₢

PHYS II
Electricity and Magnetism Mechanical Wave and
Optics
1. Electric Field and Gauss’s Law (Ch22,23)
❖Vibration and wave (Ch15-17)
2. Electric potential
❖Optics (Ch34-37)
3. Capacitance
4. Electric Circuits (Ch26,27)
5. Magnetism (Ch28, 29)
6. Induced electricity (Ch30, 31)
7. AC Circuits

1
 Induced electricity

We finished studying the topics of electricity and magnetism separately. This chapter we
are going to study their connection. We break this chapter into two parts
❖ Chapter 30: Faraday's Law
❖ Chapter 31: Inductance
➢ In Chapter 30, we will learn how to generate electricity by using magnetic field
and conductor.
➢ In Chapter 31, the topic is structurally similar to the topic of capacitance in
chapter 25. We will introduce another circuit element, the inductor, and study
RL circuits.

2
Chapter 30: Faraday's Law

1. Motional EMF
2. Faraday's Law
3. AC Generators
4. Lenz's Law

3
 Chapter 30: Faraday's Law
Using Magnetic Field and Conductor to Induce EP

Magnetic Field
(Magnet) Electricity
induce Voltage (EMF) Induced EMF
Conductor (rod, loop)
current
Change

Example: changing magnetic field create (induce) electric field

4
Motional EMF: Using Magnetic Field and Conductive Rod to Induce EP

Magnetic Field
(Magnet) Induced EMF
Voltage (EMF)
induce
Conductive Rod Current Motional EMF
Movement of Rod

How?

𝐵 𝑣Ԧ 𝜀
Conductor has free charges,
Conductor moving in the B-field
(= charges moving in the B-field)
Moving charge in the B-field experience force

Conductor moving in B Battery 𝜀

5
Motional EMF: Using Magnetic Field and Conductive Rod to Induce EP

⊕⊕⊕⊕
𝐹Ԧ𝐵
𝑙 𝑣Ԧ
𝑣Ԧ
𝐹Ԧ𝐵 𝐹𝑒 = 𝐹𝐵
𝐵 𝜀 𝐹Ԧ𝑒
⊝⊝⊝⊝
⊕ 𝑣Ԧ
∆𝑉 𝜀
𝑞𝐸 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 𝐸= =
∆𝑥 𝑙

Conductor moving in B Battery 𝜀

𝜀 = 𝑣𝐵𝑙

6
Motional EMF: Using Magnetic Field and Conductive Rod To Induce EP
Conductor moving in B Battery 𝜀 𝜀 = 𝑣𝐵𝑙

EX-1 An airplane with a wingspan of 30.0 m flies due north

North
at a location where the downward component of Earth’s
magnetic field is 6.00 × 10−5 𝑇. There is also a component
pointing due north that has a magnitude of 5.00 × 10 −5 𝑇.
a) Find the difference in potential between the wingtips
𝑣Ԧ
when the speed of the plane is 2.50 × 102 𝑚/𝑠.
b) Which wingtip is positive?

𝑣 2.50 × 102
𝐵 6.00 × 10−5 𝑇
𝑙 30.0 m 𝐵 downward component

𝐵 (north) 5.00 × 10−5 𝑇

** B-field along the motion direction has no contribution 𝜀

7
 Motional EMF: Using Magnetic Field and Conductive Rod to Induce EP
Conductor moving in B Battery 𝜀 𝜀 = 𝑣𝐵𝑙

EX-2 Consider the arrangement shown in the

𝑣 ?
Figure. Assume R = 6.00 Ω, 𝑙 = 1.20 m, and a
𝐵 2.50 𝑇 𝑅
uniform 2.50-T magnetic field is directed into the
page. At what speed should the bar be moved to 𝑙 1.20 m 𝜀
produce a current of 0.500 A in the resistor? 𝑅 6.00 
𝐼 0.500 A 𝜀 𝑣𝐵𝑙
𝐼= =
𝑅 𝑅

𝑭𝒂𝒑𝒑
𝒍 𝑣
𝑅

Typical questions for Motional EMF 𝜀 = 𝑣𝐵𝑙

(a). Calculate the motional EMF
𝜀
(b). Calculate the induced current 𝐼=
(c). How much power used by the resistor? 𝑅
(d). What is the induced current direction? 𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑅
Figure (a)
8
 Motional EMF: Using Magnetic Field and Conductive Rod to Induce EP
Conductor moving in B Battery 𝜀 𝜀 = 𝑣𝐵𝑙
EX-3
a) The sliding bar in the figure has a length of 0.500 m and moves at 2.00 m/s in a magnetic field of
magnitude 0.250 T. Using the concept of motional EMF, find the induced voltage in the moving rod.
b) If the resistance in the circuit is 0.500 Ω, find the current in the circuit and the power delivered to the 𝑅
resistor. (Note: The current in this case goes counterclockwise around the loop.) 𝜀
c) Calculate the magnetic force on the bar.
d) Use the concepts of work and power to calculate the applied force. 𝜀
𝐼= 𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑅
𝑅

𝑎) 𝜀 =? 𝑣 2.00𝑚/𝑠

b) 𝐼 =? 𝐵 0.250 𝑇

𝑃 =? 𝑙 0.500 m
𝑭𝒂𝒑𝒑 c) Ch-19 Direction: RHR 𝑅 0.500 
𝑅 𝒍 𝐹𝐵 = 𝐼𝐿𝐵 sin 𝜃
d)

d) Energy is conserved:
Power generated by the applied force
equal the power used by the resistor. 𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑅 = 𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝 𝑣

9
 Motional emf 𝜀 = 𝑣𝐵𝑙

EX-U01 The conducting bar illustrated in the Figure

moves on two frictionless, parallel rails in the presence
of a uniform magnetic field directed into the page. The 𝜀 𝑣𝐵𝑙
𝐼 𝑡 = =
bar has mass m, and its length is 𝑙. The bar is given an 𝑅 𝑅
initial velocity 𝑣Ԧ 𝑖 to the right and is released at t = 0.
(A) Using Newton’s laws, find the velocity of the bar 𝐹𝐵 = 𝐼𝑙𝐵 𝑣(𝑡)
as a function of time.
(B) Show that the same result is found by using an
energy approach.

𝑑𝑣
𝐹𝐵 = 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚
𝑑𝑡
𝒗𝒊
𝑅 𝒍
Rod’s kinetic energy deceasing rate =
Power used by the resistor
Chapter 30: Faraday's Law

1. Motional EMF
2. Faraday's Law
3. AC Generators
4. Lenz's Law

11
 Faraday's Law
Useful for more general situations
induced EMF = Magnetic flux (Φ𝐵 ) changing rate

∆Φ𝐵 Closed conductor loop

𝜀 = −𝑁 N: number of turns
∆𝑡

Direction information
Later on Lenz's Law will take care of it

𝑣Ԧ ∆Φ𝐵
𝑅 𝒍 𝜀 = −𝑁 𝜀 = 𝑣𝐵𝑙
∆𝑡
Faraday's Law

Φ𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐵(𝑙𝑥)
𝒙
∆Φ𝐵 ∆𝑥
= 𝐵𝑙 = 𝑣𝐵𝑙
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡

12
 Faraday’s Law
Useful for more general situation
induced emf = Magnetic Flex (Φ𝐵 ) changing rate

𝑑Φ𝐵 Closed conductor loop

𝜀 = −𝑁 N: number of turns
𝑑𝑡

Direction information
Later on Lenz’s law will take care of it

𝑣Ԧ
𝑅 𝒍 𝑑Φ𝐵
𝜀 = −𝑁 𝜀 = 𝑣𝐵𝑙
𝑑𝑡
Faraday’s Law

Φ𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐵(𝑙𝑥)
𝒙
𝑑Φ𝐵 𝑑𝑥
= 𝐵𝑙 = 𝑣𝐵𝑙
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 Faraday's Law
∆Φ𝐵 Closed conductor loop
𝜀 = −𝑁 N: number of turns
∆𝑡

Direction information
Later on Lenz's Law will take care of it
𝐵
EX-4 A coil consists of 200 turns of wire. Each turn
is a square of side d = 18 cm, and a uniform
magnetic field directed perpendicular to the plane of
the coil is turned on. If the field changes linearly changes linearly
from 0 to 0.50 T in 0.80 s, what is the magnitude of
the induced EMF in the coil while the field is
changing?
∆𝑡 = 0.80 𝑠
𝑁 200 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
1. Draw a figure
𝑑 0.18 m Φ𝐵𝑖 = 𝐵𝑖 𝐴 = 0
2. B direction?
3. Loop direction (⏊ surface)? 𝐵𝑓 0.50 T
4. Calculate Φ𝐵 Φ𝐵𝑓 = 𝐵𝑓 𝐴 = 𝐵𝑓 𝑑 2
𝜃 0°
∆Φ𝐵 𝐵𝑓 𝑑 2
Φ𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃

14
 Faraday's Law
∆Φ𝐵 𝐴Ԧ
𝜀 = −𝑁
Closed conductor loop 𝑧
∆𝑡 N: number of turns 𝐵
𝑦
EX-5 A conducting circular loop of radius 0.250 m is placed
in the xy-plane in a uniform magnetic field of 0.360 T that
𝑟 0.250 m
points in the positive z-direction, the same direction as the
normal to the plane. 𝑥 𝐵 0.360 T
𝜃 0°
a) Calculate the magnetic flux through the loop.
b) Suppose the loop is rotated clockwise around the x-axis, ∆Φ𝐵𝑖 𝐵𝜋𝑟 2
so the normal direction now points at a 45.0° angle with
𝑧
respect to the z-axis. Recalculate the magnetic flux 𝑟 0.250 m
through the loop. 𝐵 0.360 T
c) What is the change in flux due to the rotation of the
𝑦 𝜃 45.0°
loop?
∆Φ𝐵𝑓 𝐵𝜋𝑟 2 cos 45.0°
1. Draw a figure 𝑁 1 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
2. B direction? 𝑥
∆Φ𝐵
3. Loop direction (⏊ surface)? 45.0° ∆Φ𝐵 = Φ𝐵𝑓 − Φ𝐵𝑖 =
4. Calculate Φ𝐵 𝐴Ԧ
𝐵
Φ𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃

15
 ∆Φ𝐵
Faraday's Law 𝜀 = −𝑁
∆𝑡

EX-6 A coil with 25 turns of wire is wrapped on a frame

with a square cross section 1.80 cm on a side. Each turn
has the same area, equal to that of the frame, and the total 𝐴Ԧ 𝐴Ԧ
resistance of the coil is 0.350 Ω. An applied uniform 𝑧 𝑧
𝐵 𝐵
magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the coil, as
shown in the Figure.
a) If the field changes uniformly from 0.00 T to 0.500 T
𝑦 𝑦
in 0.800 s, what is the induced EMF in the coil while
the field is changing?
b) Find the magnitude 𝑥 𝑥
c) Find the direction of the induced current in the coil
while the field is changing.
Φ𝐵𝑖 = 𝐵𝑖 𝐴 = 𝐵𝑖 𝑑 2 Φ𝐵𝑓 = 𝐵𝑓 𝐴 = 𝐵𝑓 𝑑 2

1. Draw a figure 𝑁 25 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠

2. B direction? ∆Φ𝐵 ∆Φ𝐵 = Φ𝐵𝑓 − Φ𝐵𝑖 = 𝐵𝑖 0
3. Loop direction (⏊ surface)? ∆𝑡 0.800 s 𝐵𝑓 0.500 T
4. Calculate Φ𝐵
𝑅 0.35  c) Direction: Lenz's Law 𝑑 0.018 m

Φ𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃

16
 ∆Φ𝐵
Faraday's Law 𝜀 = −𝑁
∆𝑡

HW
𝑨
The flexible loop as shown in the figure has a
radius of 12 cm and is in a magnetic field of
strength 0.15 T. The loop is grasped at points A
and B and stretched until its area is nearly zero. If
it takes 0.20 s to close the loop, what is the
magnitude of the average induced EMF in it
during this time?
𝑩

Φ𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃 𝐴𝑖 𝜋𝑟 2
𝐴𝑓 0

17
 ∆Φ𝐵
Faraday's Law 𝜀 = −𝑁
∆𝑡

HW
A square, single-turn wire loop 𝑙 = 1.00 𝑐𝑚 on a side is
𝑟
placed inside a solenoid that has a circular cross section
of radius 𝑟 = 3.00 𝑐𝑚, as shown in the end view of the
Figure. The solenoid is 20.0 cm long and wound with 𝑙
100 turns of wire.
a) If the current in the solenoid is 3.00 A, what is the 𝑙
flux through the square loop?
b) If the current in the solenoid is reduced to zero in
3.00 s, what is the magnitude of the average
induced EMF in the square loop? 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼

Φ𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐵𝑙 2
𝐼𝑖 3.00 𝐴
𝐼𝑓 0 𝐵𝑖 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼𝑖

𝐵𝑓 = 0

18
 Faraday’s Law
𝑑Φ𝐵
𝜀 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡

EX-U02 A loop of wire enclosing an area A is

placed in a region where the magnetic field is
perpendicular to the plane of the loop. The
magnitude of varies in time according to the
expression 𝐵 = 𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 , where a is some 𝐵
constant. That is, at t = 0, the field is 𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 , and for
t > 0, the field decreases exponentially. Find the
induced emf in the loop as a function of time.

Φ𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴

𝐵 = 𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
𝑑Φ𝐵
=
𝑑𝑡
 𝑑Φ𝐵
Faraday’s Law 𝜀 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡

HW-U01 A loop of wire in the shape of a rectangle of width

w and length L and a long, straight wire carrying a current I 1. Given I, calculate Φ𝐵
𝑑Φ𝐵
lie on a tabletop as shown in Figure P31.8. 2. 𝑑𝑡
(a) Determine the magnetic flux through the loop due to the
current I. induced current direction
(b) Suppose the current is changing with time according to
𝐼 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑡, where a and b are constants. Determine the Lenz’s law
emf that is induced in the loop if b = 10.0 A/s, h = 1.00
cm, w = 10.0 cm, and L = 100 cm.
(c) What is the direction of the induced current in the
rectangle?

𝐿
 𝑑Φ𝐵
Faraday’s Law 𝜀 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡

HW-U02 A coil of 15 turns and radius 10.0 cm 15 turns and radius 10.0 cm
surrounds a long solenoid of radius 2.00 cm and
1000 turns/m (Fig.). The current in the solenoid
changes as 𝐼 = (5.00 𝐴) sin 120𝑡. Find the induced
emf in the 15-turn coil as a function of time.

solenoid
𝐼 1000 turns/m
current 𝐼 = (5.00 𝐴) sin 120𝑡
Chapter 30: Faraday's Law

1. Motional EMF
2. Faraday's Law
3. AC Generators
4. Lenz's Law

22
 ∆Φ𝐵
Faraday's Law and AC Generators 𝜀 = −𝑁
∆𝑡

𝑨 Cross Area

Φ𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡
∆Φ𝐵
Math!
∆𝑡
𝜀 = 𝜀𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡

𝜀𝑚 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔

23
 𝑑Φ𝐵
Faraday’s Law 𝜀 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡
AC Generators

𝑨 Cross Area

Φ𝐵 = 𝐵 ∙ 𝐴Ԧ = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡

𝑑Φ𝐵
𝑑𝑡
𝜀 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜀𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡

𝜀𝑚 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔
 𝑑Φ𝐵
Faraday’s Law 𝜀 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡
AC Generators
𝜀 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜀𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝜀𝑚 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔
EX

The coil in an AC generator consists of 8 turns of wire,

HW-U03 In a 250-turn automobile alternator, the
each of area 𝐴 = 0.09 𝑚2 , and the total resistance of the
magnetic flux in each turn is Φ𝐵 = (2.50 ×
wire is 12.0 Ω. The coil rotates in a 0.500-T magnetic
10 −4 𝑊𝑏) cos 𝜔𝑡, where 𝜔 is the angular speed of the
field at a constant frequency of 60.0 Hz.
alternator. The alternator is geared to rotate three times
(A)Find the maximum induced emf in the coil.
for each engine revolution. When the engine is running
(B)What is the maximum induced current in the coil when
at an angular speed of 1000 rev/min.
the output terminals are connected to a low-resistance
(a) Determine the induced emf in the alternator as a
conductor?
function of time.
(b) Determine the maximum emf in the alternator.
✓ 𝑁
✓ 𝐵
✓ 𝐴
✓ 𝜔 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
✓ 𝑅
 AC Generators
𝜀 = 𝜀𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝜀𝑚 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔
HW
A flat coil enclosing an area of 0.10 𝑚2 is rotating at 60 rev/s,
with its axis of rotation perpendicular to a 0.20-T magnetic field.
a) If there are 1,000 turns on the coil, what is the maximum
voltage induced in the coil? 𝑓 = 60 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑠
b) When the maximum induced voltage occurs, what is the 𝑓 = 60 𝐻𝑧
orientation of the coil with respect to the magnetic field?

✓ 𝑁
✓ 𝐵
✓ 𝐴
✓ 𝜔
✓ 𝑅 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓

26
Chapter 30: Faraday's Law

1. Motional EMF
2. Faraday's Law
3. AC Generators
4. Lenz's Law

27
 Lenz's Law
** The induced current in a loop is
Magnetic Field Electricity in the direction that creates a
(Magnet) induce Induced EMF
magnetic field that opposes the
change in magnetic flux through
the area enclosed by the loop.
Conductor (rod, loop) Induced current (Lenz's Law from textbook)

Enemies to each other

Original Group Induced Group

5th step
1st step Original 𝑩 Induced 𝑩 RHR find direction
direction direction of induced current

𝐵𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑝𝑝. 𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑖

∆Φ𝐵 sign
𝐵𝑖𝑛𝑑 same as 𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑖

2nd step 3rd step 4th step

28
 Lenz’s Law
Original 𝑩 Induced 𝑩
direction direction
𝐵𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑝𝑝. 𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑖
∆Φ𝐵 sign
𝐵𝑖𝑛𝑑 same as 𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑖

HW Changing B Inducing emf in a Coil

Original 𝑩 Induced 𝑩
direction direction
𝐵𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑝𝑝. 𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑖
∆Φ𝐵 sign

RHR
∆𝑡 = 1.00 𝑠

current
 Lenz's Law
Original 𝑩 Induced 𝑩
direction direction
𝐵𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑝𝑝. 𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑖
∆Φ𝐵 sign
𝐵𝑖𝑛𝑑 same as 𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑖

EX-7 If the field changes uniformly from 0.00 T to

Original 𝑩 Induced 𝑩
0.500 T in 0.800 s, Find the direction of the induced direction direction
current in the coil while the field is changing.
𝐵𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑝𝑝. 𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑖
∆Φ𝐵 sign
𝐴Ԧ
𝑧
𝐵

Φ𝐵𝑖 = 𝐵𝑖 𝐴 = 0 current
𝑦
RHR
2
Φ𝐵𝑓 = 𝐵𝑓 𝐴 = 𝐵𝑓 𝑑
𝑥

30
 Lenz's Law
EX-8 As shown in the figure, find the
induced current direction when the Original 𝑩 Induced 𝑩
conductor rod moving to the right. direction direction
𝐵𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑝𝑝. 𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑖
∆Φ𝐵 sign

𝑣Ԧ
𝑅 𝒍

RHR

current

Φ𝐵𝑖 Φ𝐵𝑓 ∆Φ𝐵 > 0

31
 Lenz's Law
EX-9 A magnet is placed near a metal loop as shown in
the Figure (a) and (b).
a) Find the direction of the induced current in the loop
when the magnet is pushed toward the loop. S N S N
b) Find the direction of the induced current in the loop
when the magnet is pulled away from the loop.

current

Original 𝑩 Induced 𝑩
direction direction
S N
∆Φ𝐵 sign
𝐵𝑖𝑛𝑑 same as 𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑖

RHR

32
 Lenz's Law
EX-10 A rectangular conductor loop moves with constant speed 𝑣 to a) Region 2 current is clockwise; Region 3
the right, as in the Figure. The loop passes through a uniform magnetic current is counterclockwise; Region 4
field 𝐵 (directed into the page) in a rectangular region of space. current is counterclockwise.
Outside this region there is no magnetic field. Which one of the b) Region 2 current is counterclockwise;
following options correctly describes the induced current in the
Region 3 current is clockwise; Region 4
rectangular loop as it passes through positions 2, 3, and 4?
current is clockwise.
c) Region 2 current is clockwise; Region 3
current is zero; Region 4 current is
        counterclockwise.
        d) Region 2 current is counterclockwise;
        Region 3 current is zero; Region 4
        current is clockwise.
       
       

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Region 5

33
 Lenz's Law
HW HW

Find the direction of the current in the resistor Three loops of wire move near a long straight
shown in the Figure wire carrying a current as in the Figure. What
a) at the instant the switch is closed, is the direction of the induced current, if any, in
b) after the switch has been closed for a) loop A,
several minutes, b) loop B,
c) at the instant the switch is opened. c) loop C.

𝑣Ԧ
𝑰
𝐴
𝑣Ԧ

𝑣Ԧ
𝐶

34
 Lenz's Law

HW
A bar magnet is positioned near a coil of wire, as
shown in Figure. What is the direction of the
current in the resistor when the magnet is moved
a) to the left
b) to the right
HW
What is the direction of the current
induced in the resistor R immediately
after the switch S in Figure (b) is closed?

35
 Lenz's Law

HW
What is the direction of the induced
current in R when the current I in the
Figure decreases rapidly to zero?
HW
A copper bar is moved to the right while its axis is
maintained in a direction perpendicular to a
magnetic field as shown in the Figure. If the top of
the bar becomes positive relative to the bottom, what
is the direction of the magnetic field?

Current decrease

36
As shown the Figure, the bar magnet is
moved toward the loop. Is 𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑏 positive,
negative, or zero? Explain your reasoning.
 Induced Electric Field
𝑑Φ𝐵 Induced emf is caused by the
𝜀 = −𝑁 𝜀 = ර 𝐸𝑖𝑛 ∙ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ
𝑑𝑡 Induced electric field

𝑑𝐵
>0
𝑑𝑡
𝐸𝑖𝑛

𝜀 = ර 𝐸𝑖𝑛 ∙ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ = 𝐸𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋𝑟)

𝐸𝑖𝑛
 Induced Electric Field
𝑑Φ𝐵
𝜀 = −𝑁 𝜀 = ර 𝐸𝑖𝑛 ∙ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ
𝑑𝑡
EX-U03 A long solenoid of radius R has n turns of wire per unit
length and carries a time-varying current that varies sinusoidally
as 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 cos 𝜔𝑡, where 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 is the maximum current and 𝜔 is 𝑅
the angular frequency of the alternating current source.
(A) Determine the magnitude of the induced electric field outside
the solenoid at a distance r > R from its long central axis. 𝑟
(B) What is the magnitude of the induced electric field inside the
solenoid, a distance r from its axis?

𝑅
𝐸𝑖𝑛

𝜀 = ර 𝐸𝑖𝑛 ∙ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ = 𝐸𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑟)

Φ𝐵 = 𝐵(𝜋𝑅 2 )
𝑟

𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 cos𝜔𝑡 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼
 Induced Electric Field
𝑑Φ𝐵
𝜀 = −𝑁 𝜀 = ර 𝐸𝑖𝑛 ∙ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ
𝑑𝑡

HW-U04 As shown in the Figure, the magnetic field changes

𝑅
with time according to the expression 𝐵 = (2.00𝑡 3 −
4.00𝑡 2 + 0.800) 𝑇, and 𝑟2 = 2𝑅 = 5.00 𝑐𝑚.
(a) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the force exerted 𝑟
on an electron located at point 𝑃2 when t 2.00 s.
(b) At what instant is this force equal to zero?

𝐸𝑖𝑛
𝑃2
𝑷𝟏 𝑟2 𝜀 = ර 𝐸𝑖𝑛 ∙ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ = 𝐸𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑟)
𝒓𝟐
Φ𝐵 = 𝐵(𝜋𝑅 2 )

𝑹 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼
Electric Force

𝐹Ԧ𝑒 = 𝑞𝐸𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑖𝑛