Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Vui Van Cao

Chapter 10
COMBINED LOADINGS

10.1 CONCEPT

In this chapter, members whose internal forces

including Nz, Mx, My, Mz are studied.
+ Axial force: Nz;
+ Bending moment about the x axis: Mx;
+ Bending moment about the y axis: My;
+ Torsion moment: Mz;
+ The effects of shear forces are neglected.

Mx
Mz
O Nz
z
My
x

y
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Mechanics of Materials 1
Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Vui Van Cao

10.2 ASYMMETRIC BENDING

10.2.1. Definition Mx

 A member is in asymmetric bending if there are O

z
My
two components of internal forces: Mx and My. x

The sum of Mx and My is Mu as shown in u

the Figure: Mu My

O z
In which: Mx
x
 M x  M u cos 

 M y  M u sin  y
u is an asymmetric axis, thus it is called asymmetric
bending.

10.2 UNSYMMETRIC BENDING

10.2.1. Definition
u
Mu My

O z
Mx
x

y
Note:
 If Mx=0 or My=0, u will become y or x axis,
respectively, and it is symmetric bending.
 If the cross section is circle, u is always a
symmetric axis, thus it is always symmetric
bending and
Mu M M x2  M y2
 max   R u 
min Iu Wu Wu

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Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Vui Van Cao

10.2 UNSYMMETRIC BENDING

10.2.2. Normal stress

10.2.2.1. Formula
At point A(x,y): Mx

O
 Mx causes: z
My
Mx x
 zM 
x
y
Ix y

 My causes:
My My
z  x
Iy

Stress due to Mx and My:

( M x ,M y ) My Mx M
z   zM x   z  y y x
Ix Iy

10.2 UNSYMMETRIC BENDING

10.2.2. Normal stress

10.2.2.2. Sign of stress
2 ways:
Way 1: The sign of stress depends on the sign of Mx,
My, x, y in the formula.
Way 2: use absolute values and select the sign.
Mx My
z   y x
Ix Iy
Take + if M causes tension to the point of computed
stress.
Take – if M causes compression to the point of
computed stress.
- -
+ - Mx

O O
z z
x +
-
My
x +
+
y y

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Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Vui Van Cao

10.2 UNSYMMETRIC BENDING

10.2.3. Neutral line and diagram of stress

10.2.3.1. Neutral line
Mx M
z  y  y x is a plane in the coordinate system
Ix Iy
Oxyz, and is called stress plane (plane ABCD).
Stress plane x cross section = neutral axis (line EF).
C The normal stress of any point on the neutral line is
D min zero.

E
x O
F min

z A B
max
y

max

10.2 UNSYMMETRIC BENDING

10.2.3. Neutral line and diagram of stress

10.2.3.1. Neutral line Equation of neutral axis:
 z =0
Mx M
y y x0
Ix Iy
C M y Ix
D min y x
Mx Iy
In form of y=ax going through the origin O and has an
E M y Ix
x O angle β with the x axis, where tg   
Mx Iy
F

z A B
max
y

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Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Vui Van Cao

10.2 UNSYMMETRIC BENDING

10.2.3. Neutral line and diagram of stress

10.2.3.1. Neutral line
Comments:
 Neutral axis divides the area into two regions:
compression and tension (see Figure).
C
D min  Points located on a straight line // neutral axis
have the same stress value.
 The farther away from the neutral axis, the
E
x O greater the stress value. The farthest point on
F tension region has maximum normal stress
 z ,max ; The farthest point on compression region
A B
has minimum normal stress  z ,min .
z
max
y

10.2 UNSYMMETRIC BENDING

10.2.3. Neutral line and diagram of stress

10.2.3.2. Diagram of stress
How to draw:
 Extend the neutral line.
 Draw a line  neutral axis.
 From the farthest points, draw lines // the neutral
axis.
C
D min  Draw maximum stress, minimum stress.
Meaning:
E A point lies on the line // the neutral axis has the stress
x O
F min thatis y coordinate of the stress diagram corresponding
to that point.

z A B
max
y

max

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Mechanics of Materials 5
Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Vui Van Cao

10.2 UNSYMMETRIC BENDING

10.2.3. Neutral line and diagram of stress

10.2.3.3. Maximum and minimum stresses and stress condition
In the Figure:
 A is the farthest point on the tension region:
C Mx My
D min  zA,max   z ,max   yA  xA
Ix Iy

E Mx My
x O  zA,max   z ,max  tension
 tension
Wx Wy
F
Ix Iy
Where Wxtension  ;Wytension 
yA xA
z A B
max
y

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10.2 UNSYMMETRIC BENDING

10.2.3. Neutral line and diagram of stress

10.2.3.3. Maximum and minimum stresses and stress condition
For a symmetric cross section:
Wxtension  Wxcompression
C
D min Wytension  Wycompression

The stress condition:

E
x O
 z ,max   tension
F
 z ,min   compression

z A B
max
y

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Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Vui Van Cao

10.3 BENDNG AND TENSION OR COMPRESSION

(ECCENTRIC AXIAL LOADINGS)
10.3.1. Definition

A member is in bendng and tension or compression if

the internal forces include Mu (or Mx and My) and Nz.
10.3.2. Normal stress
10.3.2.1. Formula
Applying the supperposition method:
( N z , M x ,M y ) My Nz M x M
z   zN z   zM x   z   y y x
A Ix Iy

Or:
Nz M My
z    x y x
A Ix Iy

10.3.2.2. Exercises
13

10.3 BENDNG AND TENSION OR COMPRESSION

(ECCENTRIC AXIAL LOADINGS)
10.3.3. Neutral axis, stress diagram and stress condition
Similar to symmetric bending: C
D min

( N z ,M x ,M y ) N M M E
z  z  x y y x0
A Ix Iy x O F
min
M I N I
y y x x z x
Mx Iy A Mx
z A B
y=ax+b max
y
This is a line intersecting the vertical axis at
Nz Ix max
b
A Mx
Stress condition:
 max   tension

 min   compression

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Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Vui Van Cao

10.3 BENDNG AND TENSION OR COMPRESSION

(ECCENTRIC AXIAL LOADINGS)
10.3.3. Neutral axis, stress diagram and stress condition
Exercises

15

10.3 BENDNG AND TENSION OR COMPRESSION

(ECCENTRIC AXIAL LOADINGS)
10.3.4. Eccentric axial loading
The eccentric load P at K(xK,yK) is equal to the three
following compoments at the center:
Nz  P
M x  N z yK
M y  N z xK

And the problem becomes bending and tension or

compression.
Mx
xK O O
z Nz z
yK P My
x K x

y y

Mx
xK O O
z Nz z
yK P My
x K x

y y

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Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Vui Van Cao

10.4 BENDNG AND TORSION

10.4.1. Definition
A member is in bending and torsion if the components
of internal forces include Mu (Mx and My) and Mz.
10.4.2. Circular cross section members
A example for the circular cross section member
subjected to bending is moment transmission shaft:
torque, belt tension, self weight, pulley, etc.
max

Internal components: (Mx, My, Mz) = (Mu, Mz) max

max
max
max B
u
max

B
O z

A Mu
v

max

max max
A max max

max

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10.4 BENDNG AND TORSION

10.4.2. Circular cross section members
The farthest points A and B to the axis u:
max
max

max B
max
max
 Maximum normal stress due to Mu:
u
max
Mu M x2  M y2
B  max   
z
min Wu Wu
O
Mu
v
A  Shear stress due to Mz:
max
Mz
A max max
 max 
max max W
max
In which:
1 1
Wu   R 3 , W   R 3 for circular cross section.
4 2
1 1
Wu    R 3  r 3  , W    R 3  r 3  for donut.
4 2
Stress condition:
Failure theory 3:  2  4 2   
Failure theory 4:  2  3 2   

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Mechanics of Materials 9
Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Vui Van Cao

10.4 BENDNG AND TORSION

10.4.3. Rectangular cross section members
C
G
D Mx Mx
Mz F Mz
h O h O h O
z z z
E My My
x x x
B
Hb b b
A y y y

 Normal stress at A  G or any point (x,y):

1
Mx M
Mz z  y y x
Ix Iy
h max
max z  Shear stress:
x + At A, B, C, D:   0
b
1 + At E, F (mid point of the height):
y
Mz
 max 
 hb 2
+ At G, H (mid point of the width): 1   max
Where W   hb2
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10.4 BENDNG AND TORSION

10.4.3. Rectangular cross section members

 Torsion (angle of twist):

Mz

 Ghb3
 ,  ,  are coefficients depending on ratio of
height to width.
Table of Coefficients  ,  ,  .

Table of Coefficients  ,  ,  .
h/b
Coefficient

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Mechanics of Materials 10
Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Vui Van Cao

10.4 BENDNG AND TORSION

10.4.3. Rectangular cross section members
Stress condition:
 Stress condition for points (A, B, D, D) which
has only normal stress:
 z ,max   k

 z ,min   n

 Stress condition for points (E, F, G, H) which

has both normal stress and shear stress:
+ Failure theory 3:  2  4 2   
+ Failure theory 4:  2  3 2   

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10.5 GENERAL COMBINED LOADINGS

10.5.1. Definition
A member subjected to general combined loadings if
the components of interl forces include Mu (Mx and
My), Mz and Nz.
10.5.2. Circular cross section members
M u  M x2  M y2

Stresses:
Nz M
 max    u
A Wu
Mz
 max 
W

Stress condition:
Failure theory 3:  2  4 2   
Failure theory 4:  2  3 2   
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Mechanics of Materials 11
Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Vui Van Cao

10.5 GENERAL COMBINED LOADINGS

10.5.3. Rectangular cross section members
 At points A, B, C, D:
Nz M My
+ Normal stress:  max    x 
C A Wx Wy
G min
D Mx
Mz F + Stress condition:
h O Nz  z ,max   tension ;  z ,min   compression
z
E My
x  At mid points of the height:
B
Hb + Stresses:
A y
Nz My
  
A Wy

Mz
 max 
 hb 2
+ Stress condition:
Failure theory 3:  2  4 2   
Failure theory 4:  2  3 2   
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10.5 GENERAL COMBINED LOADINGS

10.5.3. Rectangular cross section members

 At mid points of the width:

C + Stresses:
G
D Mx Nz M
Mz F    x
Nz A Wx
h O
z
E My  1   max
x
B
Hb + Stress condition:
A y
Failure theory 3:  2  4 2   
Failure theory 4:  2  3 2   

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