Eastern Mediterranean University

Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department

Summer Training Report

Felix Wani Demetry

17700215
February 2021

Name of Company: South Sudan Electricity

Corporation
Address of Company: Juba, South Sudan
Supervisor of Training: Alberto Lado
Address of Supervisor Tel: +211954530209

albertol@yahoo.com

Field of Training Operation &

Maintenance
Number of Engineers & 5 Electrical Engineers
Their Fields

Date of Training: 8 July – 30 August 2018

No. of Working Days: 40

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 Acknowledgements

I would like to use this opportunity to acknowledge my family for their overwhelming support and

the Department of Electrical Electronics engineering of the Eastern Mediterranean University,

most especially my summer training supervisor and the entire team at South Sudan Electricity

Corporation. May Gods peace abide be with you all at all times.

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Table of Contents
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 2
List of figures .......................................................................................................................................... 3
1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 5
2. Electrical Maintenance ........................................................................................................................ 6
2.1 What is Electrical maintenance? ..................................................................................................... 6
3. Preventive Electrical Maintenance ....................................................................................................... 7
5. Pole or support (high tension) .............................................................................................................. 9
What is a pole? ........................................................................................................................................ 9
8. Automatic transfer Switch (ATS) ....................................................................................................... 12
8.1 A brief introduction ..................................................................................................................... 12
8.2. How to install an ATS ................................................................................................................. 13
9. Maintenance Tools ............................................................................................................................ 14
Fig 6.4. showing pier of Allen keys set .................................................................................................. 18
10. Sockets outlet .............................................................................................................................. 20
11. Plug top ........................................................................................................................................... 21
12. Mounting television on a wall ...................................................................................................... 22
12.1 procedure ................................................................................................................................... 23
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 24
References............................................................................................................................................. 25

List of figures
Fig 1. Conducting maintenance on a control panel...………….………………………………………………….6
Fig 2. Trainees getting educated on RMU……………………………………………………………………………..….7
Fig 3. Concrete H.T pole replacement……………………………………………………………10
Fig. 4 situation on load shedding ………………………………………………………………..10
Fig. 5 A type of ATS switch (Cabinet Style) ……………………………………………………………………………12
Fig 5.1 Wall mounted style ATS switch…………………………………………………………………………..………13

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Fig. 5.2 ATS circuit ……………………………………………………………………………………………..…………….....14
Fig 5.3. Internal diagram of ATS switch…………………………………….……………………………………………14
Fig 6. Best digital multimeter………………………………….……………………………………………..………………15

Fig 6.1. Electrician pair of plier……………………………..……………………….…………………………16

Fig 6.2 Long nose plier……………………………………………………………………………….………………………….16
Fig 6.3. Insulated adjustable spanner………………………………………………...…….....…….17
Fig. 6.4 Pair of Allen keys set……………………………………………………………………………………………………18
Fig. 6.5 Practical tool ratchet set………………………………………………………………………………………………19
Fig. 6.6 Cordless electric drilling machine ……………………………………………………...19
Fig 7. Connecting a double gang power outlet……………….…………..………………………………………….…20
Fig 7.1 Connection of 2-way gang switch……………..…….……...…………………………………………………..21
Fig.8 A 15A fused plug…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...21

Fig. 8.1 The burnt plug…….……………………………………………..………………………………………………………22

Fig. 8.2 Various types of plugs and sockets…………………………….…………………………………………….23

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 1. Introduction

South Sudan Electricity Corporation (SSEC) is the only public owned power utility company
responsible for generation, transmission and distribution of electricity to the people of south Sudan.
South Sudan Electricity Corporation was establish in 2012 under the ministry of Energy and
Mining following the split from Sudan and gaining independence the year before. In January 24,
2014, the SSEC was approved for a grant from the African Development Bank Group to
rehabilitate and expand the distribution networks in Juba.

1.1 My training

During my training days with the power utility service provider at the (SSEC) south Sudan
electricity corporation, I worked at the distribution department under the team of electrical
operation and maintenance engineers that works day and night to make sure electric power is
constantly supplied to the consumers.

The operation and maintenance section is responsible for transformers fuse replacement both on
the high tension and low tension, distribution line fault finding, disconnection of customers, load
shading, tress pruning along powerlines etc where by in my 40 days of training I spent at the south
Sudan electricity corporation, one of the major things was team-work, which was beneficiary and
experience worthy.

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 2. Electrical Maintenance
2.1 What is Electrical maintenance?
Electrical maintenance covers all aspects of testing, monitoring, fixing, and replacing elements of
an electrical system. Usually performed by a licensed professional with a complete knowledge of
the National Electric Code and local regulations. Scheduled test is very important to make sure
appliances and devices connected to the electrical system are safe to use for everyday needs.

How to carry out electrical maintenance.

A simple electrical maintenance can be done by following these few steps

 Checking for damaged wires and replacing them if needed

 Checking for broken power line poles
 Checking for rodent to prevent shorting the circuit
 Testing fuses, circuit breakers and control panels

Fig 3: conducting maintenance on control panel

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 3. Preventive Electrical Maintenance
3.1 introduction

Early identification of problems is a key aspect of electrical maintenance. For instance, should a
back-up generator sit idle until needed, it may not start due to a number of factors. Old fuel
clogging a fuel filter, uncharged starting batteries, or start switches left in the wrong mode can all
prevent a smooth transition to backup power. These are basic problems, easily identified and
addressed through preventative maintenance.

One of the major challenges to electrical maintenance is the nature of electrical wiring. It can be
difficult to pinpoint the location of specific problems as the system is built on long distances or
rather into the building. Ring main unit and thermal imaging has become increasingly important
in the industry for its ability to identify faults with both electrical connection points and equipment.
By catching such problems early, electrical maintenance helps reduce unexpected power outages
and protects the expensive equipment from damage.

What is electrical maintenance? It’s an aspect of building operations no commercial facility should
be without. While large scale operations may have their own on-staff electricians, smaller facilities
may find it more financially viable to contract with a licensed professional for scheduled electrical
maintenance and servicing.

Fig 2 Figure showing trainees getting educated on RMU

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 4. Health and Safety at Work

Electricity is a familiar and necessary part of everyday life, but electricity can kill or severely
injure people and cause damage to property. There are simple precautions when working with, or
near electricity that can be taken to significantly reduce the risk of electrical injury to you and
others around you.

4.1 Electrical systems and equipment are required to be

 constructed of materials that are suitable (both mechanically and electrically)

 regularly, effectively and safely maintained
 afforded suitable protection against adverse conditions (mechanical, electrical and
environmental damage)
 correctly installed and used
 provided with suitable earthing and protective devices
 provided with a suitable physical means for disconnecting and isolating the supply

4.2 Hazards

Electrical hazards are associated with:

 the fixed installation

 electrically powered tools
 portable electrical appliances
 Leads, connectors and other components of electrical tools and appliances.

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 4.3 Overhead and underground electricity lines

Before starting any work near overhead and underground lines, you need to assess the risks and
plan how these will be managed:

Overhead lines:

 heights, sway and sag of lines

 nature, height and shapes of loads
 Approach distances and work zones.

Underground lines:

 identify cable location, for example if you’re going to repair pot-holes

 talk to asset owners
 Use insulated hand tools.

5. Pole or support (high tension)

What is a pole?

A pole is a column or post used to support overhead power lines and various other public utilities,
such as electrical cable, fiber optic cable, and related equipment such as transformers and street
lights. It can be referred to as a transmission pole.
Electrical wires and cables are routed overhead on poles as an inexpensive way to keep them
insulated from the ground and out of the way of people and vehicles. The poles can be made of
wood, metal, concrete, or composites like fiberglass. They are used for two different types of
power lines: sub transmission lines, which carry higher voltage power between substations, and
distribution lines, which distribute lower voltage power to customers.

Utility poles are commonly used to carry two types of electric power lines: distribution lines (or
"feeders") and sub-transmission lines. Distribution lines carry power from local substations to
customers. They generally carry voltages from 4.6 to 33 kilovolts (kV) for distances up to 30 miles,

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and include transformers to step the voltage down from the primary voltage to the lower secondary
voltage used by the customer. A service drop carries this lower voltage to the customer's premises.

Fig.3 figure showing concrete H.T pole replacement

6. Load Shedding

Load shedding is normally carried out when the power demand is more than the power availability
at a given point of time to shed excess load on the generating stations. Load shedding is carried
out on priority basis. Emergency services such as hospitals, fire services, important government
office etc. are left out and load shedding is carried out phase by phase.

Thus the switching ‘OFF’ of particular feeder (circuit breaker) to avoid total breakdown due to
overload is called shedding. During my training period the load shedding normally was carried out
(manually by the operation team as the network is yet to be upgraded with sophisticated
equipment) between 10:00 am to 15:00pm and as well in the evening hours between 19:00 to 22:00
hours.

Fig. 4 showing situation on load shedding

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 7. Conductor Jointing

The length of distribution lines are in kilometers and one coil of conductor is not able to solve the
length problem. Hence jointing the conductor is necessary. Another necessity of jointing the
conductor is breaking of the conductor for some reason like short circuit or car accidents as it
normally happen.

7.1 Types of Joints

I. Britannia Joint: This type of joint is made only on solid conductors and cannot be made on
stranded conductor. Two conductors of length 6 inches (150 mm) are brought in front of
each other to be joined. Then both conductors should be cleaned to make sure that they are
rust free. If the conductor is of copper; it should make good electrical connection. Then
ends of both the conductors are bent through half centimeter and placed on each other. The
length of the contact portion should be minimum 100 mm. This joint should be bound by
14 mm copper wire.

II. Telephone Joint (Western Union): This joint is used only for solid conductors. It is used
for conductors of size 8 SWG or higher size. First, they are bent at 100 to 125 mm from
the edges and are placed over each other. Then each one is twisted with another conductor.

III. Married Joints: This joint is made between copper conductors having central strand of G.I.
wire. This joint should not be made between Al conductors. Approximately 175 to 200 mm
of conductor strands are unwound. The G.I. strand of both conductors should be broken up
to a length of 175 mm. Both conductors should be brought in front of each other and their
strands should be woven with each other. The strand of one conductor is twisted on another
conductor, and the strand of the other conductor is twisted and then soldered. This is used
only for small span length.

IV. ‘T’ Joint: This joint is made with stranded conductor. This joint cannot take tension. It is
used for jumper or tapping in sub-station. The conductor strands to be separated up to 100
mm. Then middle steel strands are cut. Then it shall be placed to horizontal conductor with
three strands each on either side and shall be twisted over the horizontal conductor.

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 V. Sleeve Joint: It can be made with any type of aluminum conductor. Graphite grease is
applied over the conductor and two Al sleeves should be taken. These sleeves should be
placed on the conductor as shown. Sleeves should be twisted by twisting wrench. This joint
is made for L.T., H.T., ACSR, AAC conductor up to 0.06 cm2.

VI. Compression Joint: This joint is used for conductors of more than 0.06 cm2 sizes. For
preparing these joints, two different sleeves are used.

8. Automatic transfer Switch (ATS)

8.1 A brief introduction
ATS or AMF (Automatic mains failure) switch is a device that detects when there’s power failure
at the mains and sends a signal to the secondary supply to power it. It is used to automatically
switch between the primary source of power to the secondary source of power when there’s failure
on the primary side. There are various kinds of ATS’s that can be chosen from to satisfy one’s
specific need.

Different kinds of ATS switches shown below:

Fig 5. A type of ATS switch (Cabinet Style)

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 Fig 5.1. Wall mounted style ATS switch

8.2. How to install an ATS

Firstly, choose an appropriate place to mount ATS suitably a place that can protect it from harsh
weather conditions and mount the ATS. After the ATS is connected, Connect the mains supply
and the secondary supply to the ATS then connect the ATS to the building to be powered. A
communication cable which sends 12v is connected from the ATS to the Stand by generator which
keeps its battery charged and powers it on and off. And the connection is ready.

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 Fig 5.2 showing ATS circuit

Fig 5.3. Internal structure of ATS switch

9. Maintenance Tools

Because tools play a very important role in the life of engineers, it is important that they are well
kept and maintained. These can be done by ensuring the tools are always in a dry place, and all are
wiped down after use. They are also stored in a proper and visible place as they can cause harm. It
is also important to select the materials of the tools based on the conditions they’ll be working on;
below are of the important tool for electrician.

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 9.1 Multimeter (recommended)
A mustimeter capable of reading up to 600 volts is necessary. It should also be able to detect
continuity. A clamp on style of mustimeter with amperage capability is preferable. Fluke is the
preferred brand, although cheaper brands are available and will be adequate for the apprentice who
is just becoming an electrician.

Fig 6. Showing best digital multimetre fluke

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 9.2 Electrician plier

Electrical pliers are used when working with electricity and making electrical connections. Special
cutters on the pliers allow them to be used to cut wire to length and to strip away the wire's outer
coating as well.

Fig 6.1 showing electrician quality plier

9.3 Long nose pliers

Long-nose pliers (also known as pointy-nose pliers, needle-nose pliers, pinch-nose pliers or snipe-
nose pliers) are both cutting and holding pliers used by artisans, electricians, network engineers
and other tradesmen to bend, re-position and snip wire. Their namesake long nose gives excellent
control while the cutting edge near the pliers' joint provides "one-tool" convenience. Because of
their long shape they are useful for reaching into small areas where cables or other materials have
become stuck or unreachable with fingers or other means.

Fig 6.2 showing long nose plier

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 9.4 Adjustable spanner

An adjustable spanner or adjustable wrench is an open-end wrench with a movable jaw, allowing
it to be used with different sizes of fastener head (nut, bolt, etc.) rather than just one fastener size,
as with a conventional fixed spanner. It is one the most desired tool by every engineer.

Fig 6.3 showing insulted adjustable spanner

9.5 Allen Wrenches (hex keys)

A hex key or Allen key, is a simple tool used to drive bolts and screws with hexagonal sockets in
their heads. The tool is usually formed of a single piece of hexagonal rod of hard steel, with blunt
ends that are meant to fit snugly into the screw's socket, bent in an "L" shape with unequal arms.
The tool is usually held and twisted by the long arm, creating a large torque at the tip of the short
arm. Reversing the tool lets the long arm reach screws in hard-to-reach places.

Each key is meant to be used with screws of a specific socket size, with rather tight tolerances; so
the tool is commonly sold in kits that include half a dozen or more keys of different sizes. Usually
the length of the key increases with the size of the socket, but not necessarily in direct proportion.
Variants of the tool have the short end inserted in a transverse handle, which may contain multiple
keys that can be folded into the handle when not in use.

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 Fig 6.4. showing pier of Allen keys set

9.6 Socket set (ratchet)

A ratchet incorporates a reversible ratcheting mechanism which allows the user to pivot the tool
back and forth to turn its socket instead of removing and repositioning a wrench to do so. The
ratcheting mechanism allows the nut to be tightened or loosened with a reciprocating motion,
without requiring that the wrench be removed and refitted after each turn. Typically, a small lever
on the ratchet head switches the wrench between tightening and loosening mode. These drive
fittings come in four common sizes: 1⁄4 inch, 3⁄8 inch, 1⁄2 inch, and 3⁄4 inch (referred to as "drives",
as in "3⁄8 drive"). Despite being denominated in inches, these are trade names (common product
name), and manufacturers construct them to 6.3 mm, 9.5 mm, 12.5 mm and 19 mm, having been
rounded to a reasonable, if haphazard, metric value. Larger drive sizes such as 1 inch and above
are usually only encountered on fasteners of larger industrial equipment.

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 Fig 6.5 showing practical tool ratchet set

9.7 Drilling machine

A drilling machine or drill is a tool primarily used for making round holes or driving fasteners. It
is fitted with a bit, either a drill or driver, depending on application, secured by a chuck. Some
powered drills also include a hammer function.
Drills vary widely in speed, power, and size. They are characteristically corded electrically driven
devices, with hand-operated types dramatically decreasing in popularity and cordless battery-
powered ones proliferating.
Drills are commonly used in woodworking, metalworking, construction, machine tool fabrication,
and utility projects. Specially designed versions are made for medicine, space, and miniature
applications.

Fig 6.6 showing cordless electric drilling machine

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 10. Sockets outlet

A socket or power outlet or electrical outlet or receptacle is a socket that connects electrical
appliances to an electricity supply. In buildings, electrical outlets are usually installed in the wall,
although they can also be installed on the floor.

A single socket outlet has three holes live denoted ‘L’, neutral denoted ‘N’ and earth denoted ‘E’.
The Blue wire is connected to ‘L’, black wire is connected to ‘N’ and green is earthed. The wires
are drawn from the socket to the next repeating the process till it’s all done.

Fig 7. Connecting a double gang power outlet

Fig 7.1. Showing 2 way gang switch wiring

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 11. Plug top

A plug is used to connect an electrical device to an electrical outlet. There are different plugs for
different socket types and they have different ratings from 3A-15A.

To change a plug top, cut off current to prevent electrocution remove the wires from the bad plug,
connect the red or brown wire to the live pin, the blue or black wire to the neutral pin and the green
or yellow wire to the earth pin. Though a circuit will work without earth, the primary purpose of
earth is to reduce the risk of serious electric shock from current leaking into uninsulated metal
parts of an appliance, power tool, or other electrical devices.

Fig 8. Showing 15A fused plug (best for electrical safety)

Fig 8.1 showing burnt plug top

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 Fig 8.2 showing various types of plugs tops and sockets

12. Mounting television on a wall

Televisions are a great way for announce information or for entertainment. They can be easily
kept on a stand or anywhere that is not a danger to the device. But to hang it on a wall, becomes
complicated and usually requires extra set of hands.

To mount a TV on a wall, the following are needed:

 Drill
 Wall bracket (Usually from TV manufacturer)
 Screws
 Wall anchors
 Screwdrivers

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 12.1 procedure

After locating where TV is to be mounted,

 Place bracket on the wall 180 degrees on the wall

 Mark screw holes on the bracket with a pencil
 Place wall anchors in the holes and fasten bracket to wall with the screws
 Hang tv on bracket following manual instruction.

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 Conclusion

In my conclusion, training at the (SSEC) south Sudan electricity corporation was a truly
memorable experience that I am truly grateful for. Seeing so many things I have learned in lectures
being put to practice is an evocative experience. Courses like power generation and distribution,
Electromagnetics etc were especially useful in this field. When the engineers and technicians spoke
of certain terms or practices we were undertaking in the field I would often try to recall the thoughts
of my lectures.

This experience therefore gave me an idea of what I want to do in future. I have always enjoyed
dealing with current and voltages in the theoretical aspect. I believe the power industry has also
reignited my interest and grown it from a more theoretical knowledge into a more practical one.

As an aspiring engineer I’m certain to the knowledge I have acquired in lectures from Eastern
Mediterranean University and the experience I acquired from my summer training will make me
a competitive engineer. One who is not simply content in working in the power industry, but also
to improve the power sector using advance and smart technology.

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 References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan_Electricity_Corporation
[3] Transfer Switches https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_switch

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