Algebraické výrazy

Pn n


(1) (x + y)n = k=0 k xn−k y k (2) (a ± b)2 = a2 ± 2ab + b2 (4) (a ± b)3 = a3 ± 3a2 b + 3ab2 ± b3
n n!


k = (n−k)!·k!
(3) a2 − b2 = (a − b) · (a + b) (5) a3 ± b3 = (a ± b) · (a2 ∓ ab + b2 )

Laplaceův rozvoj a adjungovaná matice

Pn
(1) det(A)
Pn = k=1 (−1)i+k aik det(Aik ) = (2) adj(A) = (dij )⊤ ; dij = (−1)i+j det(Aij )
k+j
= k=1 (−1) akj det(Akj )

Vlastnosti goniometrických funkcı́

1−cos(2x)
(1) sin2 x = 2
(3) sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 (5) sin(x ± y) = sin x cos y ± sin y cos x
1+cos(2x) 1
(2) cos2 x = 2 (4) tg2 x + 1 = cos2 x (6) cos(x ± y) = cos x cos y ± sin y sin x

Vlastnosti logaritmické funkce

loga x
(1) loga (xy) = loga x + loga y (3) logb x = loga b (5) loga x = y ⇔ ay = x
 
(2) loga xy = loga x − loga y (4) loga xy = y · loga x (6) eln x = x

Derivace

(1) a′ = 0, 1 1
(6) [loga x]′ = , (11) [arcsin x]′ = √ ,
x ln a 1 − x2
(2) [xa ]′ = axa−1 , (7) [sin x]′ = cos x, −1
(12) [arccos x]′ = √ ,
(3) [ex ]′ = ex , (8) [cos x]′ = − sin x, 1 − x2
1 1
(4) [ax ]′ = ax ln a, (9) [tg x]′ = , (13) [arctg x]′ = ,
cos2 x 1 + x2
1 −1 −1
(5) [ln x]′ = , (10) [cotg x]′ = , (14) [arccotg x]′ = .
x sin2 x 1 + x2

Aplikace derivace
Pn f (k) (x0 ) (2) k = limx→±∞ f (x) (3) f : x = φ(t), y = ψ(t)
(1) Tnf,x0 = k=0 k! (x − x0 )k x ′
q = limx→±∞ (f (x) − kx) f ′ (x) = ψ (t)
φ′ (t)

Integrály
R R
(1) a dx = a · x + C, (7) cos x dx = sin x + C
xa+1
xa dx =
R
(2) + C; a ̸= −1, 1
R
a+1 (8) sin2 x
dx = − cotg x + C; x ̸= kπ, k ∈ Z
1
R
(3) x dx = ln |x| + C; a ̸= −1, x ̸= 0, R 1 π
(9) cos2 x dx = tg x + C; x ̸= 2 + kπ, k ∈ Z,
x x
R
(4) e dx = e + C,
1
R
R x ax (10) 1+x2 dx = arctg x + C1 = − arccotg x + C2 ,
(5) a dx = ln a + C; a > 0, a ̸= 1,
√ 1
R R
(6) sin x dx = − cos x + C, (11) 1−x2
dx = arcsin x + C1 = − arccos x + C2 ; x ∈ ⟨−1, 1⟩

f ′ (x)
√
√ 1
R R

(12) f (x) dx = ln |f (x)| + C. (15) x2 −a2
dx = ln x + x2 − a2 + C; x > a > 0,

√ 1
R
(13) dx =  
√ 1 1
arccos  xa  + C; a ̸= 0, x2 > a2
R
a2 −x2 (16) dx =
x x x x2 −a2 a
arcsin a + C1 = − arccos + C2 ; x ∈ ⟨−1, 1⟩
a
√
√ 1
R
1 1 x
x2 > a,
R
(14) x2 +a2
dx = ln x + x2 + a2 + C; a > 0, (17) x2 +a2 dx = a arctg a + C;

Aplikace určitého integrálu

Rb Rbp
(1) obsah plochy: S = a
f (x) dx (3) délka krivky: l = 1 + [f ′ (x)]2 dx
a
Rb Rb p
(2) objem telesa: V = π a
[f (x)]2 dx (4) povrch pláště: S = a f (x) 1 + [f ′ (x)]2 dx