Basic Concepts of

Classification
and
Nomenclature
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that involves
identifying, naming, and classifying of
organisms

Systematics is the science that deals with identifying,

naming, describing, classifying of organisms and
establishing the phylogenetic relationship of different
species

Nomenclature is the science of naming organisms

Evolution has created an
enormous diversity, so how
do we deal with it?
Binomial nomenclature
 Developed by Linnaeus, a Swedish naturalist
 Names are in Latin, formerly the language of
science
 Binomials - names consisting of two parts
 Genus and Specific epithet (species)
 e.g. Homosapeins
 Homo sapiens

 SPECIES not SPECIE

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

Classifying Organisms

The Linnaean hierarchy:

1. Kingdom
2. Division/Phylum ofTax
ClaSu
mic
H
gCla
sa
do
Eu
Ordat
Gom
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Maon
hypluerkin
sP:M

ika
en
dliam
orap

aSpecies:
Famyilsa
m
tan
om
aom
:us:
ssific
orinm
:Homsinida
Kingpdieonm
e
no
:Chm

rsyoot

etazSouabspecies:
sapiens
ata
:M

3. Class
4. Order

Evolutionary distance
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species
 System of Classification
2Kingdom Scheme
3-Kingdom Scheme
5-Kingdom
Scheme 6-
Kingdom Scheme
8-Kingdom Scheme
3 Domain
(Superkingdom)
 System of Classification
2-Kingdom Scheme Animalia
Vegetabilia (Aristotle) (Plantae)

3-Kingdom Scheme Protista Animalia Plantae

(Haeckel, 1866)
5-Kingdom Scheme Monera Protista Animalia Plantae Fungi
(Whittaker, 1969)
6-Kingdom Scheme Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Animalia Plantae Fungi

(Woese, 1977)
8-Kingdom Scheme Archaebacteria Eubacteria Archezoa Protista Chromista Animalia Plantae Fungi

3-Domain Scheme ARCHAEA BACTERIA EUKARYA

2-Kingdom Scheme (Aristotle)

Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Plantae

3-Kingdom Scheme (Haeckel)
Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Protista

Bacteria Paramecium
Blue-green algae/ Yeast
cyanobacteria
5-Kingdom Scheme
(Whittaker in 1969)
 A COMPARISON OF THE
FIVE KINGDOMS
Characteristics Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

CeT
lype Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic

CeO
l rganziaotin Unicellular Unicellular Multicellular Multicellular Multicellular

Modeof Nutriiton Autotrophic Autotrophic Heterotrophic Autotrophic Heterotrophic

or or (Absorptive)
heterotrophic heterotrophic
 8-Kingdom Scheme
Kingdom EUBACTERIA
Photoautotrophic
bacteria Chemoheterotrophic
bacteria Photoheterotrophic
bacteria

E. coli

cyanobacteria Chlorobium
Salmonella
Chemoautotrophic
bacteria

Lactobacillus

Nitrosomonas Streptococcus pneumoniae

 Kingdom ARCHAEBACTERIA

Thermophiles Halophiles Methanogens

Thermus aquaticus Halobacterium sp. Methanococcus sp.

 Kingdom ARCHEZOA
Ancient
Lack mitochondria
Have flagella,
2 separate
nuclei,
no mitochondria,
no plastids

Giardia lamblia

Kingdom PROTISTA
Ciliate Flagellates Amoeboid Sporozoan
DINOFLAGELLATES
and RED TIDE
 Kingdom CHROMISTA
Includes several groups of photosynthetic
autoptrophs and numerous heterotrophs
Numerous fine, hair-like projections on the flagella
Pigmented plastids

Chrysophyta
Bacillariophyta

Golden-brown
Diatoms algae
 Chlorophyta

Phaeophyta

Green algae

Brown algae
 Kingdom FUNGI

Zycomycot Ascomycota
a

Yeast
Candida albicans

Deuteromycetes
Basidiomycota

Bread mold
Penicillium
 Kingdom PLANTAE
AVASCULAR
PLANTS Division Hepatophyta

liverworts
Division Bryophyta

mosses
Division Anthocerophyta

hornworts
VASCULAR Division Psilotophyta SEEDLESS
PLANTS PLANTS

(whisk fern)
Division Lycopodiophyta

club mosses
Division Equisetophyta

horsetails
 Division Pteridophyta

Asplenium nidus
Polystichum acrostichoides (bird’s nest)
Botrychium dissectum
Chr stmas fern) (cutleaf grapefern)

ferns
 SEED
VASCULAR Division Pinophyta
GYMNOSPERMS
PLANTS

conifers
Division Cycadophyta

cycads
Division Gnetophyta

gnetophytes
Division Gingkophyta

Maidenhair tree
 Division Magnoliophyta

SEED ANGIOSPERMS
VASCULAR
PLANTS

GYMNOSPERMS
Kingdom ANIMALIA
Phylum Cnidaria

CNIDOCYTES – DISTINGUISHING
FEATURE
Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flatworms - acoelomate
Phylum Annelida

Segmented roundworm
Phylum Nematoda

roundworm - pseudocoelomate
Phylum Mollusca

Soft-bodied animal with or without shells

Phylum Arthropoda

with exoskeleton and jointed appendages

Phylum Echinodermata

Deuterostomes without a notochord

Phylum Chordata

with notochord
3-Domain Scheme
 ASSIGNMENT
Provide the scientific name of the following organisms:

1. Cow
2. Horse
3. Philippine eagle
4. Tarictic hornbill
5. Chicken
6. Monitor lizard
7. Sunfish
8. Milkfish/bangus
9. Dog
10. Cat
11. Monkey/macaque
12. Phil cockatoo
13. Tamara
14. w
Banana
15. Coconut
16. Papaya
17. Tomato
18. Onion
19. Mango
20.
Guava