such big difference!

In manual calculations done above by V. K. Raina method, the depth of fiber is

considered as 0.25m. This is depth over which the temperature gradient is
linear in the example being considered. This assumption should have given a
fair estimate of stress due to temperature gradient. But, we need to be sure.

Due to difference in method by V. K. Raina calculations and the output provided

midas Civil, V. K.Raina method is further optimized and calculations are done
using a fiber depth of 0.05m. Same process with finer fibers.
Product: midas Civil Temperature Gradient stress Page No. 7

Comparison of manual calculations (V. K. Raina) and software output

6 Refined Calculations
The section is now divided into 20 zones instead of 4 as done earlier.
The fiber depth is now 50mm as compared to 250mm in earlier calculations.

A y Ay Ay 2 t At Aty
Zone
(m 2 ) (m) (m 3 ) (m 4 ) ( o C)
1 0.05 0.025 0.00125 0.00003 27.70 1.385 0.034625
2 0.05 0.075 0.00375 0.00028 23.10 1.155 0.086625
3 0.05 0.125 0.00625 0.00078 18.50 0.925 0.115625
4 0.05 0.175 0.00875 0.00153 13.90 0.695 0.121625
5 0.05 0.225 0.01125 0.00253 9.30 0.465 0.104625
6 0.01 0.275 0.00275 0.00076 6.30 0.063 0.017325
7 0.01 0.325 0.00325 0.00106 4.90 0.049 0.015925
8 0.01 0.375 0.00375 0.00141 3.50 0.035 0.013125
9 0.01 0.425 0.00425 0.00181 2.10 0.021 0.008925
10 0.01 0.475 0.00475 0.00226 0.70 0.007 0.003325
11 0.01 0.525 0.00525 0.00276 0.00 0.000 0.000000
12 0.01 0.575 0.00575 0.00331 0.00 0.000 0.000000
13 0.01 0.625 0.00625 0.00391 0.00 0.000 0.000000
14 0.01 0.675 0.00675 0.00456 0.00 0.000 0.000000
15 0.01 0.725 0.00725 0.00526 0.00 0.000 0.000000
16 0.02 0.775 0.01550 0.01201 1.00 0.020 0.015500
17 0.02 0.825 0.01650 0.01361 3.00 0.060 0.049500
18 0.02 0.875 0.01750 0.01531 5.00 0.100 0.087500
19 0.02 0.925 0.01850 0.01711 7.00 0.140 0.129500
20 0.02 0.975 0.01950 0.01901 9.00 0.180 0.175500
Sum 0.45 0.16875 0.10928 5.300 0.97925
SA S Ay S Ay 2 S At S Aty

It could be noted here that S Ay 2 & S Aty values are changing as compared to
earlier calculation, other values staying the same.
Thus, final results would be different.
Product: midas Civil Temperature Gradient stress Page No. 8

Comparison of manual calculations (V. K. Raina) and software output

Using above values, we can write equations 1 & 2 as:

e0 0.45 - q 0.16875 = 1.17E-05 x 5.300 … Eq. 6
e0 0.16875 - q 0.10928 = 1.17E-05 x 0.97925 … Eq. 7
Eq. 7 could be rewritten as:
e0 0.45 - q 0.29142 = 1.17E-05 x 2.61133 … Eq. 8
Eq. 6 - Eq. 8 will give: q = 2.56446E-04 ≠ 2.42357E-04
Using q in equation 6 will give: e0 = 2.33967E-04 ≠ 2.28684E-04

Eigen Stress at different levels could be tabulated as below:

y yq t at f ci = E c ( e 0 - y q - a t)
(m) ( o C) (kg/cm2)
0.00 0.00000E+00 30.00 3.51E-04 -28.088 Compression
0.05 1.28223E-05 25.40 2.97E-04 -18.248 Compression
0.10 2.56446E-05 20.80 2.43E-04 -8.409 Compression
0.15 3.84669E-05 16.20 1.90E-04 1.430 Tension
0.20 5.12892E-05 11.60 1.36E-04 11.270 Tension
0.25 6.41115E-05 7.00 8.19E-05 21.109 Tension
0.30 7.69339E-05 5.60 6.55E-05 21.963 Tension
0.35 8.97562E-05 4.20 4.91E-05 22.817 Tension
0.40 1.02578E-04 2.80 3.28E-05 23.671 Tension
0.45 1.15401E-04 1.40 1.64E-05 24.525 Tension
0.50 1.28223E-04 0.00 0.00E+00 25.379 Tension
0.55 1.41045E-04 0.00 0.00E+00 22.301 Tension
0.60 1.53868E-04 0.00 0.00E+00 19.224 Tension
0.65 1.66690E-04 0.00 0.00E+00 16.147 Tension
0.70 1.79512E-04 0.00 0.00E+00 13.069 Tension
0.75 1.92335E-04 0.00 0.00E+00 9.992 Tension
0.80 2.05157E-04 2.00 2.34E-05 1.298 Tension
0.85 2.17979E-04 4.00 4.68E-05 -7.395 Compression
0.90 2.30802E-04 6.00 7.02E-05 -16.088 Compression
0.95 2.43624E-04 8.00 9.36E-05 -24.782 Compression
1.00 2.56446E-04 10.00 1.17E-04 -33.475 Compression
Product: midas Civil Temperature Gradient stress Page No. 9

Comparison of manual calculations (V. K. Raina) and software output

7 Conclusion

Changing the fiber depth considered in V.K. Raina method significantly affects
the stress results. Lesser fiber depth gives more accurate results.
A comparison of midas Civil output with refined calculation is as below.

midas Civil Refined V. K. Raina method

Stress Stress Difference (%)
Position y
kg/cm2 MPa kg/cm2 MPa
Pos-1 -28.038 -2.749 0.000 -28.088 -2.754 -0.179
Pos-5 21.126 2.072 0.250 21.109 2.070 0.079
Add-1 25.364 2.487 0.500 25.379 2.489 -0.059
Pos-9 9.942 0.975 0.750 9.992 0.980 -0.501
Pos-4 -33.559 -3.291 1.000 -33.475 -3.283 0.249

On further calculating with fiber depth of 0.001m, the comparison is as below.

midas Civil Refined V. K. Raina method

Stress Stress Difference (%)
Position 2
y 2
kg/cm MPa kg/cm MPa
Pos-1 -28.0377 -2.749 0.000 -28.0396 -2.750 -0.007
Pos-5 21.1260 2.072 0.250 21.1275 2.072 -0.007
Add-1 25.3636 2.487 0.500 25.3636 2.487 0.000
Pos-9 9.9420 0.975 0.750 9.9424 0.975 -0.004
Pos-4 -33.5585 -3.291 1.000 -33.5608 -3.291 -0.007

Thus, it could be concluded that the method as adopted in midas Civil for
temperature gradient calculations is more refined and exact.