University of Mohamed Boudiaf-Msila

Faculty of Sciences and Technologies Academic Year 2023-2024.

Module :Mathematics 02 Renewable energy + License ST 1st year

Worksheet N◦ 1

Antiderivatives (primitives) of elementary functions

The function f The primitives functions of f
x 7→ a x 7→ ax + c
1
x 7→ x n x 7→ x n +1 + c
n+1
1
x 7→ g′ ( x ) × g( x )n x 7→ g ( x ) n +1 + c
n+1
g( x )′
x 7→ x 7→ ln | g( x )| + c
g( x )
g( x )′ −1
x 7→ x 7→ +c
g( x )n ( n − 1 ) g ( x ) n −1
x 7→ e x x 7→ e x + c
1
x 7→ e ax+b x 7→ e ax+b + c
a
x 7→ g′ ( x )e g( x ) x 7→ e g( x ) + c
g′ ( x ) √
x 7→ √ x 7→ g( x ) + c
2 g( x )
1
x 7→ x 7→ arctan( x ) + c
1 + x2 ( )
1 1 x
x 7→ ,a > 0 x 7→ √ arctan √ +c
a + x2 a a
g′ ( x )
x 7→ x 7→ arctan( g( x )) + c
1 + g2 ( x )
x 7→ cos( x ) x 7→ sin( x ) + c
1
x 7→ cos( ax + b),a ̸= 0 x 7→ sin( ax + b) + c
a
x 7→ sin( x ) x 7→ − cos( x ) + c
1
x 7→ sin( ax + b),a ̸= 0 x 7→ − cos( ax + b) + c
a
1
x 7→ x 7→ tan( x ) + c
cos2 ( x )
1 1 1
x 7→ 2
x 7→ − + c = −cotg( x ) + c, cotg( x ) =
sin ( x ) tan( x ) tan( x )
1
x 7→ √ x 7→ arcsin( x ) + c
1 − x2
−1
x 7→ √ x 7→ arccos( x ) + c
1 − x2
x 7→ ch( x ) sh( x ) + c
x 7→ sh( x ) ch( x ) + c
1
x 7→ √ Argsh( x ) + c
x2 + 1

Page 1
The derivatives of inverse hyperbolic and inverse trigonometric functions
are as follows:
The function f The function f ′
1
x 7→ arcsin( x ) x 7→ √ , x ∈] − 1; 1[
1 − x2
−1
x 7→ arccos( x ) x 7→ √ , x ∈] − 1; 1[
1 − x2
1
x 7→ arctan( x ) x 7→ ,x∈R
1 + x2
1
x 7→ argsh( x ) x 7→ √ ,x∈R
1 + x2
1
x 7→ argch( x ) x 7→ √ , x ∈]1; +∞[
x2 − 1
1
x 7→ argth( x ) x 7→ , x ∈] − 1; 1[
1 − x2

Indefinite Integral, definite Integral:

⋆ Let f be a continuous function defined on an interval I of R. An antiderivative of f on I is a function
F that is differentiable on I such that F ′ ( x ) = f ( x ) for all x ∈ I. In this case, we write
∫
f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + c ∈ R

where c is an arbitrary constant.

⋆ Let f be a continuous function on an interval [ a, b] of R with values in R. The integral of f over

[ a, b] is the real number
∫ b
f ( x ) dx = [ F ( x )]ba = F (b) − F ( a)
a

where F is any antiderivative of f on [ a, b].

Integration by substitution, also known as the change of variable

Let F be an antiderivative of f and g be a differentiable function. Then the function x 7→ g′ ( x ) f [ g( x )]
is integrable, and we have ∫
g′ ( x ) f [ g( x )] dx = F [ g( x )] + c

In other words, by setting t = g( x ), we obtain dt

dx = g′ ( x ), or equivalently dt = g′ ( x ) dx, and thus
∫ ∫
′
g ( x ) f [ g( x )] dx = f (t) dt = F (t) + c = F [ g( x )] + c

Integration by Parts
⋆ Let u and v be two functions of class C1 . Then
∫ ∫
′
u ( x )v( x ) dx = u( x )v( x ) − u( x )v′ ( x ) dx

⋆ Let a and b be two real numbers such that a < b. Let u and v be two functions defined on [ a; b]

Page 2
 with values in R or C, of class C1 on [ a, b]. Then
∫ b ∫ b
′
u ( x )v( x ) dx = [u( x )v( x )]ba − u( x )v′ ( x ) dx
a a
∫
Primitives of the form sin( x ) p cos( x )q dx
• If p is odd, we can set t = cos x.
• If q is odd, we can set t = sin x.
• If both p and q are odd, we can set t = cos x or t = sin x or t = cos 2x.
• If both p and q are even, we can linearize and then integrate.

∫ ∫
Primitives
∫ of the form cos( px ) cos(qx )dx , sin( px ) sin(qx )dx,
cos( px ) sin(qx )dx,p, q ∈ Z
We transform products into sums using trigonometric formulas.
1
1. sin( p) cos(q) = (sin( p + q) + sin( p − q))
2
1
2. sin( p) sin(q) = (cos( p − q) − cos( p + q))
2
1
3. cos( p) cos(q) = (cos( p + q) + cos( p − q))
2

∫ P(cos( x ), sin( x ))
Primitives of the form dx
Q(cos( x ), sin( x ))
Let P and Q be polynomials. There are two methods to compute integrals of the form:
∫
P(cos( x ), sin( x ))
dx
Q(cos( x ), sin( x ))

Method 01: Bioche’s rules Bioche’s rules are quite effective but do not always work. let ω ( x ) =
f ( x )dx.
• If ω (− x ) = ω ( x ) Then we perform the change of variable. u = cosx.
• If ω (π − x ) = ω ( x ) Then we perform the change of variable u = sinx.
• If ω (π + x ) = ω ( x ) Then we perform the change of variable u = tanx.
(x)
Method 02: Change of variable t = tan .
2
( )
The change of variable t = tan 2x always works
(x)
but leads to more calculations. .
Si on pose t = tan , on trouve √
2 1 + t2
2 2t
dx = 2
dt , sin( x ) = , t
1+t 1 + t2
2t 1 − t2
tan( x ) = , cos ( x ) = x
1 − t2 1 + t2 2
1

Page 3
Finding volume of a solid of revolution using a disc method

Page 4
Exercise 01 (*)
Show that F is an antiderivative (primitive) of the function f in the following cases
√
1. F ( x ) = x arcsin( x ) + 1 − x2 et f ( x ) = arcsin( x ).
1
2. F ( x ) = x arctan( x ) − ln( x2 + 1) et f ( x ) = arctan( x ).
2

Exercise 02 (**)
Show that F is an antiderivative (primitive) of the function f in the following cases
√
1. F ( x ) = x argsh( x ) − x2 + 1 and f ( x ) = argsh( x ). I = R
1
2. F ( x ) = x argth( x ) + ln(1 − x2 ) and f ( x ) = argth( x ). I =] − ∞; −1[∪]1; +∞[
2

Exercise 03 (**)
Calculate the following integrals

∫ √ ∫ ∫
1. ( x2 + x )dx. 7. cos( x ) sin3 ( x )dx. 13. tan( x )dx
∫ ∫
1 − cos( x ) arcsin( x ) ∫
2. dx. 8. √ dx 5
x − sin( x ) 1 − x2 14. dx.
∫ ∫
3 + x2
xe x + e x
3. dx 9. 2x ( x2 + 3)5 dx. ∫
xe x + 1 (⋆) sin( x )
∫ ∫ 15. dx.
2 ln( x ) (ln( x ))n cos2 ( x )
4. dx 10. dx, n > 1.
x (1 + ln2 ( x )) x ∫
∫ ∫
1 + ln( x ) 1 16. e3x+2 dx.
5. dx. 11. dx.
1 + x ln( x ) x ln( x )
∫ ∫ ∫
x tan( x ) etan( x)
6. dx. 12. dx 17. dx.
( x + 1)3
2 cos( x )2 cos2 ( x )

Exercise 04 (*)
Calculate the following integrals

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ( )
1.
x
dx. cos( x ) + e− x 7. e − x +2
dx 1
( x + 1)3
2 4. 10. + x dx
sin( x ) − e− x sin2 ( x )
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ 4
2. 3 1 8. sin(2x )ecos(nx) dx 11.
cos ( x ) sin( x )dx. 5. dx | x − 2|dx
tan( x ) 0
∫ ∫ ∫ π ∫
arctan( x ) 1
3. 6. 3
cos( x ) sin ( x )dx. 9. sin(nx )dx 12. √ dx
x2 + 1 0 2x − 1

Page 5
Exercise 05 (**)
Calculate the following integrals

∫ ∫ ∫
cos (ln ( x )) 1 ex
1. dx. 3. √ x
dx. 4. dx.
x e2x + 1
∫ √ 1 − (ln ( x ))2
2. x x − 2dx.

Exercise 06 (**)
Calculate the following integrals
∫ ∫
−2x
1. (2x + 1)e dx. 4. arcsin( x )dx.
∫ ∫ √
2. (2x2 + 1)e−x dx (use two methods). 5. x2 + 1dx.
∫ π
3. x sin(nx )dx .
0

Exercise 07(*)
Calculate the following integrals
∫ ∫ ∫
−x
1. xe dx 3. x ln( x )dx. 5. arctan( x )dx.
∫ π ∫
2. x sin(2x )dx 4. cos( x )e x dx.
0

Exercise 08(**): Primitives of rational functions

Calculate the following integrals

∫ ∫ ∫
3x − 5 3x + 2 3x + 2
1. dx 4. dx. 8.
( x − 1)( x + 1) x − 3x + 2
2 ( x − 1)2 ( x + 5)
∫
3
∫ 5. dx. ∫
1 ( x2 − 1)( x2 − 4) x+2
2. dx. 9.
x −4
2 ∫ (2x + 1)( x2 + 1)
x+2
6. dx.
− 6x + 9
x2
∫ ∫ ∫
1 x x2
3. dx. 7. dx. 10. dx.
2
x +5 2
x +x+1 ( x2 − 3x + 2)

Page 6
Exercise 09 (*): Primitives of rational functions
Calculate the following integrals

∫ ∫ ∫
3 x+2 x+1
1. dx 4. dx. 7.
( x − 2)( x − 5) x2 − 10x + 25 ( x − 2)2 ( x + 5)
∫ ∫ ∫
3 1 x−1
2. dx 5. dx. 8.
x ( x − 4)
2 2
x +3 ( x + 1)( x2 + 1)
∫ ∫ ∫
x+2 x x3
3. dx. 6. dx. 9. dx.
x − 5x + 6
2 2
x + 4x + 5 ( x2 − 3x + 2)

Exercise 10 (**): The integral of exponential functions

Calculate the following integrals

∫ ∫ ∫
ex 1
1. dx 2. ( x2 − 3x + 1)e−x dx 3. dx
e2x − 3e x + 2 sh( x )

Exercise 11 (**): The integral of exponential functions

Calculate the following integrals

∫ ∫ ∫
ex 1
1. dx 2. ( x2 + 2x + 3)e−2x dx 3. dx
e2x − 1 ch( x )

Exercise 12 (**)
Calculate the following integrals
∫ ∫
3 2
1. I1 = sin ( x )cos ( x )dx 2. I2 = sin2 ( x )cos3 ( x )dx

Exercise 13(*)
Calculate the following integrals
∫ ∫
1. I3 = sin3 ( x )cos( x )dx 2. I4 = sin2 ( x )cos2 ( x )dx

Exercise 14 (*)
Calculate the integral
∫
1. I1 = sin(2x )cos(3x )dx

Page 7
Exercise 15 (**)
Calculate the integral
∫
1. I1 = sin(3x )cos(2x )dx

Exercise 16 (**)
Calculate the following integrals

∫ ∫ ∫
1 sin( x ) cos( x ) 1
1. dx. 3. dx. 4. dx
sin x sin( x ) + 1 2 + cos( x )
∫
sin x
2. dx.
1 + cos( x )

Exercise 16 (**)
∫ 1
xn
Let In = dx, n ∈ N
0 1+x
1. CalculateI0
1
2. Show that In + In+1 =
n+1
3. Deduce that I1 et I2 .

Exercise 17(**)
* Find the area between the curves on the given interval:
1. y = x2 − 3x, x = 0, x = 5
2. y = x2 − 3x, y = x,
3. y = x3 , y = x2 − 1, 1 ≤ x ≤ 3
4. y = cos x, y = x2 + 2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
5. y = e x , y = x − 1, −2 ≤ x ≤ 0
6. y = e− x , y = x2 , 1 ≤ x ≤ 4

Exercise 18 (*)
• Find the area bounded by the graphs of y = x2 and y = 2 − x2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.
• Determine the volume of the solid generated by rotating the region bounded by
f ( x ) = x2 − 4x + 5, x = 1, x=4
and the x-axis about the x-axis.

Exercise 19 (**) (Examen (Énergies renouvelables) 2021-2022 Université

de M’sila)
We consider the function f defined by f ( x ) = − x2 + 4x
1) Calculate the area of the region enclosed by (C f ) the graph of the function f and the line (∆)
with equation y = x.
2) Calculate the volume of revolution generated by rotating around the x-axis the region enclosed
by the graph of f , the x-axis and the lines x = 0 and x = 4

Page 8
Exercise 20 (**): (Examen (2012-2013) Université de A.Mira-Béjaia)
Let f be a continuous function from [0, π ] to R with: f (π − x ) = f ( x ). Putting:
∫ π ∫ π
I= x f ( x )dx and j= f ( x )dx
0 0
π
1. Using the change of variable x = π − y on I, show that I = J
2
∫ π
sin( x )
2. Calculate the integral dx
0 1 + cos2 ( x )
∫ π
x sin( x )
3. Deduce from 1) and 2) the value of the integral dx.
0 1 + cos2 ( x )

Exercise 21 (***) : (Exam (2017-2018) Université de A.Mira-Béjaia)

∫ 1
Let In = x n sin( xπ )dx, n ∈ N
0

1. Calculate I0 and I1
2. Show that π 2 In = π − n(n − 1) In−2
3. deduce I2 and I3 .

Exercise 22 (***)
Find the volume of the object generated when the area between y = x2 and y = x is rotated around
the x-axis.

Exercise 23 (***) (6pts)

∫
9
¬ calculate dx
x2 − 5x − 14
∫ 1
9
­ deduce the value of dx.
0 x2 − 5x − 14
∫ π
2 9 cos( x )
® By the change of variable t = sin( x ), calculate:” I = dx
0 −14 − 5 sin( x ) + sin2 ( x )
∫
2 cos( x ) sin( x )
¯ Calculate the integral: I = dx.
cos2 ( x ) + 2 sin2 ( x )

Exercise 24 (***) : (Exame (2017-2018) Université de A.Mira-Béjaia)

∫ 1
Let In = x n e− x dx, n ∈ N
0

a) Calculate :I0 .

b) Show that In+1 = −e−1 + (n + 1) In

Page 9
 ∫ 1
c) deduce that I1 , I2 et ( x2 − 3x + 1)e−x dx
0

Exercise 25 (**) : (Exam (2017-2018) Université de A.Mira-Béjaia)

∫ π ∫ π
2 cos( x ) 1 2
Let G = dx, et H = dx.
0 1 + cos( x ) 0 1 + cos( x )
(x)
a) By the change of variable t = tan , calculate G.
2
b) Calculate G + H
c) Deduce H.

Exercise 26 (***) : (Exam 2014-2015 Université de A.Mira-Béjaia)

∫ π
2
Let In = (sin( x ))n dx, n ∈ N.
0

1) Calculate I0 and I1 .
( ) ∫ π
n+1 2
2) Show that In+2 = In (Hints: Write In+1 = (sin( x ))n+1 sin( x )dx and use the
n+2 0
integration by parts)
3) Deduce I2 and I3

Exercise 27 (***) : (Exam (2012-2013) Université de A.Mira-Béjaia)

∫ ∫
2x 2
Let I = e cos( x ) dx et J = e2x sin( x )2 dx

1) Calculate I + J.
2) By applying the method of integration by parts twice, calculate I − J
3) Deduce I and J
(Hints: cos2 ( x ) − sin2 ( x ) = cos(2x ))

Exercise 28 (***) (Exam 2021-2022 Université de M’sila)

A) Calculate the following integrals :

∫ ∫ ∫ π
1 1
1) I = dx, 2) J = dx 3) K = x cos(3x )dx.
x − 5x + 6
2 x ln( x ) 0

x x3
B) Let f and g two functions defined on R. by f ( x ) = and g ( x ) =
x2 + 1 x2 + 1
∫ e
1) Calculate the integral I1 = f ( x )dx
1
∫ e
2) Let I2 = g( x )dx
1

a) Calculate I1 + I2 a) Deduce the value of I2

Page 10
Exercise 29 (***) (Exam de rattrapage 2021-2022 Université de M’sila)
A) Calculate the following integrals

∫ ∫ e ∫ e
1) (1pt) I =
1
dx, (ln( x ))2 ln( x )
2) (1pt) J = dx 3) (1pt) K = dx
x − 3x + 2
2
1 x 1 x2
3e x + 2 e2x + 3e x + 1
B) Let f and g two functions defined on R. by f ( x ) = and g ( x ) = . Butting
∫ ln(2) ∫ ln(2)
ex + 1 ex + 1
I1 = f ( x )dx, and I2 = g( x )dx
0 0
.
1) (1pt) Show that I1 − I2 = ln(2) − 1
2) (1pt) Show that 3) (1pt) Calculate I2
ex
∀ x ∈ R : g( x ) = e x + 1 + 4) (1pt) Deduce the value of I1
ex + 1

Page 11
University of Mohamed Boudiaf-Msila
Faculty of Sciences and Technologies Academic Year 2023-2024.
Module :Mathematics 02 Renewable energy + License ST 1st year

Worksheet N◦ 2

Summary: First-order differential equations

The type the form

g( x )
(DES) Differential equation y′ f (y) = g( x ) ⇐⇒ y′ =
with separable variables f (y)
(y)
(HDE) Homogeneous differen- y′ = F
tial equations x
(LHDE 01) Linear homoge- y′ + f ( x )y = 0 ⇐⇒ y′ = h( x )y
neous differential equations of
order 01
(LDE 01) Linear differential y′ + f ( x )y = g( x ) ⇐⇒ y′ = h( x )y + g( x )
equation of order 01
(BDE) Bernoulli differential y′ + f ( x )y = g( x )yα ⇐⇒ y′ = h( x )y + g( x )yα , α ∈ R − {0; 1}
equation

Exercise 01:
Give the type of the following differential equations (without solving them)

¬ ln(y)y′ − e x = 0

­ ( x − y)ydx − x2 dy = 0
® ( x − sin( x ))y′ = (1 − cos( x )) y
¯ y′ + tan( x )y − sin( x ) = 0

° −y′ + tan( x )y − sin( x )y2 = 0

Exercise 02:(Differential equation with separable variables)

Solve the following differential equations

¬ xy′ = y

­ ( x 2 + 1) y ′ = y2 + 1
® xy′ = y ln(y)

Page 12
Exercise 03: (Linear homogeneous differential equations of order 01)
Solve the following differential equations
¬ (1 − x2 )y′ − 2xy = x

­ xy′ − 2y + x3 e− x = 0
1
® xy′ + y tan( x ) − =0
cos( x )
¯ y′ + ay = e− x

Exercise 04: Homogeneous differential equations

Solve the following differential equations
¬ ( x − y)ydx − x2 dy = 0
(y)
­ xy′ = y + x cos
x
® xy′ = y − x

Exercise 05 (Equations of Bernoulli)

Solve the following differential equations

1 ­ xy′ + y − xy3 = 0. x √
¬ y′ + y + y2 = 0. ® y′ − y = yx.
x 2

Exercise 06:
We consider the first-order differential equation
y′ + y tan( x ) = sin( x ) cos( x ) (E)

¬ Solve the homogeneous equation (without right-hand side) associated with (E)
­ Using the method of variation of consonants, find a particular solution of (E), then give the set
of all solutions of (E).
( )
® Calculate the solution of (E) satisfying y π4 = 0.

¯ Deduce the solution of the following equation (EDB).”

−z′ + z tan( x ) = sin( x ) cos( x )z2 (EDB)

° Solve the following differential equation

( x − y) ydx − x2 dy = 0

Exercise 07 (Exam 2015-University of A.Mira-Béjaia)

∫
9
¬ Calculate the indefinite integral dx
x2 − 5x − 14

Page 13
 ∫ 1
9
­ Deduce the value of the definite integral dx.
0 x2 − 5x − 14
∫ π
2 9 cos( x )
® By the change of variable t = sin( x ), calculate: I = dx
0 −14 − 5 sin( x ) + sin2 ( x )
¯ Let x ∈]7; +∞[, Solve the following differential equation:
9 x−7
y′ − y= 2 (E)
x2 − 5x − 14 x − 5x − 14

Exercise 08 :
¬ Calculate the integral ∫
2 ln( x )
dx
x (1 + ln2 ( x ))
.
­ Resolve on I = ]0, +∞[ the equation
( )
x 1 + ln ( x ) y′ + 2 ln( x )y = 1
2

Exercise 09
I ) We consider the first-order differential equation.
( )
′ 1
y − 2x − y=1 (E)
x
¬ Solve the homogeneous equation (EH) (without a right-hand side) associated with (E)
( )
′ 1
y − 2x − y=0 (EH)
x
­ Using the method of variation of consonants, find a particular solution y p de (E), of (E), and
then give the set of all solutions to (E).

Exercise 10 : (Exam 2016-2017 University of A.Mira-Béjaia)

∫ ∫
2x + 1 1
¬ Calculate I = 2
dx et K = 2
ln( x2 + x )dx.
x ( x + 1) x
­ Solve the following differential equation
2
y′ − y = ln( x2 + x )
x

Exercise 11 : (Exam 2010-2011 University of A.Mira-Béjaia)

Let f be a function defined by
1
f (x) = , x ∈ R − {−1; 0; 1}
x (1 − x 2 )
∫
¬ Calculer f ( x )dx.

Page 14
 ­ Resolve the following differential equation
ex
y′ − y = (E)
x (1 − x 2 )

Exercise 12 (devoire) : (Exam 2011 University of A.Mira-Béjaia)

We consider the first-order differential equation.

y′ + 2y = 3e−2x (E)

¬ Check that y p = 3xe−2x is a particular solution of (E).

­ Solve the homogeneous equation (EH) associated with (E).

y′ + 2y = 0 (EH)

® Deduce the solutions of (E)

Exercise 13 : (Exam 2018 University of M’sila)

We consider the first-order differential equation

y′ + 4y = sin(3x )e−4x (E)

¬ Solve the homogeneous equation (EH) (without a right-hand side) associated with (E).
y′ + 4y = 0 (EH)
­ Using the method of variation of consonants, find a particular solution y p of (E), then give
the set of all solutions of (E).

® Calculate the solution y1 of (E) satisfying y1 (π ) = 0

Exercise 14
We consider the first-order differential equation.
e− x
y′ + y = (E)
1 + x2

¬ Solve the homogeneous equation (EH) (without a right-hand side) associated with (E).

­ Using the method of variation of consonants, find a particular solution y p of (E), then give
the set of all solutions of (E).

Exercise 15 : (Exam 2018 University de A.Mira-Béjaia)

We consider the first-order differential equation.
y′ + (3x2 + 1)y = x2 e− x (E)

¬ Solve the homogeneous equation (without a right-hand side) associated with (E)

­ Using the method of variation of consonants, find a particular solution y p of (E), then give
the set of all solutions of (E).

Page 15
 ® Calculate the solution y1 of (E) satisfying y1 (π ) = 0

Exercise 16 (devoire) : (Exam 2016 University of A.Mira-Béjaia)

We consider the first-order differential equation.
y′ − 2y = 4 − x (E)
¬ Solve the homogeneous equation (without a right-hand side) associated with (E)
1 7
­ Check that y p = x − is a particular solution of (E).
2 4
® Give the set of all solutions of (E).

¯ Calculate the solution y1 of (E) satisfying y1 (0) = 1

Exercise 17 : (Exam 2016 University of M’sila)

¬ Calculate the integral ∫
x
dx
sin2 x
.
] π[
­ Solve on I = 0, the equation
2
y′ sin( x ) − y cos( x ) = x

Exercise 18 : (Exam 2015 University of A.Mira-Béjaia)

We consider the first-order differential equation
2y′ − y = cos( x ) (E)
¬ Solve the homogeneous equation associated with (E)
1 2
¬ Check that y p = − cos( x ) + sin( x )is a particular solution of (E).
5 5
® Deduce the general solution of (E).
® Calculate the solution y1 of (E) satisfying y1 (0) = 0

Exercise 19 (Exam 2020 University of M’sila) (6pts)

Tick the correct answer for each question.
∫ π
¬ The value of the integral π
π sin(10x )dx is (2pts)
2
π π π
a) . b) − . c) .
10 5 5
­ the equation x2 y′ + xy = y2 + 4x2 is a differential equation of (2pts)

a) Bernoulli . b) homogeneous. . c) à separable variables. .

® A particular solution of the equation 2y′ − y = cos( x ) is (2pts)

Page 16
 1 2 1 2
a) y p = − cos( x ) + sin( x ) . b) y p = cos( x ) − sin( x ) .
5 5 5 5

Exercice 20 :(Exam 2020 University of M’sila) (6pts)

We consider the first-order differential equation
y′ − y = e x sin( x ) (E)

¬ Solve the homogeneous equation (without a right-hand side) associated with (E)

­ Using the method of variation of consonants, find a particular solution y p of (E), then give
the set of all solutions of (E).

® Calculate the solution y1 of (E) satisfying y1 (π ) = 0

Page 17
University of Mohamed Boudiaf-Msila
Faculty of Sciences and Technologies Academic Year 2023-2024.
Module :Mathematics 02 Renewable energy + License ST 1st year

Worksheet N◦ 3

Summary: Linear second-order differential equations with constant coeffi-

cients
¬ A linear second-order differential equation with constant coefficients is an equation of the form
ay′′ + by′ + cy = f ( x ) (E)
where a, b, c ∈ R, a ̸= 0, and f is a continuous function on an open interval I.
­The equation
ay′′ + by′ + cy = 0 (EH)
is called the associated homogeneous equation (EH) to ( E).
® The equation
ar2 + br + c = 0 (EC)
is called the characteristic equation associated to ( EH ).
® The general solutions of the equation ( E) are obtained by adding the general solutions of the
homogeneous equation ( EH ) to a particular solution of ( E).i.e;

yG = yh + y p

How to calculate yh ?
Let yh be the solution of the equation: ay′′ + by′ + cy = 0 (EH). And let ar2 + br + c = 0 (EC)
be the associated characteristic equation to ( EH ), and ∆ = b2 − 4ac the discriminant of the
equation ( EC ):

The solutions of ar2 + br + c = 0 The solutions of ay′′ + by′ + cy = 0 are

are

√ √
∆>0 −b + ∆ −b − ∆ yh = c1 er1 x + c2 er2 x ; ou c1 , c2 ∈ R
r1 = ; r2 =
2a 2a

∆=0 −b yh = (c1 + c2 x )erx ; ou c1 , c2 ∈ R

r=
2a

∆<0 r1 = α + iβ;r2 = r1 = α − iβ yh = eαx (c1 cos( βx ) + c2 sin( βx )) ; ou c1 , c2 ∈ R

Page 18
Search for a particular solution y p
We provide four (04) important particular cases and a general method.
Method 01:
Right-hand side of the type Roots of the A particular solution of
characteristic
equation

f ( x ) = Pn ( x ), where Pn is a The number 0 y p = Qn ( x ) where Qn is a

polynomial of degree n is not a root of polynomial of degree n
the characteris-
tic equation

The number 0 is y p = x k Qn ( x )
a root of multi- where Qn is a polynomial of degree n
plicity k of the
characteristic
equation

f ( x ) = Pn ( x )eαx , where Pn The number α y p = Qn ( x )eαx

is a polynomial of degree n is not a root of where Qn is a polynomial of degree n
α∈R the characteris-
tic equation

The number α y p = x k Qn ( x )eα

is a root of mul- where Qn is a polynomial of degree n
tiplicity k of the
characteristic
equation

f ( x ) = P1 ( x ) cos( βx ) + the numbers±iβ y p = Q1 ( x ) cos( βx ) + Q2 ( x ) sin( βx )

P2 ( x ) sin( βx ), where β ∈ R are not roots of where Q1 and Q2 are two
and P1 , P2 two polynomials, the characteris- polynomials of degree n = max (deg{ P1 , P2 })
tic equation

the numbers y p = x k ( Q1 ( x ) cos( βx ) + Q2 ( x ) sin( βx ))

±iβ are roots where Q1 and Q2 are two polynomials
of multiplicity of degree n = max (deg{ P1 , P2 })
k of the charac-
teristic equation

f ( x ) = eαx ( P1 ( x ) cos( βx ) The number α ± y p = eαx ( Q1 ( x ) cos( βx ) + Q2 ( x ) sin( βx ))

+ P2 ( x ) sin( βx )), where iβ is not a root where Q1 and Q2 are two polynomials
α, β ∈ R and P1 , P2 two of the character- of degree n = max (deg{ P1 , P2 })
polynomials, istic equation

The number α ± y p = x k eαx ( Q1 ( x ) cos( βx ) + Q2 ( x ) sin( βx ))

iβ is a root of where Q1 and Q2 are two polynomials of
multiplicity k of degree n = max (deg{ P1 , P2 })
the characteris-
tic equation

Page 19
Method 02: Variation of constants.
If {y1 , y2 } is a set of solutions of the homogeneous equation ( EH ), we seek a particular solution in the
form y p = c1 ( x )y1 + c2 ( x )y2 , such that c1 ( x ) and c2 ( x ) are two functions satisfying :
{ ′
c1 ( x )y1 + c2′ ( x )y2 = 0
f (x)
c1′ ( x )y1′ + c2′ ( x )y2′ =
a

Example
Solve the following differential equations :
y′′ − 5y′ + 6y = 0...(1) y′′ − 6y′ + 9y = 0...(2) y′′ − 2y′ + 5y = 0...(3)

Solution
1. The associated characteristic equation to y′′ − 5y′ + 6y = 0 is r2 − 5r + 6 = 0, which has two
solutions: r1 = 2 and r2 = 3. Therefore, the solutions are the functions defined on R by
y( x ) = c1 e2x + c2 e3x where c1 , c2 ∈ R.

2. The associated characteristic equation to y′′ − 6y′ + 9y = 0 is r2 − 6r + 9 = 0, which has a

double root: r = 3. Therefore, the solutions are the functions defined on R by
y( x ) = (c1 + c2 x )e3x where c1 , c2 ∈ R

3. The associated characteristic equation to y′′ − 2y′ + 5y = 0 is r2 − 2r + 5 = 0, which has two

complex solutions: r1 = 1 + 2i and r2 = 1 − 2i. Therefore, the solutions are the functions defined
on R by y( x ) = e x (c1 cos(2x ) + c2 sin(2x )) where c1 , c2 ∈ R

Exercise 01 :
Solve the following differential equations

1) y′′ − y′ − 2y = 0 2) y′′ − 4y′ + 4y = 0 3) y′′ − 6y′ + 10y = 0

Exercise 03 :
Solve the following differential equations

1) y′′ − 3y′ + 2y = 0 2) y′′ − 2y′ + y = 0 3) y′′ + 9y = 0

Exercise 03:
Solve the following differential equations:

1) y′′ − 3y′ + 2y = x2 + 1 6) y′′ − 5y′ + 6y = 2xe3x + 2xe x

2) y′′ − 3y′ = 3x 7) y′′ + 4y = 3 sin(2x )
3) y′′ − 5y′ + 6y = 2xe x 8) y′′ + 4y = 3 sin(2x ) + 5x cos(2x )

4) y′′ − 5y′ + 6y = 2xe3x 9) y′′ + 4y = 3 sin(2x ) + 5x cos(3x )

5) y′′ − 2y′ + y = 2e x 10) y′′ − 4y′ + 5y = sin( x )e2x

Page 20
Exercise 04 :
Solve the following differential equations :

1) y′′ − 7y′ + 12y = 4x2 6) y′′ − 7y′ + 12y = 2xe4x + 4x2

2) y′′ − 7y′ = 2x
7) y′′ + 9y = 2 cos(3x ) + x sin(3x )
3) y′′ − 7y′ + 12y = 3xe2x
8) y′′ + 9y = 2 cos(3x ) + x sin(2x )
4) y′′ − 7y′ + 12y = 2xe4x
5) y′′ + 4y′ + 4y = e−2x 9) y′′ − 2y′ + 5y = sin(2x )e x

Exercise 06 : (Exam 2011 University of A.Mira-Béjaia)

We consider the following second-order differential equation
y” − 3y′ + 2y = xe2x + cos2 ( x ) − sin2 ( x )...( E)
¬ Resolve the homogeneous equation associated with ( E)
­ Give the particular solution of the equation:

y” − 3y′ + 2y = xe2x ...( E1 )

® Give the particular solution of the equation:

y” − 3y′ + 2y = cos(2x )...( E2 )

¯ Deduce the particular solution of the equation ( E)

° Give the general solution of the equation ( E)

Exercise 07 :
] π π[
Résoudre l’équation suivante, sur l’intervalle − ; +
2 2
1
y′′ + y =
cos( x )

Exercise 08 (Exam 2017-University of M’sila)(6pts) (*)

¬ Solve the following differential equation y′ + y tan( x ) − sin( x ) = 0
­ a) Solve the following differential equations:
y′′ + y = xe x , y′′ + y = sin( x ) + 2 cos( x )
b) Deduce the solutions of the equation y′′ + y = xe x + sin( x ) + 2 cos( x )

Exercise 09 : (*)
We consider the following second-order differential equation
y” − 4y′ + 4y = 2ch(2x )...( E)
¬ Solve the homogeneous equation associated with ( E)

Page 21
 ­ Give the particular solution of the equation:

y” − 4y′ + 4y = e2x ...( E1 )

® Give the particular solution of the equation:

y” − 4y′ + 4y = e−2x ...( E2 )

¯ Deduce the particular solution of the equation ( E)

° Give the general solution of the equation ( E)

Exercise 10 : (Exam 2013 University of A.Mira-Béjaia) (*)

¬ We consider the first-order differential equation
( )
′ 1
y + 1− y=x (E)
x
a) Resolve the homogeneous equation associated with (E)
b) Check that y p ( x ) = x is a particular solution of (E).
c) Deduce the general solution of the equation (E).
1
d) Calculate the solution y1 of (E) satisfying y1 (1) = 1 +
e
¬ Solve the following differential equation:

y” + y = x3 + 1

Exercise 11 : (Exam 2015-2016 University of A.Mira-Béjaia)

We consider the second-order differential equation
y” − 2y′ = 12x − 10...( E) (E)
1) Solve the associated homogeneous equation for (E)

2) Find the constants a and b such that y p ( x ) = ax2 + bx is a particular solution of (E).

3) Find a solution of (E) satisfying y(0) = 1 and y′ (0) = 4.

Exercise 12 : (Exam 2012-2013 University of A.Mira-Béjaia)

1) Resolve the following differential equations.:
a) y′ + y = e x
b) y′ + y2 = 0
2) Resolve the following differential equations. :

y” − y′ − 6y = cos( x ) + x2 ...( E) (E)

Page 22
Exercise 13 : (Exam 2017-2018 University of A.Mira-Béjaia)
We consider the following second-order differential equation.
y” − 2y′ + y = (6x + 2)e x ...( E)
¬ Solve the associated homogeneous equation for ( E)

­ Find the constants a and b such that y p ( x ) = ( ax3 + bx2 )e x is a particular solution of (E).”

¯ Determine the general solution of (E).

® Find a solution of (E) satisfying y(0) = 1 and y′ (0) = 2.

Exercise 14 : (Exam 2017-2018 University of A.Mira-Béjaia)

We consider the following second-order differential equation

y” − 5y′ + 4y = e x + 2xe4x ...( E)

¬ Resolve the associated homogeneous equation for ( E)
­ Determine the general solution of” (E).
® Find a solution of (E) satisfying y(0) = 1 and y′ (0) = 2.

Exercise 15 : (Exam 2023 University of M’sila)

A) (2pts) Resolve the following differential equation:
xy′ − y = x
,
B) We consider the following differential equations.
1 3x 1
y” − 5y′ + 6y = e ...(1), y” − 5y′ + 6y = − e−3x ...(2), y” − 5y′ + 6y = sh(3x )...( E)
2 2

¯ (4pts) Solve the equations (1) and (2), and then deduce the general solution of ( E)..

Page 23