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BIOLOGY

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 Cancidae.

lycopersicum
 labelled

,
micro organisms
the
.
if the stage known it will be class
( )
Stored food
, Polysulphate ester
RF^ƴTZWNXM

,
gymnos

cells
Note:

Ectocarpus, Kelp, Polysiphonia - Haplo-diplontic life cycle

Fucus - Diplontic life cycle

 water canal system

water canal system

water canal system

 d

Exclusively

.
(development is direct)
 Exclusively

branchae

autotomy

Exclusively Marine
 (acorn worm)

regions of larva is persistent.

‘ ’

and
 (bear 4 limbs)

stream
 TETRAPODA

in adults.
 INFLORESCENCE

meristematic

areas)

g g

Eichhornia
g
a form
 Zygomorphic

(in respect of ovary)

a
 r

(Papilionoideae)

muliathi

um

um.

2
3. Liliaceae

T
Intercalary
Meristem Phloem
 Tracheid
Vessels

companion
vacuole
 space

casparian strips

between

Root hair

Epidermis

Cortex
Endodermis

Pericycle
Phloem
Protoxylem

Pith

Metaxylem

Epidermal Epidermis
hair
Collenchyma
Parenchyma
Endodermis
Pericycle

Phloem

Cambium

Metaxylem

Protoxylem

Pith
Ground
Tissue

Bundle Sheath

Xylem Adaxial
Epidermis
Phloem

Palisade Mesophyll

Air Cavity

Spongy Mesophyll

Substomatal
Cavity
Stomata
Abaxial
Epidermis

bundle sheath
e
FSIƳGWJXFWJQTTXJQ^
 QFHZSFJ\NYMNS

4WNJSYFYNTSTK
ƳGWJXXMT\FWJLZQFWUFYYJWS(TQQFLJSƳGWJXFWJ

4WNJSYFYNTSTK
ƳGWJXXMT\FNWWJLZQFWUFYYJWS-FXƳGWTGQFXY RFS^
 to contract as a unit.
When one cell receives a signal to contract its neighbouring
cell are also stimulated to contract.
parts
 (Unsegmented)

its includes ileum, colon & rectum. Rectum

open out through anus.

on 7th, 8th &

(9 & 10 segment)
th th
9th segment
 .B

, it is called

4th - 6th
 as

in oothecae.
PROKARYOTIC
 Seenn

from
,
 S

neighbouring
neighbouring
in
 ( )

Aleuroplasts

t
NUCLEUS

Nuclear Envelope

Nuclear Pore
Nucleolus

Chromatin
Chromosomes
S S S
S
for nucleotides of RNA and DNA respectively.
 s
e

e
StarchStarch holds I2 molecules in the helical portion giving blue colour.

Z etc.

& .

f
X-Y
-
-

C-C X-Y+C=C
 M

Prophase

):

remains same.
G2 phase (GAP 2 Or Growth 2)
behaviour

t
holding
Transported
molecules
w
S

in or out
 es

bl h h h

p
͕ĂĸŶŝƚLJďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂĚƐŽƌďĂŶƚĂŶĚůŝƋƵŝĚ͘

two

Ğ
͘
- A compromise
 Cu, Cl, Mn, Mo, Zn, B, Fe, Ni
C, H, O, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S

-1
2

2+
2+

2+
3 2
manganous ions (Mn2+)
IJƳHNJSH^X^RUYTRX
 form

in

2
(Pea), Frankia (Alnus).
 3

2
i

3
 3 4

Glutamate
α-Ketoglutaric acid + NH4 + NADPH Glutamate + NADP + H2O
dehydrogenase

p particularly high nitrogen

 t

IE
showed
( )
(3 C)
a

It forms other 4-carbon

compounds like malic acid
or aspartic acid in
mesophyll cells.
C2 Cycle
in dim light.
2
c

surface
catalytic F1

2 2
 2

51

0.8 - 0.9
their axis.

Growth of pollen tube is measured in terms of its length.

Growth in dorsi ventral leaf is measured by surface area.
primary thin & cellulosic RTINƳHFYNTS
b tain the
perform

elastic
bium, cork cambium)
 (

acid) are synthetic auxins.

 .

1 2’ 3 S

S
 6

cell division.
Enhances
S , A
ROLE OF LIGHT AND TEMPERATURE

so

(LIGHT)
(TEMPERATURE)

cold treatment
Processes of Digestion

s
 , near to ear

, bile salts.
( )

ptyalin (salivary amylase)

 (Pancreatic Amylase)

Actual amount of energy released by the combustion of Ig of food is the physiologic value of food. (Kcal)
concentration
Faeces are retained within the colon. It is due to decreased peristalsis in colon.

HFQTWNƳH
SYSTEM
 alveoli

(
Transport of respiratory gases (O2
transport and CO2 transport)
 one can inspire by

one can breathe in after a forced expiration or Volume of air

 bronchiole

FACTORS FOR DIFFUSION OF GASES

es
 is less than 1 mm)

for

haemoglobin
oxyhaemoglobin.
with haemoglobin depends upon pO2, pCO2,
H ion concentration pH and temperature.
+

oxyhaemoglobin.
oxyhaemoglobin.
 A

haemoglobin: haemoglobin.
and diffuses into the alveoli.

2
 pCO2

pCO2

centre

Rhythm centre takes remedial action by increasing breathing rate or depth of breathing and thereby
eliminates the toxic substance from blood.
 is the
major cause.

, animal
dander etc.

.SƴFRRFYNTSTKGWTSHMN alveolar walls

FSIGWTSHMNTQJXHFZXJ
wheezing.
,

M
Constituents of Plasma

CO2, O2, N2 etc.

- involved in immune reactions.

 involved in immune responses,

Bone marrows from megakaryocytes through fragmentation.

homeostasis
 in the RBC membrane.
Nearly 80% of humans are Rh+ve.

: Rh antibodies are not natural antibodies. Rh -ve persons develop Rh antibodies

when they are introduced with Rh +ve blood. It causes agglutination. Therefore, Rh-group should be
matched before transfusion.

s. may cause severe anaemia and jaundice to the baby.

\NYMHTQQFLJSƳGWJX
 .

into

70% of blood reaches ventricles, passively during joint diastole.

. Deoxygenated blood is carried to right atrium.
 y

Regulates normal heart activities

T
drained
(FQHNZRKFYHMTQJXYJWTQFSIƳGWTZXYNXXZJFWJIJUTXNYJINS

to heart.
 .
. In bony
ƳXMJXYMJNWPNISJ^XMF[JSJLQNLNGQJWTQJNS
J]HWJYNTS&RRTSNFINKKZXJXYMWTZLMYMJNW
LNQQRJRGWFSJFXFRRTSNZRNTSX

X

.YMJQUX FQXTUJWKTWRXTXRTWJLZQFYNTS

0NISJ^UFNW  :WNSFW^GQFIIJW
:WJYJWXUFNW  :WJYMWF

\MNHMGQTTI[JXXJQXSJW[JXQ^RUMFYNHIZHYXFSIZWJYJWJSYJWYMJPNISJ^

HZUXMFUJIUWTOJHYNTSXHFQQJIWJSFQHFQ^]
 (Renal Corpuscle)

calyx, FYYMJFUJ]TKRJIZQQFW^U^WFRNI
 N

UWTIZHJ
M^UJWYTSNHZWNSJ
release


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UJWIF^ZWJFJ]HWJYJI"LRUJWIF^

FSIwaxes
 position

E.g:

of

Easily Fatigued Muscle d d

Multinucleate (Syncytium)
-

Ɣƌ?ƍQNSJNXFSJQFXYNHƳGWJ
Ɣ9MNSƳQFRJSYXFWJFYYFHMJIYTƌ?ƍQNSJ
Ɣƌ2ƍQNSJNXFYMNSƳGWTZXRJRGWFSJYT\MNHMYMNHP
ƳQFRJSYXFWJFYYFHMJI

,
FHYN[JXNYJXKTWFHYNS
 KWTR
XFWHTUQFXRNHWJHYNHZQZR
JL
of vertebrates.
+
Axon terminals of pre-synaptic neuron

Peripheral Neural System (PNS)

 signalling.

area: Analysing and perception of

sensory signals.

judgement,
s,

5FYM\F^YMWTZLM\MNHMNSKTWRFYNTSƴT\X

stimulus.
c. Retina

macula lutea with a

 s into the ear.

formed of connective tissue covered by a thin layer of skin on its outer surface and by mucous
membrane on the inside.
 +QZNIƳQQJINSSJWJFWNXQFG^WNSYM

(each is positioned at right angled to the other two) and otolith organ.
(Olfactory receptors) (Gustatory receptors)

(Gustatory receptors
on the tongue.

u
[FSH receptors are located in the ovarian cell
membrane]
 the posterior lobe of pituitary
gland.

from
anterior pituitary.

y
called infundibulum (Pituitary Stalk)

S in children - Gigantism
.SHMNQIWJS)\FWƳXR XYZSYJILWT\YM4[JWXJHWJYNTS FIZQYX&HWTRJLFQ^ XJ[JWJ

the synthesis and secretion of androgens

in females.

s.

causes
 and

It is a bilobed gland.
I

Promotes physical, mental & sexual development.

(hypocalcaemic)

[PTH- hypocalcaemic hormone]

 d in

CORTEX

and are called emergency

-
ions.
 )ZJYTNSXZQNSIJƳHNJSH^

GONADS
1

produces
Regulates growth and activities of female
secondary sex organs.

Gastrin - Stimulates secretion of HCl and pepsinogen by gastric glands.

Secretin - &HYXTSJ]THWNSJUFSHWJFXFSIXYNRZQFYJXWJQJFXJTK\FYJWFSI-(43-

CCK (Cholecystokinin) - Stimulates gall bladder and pancreas to release bile and pancreatic juice
respectively.

GIP - Inhibits gastric motolity and release of gastric secretions.

 2
25
20-30
20-25
2-4 60-90

yeast
Other asexual reproductive structures

h
p g

favourable conditions.
coming
 l

2nd layer

mitotically

(-
(syncarpous)

attached

mitosis.
nucellus
 sac

embryo sac.

ƴT\JW
GEITONOGAMY
 )

monoecious,

pistil accepts

tissues
 -

has

Though dicots.
t

axis
general

fruit)

thalamus also
division
sperms.
 which milk
is sucked out.

Secondary (n=23)
 from lumen of

lu
Secondary oocyte
called
head
AMENORRHEA

during
the period of lactation.
 Lippes

Progestasert,
y y y g
Violet
F3 F4
BACK CROSS & TEST CROSS
gives
.
Morgan hybridised yellow bodied, white eyed females to brown bodied red eyed males.
1

c l
anaemia.
 Myotonic dystrophy)

Sickle-cell anaemia)

‘ ’ is ‘ ’

XHXh
 (c)

XX
C c

A S

RBC
 α&β

α- α-
,
α-

β- β-
O

I
 due to 2’OH group. So RNA viruses
(E.g Q-B
Failure in cell division after DNA replication results into polyploidy.
Structural gene
synthesis.

y
 5s s

joined

y y
10. Isoleucine (Ile) 20. Valine (Val)
 s

anaemia.
t

-site)
 s

g
c
8YJUXTK)3&ƳSLJWUWNSYNSL

a. Isolation of DNA b. Digestion of DNA by restriction endonucleases

e
Hardy
micro organisms
 sports persons.
Heroin:
horse)
S
 tonnes tonnes.
tonnes tonnes.
swarnim

PESTS

rapeseed
calcium
production
Aspergillus niger
4
s

s
)JƳSNYNTS Biotechnology deals with techniques of using live organism or their enzymes for
products and processes useful to humans. The European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB)
IJƳSJX'NTYJHMSTQTL^FX YMJNSYJLWFYNTSTKSFYZWFQXHNJSHJFSITWLFSNXRHJQQXUFWYXYMJWJTK
and molecular analogues for products and services.

g g
‘
f
 on ampicillin

But
 C

YZSLXYJS

take
 introduced
both sense and anti sense RNA, as these RNA are
complimentary to each other, they bind to form double
stranded RNA that initiate RNAi.
s
ORGANISM & ITS ENVIRONMENT

kinetics of enzymes,
o
Physiological and Biochemical adaptation
group
group)
is plotted for the population, known as age
pyramid
 (

in an exponential or geometric fashion.

of large-sized offspring (birds, mammals).
same r
 PARASITISM

Types of parasites.
:
 :

[JLJYFYNTSNSXJHYXHTRJTZY4YMJW\NXJNYNXINKƳHZQYKTWYMJJLWJYXYTƳSIFSIHFYHMYMJNSXJHYX

FSJRTSJ9MJFSJRTSJMFXSTGJSJƳY
 grasses,
(
)

to the
by some microbes.
like sugar.

HERBIVORES
l
p y
 g

odours
g
y

).
21.54