Module-IV

MACRO MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR

OF LAMINATE

V.Naveen Kumar,
Asst.Professor,
Mechanical Engg.Dept.
Laminate Stacking Sequence

Fiber Direction

FIGURE 4.1
Schematic of a lamina
Laminate Behavior
• Elastic Modulii
• The Stacking Position
• Thickness
• Angles of Orientation
• Coefficients of Thermal Expansion
• Coefficients of Moisture Expansion
 P
 xx =
Strains in a A (4.1)

x P
P P
 xx =
AE
Mz
z

 xx =
(a )

M
I
M

x
z
 xx =

z
(b)

M M  1   z 
 xx 
=  P +  M
 AE   EI 
x x

P P

1
z
=  0 + z  

(c)

A beam under (a) axial load, (b) bending moment,

and (c) combined axial and bending moment =  0 + z
 Types of loads allowed in CLT analysis

x
x
z
z Mxy Mx
Myx
Nx
My
y Nxy y
Nyx
Ny
(b)
(a)

Nx = normal force resultant in the x direction (per unit length)

Ny = normal force resultant in the y direction (per unit length)

Nxy = shear force resultant (per unit length) Resultant forces and moments on a
laminate.
 x
x
z
z Mxy Mx
Myx
Nx
My
y Nxy y
Nyx
Ny
(b)
(a)

Mx = bending moment resultant in the yz plane (per unit length)

My = bending moment resultant in the xz plane (per unit length)

Mxy = twisting moment resultant (per unit length)

 Classical Lamination Theory
 Each lamina is orthotropic.
 Each lamina is homogeneous.
 A line straight and perpendicular to the middle surface remains
straight and perpendicular to the middle surface during
deformation. ( γ xz = γ yz = 0 ) .
 The laminate is thin and is loaded only in its plane (plane stress)
(σz = τ xz = τ yz = 0 ) .
 Displacements are continuous and small throughout the laminate
(| u |, | v |, | w |  | h |) , where h is the laminate thickness.
 Each lamina is elastic.
 No slip occurs between the lamina interfaces.
 u0

h/2
Mid-Plane x
wo
z
h/2 
A
z
A 

z

Cross-Section Cross-Section
Before Loading after Loading

FIGURE 4.4
Figure showing the relationship between displacements through the
thickness of a plate to midplane displacements and curvatures.
Global Strains in a Laminate

  u0   
2
w0 
  2 

x 

 x   0  κx
 ε x 

 
ε
 x
  
  
   v0  
 w0 
2   0
 ε y = 
y
 + z 
y  2    εy + z  κ y .
    
γ xy         
  u0  v0   2  γ0xy  κ xy 
 +   2  w0   
 y x   xy 
Figure 4.5

Mid-Plane

Laminate Strain Variation Stress Variation

FIGURE 4.5
Strain and stress variation through the thickness of the laminate.
Relating Loads to Midplane
Strains/Curvatures
Laminate Stacking Sequence

Fiber Direction

FIGURE 4.1
Schematic of a lamina
Types of loads allowed in CLT analysis

x
x
z
z Mxy Mx
Myx
Nx
My
y Nxy y
Nyx
Ny
(b)
(a)
Nx = normal force resultant in the x direction (per unit length)

Ny = normal force resultant in the y direction (per unit length)

Nxy = shear force resultant (per unit length) FIGURE 4.3

Resultant forces and moments on a
laminate.
 Types of loads allowed in CLT
analysis
x
x
z
z Mxy Mx
Myx
Nx
My
y Nxy y
Nyx
Ny
(b)
(a)

Mx = bending moment resultant in the yz plane (per unit length)

My = bending moment resultant in the xz plane (per unit length)

Mxy = twisting moment resultant (per unit length)

Stacking Sequence

1
h0
2
3
h1 h/2
h2
h3
Mid-Plane
hk-1 k-1
hk tk k
k+1 h/2 z
hn-1
hn n

FIGURE 4.6
Coordinate locations of plies in the laminate.
Stresses in a Lamina in a Laminate
 σ x Q11 Q12 Q16  ε 
     x
 σ y = Q Q Q   ε y
   12 22 26
  
 τ xy  k   γ 
Q16 Q 26 Q66 k  xy  k

Q11 Q12 Q16  ε0  Q11 Q12 Q16  κ x

    x
   
= Q12 Q 22 Q 26  0 + z    κ y .
 ε y Q Q Q
   12 22 26
  
   0    κ xy 
Q16 Q 26 Q 66 k γ xy  Q16 Q 26 Q66 k
Forces and Stresses
 N x  σ x
  h/ 2  
 N y =
 

-h/ 2
 σ y  dz,
 
 N xy   τ xy 

 σ x
n hk  
=  
k=1
 σ y  dz,
 
h k-1
 τ xy 
k
Forces & Midplane Strains/Curvatures

 N x Q11 Q12 Q16  ε0x 

  n hk    
Q Q   0  dz
 N y =
 
 
k=1  12 22 Q 26  ε y 

  0
h k-1
 N xy  
Q16 Q 26 Q 66k γ xy 

Q11 Q12 Q16  κ x

n hk    
+ Q Q Q 
k = 1 hk 1
  12 22 26

 κ y  z dz
 
  κ xy
Q16 Q26 Q66k
Forces & Midplane Strains/Curvatures
 N x   Q11 Q12 Q16     0
   n   hk   x
  0
 N y  =   Q12 Q 22 Q 26   dz    y
   k =1   h  
 N xy     k -1

  0xy 
 Q16 Q 26 Q66 k  

  Q11 Q12 Q16   

 n   hk    x
 
+   Q12 Q 22 Q 26   z dz    y
 k =1   h  
   k 1

  xy 
 Q16 Q 26 Q66 k 
Integrating terms
hk

 dz = ( hk  hk - 1) ,
hk - 1

hk
1 2
 zdz =
2
( hk  h2k - 1) ,
hk - 1
Forces & Midplane Strains/Curvatures
 N x   A11  0  κ x
A12 A16   ε x  B 11 B 12 B 16 
      
 N y  =  A12  0   
  
A22 A26   ε y  +  B12 B 22 B 26   κ y 
  0  
 N xy   A16 A26 A66  
 B B B 66 
 κ xy 
γ xy  16 26

Aij = 
k=1
[(Qij )]k (hk - hk - 1) , i = 1,2,6; j = 1,2 ,6,

n
1
Bij =
2

k=1
[(Qij )]k (h2k - h2k - 1) , i = 1,2,6; j = 1,2,6
Stiffness Matrices
[A] – Extensional stiffness matrix relating the resultant in-
plane forces to the in-plane strains.

[B] – Coupling stiffness matrix coupling the force and moment

terms to the midplane strains and midplane curvatures.
Stresses in a Lamina in a Laminate
 σ x Q11 Q12 Q16  ε 
     x
 σ y = Q Q Q   ε y
   12 22 26
  
 τ xy  k   γ 
Q16 Q 26 Q66 k  xy  k

Q11 Q12 Q16  ε0  Q11 Q12 Q16  κ x

    x
   
= Q12 Q 22 Q 26  0 + z    κ y .
 ε y Q Q Q
   12 22 26
  
   0    κ xy 
Q16 Q 26 Q 66 k γ xy  Q16 Q 26 Q66 k
Moments and Stresses
 M x  σ x
  h/ 2  
 M y =
 

-h/ 2
 σ y  zdz,
 
 M xy   τ xy 

 σ x
n hk  
= 
k=1
   zdz,
 σ y 
h k-1
 τ xy 
k
Moments & Midplane Strains/Curvatures

 M x  Q11 Q12 Q16  ε 0x 

  n hk    
Q Q   0
 M y =
 
   12 22 Q 26   ε y  zdz

  0
k = 1 h k-1
 M xy  
Q16 Q 26 Q66 k γ xy 

Q11 Q12 Q16  κ x

n hk    
+ Q Q Q 
k = 1 h k 1
  12 22 26
 κ y  z 2 dz
 
  κ xy
Q16 Q26 Q66k
Moments & Midplane Strains/Curvatures
 M x   Q11 Q12 Q16     0
 
  n   hk
  x


 M y  =   Q12 Q 22 Q 26   zdz    0y 
   k =1    
  hk - 1  
 M xy    
0
  16
Q Q 26 Q 66 
k   xy 


  Q11 Q12 Q16   

 n   hk    x
   
+   Q12 Q 22 Q26  z dz    y 
2
   
 k=1   hk 1 
   xy 
  16
Q Q 26 Q 66 
k 
Moments & Midplane Strains/Curvatures

 M x   B11 B12 B16  ε 0x   D11 D12 D16  κ x 

     0   
 M y  =  B12 B 22 B 26  ε y  +  D12 D 22 D 26  κ y 
        
 M xy   B16 B 26 B66  0   D16 D 26 D66 κ xy 
γ xy 

n
1
Dij =
3

k=1
[(Qij )] k (h3k - h3k - 1), i = 1,2 ,6; j = 1,2 ,6.
n
1
Bij =
2

k=1
[(Qij )]k (h2k - h2k - 1) , i = 1,2 ,6; j = 1,2,6
Stiffness Matrices
[A] – Extensional stiffness matrix relating the resultant in-
plane forces to the in-plane strains.

[B] – Coupling stiffness matrix coupling the force and moment

terms to the midplane strains and midplane curvatures.

[D] – Bending stiffness matrix relating the resultant bending

moments to the plate curvatures.
Forces, Moments, Midplane Strains,
Midplane Curvatures

 N x   A11 A12 A16 B11 B12 B16  ε0x 

    
  ε0y 
 N y   A12 A22 A26 B12 B22 B26
    
  γ0 
 N xy   A16 A26 A66 B16 B26 B66
 =  xy 
  
 M x   B11 B12 B16 D11 D12 D16
    κ x
  
 M y   B12 B22 B26 D12 D22 D26
    κ y
  
 M xy   B16 B26 B66 D16 D26 D66
 κ xy 
Steps
1. Find the value of the reduced stiffness matrix [Q] for each ply using its four
elastic moduli, E1, E2, v12, G12 in Equation (2.93).
2. Find the value of the transformed reduced stiffness matrix [Q] for each ply
using the [Q] matrix calculated in Step 1 and the angle of the ply in Equation
(2.104) or Equations (2.137) and (2.138).
3. Knowing the thickness, tk of each ply, find the coordinate of the top and
bottom surface, hi, i = 1, . . . . . . . , n of each ply using Equation (4.20).
4. Use the [Q] matrices from Step 2 and the location of each ply from Step 3 to
find the three stiffness matrices [A], [B] and [D] from Equation (4.28).
5. Substitute the stiffness matrix values found in Step 4 and the applied forces
and moments in Equation (4.29).
Steps

6. Solve the six simultaneous Equations (4.29) to find the mid-plane strains and
curvatures.
7. Knowing the location of each ply, find the global strains in each ply using
Equation (4.16).
8. For finding the global stresses, use the stress-strain Equation (2.103).
9. For finding the local strains, use the transformation Equation (2.99).
10. For finding the local stresses, use the transformation Equation (2.94).
Step 1: Analysis Procedures for Laminate

Step 1: Find the reduced stiffness matrix [Q] for each ply
E 1 ν12 E 2
Q11 = Q12 =
1 - ν 21 ν12 1  ν 21 ν12

= E 2
Q 22 Q66 = G12
1  ν 21 ν12
Step 2: Analysis Procedures for Laminate

Step 2: Find the transformed stiffness matrix [Q] using the

reduced stiffness matrix [Q] and the angle of the ply.
4 4 2 2
Q11 = Q11 c + Q22 s +2(Q12 +2 Q66) s c

Q12 = (Q11+ Q22  4 Q66) s c + Q12 (c + s )

2 2 4 4

Q16 = (Q11  Q12  2 Q 66) c s  (Q 22  Q12  2 Q 66) s c

3 3

4 4 2 2
Q22 = Q11 s + Q22 c + 2(Q12 +2 Q66) s c
Q 26 = (Q11  Q12  2 Q 66) cs  (Q 22  Q12  2 Q 66) c s
3 3

Q66 = (Q11 + Q22  2 Q12  2 Q66) s c + Q66 ( s + c )

2 2 4 4
Step 3: Analysis Procedures for Laminates

Step 3: Find the coordinate of the top and bottom surface of each
ply.
1
h0
2
3
h1 h/2
h2
h3
Mid-Plane
hk-1 k-1
hk tk k
k+1 h/2 z
hn-1
hn n

FIGURE 4.6
Coordinate locations of plies in the laminate.
Step 4: Analysis Procedures for Laminates

Step 4: Find three stiffness matrices [A], [B], and [D]

Aij = 
k=1
[(Qij )]k (hk - hk - 1) , i = 1,2 ,6; j = 1,2,6

n
1
Bij =
2
 ij k
[(
k=1
Q )] ( h
2
k - h
2
k - 1) , i = 1,2 ,6; j = 1,2 ,6

n
1
Dij =
3

k=1
[(Qij )] k ( h3k - h3k - 1), i = 1, 2 , 6; j = 1, 2 , 6
Step 5: Analysis Procedure for Laminates
Step 5: Substitute the three stiffness matrices [A], [B], and [D] and
the applied forces and moments.
 N x   A11 A12 A16 B11 B12 B16  ε0x 
    
  ε0y 
 N y   A12 A22 A26 B12 B22 B26
    
  γ0 
 N xy   A16 A26 A66 B16 B 26 B66
 =  xy 
  
 M x   B11 B12 B16 D11 D12 D16
    κ x
  
 M y   B12 B22 B26 D12 D22 D26
    κ y
  
 M xy   B16 B26 B66 D16 D26 D66
κ xy 
Step 6: Analysis Procedures for Laminates

Step 6: Solve the six simultaneous equations to find the midplane

strains and curvatures.
 N x   A11 A12 A16 B11 B12 B16  ε0x 
    
  ε0y 
 N y   A12 A22 A26 B12 B22 B26
    
  γ0 
 N xy   A16 A26 A66 B16 B 26 B66
 =  xy 
  
 M x   B11 B12 B16 D11 D12 D16
    κ x
  
 M y   B12 B22 B26 D12 D22 D26
    κ y
  
 M xy   B16 B26 B66 D16 D26 D66
κ xy 
Step 7: Analysis Procedures for Laminates

Step 7: Find the global strains in each ply.

  x    0x    x
     
   0
  y =   y + z   y
     
 xy   0   xy 
 xy 
Step 8: Analysis Procedure for Laminates

Step 8: Find the global stresses using the stress-strain equation.

 x   Q11 Q12 Q16    x 

    
 y  = Q12 Q 22 Q 26    y 
    
 xy  Q   
 16 Q 26 Q66   xy 
Analysis Procedures for Laminated Composites

Step 9: Find the local strains using the transformation equation.

 ε1  ε x
   
 ε 2  = [ R] [T ] [ R ]
1  ε y
   
γ12 γ 
 xy 

 c2 s 2 2sc 
 1 0 0
    c = cos( )
[T ] =  s 2 c2 -2sc  [ R ] = 0 1 0 
  0 0 2 
s = sin( )
-sc sc c 2 - s 2   
Step 10: Analysis Procedures for Laminates

Step 10: Find the local stresses using the transformation equation.

 x   σ1
   
 y  = [T ]  σ 2 
1

   
 xy   τ12

 c2 s
2
 2sc
  c = cos( )
[T ] 1= s 2 c
2
2sc
  s  sin( )
 sc  sc c2  s 2 
Laminate Stacking Sequence

Fiber Direction

FIGURE 4.1
Schematic of a lamina
 Problem
A [0/30/-45] Graphite/Epoxy laminate
is subjected to a load of Nx = Ny = 1000
N/m. Use the unidirectional z = -7.5mm
properties from Table 2.1 of 0o 5mm
z = -2.5mm
Graphite/Epoxy. Assume each lamina
30o 5mm
has a thickness of 5 mm. Find z = 2.5mm
a) the three stiffness matrices [A], [B] -45o 5mm
z
z = 7.5mm
and [D] for a three ply [0/30/-45]
Graphite/Epoxy laminate.
b) mid-plane strains and curvatures.
c) global and local stresses on top
surface of 300 ply.
d) percentage of load Nx taken by each FIGURE 4.7
ply. Thickness and coordinate locations
of the three-ply laminate.
Solution
A) The reduced stiffness matrix for the Oo Graphite/Epoxy ply is

 181.8 2.897 0
  9
0

[Q] = 2.897 10.35 0 (10 ) Pa

 0 0 7.17
 
 Qbar Matrices for Laminas
 181.8 2.897 0
  9
[Q ]0 = 2.897 10.35 0 (10 ) Pa
 0 0 7.17

109.4 32.46 54.19
 
[Q ]30 = 32.46 23.65 20.05 (109 ) Pa
54.19 20.05 36.74
 

 56.66 42.32 - 42.87

 
[Q]-45 =  42.32 56.66 - 42.87 (109) Pa
- 42.87 - 42.87 46.59
 
Coordinates of top & bottom of plies
The total thickness of the laminate is
h = (0.005)(3) = 0.015 m.

h0=-0.0075 m
h1=-0.0025 m
h2=0.0025 m
h3=0.0075 m
z = -7.5mm
0o 5mm
z = -2.5mm
30o 5mm
z = 2.5mm
-45o 5mm
z
z = 7.5mm

FIGURE 4.7
Thickness and coordinate locations
of the three-ply laminate.
 3
=  [Q ] ( h
Calculating [A]A matrix ij ij k k - hk - 1)
k =1

Aij =  [Q ]
k=1
ij k
(hk - hk - 1)
 181.8 2.897 0
 
[A] = 2.897 10.35 0 (109 ) [(-0.0025) - (-0.0075)]
 0 0 7.17


109.4 32.46 54.19 

  9
+ 32.46 23.65 20.05 (10 ) [0.0025 - (-0.0025)]
54.19 20.05 36.74 
 
 56.66 42.32 - 42.87
 
+  42.32 56.66 - 42.87 (109 ) [0.0075 - 0.0025]
- 42.87 - 42.87 46.59
 
The [A] matrix

1.739(109 ) 3.884(108 ) 5.663(107 ) 

 8 
[A] = 3.884(10 ) 4.533(10 )  1.141(10 ) Pa - m
8 8

5.663(107 )  1.141(108 ) 4.525(108 ) 

 
Calculating the [B] Matrix
1 3
Bij = 
2 k =1
[ 2 2
Qij k hk hk - 1)
] ( -

181.2 2.897 0 
1
[B] = 2.897 10.35 0  (109) [(-0.0025 )2 - (-0.0075 )2 )]
2 
 0 0 7.17

109.4 32.46 54.19 

1

+ 32.46 23.65 20.05 (109 ) (0.0025 )2 - (-0.0025 )2
2 

54.19 20.05 36.74 

 56.66 42.32  42.87

1
+  42.32 56.66  42.87 (109 ) [(0.0075 )2 - (0.0025 )2 ]
2 
  42.87  42.87 46.59 
The [B] Matrix

 
 3.129 10 6  
9.855 10 5
 
 1.072 10 6


 
[B] =  9.855 10 5  
1.158 10 6   Pa  m

 1.072 10 6 2

 
  1.072 10 6
  
 1.072 10 6   
9.855 10 5
Calculating the [D] matrix
1 3
Dij = 
3 k =1
[ 3 3
Qij k hk hk - 1)
] ( -

181.8 2.897 0 
[D] =
1 
3 
2 .897 10 .35 0  10 
 ( 9) (0.0025) 3  ( 0.0075) 3 
 0 0 7.17 
109.4 32.46 54.19 
1

+ 32.46 23.65 20.05 (109) (0.0025) 3  (0.0025) 3
3

 54.19 20.05 36.74

 56.66 42.32  42.87 

1 
+  42.32
3

56.66  42.87  (109) (0.0075) 3 - ( 0.0025) 3 
 42.87  42.87 46.59 
The [D] matrix

 3.34310 4  6.461103   5.24010 3  

[D] =  6.46110  9.32010   5.59610   Pa - m 3
 3 3 3 

  5.24010 3   5.596103  7.66310 3  

 
 Setting up the 6x6 matrix

B) Since the applied load is Nx = Ny = 1000 N/m, the mid-plane

strains and curvatures can be found by solving the following
set of simultaneous linear equations
 1.739(109 ) 3.884( 108 ) 5.663( 107 ) -3.129( 106 ) 9.855( 105 ) -1.072( 106 )  ε 0x 
1000    
   3.884(10 ) 4.533( 10 ) -1.141( 10 ) 9.855( 10 ) 1.158( 10 ) -1.072( 10 )
8 8 8 5 6 6  ε 0y 
1000    
 0  5.663(10 ) -1.141( 10 ) 4.525( 10 ) -1.072( 10 ) -1.072( 10 ) 9.855( 10 )
7 8 8 6 6 5  0
 =   γ xy 
 0 -3.129( 106 ) 9.855( 105 ) -1.072( 106 ) 3.343( 104 ) 6.461( 103 ) -5.240( 103 )  
     κ x
 0  5 6 6 3 3 3   
   9.855( 10 ) 1.158( 10 ) -1.072 ( 10 ) 6 .461( 10 ) 9 .320( 10 ) -5. 596( 10 )  κ y
 0  6 6 5 3 3 3
  
 -1.072( 10 ) -1 .072( 10 ) 9 .855( 10 ) -5 .240 ( 10 ) -5 .596( 10 ) 7 .663( 10 ) κ xy 
Mid-plane strains and curvatures
 ε 0x   3.123(107)
   
 ε y   3.492(106) m/m
0

   
 0  7 
γ
 xy  =   7 .598 (10 )
 
 κ x  2 .971( 10
5
)
   
 κ y   3 . 285( 10
4 
) 1/m
   
κ xy   4.101(10 )
4
Global Strains/Stresses at top of 30o ply

C) The strains and stresses at the top surface of the 300 ply are found as follows. The top
surface of the 300 ply is located at z = h1 = -0.0025 m.

 ε x  3.123( 10- 7 )   2.971( 10-5 )

     
 ε y =  3.492( 10- 6 )  + (-0.0025 ) -3.285( 10- 4 )
     
γ  -7.598( 10- 7 )   4.101( 10- 4 )
 xy  300 , top    

z = -7.5mm  2.380( 10- 7 )

0o 5mm  
z = -2.5mm
=  4.313( 10 ) m/m
- 6
30o 5mm  
z = 2.5mm -1.785( 10- 6 )
-45o 5mm  
z
z = 7.5mm

FIGURE 4.7 Thickness and coordinate locations of the three-ply laminate.

Global strains (m/m)
Ply # Position εx εy  xy

1 (00) Top 8.944 (10-8) 5.955 (10-6) -3.836 (10-6)

Middle 1.637 (10-7) 5.134 (10-6) -2.811 (10-6)
Bottom 2.380 (10-7) 4.313 (10-6) -1.785 (10-6)

2 (300) Top 2.380 (10-7) 4.313 (10-6) -1.785 (10-6)

Middle 3.123 (10-7) 3.492 (10-6) -7.598 (10-7)
Bottom 3.866 (10-7) 2.670 (10-6) 2.655 (10-7)

3(-450) Top 3.866 (10-7) 2.670 (10-6) 2.655 (10-7)

Middle 4.609 (10-7) 1.849 (10-6) 1.291 (10-6)
Bottom 5.352 (10-7) 1.028 (10-6) 2.316 (10-6)
 o
Global stresses in 30 ply

 σx  109.4 32.46 54.19  2.380(10

-7
)
    9  
 σy = 32.46 23.65 20.05 (10 )  4.313(10-6)
  54.19 20.05 36.74  
 τ xy  0, top   - 1.785(10-6)
30  

6.930(104 )
 
= 7.391(10 ) Pa
4

 
3.381(104 )
 
Global stresses (Pa)

Ply # Position σx σy τxy

1 (00) Top 3.351 (104) 6.188 (104) -2.750 (104)

Middle 4.464 (104) 5.359 (104) -2.015 (104)
Bottom 5.577 (104) 4.531 (104) -1.280 (104)

2 (300) Top 6.930 (104) 7.391 (104) 3.381 (104)

Middle 1.063 (105) 7.747 (104) 5.903 (104)
Bottom 1.434 (105) 8.102 (104) 8.426 (104)

3 (-450) Top 1.235 (105) 1.563 (105) -1.187 (105)

Middle 4.903 (104) 6.894 (104) -3.888 (104)
Bottom -2.547 (104) -1.840 (104) 4.091 (104)
Local Strains/Stresses at top of 30o ply
The local strains and local stress as in the 300 ply at the
top surface are found using transformation equations as

 ε1  0.7500 0.2500 0.8660  2.380(10

-7
)
    
 ε2   = 0.2500 0.7500 - 0.8660  4.313(10 )
-6

     
 γ12 /2 - 0.4330 0.4330 0.5000 - 1.785(10-6)/ 2

 ε1  4 .837 (10

-7
)
   
 ε 2 = 4.067(10 ) m/m
-6

   
γ12  2.636(10- 6)
 
Local strains (m/m)

Ply # Position ε1 ε2 γ12

1 (00) Top 8.944 (10-8) 5.955(10-6) -3.836(10-6)
Middle 1.637 (10-7) 5.134(10-6) -2.811(10-6)
Bottom 2.380 (10-7) 4.313(10-6) -1.785(10-6)
2 (300) Top 4.837(10-7) 4.067(10-6) 2.636(10-6)
Middle 7.781(10-7) 3.026(10-6) 2.374(10-6)
Bottom 1.073(10-6) 1.985(10-6) 2.111(10-6)
3 (-450) Top 1.396(10-6) 1.661(10-6) -2.284(10-6)
Middle 5.096(10-7) 1.800(10-6) -1.388(10-6)
Bottom -3.766(10-7) 1.940(10-6) -4.928(10-7)
 o
Local stresses in 30 ply

 σ1  0.7500 0.2500 .8660  6.930(10 )

4

    
=
 σ2   0.2500 0.7500 - .8660  7.391(10 )
4

     
τ12 - 0.4330 0.4330 0.5000 3.381(104)

9.973(104 )
 
= 4.348(104 ) Pa
 
1.890(104 )
 
Local stresses (Pa)
Ply # Position σ1 σ2 τ12

1 (00) Top 3.351 (104) 6.188 (104) -2.750 (104)

Middle 4.464 (104) 5.359(104) -2.015 (104)
Bottom 5.577 (104) 4.531 (104) -1.280 (104)

2 (300) Top 9.973 (104) 4.348 (104) 1.890 (104)

Middle 1.502 (105) 3.356 (104) 1.702 (104)
Bottom 2.007 (105) 2.364 (104) 1.513 (104)

3 (-450) Top 2.586 (105) 2.123 (104) -1.638 (104)

Middle 9.786 (104) 2.010 (104) -9.954 (103)
Bottom -6.285 (104) 1.898 (104) -3.533 (103)
D) Portion of load taken by each ply
Portion of load Nx taken by 00 ply = 4.464(104)(5)(10-3) = 223.2 N/m
Portion of load Nx taken by 300 ply = 1.063(105)(5)(10-3) = 531.5 N/m
Portion of load Nx taken by -450 ply = 4.903(104)(5)(10-3) = 245.2 N/m
The sum total of the loads shared by each ply is 1000 N/m, (223.2 + 531.5 + 245.2)
which is the applied load in the x-direction, N x.
z = -7.5mm
0o 5mm
z = -2.5mm
30o 5mm
z = 2.5mm
-45o 5mm
z
z = 7.5mm

FIGURE 4.7
Thickness and coordinate locations of the three-ply laminate.
 223.2
Percentage of load Nx taken by 00 ply   100
1000
= 22.32 %

531.5
Percentage of load Nx taken by 30 ply 1000  100
0 

= 53.15 %

245.2
Percentage of load Nx taken by -45 ply
0   100
1000
= 24.52 %
In-Plane and Flexural Modulus of a Laminate

 N x   A11 A12 A16   0x 

B11 B12 B16   
     0
 N y   A12 A22 A26 B12 B 22 B 26    y 
    0 
 N xy   A16 A26 A66 B16 B 26 B66    xy 
 =   
 M x   B11 B12 B16 D11 D12 D16    x   N x  0
      ε x
   
 M y   B12 B 22 B 26 D12 D 22 D 26    y  [N ] =  N y [ε 0]=  ε 0y 
      
 N xy   0
 M xy   B16 B 26 B66 D16 D 26 D66  γ xy 
 xy 

 N   A B  0   M x   x
   
 =     [M ] =  M y  [  ] =   y
M   B D      
 M xy   xy 
In-Plane and Flexural Modulus of a Laminate

 0   A B N 

 =    
   C D   M 
1
A 
B  A B


  
= 
C D   B D 
* * T
[C ] = [ B ]

The [A*], [B*], and [D*] matrices are called the extensional
compliance matrix, coupling compliance matrix, and bending
compliance matrix respectively.
In-Plane Engineering Constants of a Laminate

For a symmetric laminate:

n

[ B]  0, Aij =  [(Q ) ]
k =1
ij k (hk - hk - 1) , i = 1, 2, 6; j = 1, 2, 6

n
1
1
[ A*]  [ A] , Bij =
2

k=1
[(Qij )]k (h2k - h2k - 1) , i = 1, 2, 6; j = 1, 2, 6

1 n
Dij =  [(Qij ) ]k (hk - hk - 1) i = 1, 2, 6; j = 1, 2, 6
3 3
[ D*]  [ D]1
3 k =1
In-Plane Engineering Constants of a Laminate

 0   A B   N 
 =    
   C D   M 

 0  *
  x   A11 A16   N x 
* *
A12
 
 0=  *
  y   A12 A26   N y 
* *
A22
 
 0  *
A66   N xy 
* *
 xy   A16 A26
In-Plane Engineering Constants of a Laminate

Effective in  plane longitudinal modulus E x

N x  0, N y = 0, N xy = 0
 0  *
  x   A11 A16   N x 
* *
A12
 
 0  *
  y  =  A12 A26   0 
* *
A22
 
 0  *
A66   0 
* *
 xy   A16 A26

 A11 N x
0*
=x

 N x /h 1
Ex  0 = *
x
= *
 x A11 N x hA11
In-Plane Engineering Constants of a Laminate
Effective in  plane transverse modulus E y
N x = 0, N y  0, N xy = 0
 0  *
  x   A11 A16   0 
* *
A12
 
 0  *
  y  =  A12 A26   N y 
* *
A22
 
 0  *
A66   0 
* *
 xy   A16 A26

 A22 N y
0*
=y

y Ny / h 1
Ey  0 = * =
 y A22 N y h *
A22
In-Plane Engineering Constants of a Laminate
Effective in  plane shear modulus G xy
N x = 0, N y = 0, N xy  0
 0  *
  x   A11 A16   0 
* *
A12
 
 0  *
  y  =  A12 A26   0 
* *
A22
 
 0  *
A66   N xy 
* *
 xy   A16 A26

0
 xy = A*66 N xy
 xy N xy / h 1
G xy  0 = * =
 xy A66 N xy h A*66
In-Plane Engineering Constants of a Laminate
Effective in  plane Poisson's ratio  xy
N x  0, N y = 0, N xy = 0
 0  *
  x   A11 A16   N x 
* *
A12
 
 0  *
  y  =  A12 A26   0 
* *
A22
 
 0  *
A66   0 
* *
 xy   A16 A26

0
 y = A*12 N x
0
 x A11 N x
= *

 0y A
*
N A
*
 xy  - 0 = - *
12 x
= - *12
x A11 N x A11
In-Plane Engineering Constants of a Laminate

Effective in  plane Poisson's ratio  yx

N x = 0, N y  0, N xy = 0
 0  *
  x   A11 A16   0 
* *
A12
 
 0  *
  y  =  A12 A26   N y 
* *
A22 0
x
   yx  
 0  * 0
y
A66   0 
* *
 xy   A16 A26
*
A12 N y
= *
A22 N y
 x = A*12 N y
0
*
= A 12
 y = A*22 N y
0 *
A 22
In-Plane Engineering Constants of a Laminate

 xy  A
*
12 
=  - *  h A*11
E x  A11 
= - A*12 h

 yx  A 12 
*
=  - *  h A*22
E y  A22 
= - A*12 h

 xy  yx
=
Ex Ey
Flexural Engineering Constants of a Laminate

For a symmetric laminate :

[B] = 0
 0   A B   N 
 =    
   C D   M 

[C* ] = [ B* ]T

  x   D*11 D*12 D   M x
*
16
    
  y  =  D*12 D*22 D 26   M y 
*

    
 xy   D*16 D*26 *  
D66   M xy 
Flexural Engineering Constants of a Laminate

Effective flexural longitudinal modulus E fx

M x  0, M y = 0, M xy = 0

  x   D*11 D*12 D*16   M x 

    
  y  =  D*12 D*22 D*26   0 
    
 xy   D*16 D*26 D*66   0 

 x D11 M x
*
=
12 M x 12
E
f
x  3
= 3 *
κx h h D 11
Flexural Engineering Constants of a Laminate

Other flexural elastic moduli :

*
D12
 xy
f
= - *
12
D11
f
E =
y 3 *
h D 22 D12
*
 =- *
f
yx
12 D 22
f
G =
xy 3 *
h D66 f f
 xy  yx
f
= f
Ex Ey
Example 4.4

 181.8 2.897 0
 
[Q]0 = 2.897 10.35 0  (10 9 ) Pa
 0 0 7.17 
 

 10.35 2.897 0
  h0 = - 0.0075 m
[Q ]90 = 2.897 181.8 0  (10 9 ) Pa
 0 0 7.17  h1 = - 0.0025 m
 
h2 = 0.0025 m
h3 = 0.0075 m
Example 4.4
3

Aij =  [Qij ]k ( hk - h k - 1)
k=1

 181.8 2.897 0
 
[ A] = 2.897 10.35 0  (109 ) [ - 0.0025 - (-0.0075)]
 0 0 7.17 
 

 10.35 2.897 0
 
+ 2.897 181.8 0  (109 ) [ 0.0025 - (-0.0025)]
 0 0 7.17 


 181.8 2.897 0
 
+ 2.897 10.35 0  (109 ) [ 0.0075 - 0.0025]
 0 0 7.17 
 
Example 4.4

1.870  109 4.345  107 0

 
[ A] = 4.345  107 1.013  10 9 0  Pa - m
 
 0 0 1.076  10 8 

 5.353  10-10  2.297  10-11 0

  1
[ A* ] =  2.297  10-11 9.886  10-10 0
  Pa - m
 0 0 9.298  10-9 
Example 4.4

1 1
Ex = = = 124.5 GPa
*
hA11 (0.015)(5.353  10 )
-10

1 1
Ey= = = 67.43 GPa
hA*22 (0.015)(9.886  10 )
-10

1 1
G xy = = = 7.17 GPa
hA66
*
(0.015)(9.289  10 )
-9

A
*
 2.297  10 -11
 xy = - * = 
12
= 0.04292
A11 5.353  10 -10

A12
*
 2.297  10 -11
 yx = - * =  = 0.02323
A22 9.886  10
-10
Example 4.4

1 3
Dij =  [Qij ]k ( hk - hk -1)
3 3

3 k =1

 181.8 2.897 0
1 
[ D] = 2.897 10.35 0  (109 ) [ (-0.0025 )3 - (-0.0075 )3 ]
3 
 0 0 7.17 

 10.35 2.897 0
1 
+ 2.897 181.8 0  (109 ) [ (0.0025 )3 - (-0.0025 )3 ]
3 
 0 0 7.17 
 181.8 2.897 0
1 
+ 2.897 10.35 0  (10 9 ) [ (0.0075 )3 - (0.0025 )3 ]
3 
 0 0 7.17 
 Example 4.4

4.935  104 8.148  102 0

 
[ D] = 8.148  10 2 4.696  103 0  Pa - m3
 
 0 0 2.017  103 

 2.032  10-5 - 3.526  10-6 0

  1
[ D* ] = - 3.526  10-6 2.136  10-4 0 3
  Pa - m
 0 0 4.959  10-4 
Example 4.4

f 12 12
E = 3 * =
x 3
= 175.0 GPa
h D11 (0.015 ) (2.032  10 )
-5

f 12 12
E = 3 * =
y 3
= 16.65 GPa
h D22 (0.015 ) (2.136  10 )
-4

f 12 12
G = 3 * =
xy 3
= 7.17 GPa
h D66 (0.015 ) (4.959  10 )
-4

*
D =
12 3.526  10
-6
 xy
f
= - = 0.1735
D
*
11 2.032  10 -5

*
D =
12  3.526  10
-6
 yx
f
= - = 0.01651
*
D
22 2.136  10 -4
 Mechanical Strains

 M   x  T
  x   x T 

  x
  x
     
 M  =     T        T 

  y  y   y   y y
     
 M    T    T 
 xy   xy  k  xy   xy  k  xy  k
k k
Hygrothermal Stresses

 T   Q Q12 Q16   
M
  x 11
  
x

 T =    M

   Q Q Q 
  
y 1 2 2 2 26 y

 T    M
 xy  k Q16 Q 26 Q66  k  xy  k
Zero resultant stresses

 σ Tx 
h/2  
 σ Ty  dz = 0

h / 2
 
 T
 τ xy 

 σ Tx 
n hk  
   σ Ty 
 
dz  0
k =1 hk - 1
 T
 τ xy  k
Zero resultant stresses

 Q11 Q12 Q 16   Mx 
n hk    
  Q   M  dz = 0
 12 Q 22 Q 26   y 
k = 1 hk 1    M
Q16 Q 26 Q66  k  xy  k
 Deriving final formula
 Q11 Q12 Q 16     T 
εx  
n     ε x 
hk
  
Q Q   ε   ε
   dz = 0
T
 12 Q 26  y  y
 
22
k = 1 hk 1    γ   T 
   
 16
Q Q 26 Q  k    k  xy  k 
66 
xy γ

 Q11 Q12 Q 16   ε 0x   κ x  T 

εx  
n       
 T 
hk
Q Q   0
  Q 26   ε y  + z  κ y    ε y   dz = 0
 12 22

k = 1 hk 1    0     T 
Q16 Q 26 Q66 k  γ xy  κ xy  γ xy  
k 
Deriving final formula
 Q11 Q12 Q 16     0x    x


n hk       
  
  Q12 Q 22 Q 26     0y  + z   y   dz =
   
k =1 hk 1
   0   
 xy  
Q16 Q 26 Q66  k   xy  
 Q11 Q12 Q 16     Tx  
n hk    
 
  Q12 Q 22 Q 26    y   dz  T
   
k =1 hk 1
   T
Q16 Q 26 Q66  k   xy  
Deriving final formula
 Q11 Q12 Q 16     0x   

n hk     x 
    
  Q12 Q 22 Q 26     0y  + z   y   dz =
  
k =1 hk 1
   0   
Q16 Q 26 Q66  k   xy   xy  

 Q11 Q12 Q 16 
n hk      x  

 
  Q12 Q 22 Q 26     y  T  dz
   
k =1 hk 1
  
   xy  k 
Q16 Q 26 Q66  k 
Deriving final formula

 o
A16    x   B11 B12 B16    x   N x 
T
 A11 A12
   o      T
 A12 A22 A26    y  +  B12 B 22 B 26    y  =  N y 
       
 A16 A26 A66   o   B16 B 26 B66   xy   N Txy 
 xy 

 N Tx  Q11 Q12 Q16  α 

  n    x
[ N T ] =  N Ty  = T  Q Q Q   α y  ( hk  hk-1)
   12 22 26
  
N T  k=1   α xy 
 xy  Q16 Q 26 Q66 k   k
Other three equations – from zero
resultant moments
 o
 B11 B12 B16    x   D11 D12 D16    x   M x 
T

   o      T
 B12 B 22 B 26    y  +  D12 D 22 D 26    y  =  M y 
       
 B16 B 26 B66   o  D16 D 26 D66   xy   M Txy 
 xy 

 M Tx   Q11 Q12 Q16  α x

  n    
1 Q Q 
[ M T ] =  M Ty  = T  Q  α y  (h2k  h2k - 1)
  2  12 22 26 
 
 T k=1   α xy 
 M xy  Q16 Q 26 Q66 k k
Final formula
 N T   A | B   0 
 T  = B| D  
M    
 N Tx   Q11 Q12 Q16  
  n    α x
[ N T ] =  N Ty  = T  Q Q Q   α  (h  h )
   12 22 26 
 
y k k-1

 T k=1    
 N xy  Q16 Q26 Q66 k α xy  k

 M Tx  Q11 Q12 Q16  αx

  1 n    
[ M T ] =  M Ty  = T  Q Q Q 26  α y  ( h2k  h2k - 1)
  2  12 22
  
 M Txy  k=1   α xy  k
  Q16 Q 26 Q66 k
Final formula
 M    T
 x  x
    x
 M =     T
 y  y
    y
 M    T
 xy   xy  k  xy 
k k

  x   x T 
   
   y     y T 
   
   T 
 xy  k  xy  k
Example 4.5
Calculate the residual stresses at the bottom surface of the 90o ply

in a two ply [0/90] Graphite/Epoxy laminate subjected to a

temperature change of -75oC. Use the unidirectional properties of

Graphite/Epoxy lamina from Table 2.1. Each lamina is 5 mm thick.

 Example 4.5
 α1  0.200  10
-7
  α x  0.200  10- 7 
       
 α 2  =  0.225  10  m/m / C
-4 o  α y  = 0.225  10- 4  m/m / o C
       
α12  0 α xy  o  0
0

 α x 0.225  10- 4 
   
 α y  = 0.200  10- 7  m/m / o C
   
α xy  o  0

90
Example 4.5

 181.8 2.897 0
 
[Q]0 = 2.897 10.35 0 GPa
 0 0 7 .
17 
 

 10.35 2.897 0
 
[Q]90 = 2.897 181.8 0 GPa
 0 0 7 .
17 
 
 Example 4.5
 N Tx   0.200 (10
-7
)
   181.8 2.897 0
   
 N Ty  = + (75) 0 (109) 0.225 (10- 4) [0.000 - (-0.005)]
  2.897 10.35
   
 T  0 0 7.17  0
 N xy  
 10.35 2.897 0  0.225 (10
4
)
   
9  7 
+(75) 2.897 181.8 0 (10 ) 0.200 (10 ) [0.005  0.000]
   
 0 0 7.17  0 
 
  1.131  105
 
= 1.131  105 Pa - m.
 
 0
Example 4.5
 M Tx   181.8 2.897 0 0.200  10- 7 
     
 M y  = 1 (75)
T
 2.897 10 .35 0  (10
9
)  0.225  10  [(0.000) 2  (0.005) 2 ]
-4

  2    
 T  0 0 7 .
17   0
 M xy 

 10.35 2.897 0 0.225  10- 4 

1    
+ (75) 2.897 10.35 0 (109)  0.200  10  [(0.005) 2  (0.000) 2 ]
-7

2    
 0 0 7 .
17   0

 1.538  102 
 
=  1.538  102  Pa m
 
 0
Example 4.5
 9.608 108 2.897 107 0
 
[ A] = 2.897 10 9.608 10
7 8
0 Pa -m
 
 0 0 7.170 107 

-2.143106 0 0
 
[ B] =  0 2.143106 0 Pa - m2
 
 0 0 0

 8.007 103 2.414 102 0

 
[ D] = 2.414 10 8.007 10
2 3
0 Pa - m3
 
 0 0 5.975 102 
Example 4.5

 9.608  108 2.897  107 0 -2.143  106 0 0  ε 0x 

 -1.131 10 
5
 
   
 2.897  10 9.608  10
7 8
0 0 2.143  106
0  ε 0y 
 -1.131 10 
5
 
   
 0 0 7.170  107
0 0 0  0
 0  γ xy 
  = 
-2.143  10 0  
 -1.538  10 
2 6
0 0 8.007  10 2.414  10
3 2
 κ x
   
  
 1.538  102  0 2.143  106
0 2.414  10 8.007  10
2 3
0  κ y
   
  
 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.975  102 
κ xy 
 ε 0x 
  -3.907  10 
-4

 ε 0y   
  -3.907  10  m/m
-4

 0    N T   A B   0 
 γ xy  =  0  T = B D   
    M    
 κ x  -1.276  10 -1

    1/m
 κ y   1.276  10  -1

   
κ xy   0
Example 4.5
 ε x   3.907  104   1.276  10-1
     
 ε y =  3.907  10- 4  +(0.005)  1.276  10-1
     
γ   0  0
 xy  90o

 1.029  10-3
 
=  2.475  10- 4  m/m
 
 0
Example 4.5

 T  0.225  - 4 
 εx   10

 T   (75)
ε
 y  = 0.200  10
-7


 T  0
γ xy  

 0.16875  10- 2 
 
=   0.15000  10-5 m/m
 
 0

 Example 4.5
 M   1.029  - 3  0.16875  - 2   0.6585  10-3
ε x   10
 
10
  
 M     = 0.2490  10-3
ε y  =  2.475  10     0.1500  10 
-4 -5

 M   
0  0  0
 γ xy  

 σ x  10.35 2.897 0  0.6585  10

-3
 7.535  106 
       
 σ y  = 2.897 181.8 0 (10 ) 0.2490  10 
9 -3
=  4.718  10  Pa.
7
       
 τ xy  0  0 0 7.17  0  0
90 
Example 4.5
Global Strains for Example 4.3
Ply # Position x y  xy

1 (00) Top 2.475  10-4 -1.029  10-3 0.0

Middle -7.160  10-5 -7.098  10-4 0.0

Bottom -3.907  10-4 -3.907  10-4 0.0

2 (900) Top -3.907  10-4 -3.907  10-4 0.0

Middle -7.098  10-4 -7.160  10-5 0.0

Bottom -1.029  10-3 2.475  10-4 0.0

Example 4.5
Global Stresses for Example 4.3
Ply # Position y y  xy

1(00) Top 4.718  107 7.535  106 0.0

Middle -9.912  106 9.912  106 0.0

Bottom -6.701  107 1.229  107 0.0

2(900) Top 1.229  107 -6.701  107 0.0

Middle 9.912  106 -9.912  106 0.0

Bottom 7.535  106 4.718  107 0.0

Coefficients of Thermal and Moisture Expansion

To find coefficients of thermal and moisture expansion of laminates

• Symmetric laminates [B] = 0
• No bending occurs under thermal hygrothermal loads
• Assuming ∆T = 1 and ∆C = 0
 o   
  x
T C
 A11 A12 
A16     B11 B12 B16   x
x N x N
   o      T   C
 A12 A22 A26    y  +  B12 B 22 B 26    y  =  N y  +  N y 
         
 A16 A26 A66   o   B16 B 26 B66   xy   N Txy   N Cxy 
 xy 

  x    0x   A*11 *
A12 A16   N x 
* T

      
  y     0y  =  A*12 *
A22 A26   N y 
* T

      
 
 xy   A*16 A66   N Txy 
* *
 xy  C = 0 
0
A26
T = 1
Coefficients of Thermal and Moisture Expansion

To find coefficients of thermal and moisture expansion of laminates

• Symmetric laminates [B] = 0
• No bending occurs under thermal hygrothermal loads
• Assuming ∆T = 0 and ∆C = 1
 o   
  x
T C
 A11 A12 
A16     B11 B12 B16   x
x N x N
   o      T   C
 A12 A22 A26    y  +  B12 B 22 B 26    y  =  N y  +  N y 
         
 A16 A26 A66   o   B16 B 26 B66   xy   N Txy   N Cxy 
 xy 

  x    0x   A*11 A
*
12 A
*
16   N
C
x
      
      0y  =  A
* *
A22 A26   N y 
* C
 y  
12
  
   0   * *
A66   N Cxy 
*
 xy   xy  T = 0  16
A A26
C = 1
Example 4.6
Find the coefficients of thermal and moisture expansion of a
[0/ 90]S Graphite/Epoxy laminate. Use the properties of
unidirecti onal Graphite/Epoxy lamina from table 2.1.
Example 4.6

 5.353 10-10 -2.297 10-11 0

  1
[ A* ] = -2.297 10-11 9.886 10-10 0
  Pa-m
 0 0 9.298 10-9 
 Example 4.6
∆T = 1°C
 N Tx   Q11 Q12 Q16  
  3    α x
 N Ty  = T  Q Q Q   α  (h - h )
  k =1
 12 22 26   y k k -1

 T    
 N xy   16
Q Q 26 Q  k α xy  k
66 

 181.8 2.897 0 0.200  10- 7 

   
= (1) 2.897 10.35 0 (109) 0.225  10  [-0.0025 - (-0.0075)]
-4

   
 0 0 7 .
17   0
 10.35 2.897 0 0.225 10- 4 
   
+ (1) 2.897 181.35 0 (10 ) 0.200 10  [0.0025 - (-0.0025)]
9 -7

   
 0 0 7.17  0
 0 .200  -7
  1.852  10
3

 181.8 2.897 0 10  
   
0 (109) 0.225  10- 4  [0.0075 - 0.0025] = 2.673  10  Pa - m
3
+ (1) 2.897 10.35
   
 0 0 
7.17  0
  0
Example 4.6
 0  5.353  10-10 -2.297  10-11 0  1.852  103
  x
   
 0  = -2.297  -11 9.886  -10 0 2.673  10 
  y
3
10 10
   
 0  0 0 9.298  10 
- 9  0
 xy  
 9.303  10 
-7

 
= 2.600  10  m/m.
-6

 
 0

  x    0x   9.303  10- 7 
     
  y     0y  = 2.600  10  m/m / C
-6

     
 xy   0   0
 xy  C = 0
T = 1
 Example 4.6

 N Cx   Q11 Q12 Q16    

  3    x
 N Cy  = C   Q Q Q     (h - h ) ∆C = 1 kg/kg
  k =1
 12 22 26   y

k k -1

 C    
N
 xy  16
Q Q 26 Q  k   xy 
66 

 181.8 2.897 0  0
   
= (1) 2.897 10.35 0 (109) 0.6 [-0.0025 - (-0.0075)]
 0 0 7 .
17   0
   

 10.35 2.897 0 0.6

   
+ (1) 2.897 181.35 0 (109)  0 [0.0025 - (-0.0025)]
 0 7.17  0
 0    4.842  107 
 181.8 2.897 0  0  
    =  7 .077  10
7
 Pa - m
 
9
+ (1) 2.897 10.35 0 (10 ) 0.6 [0.0075 - 0.0025]
 0 0 7.17   0  0
  
Example 4.6
 0  5.353  10-10 -2.297  10-11 0  4.842  107 
  x    
 0 = -2.297  10-11
9.886  10-10
0 7.077  10 
7
  y    
 0  0 0 9.298  10 
- 9  0
 xy 
2.430  10- 2 
 
=  6.885  10  m/m
-2

 
 0

  x    0x  2.430  10- 2 
     

   y 0    6.885  10  m/m / kg / kg
- 2
  y    
     0

0
   xy  C = 1
xy
T = 0
Special Cases of Laminates
Special Cases of Laminate
Stiffness
Single-Layered Configurations - Single Isotropic Layer

For a single isotropic layer with material properties, E and v, and thickness,
t, the laminate stiffnesses reduce to

Thus, there is no coupling between bending and extension of a single

isotropic layer.
Special Cases of Laminate
Stiffness
Single-Layered Configurations - Single Specially Orthotropic Layer

As with a single isotropic layer, the resultant forces depend only on the in-
plane strains, and the resultant moments depend only on the curvatures:

Thus, there is no coupling between bending and extension.

Special Cases of Laminate
Stiffness
Single-Layered Configurations - Single Generally Orthotropic Layer

For a single generally orthotropic layer of thickness, t, and lamina

stiffnesses, Qij, the laminate stiffnesses are:

Again, there is no coupling between bending and extension, so the force

and moment resultants are

Note, in contrast to both an isotropic layer and a specially orthotropic

layer, that extensional forces depend on shearing strain as well as on
extensional strain.
Special Cases of Laminate
Stiffness
  Single-Layered Configurations - Single Anisotropic Layer

The only difference in appearance between a single generally orthotropic laye

layer is that the latter has lamina stiffnesses, Qij, whereas the generally
orthotropic layer has stiffnesses, . The laminate stiffnesses are:

Again, there is no coupling between bending and extension, and the force and
are same as earlier
Special Cases of Laminate
Stiffness
  Symmetric laminates

For laminates that are symmetric in both geometry and material propertie
surface, the general stiffness equations simplify considerably.

That symmetry has the form such that for each pair of equal-thickness laminae:
1) both laminae are of the same material properties and principal material di
i.e., both laminae have the same ; and
2) if one lamina is a certain distance above the middle surface, then the othe
distance below the middle surface.

A single layer that straddles the middle surface can be considered a pair of ha
that satisfies the symmetry requirement (note that such a lamina is inherently s
middle surface).
Special Cases of Laminate
Stiffness
  Symmetric laminates

Because of the symmetry of the and the thicknesses t k, all the bending
stiffnesses, that is, the Bij, can be shown to be zero.

The elimination of coupling between bending and extension has two

ramifications.
First, such laminates are usually much easier to analyze than laminates wit
extension coupling.
Second, symmetric laminates do not have a tendency to bend or twist fro
thermally induced contractions that occur during cooling following the curing p
Special Cases of Laminate
Stiffness
Symmetric laminates

The force and moment resultants for a symmetric laminate are:

Note that even a laminate that is made symmetrically about the middle
surface can have coupling between bending and extension! If the laminae
have temperature-dependent material properties and a thermal gradient
through the thickness is applied
Special Cases of Laminate
Stiffness
Symmetric laminates with Multiple Isotropic Layers

If multiple isotropic layers of various thicknesses are arranged

symmetrically about a middle surface from both a geometric and a
material property standpoint, then the resulting laminate does not exhibit
coupling between bending and extension.
Special Cases of Laminate
Stiffness
Symmetric Laminates with Multiple Specially Orthotropic Layers

Because of the analytical complications involving the stiffnesses A 16, A26,

D16, and D26, a laminate is sometimes desired that does not have these
stiffnesses.

Laminates can be made with orthotropic layers that have principal

material directions aligned with the laminate axes.

If the thicknesses, locations, and material properties of the laminae are

symmetric about the middle surface of the laminate, there is no coupling
between bending and extension.
Special Cases of Laminate
Stiffness
  Symmetric Laminates with Multiple Specially Orthotropic Layers
[0°/90°/0°] - regular symmetric cross-ply laminates

and are zero for lamina orientations of 0 degrees and 90 degrees to the lamina
A26 are zeros.
Special Cases of Laminate
Stiffness
Symmetric Laminates with Multiple Generally Orthotropic Layers

A laminate of multiple generally orthotropic layers that are symmetrically

arranged about the middle surface exhibits no coupling between bending
and extension; that is, the Bij are zero.
Special Cases of Laminate
Stiffness
Symmetric Laminates with Multiple Generally Orthotropic Layers

A special subclass of this class of symmetric laminates is the regular

symmetric angle-ply laminate (angle-ply because the adjacent laminae are
at +α and - α to axial direction of the laminate).

Such laminates have orthotropic laminae of equal thicknesses. The adjacent

laminae have opposite signs of the angle of orientation of the principal
material properties with respect to the laminate axes,
Special Cases of Laminate
Stiffness

Symmetric Laminates with Multiple Anisotropic Layers

The general case of a laminate with multiple anisotropic layers

symmetrically disposed about the middle surface does not have any stiffness
simplifications other than the elimination of the Bij by virtue of symmetry.
Special Cases of Laminate
Stiffness
Antisymmetric Laminates

Symmetry of a laminate about the middle surface is often desirable to avoid

coupling between bending and extension.

However, many physical applications of laminated composite materials

require un symmetric laminates to achieve design requirements. For
example, some form of coupling is necessary to make jet turbine fan blades
with pre twist without using a complex mold.

To stay within weight and cost requirements, an even number of such layers
might be necessary at orientations that alternate from layer to layer, e.g., [ +
a / - a / + a / -a ].

Therefore, symmetry about the middle surface is destroyed, and the

behavioral characteristics of the laminate can be substantially changed from
the symmetric case.

Although the example laminate is not symmetric, it is antisymmetric about

the middle surface, and certain stiffness simplifications are possible.
Special Cases of Laminate
Stiffness
  Antisymmetric Laminates

Antisymmetry of a laminate requires:

1) symmetry about the middle surface of geometry (i.e., consider a pair of e
one some distance above the middle surface and the other the same dist
surface), but
2) some kind of a 'reversal' or mirror image of the material properties . In fact, t
properties are symmetric, but the orientations of the laminae principal ma
symmetric about the middle surface.

Those orientations are reversed from 0° to 90° (or vice versa) or from + a to - a
the laminate x-axis). Because the [Qij]k are not symmetric, bending-extension co

Antisymmetric laminates must have an even number of layers if adjacent lamin

signs of the principal material property directions with respect to the laminate a
do not have alternating signs, then the number of layers need not be even.
Special Cases of Laminate
Stiffness
Antisymmetric Laminates

However, as a consequence of anti-symmetry of material properties of

generally orthotropic laminae, but symmetry of their thicknesses, the shear-
extension coupling stiffness A16 is easily seen to be zero.

Similarly, A26 is zero as is the bend-twist coupling stiffness D 16.

The preceding reasoning applies also for D 26.

Two important classes of antisymmetric laminates are:

1) Cross-ply laminate and
2) Angle-ply laminate

Neither laminate is used much in practice, but both add to our

understanding of laminates.
Special Cases of Laminate
Stiffness
Antisymmetric cross-ply laminates

An antisymmetric cross-ply laminate consists of an even number of

orthotropic laminae laid on each other with principal material directions
alternating at 0° and 90° to the laminate axes.
Special Cases of Laminate
Stiffness
Antisymmetric angle-ply laminates

An antisymmetric angle-ply laminate has laminae oriented at +a degrees to

the laminate coordinate axes on one side of the middle surface and
corresponding equal-thickness laminae oriented at -a degrees on the other
side at the same distance from the middle surface.
Special Cases of Laminate
Stiffness
Unsymmetric laminates

Unsymmetric or nonsymmetric or asymmetric laminates are the most

general class of laminate.

Lack of symmetry can occur by design as in deliberately constructing a

laminate that is not symmetric about the middle surface. Or, a symmetric
laminate could be built but subjected in service to heating from one side so
that the resulting thermal gradient acting on the temperature-dependent
material properties renders the laminate unsymmetric.

For the general case of multiple isotropic layers of thickness t k and material
properties Ek and vk, the extensional, bending-extension coupling, and
bending stiffnesses are given by
Special Cases of Laminate
Stiffness
Unsymmetric laminates

No special reduction of the stiffnesses is possible when t k is arbitrary.

Coupling between bending and extension is not a result of material

orthotropy but rather of laminate heterogeneity.

The force and moment resultants are:

Symmetric Laminates

[0 / 30 / 60]S
 

0  N x   A11 A12 A16    x0 

 
     0
30  N y    A12 A22 A26    y 
 

60
 N xy   A16
  A26 A66   xy0 
 

30
 
 M x   D11 D12 D16    x 
0      
 M y    D12 D22 D26    y 
 M xy   D16
  D26 D66   xy 
Cross-Ply Laminates

  [0 / 90 2 / 0 / 90]
0
 

 
90  N x   A11 A12 0 B11 B12 0    x0 
N     0
90  y   A12 A22 0 B12 B22 0  y 
 
 N xy   0 0 A66 0 0 B66   xy0 
0    
 
 M x   B11 B12 0 D11 D12 0  x 
90  M y   B12 B22 0 D12 D22 0   y 
    
 M xy   0 0 B 66 0 0 D66   xy 
Angle Ply Laminates
If laminates consists of
 

-40
an even number of plies :
 

 
40 A16  A26  0
-40

40
If laminates consistes of
an odd number of plies :
[ 40 / 40 /  40 / 40] Laminate is symmetric,
[ B ]  0, and
A16 , A26 , D16 , D26  0
Antisymmetric Laminates

[45 / 60 /  60 /  45]
 

45
 
 N x   A11 A12 0 B11 B12 B16    x0 
60 N     0
 
 y   A12 A22 0 B12 B22 B26    y 
 
-60  N xy   0 0 A66 B16 B26 B66   xy0 
   
-45  M x   B11 B12 B16 D11 D12 0  x 
 M y   B12 B22 B26 D12 D22 0   y 
    
 M xy   B16 B 26 B 66 0 0 D66   xy 
Balanced Laminates

 
[30 / 40 /  30 / 30 /  30 /  40]
30
 

40
B16    x0 
 
 N x   A11 A12 0 B11 B12
-30 N     0
 
 y   A12 A22 0 B12 B22 B26    y 
30  N xy   0 0 A66 B16 B26 B66   xy0 
   
 

-30  M x   B11 B12 B16 D11 D12 D16    x 

 M y   B12 D26    y 
 
B22 B26 D12 D22
-40     
 M xy   B16 B 26 B 66 D16 D26 D66   xy 
Quasi-Isotropic Laminates
 E νE 
1-ν 2 0 
 νE 1-ν 2  0 0 0 
E
 A   2 0  h,  B   0 0 0 ,
1-ν 1-ν 2 
 E  0 0 0
 0 0
2(1  ν ) 


 E νE 
12(1-ν 2 ) 0 
 12(1-ν 2 ) 
νE E
 D  
 0  h3

12(1-ν 2 ) 12(1-ν 2 )
 E 
 0 0 
 24(1  ν ) 
Quasi-Isotropic Laminate

A11  A22 , Examples :

[0 /  60],
A16  A26  0, and
[0 /  45 / 90]S , and
A11  A12
A66  [0 / 36 / 72 /  36 /  72]
2