CME 102 – Ordinary Differential Equations for Engineers https://stanford.

edu/~shervine

VIP Refresher: Calculus Function f Primitive F

1
√ arcsin(x)
1 − x2
Afshine Amidi and Shervine Amidi 1
−√ arccos(x)
1 − x2
September 8, 2020 x p
√ x2 − 1
x2 −1

Integral calculus r Exponential primitive functions – The table below sums up the main exponential functions
associated to their primitives. We will omit the additive constant C associated to all those
r Primitive function – The primitive function of a function f , noted F and also known as an primitives.
antiderivative, is a differentiable function such that:
F0 = f Function f Primitive F
ln(x) x ln(x) − x
´
r Integral – Given a function f and an interval [a,b], the integral of f over [a,b], noted ab f (x)dx, exp(x) exp(x)
is the signed area of the region in the xy-plane that is bounded by the graph of f , the x-axis
and the vertical lines x = a and x = b, and can be computed with the primitive of f as follows:
ˆ b
f (x)dx = F (b) − F (a) r Trigonometric primitive functions – The table below sums up the main trigonometric
a
functions associated to their primitives. We will omit the additive constant C associated to all
those primitives.

r Integration by parts – Given two functions f, g on the interval [a,b], we can integrate by
´ Function f Primitive F
parts the quantity ab f (x)g 0 (x)dx as follows:
ˆ b  b ˆ b 0 cos(x) sin(x)
f (x)g 0 (x)dx = f (x)g(x) − f (x)g(x)dx sin(x) − cos(x)
a a a
tan(x) − ln | cos(x)|
r Rational primitive functions – The table below sums up the main rational functions
associated to their primitives. We will omit the additive constant C associated to all those 1

x π

primitives. ln tan +
cos(x) 2 4
1 x
 
Function f Primitive F ln tan
a ax sin(x) 2
1
xa+1 ln | sin(x)|
xa tan(x)
a+1
1
ln |x| Laplace transforms
x
1 r Definition – The Laplace transform of a given function f defined for all t > 0 is noted L (f ),
arctan(x)
1 + x2 and is defined as:
1 1 x+1 ˆ
ln +∞
1 − x2 2 x−1 L (f ) = F (s) = e−st f (t)dt
0

r Irrational primitive functions – The table below sums up the main rational functions Remark: we note that f (t) = L −1 (F ) where L −1 is the inverse Laplace transform.
associated to their primitives. We will omit the additive constant C associated to all those
primitives: r Main properties – The table below sums up the main properties of the Laplace transform:

Stanford University 1 Spring 2018

CME 102 – Ordinary Differential Equations for Engineers https://stanford.edu/~shervine

Operation t-domain s-domain

Property t-domain s-domain
e−as
Unit step function u(t − a) s
Linearity αf (t) + βg(t) αF (s) + βG(s)
ˆ t Dirac delta function δ(t − a) e−as
F (s)
Integral f (τ )dτ
t-domain

0 s s-shift eat f (t) F (s − a)

First derivative f 0 (t) sF (s) − f (0) t-shift u(t − a)f (t − a) e−as F (s)
Second derivative f 00 (t) s2 F (s) − sf (0) − f 0 (0)

nth derivative f (n) (t) sn F (s) − sn−1 f (0) − ... − sf (n−2) (0) − f (n−1) (0)
ˆ +∞
f (t)
Integral F (σ)dσ
s-domain

t s

First derivative tf (t) −F 0 (s)

Second derivative t2 f (t) F 00 (s)

nth derivative tn f (t) (−1)n F (n) (s)

r Common transform pairs – The table below sums up the most common Laplace transform
pairs:

t-domain s-domain
a
a
s
1
t
s2
n!
tn
sn+1
1
eat
s−a
s
cos(ωt)
s2 + ω 2
ω
sin(ωt)
s2 + ω 2
s
cosh(at)
s2 − a2
a
sinh(at)
s2 − a2

r Main operations – The table below sums up the main operations of the Laplace transform:

Stanford University 2 Spring 2018