Draughtsman Mechanical 2nd Year (Volume I of II) TP

DRAUGHTSMAN MECHANICAL
NSQF LEVEL - 5
Revised in 2017
2nd Year (Volume - I of II)
TRADE PRACTICAL
SECTOR: Capital Goods and Manufacturing
DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF TRAINING

MINISTRY OF SKILL DEVELOPMENT & ENTREPRENEURSHIP
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
NATIONAL INSTRUCTIONAL
MEDIA INSTITUTE, CHENNAI
Post Box No. 3142, CTI Campus, Guindy, Chennai - 600 032
(i)
Sector : Capital Goods and Manufacturing
Duration : 2 Years
Trade : Draughtsman Mechanical - 2nd year (Volume I of II) Trade Practical -
NSQF (Level - 5)
Developed & Printed by
National Instructional Media Institute

Post Box No.3142
Guindy, Chennai - 600032
INDIA
Email: chennai-nimi@nic.in
Website: www.nimi.gov.in
Offset Printed by
National Instructional Media Institute
Chennai - 600 032
First Edition : January 2020 Copies : 500
Rs.120/-
(ii)
FOREWORD
The Government of India has set an ambitious target of imparting skills to 30 crores people, one out of every
four Indians, by 2020 to help them secure jobs as part of the National Skills Development Policy. Industrial
Training Institutes (ITIs) play a vital role in this process especially in terms of providing skilled manpower.
Keeping this in mind, and for providing the current industry relevant skill training to Trainees, ITI syllabus
has been recently updated with the help of Mentor Councils comprising various stakeholder's viz. Industries,
Entrepreneurs, Academicians and representatives from ITIs.
The National Instructional Media Institute (NIMI), Chennai has now come up with instructional material to
suit the revised curriculum for Draughtsman Mechanical 2nd Year (Volume - I of II) Trade Practical
NSQF Level - 5 in Capital Goods & Manufacturing Sector. The NSQF Level - 5 Trade Practical will help
the trainees to get an international equivalency standard where their skill proficiency and competency will
be duly recognized across the globe and this will also increase the scope of recognition of prior learning.
NSQF Level - 5 trainees will also get the opportunities to promote life long learning and skill development.
I have no doubt that with NSQF Level - 5 the trainers and trainees of ITIs, and all stakeholders will derive
maximum benefits from these IMPs and that NIMI's effort will go a long way in improving the quality of
Vocational training in the country.
The Executive Director & Staff of NIMI and members of Media Development Committee deserve appreciation
for their contribution in bringing out this publication.
Jai Hind
RAJESH AGGARWAL
Director General/ Addl. Secretary
Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship,
Government of India.
New Delhi - 110 001
(iii)
PREFACE
The National Instructional Media Institute (NIMI) was established in 1986 at Chennai by then Directorate
General of Employment and Training (D.G.E & T), Ministry of Labour and Employment, (now under Directorate
General of Training, Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship) Government of India, with technical
assistance from the Govt. of the Federal Republic of Germany. The prime objective of this institute is to
develop and provide instructional materials for various trades as per the prescribed syllabi under the Craftsman
and Apprenticeship Training Schemes.
The instructional materials are created keeping in mind, the main objective of Vocational Training under
NCVT/NAC in India, which is to help an individual to master skills to do a job. The instructional materials are
generated in the form of Instructional Media Packages (IMPs). An IMP consists of Theory book, Practical
book, Test and Assignment book, Instructor Guide, Audio Visual Aid (Wall charts and Transparencies) and
other support materials.
The trade practical book consists of series of exercises to be completed by the trainees in the workshop.
These exercises are designed to ensure that all the skills in the prescribed syllabus are covered. The trade
theory book provides related theoretical knowledge required to enable the trainee to do a job. The test and
assignments will enable the instructor to give assignments for the evaluation of the performance of a trainee.
The wall charts and transparencies are unique, as they not only help the instructor to effectively present a
topic but also help him to assess the trainee's understanding. The instructor guide enables the instructor to
plan his schedule of instruction, plan the raw material requirements, day to day lessons and demonstrations.
IMPs also deals with the complex skills required to be developed for effective team work. Necessary care
has also been taken to include important skill areas of allied trades as prescribed in the syllabus.
The availability of a complete Instructional Media Package in an institute helps both the trainer and
management to impart effective training.
The IMPs are the outcome of collective efforts of the staff members of NIMI and the members of the Media
Development Committees specially drawn from Public and Private sector industries, various training institutes
under the Directorate General of Training (DGT), Government and Private ITIs.
NIMI would like to take this opportunity to convey sincere thanks to the Directors of Employment & Training
of various State Governments, Training Departments of Industries both in the Public and Private sectors,
Officers of DGT and DGT field institutes, proof readers, individual media developers and coordinators, but for
whose active support NIMI would not have been able to bring out this materials.
R. P. DHINGRA
Chennai - 600 032 EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
(iv)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
National Instructional Media Institute (NIMI) sincerely acknowledges with thanks for the co-operation and
contribution extended by the following Media Developers and their sponsoring organisations to bring out this
Instructional Material (Trade Practical) for the trade of Draughtsman Mechanical under Capital Goods &
Manufacturing Sector for ITIs.
MEDIA DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE MEMBERS
Shri. V. Dhanasekaran _ Assistant Director of Training (Retd.),

MDC Member,
NIMI, Chennai - 32.
Shri. G. Jayaraman _ Assistant Training officer (Retd.),

MDC Member,
NIMI, Chennai - 32
NIMI - COORDINATORS
Shri.Nirmalya Nath _ Deputy Director

NIMI- Chennai - 32.
Shri. G. Michael Johny _ Assistant Manager,

Co-ordinator,
NIMI, Chennai - 32
NIMI records its appreciation for the Data Entry, CAD, DTP operators for their excellent and devoted services
in the process of development of this Instructional Material.
NIMI also acknowledges with thanks the invaluable efforts rendered by all other NIMI staff who have contributed
towards the development of this Instructional Material.
NIMI is also grateful to everyone who has directly or indirectly helped in developing this Instructional Material.
(v)
INTRODUCTION
TRADE PRACTICAL
The trade practical manual is intented to be used in practical workshop . It consists of a series of practical
exercises to be completed by the trainees during the Third Semester Course of the Draughtsman Mechanical
under NSQF Level - 5 Syllabus, which is supplemented and supported by instructions/ informations to assist
in performing the exercises. These exercises are designed to ensure that all the skills in prescribed syllabus
are covered.
This manual is divided into Seven modules. The distribution of time for the practical in the Seven modules are
given below.
Module 1 - Drawing and editing on CAD 110 Hrs
Module 2 - Dimensioning 30 Hrs
Module 3 - Shortcut keyboard command 35 Hrs
Module 4 - Assembly and detailed drawings - Manual preparation 50 Hrs
Module 5 - Draw pipe fittings and symbols 50 Hrs
Module 6 - Gears and cams assembled and detailed drawings 200 Hrs
Module 7 - 3D Solid modeling 50 Hrs
Total 525 Hrs
The skill training in the shop floor is planned through a series of practical exercises centred around some
practical project. However, there are few instances where the individual exercise does not form a part of project.
While developing the practical manual a sincere effort was made to prepare each exercise which will be easy
to understand and carry out even by below average trainee. However the development team accept that there
is a scope for further improvement. NIMI looks forward to the suggestions from the experienced training faculty
for improving the manual.
TRADE THEORY
The manual of trade theory consists of theoretical information for the 2nd year (Volume I of II) Course of the
Draughtsman Mechanical Trade. The contents are sequenced according to the practical exercise contained
in NSQF LEVEL - 5 syllabus on Trade practical. Attempt has been made to relate the theoretical aspects with
the skill covered in each exercise to the extent possible. This correlation is maintained to help the trainees to
develop the perceptional capabilities for performing the skills.
The Trade Theory has to be taught and learnt along with the corresponding exercise contained in the manual
on trade practical. The indications about the corresponding practical exercises are given in every sheet of this
manual.
It will be preferable to teach/learn the trade theory connected to each exercise atleast one class before
performing the related skills in the shop floor. The trade theory is to be treated as an integrated part of each
exercise.
The material is not for the purpose of self learning and should be considered as supplementary to class room
instruction.
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CONTENTS
Exercise No. Title of the Exercise Page. No.
Module 1 : Drawing and editing on CAD
3.1.92 Drawing 2D object using line, polyline, ray, polygon, circle, rectangle,
arc, ellipse commands 1
Basic commands 3
Basic commands - I 8
Practicing - Exercises 14
Practicing - Exercises 16
3.1.93 CAD: Modify 2D objects using break, erase, trim, offset fillet, chamfer
commands 17
3.1.94 CAD: Modify 2D objects using move - copy - Array - Insert block - Scale
rotate - Hatch commands 21
Properties & blocks 22
3.1.95 CAD: Create templates - insert drawing - create object in different layers -
modify layers properties 28
Creation of object in different layers 29

Layers 30
Making layer visible or invisible 33
Module 2 : Dimensioning
3.2.96 Dimensioning by AutoCAD 35
Dimensioning & text 35
Representation of dimensions tolerances 45
Module 3 : Shortcut keyboard command
3.3.97 Orthographic sectional views 47

3.3.98 Drawing Isometric view - By CAD 52
Isometric 54
Misc 55
3.3.99 Creating view parts in layout 56
Module 4 : Assembly and detailed drawings - Manual preparation
3.4.100 - Draw a solid pulley 57

3.4.102
Draw a Built up pulleys 58
Module 5 : Draw pipe fittings and symbols
3.5.103 Draw the pipe fittings 60

3.5.104 Draw conventional symbols of different types of valves and joints used on
pipe line diagram 62
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Exercise No. Title of the Exercise Page No.
3.5.105 Draw the piping layout system 65

3.5.106 Draw the different types of pipe joints 67
Module 6 : Gears and cams assembled and detailed drawings
3.6.107 & 108 Gears 68
Draw the gears (Spur gear) 70
Draw the helical gear 73
3.6.109 Draw the different types of CAM & function 75
Draw the follower 76
3.6.110 & 111 Draw the eccentric using AutoCAD 77
Prepare detailed and assembly drawing of petrol engine 80
Prepare drawing of connecting rod of petrol engine using CAD 82
3.6.112 Air valve 84
3.6.113 Fuel Injector of a diesel engine 86
Module 7 : 3D Solid modeling
3.7.114 Create 3D solid objects 87
Standard primitives & Gizmo 88
Standard primitives & Gizmo 89
Extrude height 89
Extrude height with taper 89
Extrude path 90
Extrude path 90
Revolve surface 91
Revolve solid 91
Boolean operation 92
LEARNING / ASSESSABLE OUTCOME
On completion of this book you shall be able to
• Construct projection views of geometrical figures with dimension and

annotation on CAD in model space and view port in layout space.
• Draw detail and assembly drawing of machine parts Viz., Pulleys, pipe fittings,
gears and cams applying range of cognitive and practical skills.
• Construct drawing of engine parts with detailed and assembly in template layout
applying quality concept in CAD.
• Create 3D solid by switching to 3D modeling workspace in CAD, generate views,

print preview and plotting.
(viii)
SYLLABUS
2nd Year (Volume - I of II) Duration: Six Months

Week Learning Outcome Professional Skills Professional Knowledge
No. (Trade Practical) (Trade Theory)
with Indicative hours
53 Construct projection 92. CAD: draw 2D object using line, Drawing of Line, polyline, ray,
views of geometrical figures polyline, ray, polygon, circle, polygon, circle, rectangle,
with dimension and rectangle, arc, ellipse commands. arc, ellipse using different options.
annotation on CAD in (28 hrs)
model space and viewport
in layout space.
54 -do- 93. CAD: modify 2D objects using Trim, Offset, Fillet, Chamfer, Arc
Break, Erase, Trim, Offset, Fillet, and Circle under modify commands.
Chamfer Commands. (28 hrs)
55 -do- 94. CAD: manage 2D objects using Move, Copy, Array, Insert Block,
Move, Copy, Array, Insert Block, Make Block, Scale, Rotate,
Make Block, Scale, Rotate, Hatch Hatch Commands.
Commands. (28 hrs)
56 -do- 95. CAD: Create templates, Insert Creating templates, Inserting
drawings. Create objects in different drawings, Layers, Modify
Layers and Modify Layer properties. Layers.
(28 hrs)
57 -do- 96. CAD: Provide dimension on object. Format dimension style, creating
Create dimension by customizing new dimension style, Modifying
dimension styles (lines, arrows, text, styles in dimensioning. Writing
unit and alignment) Put dimension text on dimension line and on
with scale factor. (28 hrs) leader.
Edit text dimension.
58 -do- 97. CAD: Construct orthographic Knowledge of shortcut keyboard
sectional view of a steel bracket with command. Customization of
dimension using shortcut keyboard keyboard command.
command.(10 hrs) Customization of drafting settings,
98. Construct isometric view of changing orthographic snap to
machine blocks. (10 hrs) isometric snap.
99. Create viewports in layout space Procedure to create viewport
and place views for model space in in layout space in zooming scale.
different scale. (08 hrs)
59-60 Draw in CAD detail and 100. Construct Pulleys: solid, stepped Belt-drive. Materials of belts, slip
assembly Drawing of and built up pulleys. (25 hrs) and creep, Velocity of belt. Arc
machine parts viz., Pulleys, 101. Construct pulley with different of contact. Simple exercise in
Pipe fittings, Gears and types of arms. (21hrs) calculation of belt speeds, nos.
Cams applying range of 102. Draw rope pulley and V-belt of belts needed in V-belt drive,
cognitive and practical pulley using CAD. (10 hrs) velocity, pulley ratio etc. Standard
skills. pulleys width of pulley face,
velocity ratio chain drive.
61-62 -do- 103. Draw pipe fittings: tee, elbow Knowledge of different pipe
(90° & 45°), flange, union and valve. materials and specifications
(15 hrs) of Steel, W.I. & PVC pipes.
104. Draw conventional symbols of Brief description of different
different types of valves and joints used types of pipe joints.
in pipe line diagram. (10 hrs) Pipe threads.
105. Draw a piping layout systems Pipe fittings (threaded, welded
from a sump to an overhead tank and pressed).
through a pump with possible fittings Specifications of pipe fittings.
and valves. (15 hrs) Different types of valves.
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106. Draw sectional views of
different types of pipe joints
using CAD. (16 hrs)
63-65 -do- 107. Draw: Gear drive- Different types of gears.
i) spur gear, (18 hrs) Cast gears and machined gears.
ii) helical gear, (18 hrs) Knowledge of profile of gears etc.
iii) bevel gear, (18 hrs)
iv) worm and worm wheel. (18hrs)
108. Construct involute tooth profile
of a gear (using CAD). (12 hrs)
66-67 -do- 109. Draw a symmetrical cam profile. Use of Cams in industry. Types of
(28 hrs) cam, kinds of motion in cam,
110. Draw different types of follower displacement diagrams. Terms used
(using CAD).(28 hrs) in cam. Types of follower.
68-70 Construct drawing of 111. Construct detailed and assembly Knowledge of engine mechanism.
engine parts with drawing (using CAD) of Transmission of motion from
detailed and i) Eccentrics (10 hrs), reciprocating to circular through
assembly in ii) Stuffing box (18 hrs) eccentric, crank and connecting rod.
template layout iii) Piston assembly of a petrol engine
applying quality (28 hrs),
concept in CAD. iv) IC engine connecting rod. (28 hrs)
71-72 -do- 112. Construct detailed drawing of an Knowledge of fuel injection system
air valve. (28 hrs) in petrol and diesel engine.
113. Construct detailed drawing of a
fuel injector of a diesel engine. (28 hrs)
(using CAD)
73-74 Create 3D solid by 114. 3D Modeling: Introduction to 3D modeling, 3D
switching to 3D i) Create 3D solid objects using primitives (viz. box, sphere, cylinder,
modeling workspace command from 3D primitive (viz. box, mesh and poly-solids), solid
in CAD, generate sphere, cylinder and poly-solids), from figure by extrude, revolve, sweep and
views, Print Preview solid (extrude, revolve, sweep and loft), loft command, solid editing: fillet,
and Plotting. from Boolean (union, subtract and offset, taper, shell and slice command.
intersect) (28 hrs) Setting of User co-ordinate Systems,
ii) Create 3D drawing using User Rotating, Print preview and Plotting.
co-ordinate systems. (15 hrs)
iii) Annotate and dimension of the 3D
model. (05 hrs)
iv) Generate views from model space
to layout space. (05 hrs)
v) Generate Print preview and Plotting.
(03 hrs)
75-76 In-plant training/ Project work (work in a team)

a. Prepare a chart showing details of a 4-stroke petrol engine.
b. Prepare a chart showing Valve timing diagram of a 4-stroke petrol engine.
c. Prepare models of different types of cams and followers.
d. Prepare a paper cutting chart showing different parts of a gate/globe/check valve.
77 Revision
78 Examination
(x)
Capital Goods & Manufacturing Exercise 3.1.92
Draughtsman Mechanical - Drawing and editing on CAD
Drawing 2D object using line, polyline, ray, polygon, circle, rectangle, arc,
ellipse commands.
Objective(s): At the end of this exercise you shall be able to
• draw line, polyline, ray, polygon, circle, rectangle arc, ellipse, commands
Draw commands line Specify next point or [Undo]: 8,6

From tool bar: Line Specify next point or [Undo]: 5,6
Draw menu: Line Specify next point or [Undo]: 5,4
Command: Line, L Specify next point or [Undo]: 2,4
Example:
Command L - Line
Specify first point: Select one point on the screen.
Specify next point or [Undo]: Select second point on the
screen.
Specify next point or [Undo]:
Continue
Continue a line from the end point of the most recently
drawn line.
If the most recently drawn line is an arc, its end point
defines the starting point of the line, and the line is drawn
tangent to the arc.
Close
Ends the last line segment at the beginning of the first
line segment, which forms a closed loop of line
segments. You can close after you have drawn a serious Relative rectangular co-ordinate system @ X
of two or more segments. distance, Y distance (Fig 2)
Undo
Erase the most recent segment of aline sequence.
Entering “U” more than once back tracks through line
segments in the order you created them.
Co-ordinate system in AutoCAD
All drawings are superimposed on an invisible grid or
co-ordinate system with a horizontal X-axis and a vertical
Y-axis.
You can establish grid and snap setting that match the
units of the co-ordinate system or some multiple or
fraction of it.
1 Absolute co-ordinate system (X,Y): To enter an
absolute co-ordinate specify a point by entering its X Use relative co-ordinates when you know the position
and Y values in the formal X, Y. (Fig 1) of a point with respect to the previous point, the relative
Use absolute co-ordinate when you know the precise X rectangular co-ordinate is represented in the following
and Y values in the point from the origin. The following format.
sequence of co-ordinates draw a triangle, as shown X displacement, Y-displacement
below.
Command:_ line specify first point:2,2
Command_Line specify first point:2,2
Specify next point or [undo]: @ 4,0
Specify next point or [Undo]: 8,2
1
Specify next point or [undo]: @ 0,4 2 Select the icon by clicking once with the Left -
mouse- button, which will activate the line
Specify next point or [Close/ undo]: @ 0,-2
command.
Specify next point or [Close/ undo]: @ -2,0 3 In the command prompt area, near the bottom of the
Specify next point or [Close/ undo]: @ c AutoCAD drawing screen, the message “ - line
specify point:” is displayed. AutoCAD expects us to
Relative polar co-ordinate system @ distance angle identify the starting location of a straight line. Move
(Fig 3) the graphics cursor inside the graphics window and
watch the display of the coordinates of the graphics
cursor at the bottom of the AutoCAD drawing screen.
The three numbers represent the location of the
cursor in the X,Y, and Z directions. We can treat the
graphics window as if it was a piece of paper and we
are using the graphics cursor as if it were a pencil
with which to draw. (Fig 5)
Fig 5
We will create a freehand sketch of a five - point star

using the Line command. Do not be overly concerned
with the actual size or the accuracy of your free hand
sketch.
Polar co-ordinate system uses a distance and an angle 4 We will start at a location about one - third from the
with reference to the previous point to locate a point. bottom of the graphics window. Left - click once to
Angle is measured in anti-clock direction, taking 0° position the starting point of our first line. This will
towards right. be point 1 of our sketch. Next move the cursor
upward and toward the right side of point 1. Notice
The relative polar co-ordinate is representing in the
the rubber band line that follows the graphics cursor
following format.
in the graphics window. Left - click again (point 2)
@Distance<angle and we have created the first line of our sketch.
(Fig 6)
Command: _ line specify first point:2,3. (Fig 4)
Specify next point or [undo]: @ 4<0. Fig 6
Specify next point or [undo]: @ 4<90.

Specify next point or [close / undo]: @ 4<180.
Specify next point or [close / undo]:c. 5 Move the cursor to the left of point 2 and create a
horizontal line about the same length as the first line
Fig 4
on the screen. (Fig 7)
g 7
Fig
Drawing lines with the line command

1 Move the graphics cursor to the first icon in the draw 6 Repeat the above steps and complete the freehand
panel. This icon is the line icon. Note that a brief sketch by adding three more lines (from point 3 to
description of the line command appears next to the point 4, point 4 to point 5, and then connect to point
cursor. 5 back to point 1) (Fig 8)
2 Capital Goods & Manufacturing : Draughtsman Mechanical (NSQF Level 5) - Exercise 3.1.92
Fig 8 Fig
g 9
7 Notice that the Line command remains activated

even after we connected the last segment of the line Fig 10
to the starting point (point 1) of our sketch. Inside
the graphics window, Click once with the right -
mouse-button and a popup menu appears on the
screen. (Fig 9)
8 Select enter with the left - mouse - button to end the
line command. `(This is equivalent to hitting the
[ENTER] key on the keyboard.) (Fig 10)
9 Move the cursor near point 2 and point 3, and
estimate the length of the horizontal line by watching
the displayed co-ordinates for each point.
Basic commands
• point rectangle
• revision cloud spline multilines
• construction line (‘x’ line) ray hatch.
1 Point Command : Point.

This command is used to display a point on the screen Point : (2.2).
(Drawing area).
2 Rectangle
Command : Point.
This command is used to draw Rectangle.
Point : 5,6.
Example
Changing the point type.
Command : RECTANGLE / REG.
Normally the point appears as a dot on the screen, the
First comer or (Chamfer / Elevation / Fillet / Thickness /
style in these dialog box by clicking the pointing device
Width) : 2,1
(mouse) then select the OK button.
Other corner (Area / Dimension / Rotation): 5,6.
Command : PDMODE.
Chamfer : Used for chamfering the edges.
Pull down : Format, point style.
Fillet : Used for filleting the edges.
While using the pull - down menu, the point style
dialogue box will appear select a point style in this dialog Width : to change the width.
box by clicking the pointing device (mouse) then select Thickness: allows to draw rectangle that projects in
the OK button. Z-direction by the specified value of thickness.
Command : PDMODE. Elevation: allows to draw a rectangle at a specified
New value for PDMODE<current>: Enter new value (2). distance from the XY-plane along the Z-axis.
Capital Goods & Manufacturing : Draughtsman Mechanical (NSQF Level 5) - Exercise 3.1.92 3
3 Poly line 5 Spline (Fig 2)
This command is used to draw poly lines. The PLINE
command functions like the LIKE command with
additional option like arc, length, width, etc.
Example
Command : P LINE.
Start point : Select a point. Example
Current the width is 0.0000. Command : SPLINE.
Next point or (Arc / Half width / Length / Undo / Width): Specify first point or [Object]: Click on the first point.
Select P1. Specify next point: <Ortho off>.
Next point or (Arc / Close / Half width / Length / Undo / Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance] <start
Width): Select P2. tangent>: Click on the point.
1 Width: To change the width of the poly line, enter W Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance] <start
atlast prompt. It asks you to enter the starting tangent>: Click on the point.
width and ending width of the poly line.
Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance] <start
2 Undo: This erase the most recently drawn poly line tangent>: Click on the point.
segment. This can be invoked by entering U at the
last prompt. Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance] <start
tangent>: Click on the point.
3 Length: This asks you to enter the length of a new
poly line segment. This can be invoked by entering Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance] <start
U at the last prompt. tangent>: Enter.
4 Half width: This is used to specify the starting and Practice 1: Instructions (Fig 3)
ending half width or a poly line. This can be invoked
by entering H at last prompt.
5 Arc: This is used to draw poly arcs from the previous
point. It provides the various option for drawing poly
arcs. The Arc option can be invoked by entering a
last prompt.
4 Revision cloud (Fig 1)
1 Start a New file and select 1 workbook helper. Dwt.

2 Draw the objects below using:
DRAW / LINE.
ORTHO ON for Horizontal lines.
OBJECT SNAP = ENDPOINT.
3 Save this drawing as.
Practice 2: Instructions (Fig 4)
This command is used to high light your mark-ups.
Example
Command : REVCLOUD.
Minimum arc length: 2.0000 Maximum arc length: 3.0000
Style: Normal specify start point or (Arc length / object /
Style) <Object>: Specify start point.
Guide crosshairs along cloud path:
Revision cloud finished.
1 Start a New file and select 1 workbook helper. Dwt
2 Draw the 2 vertical and 4 horizontal lines using.
DRAW / LINE.
ORTHO (F8) = ON.
SNAP (F9) = OFF.
3 Then draw the diagonal lines using.
DRAW / LINE.
ORTHO & SNAP = OFF.
OBJECT SNAP = INTERSECTION.
Practice 3: Instructions
A warning may appear asking you if you "are
1 Start a New file and select 1 workbook dwt.
sure you want to change the units"? Select
2 Using FORMAT / UNITS: the OK button.
Set the units to DECIMALS.
3 Using FORMAT / DRAWING LIMITS set the drawing
Set the precision to 0.00. limits to.
3 Using FORMAT / DRAWING LIMITS set the drawing Lower left corner = 0.0
limits to :
Upper right corner = 25, 20
Lower left corner = 0,0.
4 Use VIEW / ZOOM / ALL to make the screen adjust
Upper right corner = 12,9. to the new limits
4 Use view/zoom/ all to make the screen adjust to the 5 Turn OFF the GRIDS (F7) SNAP (F9) and ORTHO
new limits. (F8)
5 Turn OFF the GRIDS (F7) SNAP (F9) and ORTHO (Your screen should be blank and your crosshair
(F8) should move freely)
(Your screen should be blank and your crosshair 6 Draw the Lines below using.
should move freely).
DRAW / LINE
6 Draw the Lines below using.
OBJECT SNAP = MIDPOINT.
DRAW / LINE.
OBJECT SNAP = MIDPOINT.
7 Save this drawing as. (Fig 5)

1 Using a new file and select 1 workbook helper. dwt. 1 Start a New file and select 1 workbook helper. dwt.
2 Using FORMAT / UNITS 2 Draw the house below using at least 4 commands.
Set the units to ARCHITECTURAL 3 You can change the GRID and INCREMENT SNAP
Set the precision to ½" setting to whatever you like.
4 You decide when to turn Ortho and Snap On or Off. 5 Turn OFF the GRIDS (F7) SNAP (F9) and ORTHO
Have some fun with this one. (F8).
5 Save this drawing as. (Your screen should be blank and your crosshair
6 Draw the objects below using:
DRAW / CIRCLE (CENTER, RADIUS) and LINE.
OBJECT SNAP = QUADRANT.
1 Start a New file and select 1 workbook helper. dwt.

2 Draw the rectangles below using the options, 1 Start a New file and select 1 workbook dwt.
dimension, chamfer, fillet and width. 2 Using FORMAT / UNITS.
3 Save this drawing as. Set the units to FRACTIONAL.
Practice 7: Instruction (Fig 9) Set the precision to ½".
limits to:
Upper right corner = 20,15.
4 Use view/zoom/all to make the screen adjust to the
new limits.
5 Turn OFF the GRIDS (F7) SNAP (F9) and ORTHO
(F8).
(Your screen should be blank and your crosshair
1 Start a New file and select 1 workbook dwt. 6 Draw the objects below using
2 Using FORMAT / UNITS: DRAW / CIRCLE (CENTER, RADIUS) and LINE.
Set the units to FRACTIONAL OBJECT SNAP = CENTER and TANGENT.
Set the precision to ¼". Very important: Use the Tangent option at each end
of the line. AutoCAD needs to be told that you want
each end of the line to be tangent to a circle.
limits to:
6 Multilines (Fig 11)
Upper right corner = 12,9.
This command allows you to draw between 1 and 16
4 Use VIEW / ZOOM / ALL to make the screen adjust
lines parallel to each other. You must tell AutoCAD the
to the new limits.
distance between the parallel lines.
When the command is issued, the multiline edit tools
dialogue box is displayed. The box is divided in to four
columns. Each column helps you to edit a different type
of intersection.
7 Construction line (X line)
X line is a linear object, which starts at infinite and ends
at infinite, or we can say that it is a line, which has no
start or end point but passes through a specified point.
These lines are used for projections.
Command : X line.
Specify a point or [hor/ver/ang/bisect/offset]: use one of
the point fixing methods or enter.
An option. Eg. H.
Specify through point: Use one of the point fixing
methods
Pull down menu : Draw, Multiline.
8 RAY (Fig 13)
Command : Draw multiline, mI.
Fig 13
Once the command is issued, AutoCAD responds with
Current settings: Justification = Top, Scale = 1.00, Style=
STANDARD.
Specify start point or [Justification/Scale/Style]:
Scale is the distance in units between the parallel lines.
Justification determines where the start point of a vertex
is. Both these settings are illustrated in the diagram
below. Top, Zero and Bottom refer the justification.
Multiline can be closed to form enclosed to form
enclosed shapes. A closed multiline automatically joins
the beginning and end of the shape. When you are
drawing a multiline shape, the command option ‘c’ closes
the shape otherwise just press enter to finish the
command.
Editing multiline
Command line: mledit
Menu: Modify, object, multiline (Fig 12)
Fig 12
Ray creates semi infinite lines commonly used as

construction lines. A ray has a finite starting point and
extends to infinity.
Command : Ray.
Menu : Draw, Ray.
Specify start
point : Fix a point on the screen.
Specify through point
AutoCAD draws a ray and continue to prompt for though
points so you can create multiple rays. Press to end
the command.
Ray commands.
Practice (Fig 14) 2 Draw the objects below using tools (Fig 15)
Instructions • Draw/Line.
1 Start a New file. • Osnap (f3) OFF.
Fig 15
Fig 14
3 Save this drawing using.

File/Save as (give file name).
Basic commands - I
• create circle
• create arcs
• create polygon.
Creating circles • Center, radius: Draws a circle based on a center

point and a radius.
The menus and toolbars is AutoCAD 2013 are designed
to allow the CAD operators to quickly activate the desired • Center, diameter: Draws a circle based on a center
commands. (Fig 1) point and a diameter.
Fig 1 • 2 points: Draws a circle based on two.
• 3 Points: Draws a circle based on three points on
the circumference.
• TTR - Tangent, Tangent, Radius: Draws a circle
with a specified radius tangent to two objects.
• TTT - Tangent, Tangent, Tangent: Draws a circle
tangent to three objects.
Circle
AutoCAD provides the following ways of drawing circles.
(Fig 2)
Fig 2
1 In the Draw toolbar, click on the little triangle below

the circle icon. Note that the little triangle indicates
additional options are available.
2 In the arc, a circle based on two end points of the
diameter.
Notice the different options available under the circle
submenu.
1 Centre and radius (Fig 3)
Fig 5
Fig 3
4 3 Points (Fig 6)
Fig 6
This is the classical method. The first point define the
circle‘s center,
The second one radius
Example
Command. : Circle or C.
3P / 2P / TTR /<Center point>. : 200,200.
Diameter / <Radius>. : 150.
2 Centre and diameter (Fig 4) With this option the user can specify two points
constituting the end points of the circles diameter.
Fig 4
Example
Command : Circle or C
3P/2P/TTR/<Center point> : 3P
First point on Diameter : 200,200
Second point on Diameter : 400,400
Third point on Diameter : 300,350
5 Tangent and radius (Fig 7)
Fig 7
After the circle’s center has been defined the diameter

can be given
Example
Command : Circle or C
3P/2P/TTR/<Center Point> : 200, 200
Diameter/<Radius> : D
Diameter : 300
3 2 Points (Fig 5) This option allows the user to define two tangential points
and then the circle’s radius. In order to invoke this option
With this option, the user can specify two points it should have two entities draw. The circle can be drawn
constituting the end points of the circles diameter. between Tangentially to two lines, two circles, or two
Example Arc’s or combination of any two.
Command : Circle or C Example
3P/2P/TTT/<Center point> : 2P Command : Circle or C
First point on Diameter : 200,200 3P/2P/TTR/<Center point> : TTR.
Second point on Diameter : 400,400
Enter Tangent Space : Pick by using 2 Start point, centre, end point (S,C,E) (Fig 10)
mouse on the
entity drawn already. Fig 10
Radius : 100
AutoCAD provides 11 different ways of drawing Arcs.
1 3 Points (Fig 8)
Fig 8
Center refers to the center point of the circle of while

the arc is a part.
In this method three points define the Arc’s Start point,
Second point that the Arc passes through, and the arc’s Example
end point.
Command : Arc or A
AutoCAD provided 11 different ways of drawing Arcs.
Center/<Start point> : 400,400.
(Fig 9)
Center/End<Second point> : C.
Fig 9
Center point : 350,400.
Angle/Length of chord/
<End point> : 50,450.
3 Start point, centre, included angle (S,C,A) (Fig 11)
Fig 11
In this method first specify the start point of the arc, then
the center point or the arc, and then the include angle
between the start point and the end point of the arc.
Example
Command : Arc or A
Center/<Start point> : 400,400.
Center/End<Second point> : C.
Angle/Length of Chord/
<End point> : A.
Included Angle : 90.
4 Start point centre, length of chord (S,C,L) Fig 14
(Fig 12)
Fig 12
Example
Command : Arc or A.
Center/<Start Point> : 400,400.
the center point of the arc and then the chord length.
Example Center/End<Second point> : E.
Command : Arc or A. End point : 350,450.
Center/<Start point> : 400,400. Angle/Direction/Radius/
Center/End<Second point> : C. <Center point> : A.
Center Point : 350,400.
Included angle : 90.
Angle/Length of Chord/
7 Start point, end point, starting direction (S,E,D)
<End point> : L. (Fig 15)
Length of Chord : 80.
Fig 15
5 Start point, end point, radius (S,E,R) (Fig 13)
Fig 13
the end point and finally the starting direction of the arc
from the start point.
In this method first specify the start point of the arc, then Example
the end point and finally the radius of the arc. Command : Arc or A.
Example Center/<Start point> : 400,400.
Command : Arc or A. Center/End<Second point> : E.
Center/<Start point> : 400,400. End point : 350,450.
Center/End<Second point> : E. Angle/Direction/Radius/
End point : 350,450. <Center point> : D.
Angle/Direction/Radius/ Direction from start point : 90.
<Center point> : R.
Pull down menu: Tools, inquiry, area.
Radius : 75.
Command Area.
6 Start point, end point, included angle (S,E,A)
(Fig 14) Specify first corner point or [Object / Add / Subtract]
first point A.
the end point and finally the included angle of the arc. Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total: Select
next point B.
Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total: Select In this method first specify the center point of the arc,
next point C. then the start point and finally the end point of the arc.
The last command Example
1 Inside the graphics window, click once with the right- Command : Arc or A.
mouse-button to bring up the popup option menu.
Center/<Start point> : C.
2 Pick repeat erase, with the left - mouse - button, in
the popup menu to repeat the last command. Notice Center point : 350,400.
the other options available in the popup menu. Start point : 400,400.
3 Move the cursor to a location that is above and toward Angle/Length of chord/
the left side of the entities on the screen. Left -
mouse - click once to start a corner of a rubber - <End point> : 350,450.
band window. 10 Centre point, start point, length of the chord
Move the cursor toward the right and below the entities, (C,S,L) (Fig 18)
and then left-mouse-click to enclose all the entities inside
Fig 18
the selection window. Notice all entities that are inside
the window are selected.
8 Start point, end point, centre point (S,E,C)
(Fig 16)
Fig 16
In this method first specify the center point of the arc,

then the start point and finally the length of chord.
Example
Command : Arc or A.
In this method first specify the start point of the arc, then Center/<Start point> : C.
the end point and finally the center point of the arc. Center point : 350,400.
Example Start point : 400,400.
Command : Arc or A. Angle/Length of chord/<End point> : L.
Center/<Start Point> : 400,400. Length of chord : 75.
Center/End<Second point> : E. 11 Centre point, start point, included angle (C,S,A)
End point : 250,450. (Fig 19)
Angle/Direction/Radius/ Fig 19
<Center point> : 350,400.
9 Centre point, start point, end point (C,S,E)
(Fig 17)
Fig 17
In this method first specify the center point of the arc,

then the start point and finally the included angle.
Example 3 Ellipse by centre and two axes (Fig 22)
Command : Arc or A.
Fig 22
Center/<Start point> : C.
Stat point : 400,400.
Angle/Length of chord/<End point> : A.
Included angle : 90.
Ellipse
This command approximates an ellipse is to choose the
default options:
1 Ellipse by axis and eccentricity (Fig 20) Example
Fig 20 Command : Ellipse or EL.

Axis end point of ellipse or (Arc/center) :400,400.
Center of ellipse : 400,400.
Axis end point : 500,400.
Distance to other axis or [Rotation] : 75.
4 Ellipse by centre, one axis, and rotation (Fig 23)
Fig 23
Example
Command : Ellipse or EL.
Axis end point of ellipse or (Arc/Center) : 400,400.
Other end point of axis : 500,400.
Distance to other axis or [Rotation] : 75.
2 Ellipse by axis and rotation (Fig 21)
Example
Fig 21
Command : Ellipse or EL.
Axis end point of ellipse or (Arc/center) : C.
Center of ellipse : 400,400.
Axis end point : 500,400.
Distance to other axis or [Rotation] : R.
Rotation around major axis : 60.
Polygon
This command allows the user to draw regular 2D
Example polygons.
Command : Ellipse or EL. 1 Centre of polygon, inscribed circle, radius
(Fig 24)
Axis end point of ellipse or (Arc/center) : 400,400.
Example
Other end point of axis : 500,400.
Command : POL.
Distance to other axis or [Rotation] : R.
POLYGON Enter number of sides : 6.
Rotation around major axis : 60.
<default>
Center of polygon or [Edge] : 400,400. Example
[Inscribed in circle/ Command : Polygon/POL
Circumscribed about circle]<I> : I. POLYGON Enter number of : 6.
Specify radius of circle : 50. sides <default>
Fig 24
Center of polygon or [Edge] : E.
First end point of edge : 400,400.
Second end point of edge : 400,500.
Doughnut (Donut) (Fig 27)
Fig 27
2 Centre of polygon, circumscribed about circle

radius of circle (Fig 25)
Fig 25
This command allows the user to draw filled circles and
rings
Example of filled circle option
Command : Donut.
Inside diameter <default> : 0
Example Outside diameter <default> : 50.
Command : Polygon/POL. Center of doughnut : 100,100.
POLYGON Enter number of Example for rings (Figs 28)
sides<default> : 6. Fig 28
Center of polygon or [Edge] : 400,400.
[Inscribed in circle/
Circumscribed about circle]<I> : C.
Radius of circle : 50.
3 Edge option (Fig 26)
Fig 26 Command : Donut.

Inside diameter <default> : 30.
Outside diameter <default> : 50.
Center of doughnut : 100,100.
Practicing - Exercises
• draw polyline, arc rectangular array and arc commands.
TASK 1: Fig 1a to 1g draw by using polyline raw polygon, circle, rectangle arc ellipse commands.
Fig 1 Practice: Fig 3
Practice: Fig 4
Practice: Fig 1
Practice: Fig 2
Practicing - Exercises
• drawing practice with suitable command and methods.
Practice: Fig 1 Practice: Fig 3
Practice: Fig 2
CAD: Modify 2D objects using break, erase, trim, offset fillet, chamfer commands
• draw break, erase, trim
• draw offset, fillet, chamfer.
Break ( Fig 1) TYPING = E <enter>.
PULLDOWN = MODIFY / ERASE
TOOLBAR = MODIFY
2 Select objects: Pick one or more objects
Select objects: Press <enter> and the objects will
disappear.
This command is used to erase a part of an object METHOD 2
between two points. Select the objects first and then the Erase command
Tool bar : Modify, Break. from the shortcut menu
Pull down : Modify, Break. 1 Select the object (s) to be erased.
Command : Break or BR. 2 Press the right mouse button.
Example 1 : To break a line 3 Select “Erase” from the short - cut menu.
Command : Break or BR. METHOD 3
Select objects : Select A. Select the objects first and then the delete key
Specify second : 1 Select the object (s) to be erased.
break point : Select B. 2 Press the delete key.
Join (Fig 2) Very important : If you want the erased objects to
return, press U <enter> or Ctrl + Z or the Undo arrow
icon. This will “Undo” the effects of the last
command.
Using the ERASE command (Fig 3)
Fig 3
This command is used to join two lines.

Tool bar : Modify, join.
Pull down : Modify, join.
Command : Join or J.
Example
Command : Join or j. Select source object.
Select lines to One of the advantages of using a CAD system is the
ability to remove entities without leaving any marks. We
Join to source : Select A and B. will erase two of the lines using the Erase command.
ERASE 1 Pick Erase in the modify toolbar. (The icon is a picture
There are 3 methods to erase (delete) objects from the of an eraser at the end of a pencil.) The message
drawing. You decide which one you prefer to use. They “Select objects” is displayed in the command prompt
all work equally well. area and AutoCAD await to select the objects to
erase.
METHOD 1
2 Left - click the SNAP MODE button on the status bar
Select the Erase command first and then select ther to turn OFF the SNAP MODE option so that we can
objects more easily move the cursor on top of objects. We
1 Start the Erase command by using one of the can toggle the Status Bar options ON or OFF in the
following. middle of another command.
17
3 Select any two lines on the screen; the selected lines When your own create a free hand sketch of your choice
are displayed as dashed lines as shown in the figure using the line command. Experiment with using the
below. different commands we have discussed so far, Reset
the status button so that only the GRID DISPLAY option
To deselect an object from the selection set, hold down
is turned ON as shown. (Fig 7)
the [SHIFT] key and select the object again.
4 Right - mouse - click once to accept the selections. Fig 7
The selected two lines are erased. (Fig 4)
Fig 4
Command (Fig 8)
Fig 8
The last command

1 Inside the graphics window, click once with the right-
mouse-button to bring up the popup option menu.
2 Pick repeat erase, with the left - mouse - button, in
the popup menu to repeat the last command. Notice
the other options available in the popup menu.
3 Move the cursor to a location that is above and toward
the left side of the entities on the screen. Left -
mouse - click once to start a corner of a rubber -
band window.
Move the cursor toward the right and below the entities,
and then left-mouse-click to enclose all the entities inside
the selection window. Notice all entities that are inside
the window are selected. (Fig 5)
Fig 5
Instructions
1 Start a New file
2 Draw the objects below using
LINE command.
Ortho (f8) ON for Horizontal and Vertical lines.
Ortho (f8) OFF for lines drawn on an Angle.
Inside the graphics window, right-mouse-click once to Increment Snap (f9) ON Osnap (f3) OFF.
proceed with erasing the selected entities. (Fig 6)
3 Save this drawing using:
Fig 6
Excercise1: (Fig 9)
Instructions
1 Using drawing DRG NO ERASE the missing lines.
File / Save as / DRG NO.
Excercise 2: Practice on erase command (Fig 10)
Excercise 3: Starting new file using line and erase
command
Fig 9 2 Draw the objects below using
Draw / Line.
Osnap (f3) OFF.
File / Save as (give file name).
Fig 12
Fig 10
Excercise 4: Practice using the trim command.

(Fig 13)
Fig 13
Instructions
1 Start a New file. (Fig 11)
Fig 11
This command is used to removed a part of a line, circle

or arc based on a cutting edge.
Tool bar, : Modify, Trim.
Pull down. : Modify, Trim.
Command : Trim or TR
Example
Command : TR TRIM.
2 Draw the objects below using. Select objects or < Select all >: Select cutting edge, 1
found
Draw / Line.
Select objects:
Ortho (f8) ON for Horizontal and Vetical Lines.
Select object to trim of shift - select to extend or
Ortho (f8) OFF for lines drawn on an Angle.
(Fence/Crossing/Project/Edge/Erase/Undo): Select
Increment Snap (f9) ON
object to trim.
Osnap (f3) OFF
Select object to trim or shift - select to extend or
(Fence/Crossing/project/Edge/Erase/Undo):
File / Save as DRG NO.
Excercise 5: Practice using offset command.
Excercise: Fig 12
Instructions Offset (Fig 14)
1 Start a New file. Tool bar : Modify, Offset.
Pull down : Modify, Offset. Select first object or (Undo/Polyline/Radius/Trim/
Multiple): R
Command : Offset / O.
Specify fillet radius <0,0000>
This command is used to draw parallel lines, concentric
circle, arcs etc. When offset is used, it is necessary to Select first object or (Undo / Polyline / Radius / Trim /
specify the offset distance and side of offset. Multiple): Select A
Command : Offset or O. Select second object or shift - selected to apply corner:
Offset distance or Select B
through <current> : 10.
Chamfer (Fig 16)
Select the object : Select the circle.
Fig 16
Fig 14
Excercise 6: Fillet (Fig 15) This command is used is used to join two non parallel
lines with an intermediate line. It produces an inclined
Fig 15 surface at the edge of two intersecting lines.
Tool bar : Modify, Chamfer.
Pull down : Modify, Chamfer.
Command : Chamfer or CHA.
Example
Command : Chamfer or CHA.
(TRIM mode) Current chamfer Dist 1 < Default>, Dist2
<Default>.
Select first line or (Undo polyline/ Distance / Angle/. Trim/
method/Multiple) : D.
This command is used to connect two parallel lines, arcs Specify first chamfer distance <0.5000>.
etc., smoothly by a curve of specified radius.
Specify second chamfer distance <3.0000 >.
Tool bar : Modify, Fillet.
Select first line:
Pull down : Modify, Fillet.
Select second line:
Command : Fillet or F.
Example
Command : Fillet or F
Current settings : TRIM, Radius = 0,0000
CAD: Modify 2D objects using move - copy - Array - Insert block - Scale
rotate - Hatch commands
• draw move - copy - Array - insert blocks using commands
• draw move block - scale - rotate- hatch using commands
Move (Fig 1) This command is used to copy the existing drawing to

another place.
Example
Command : Copy or Co or CP
Select objects : Select object to Copy
Select objects : One found
Base point or
displacement : Select a base point.
Second point of
displacement : Drag cursor at desired place
and click mouse.
Array (Fig 3)
This command is used to move a single or a set of objects

to a new location on a drawing.
Tool bar : Modify, Move.
Pull down : Modify, Move.
Command : Move / M.
Example
Command : Move Or M.
Select objects : Select circle.
Select objects : One found.
Select objects :
Base point or displacement : Click A as base point.
Second point of displacement : Select B.
Copy (Fig 2)
Tool bar : Modify, Array.

Pull down : Modify, Array.
Command : Array or AR.
Tool bar : Modify, copy.
This command is used to make multiple copies of an
Pull down : Modify, copy.
object in rectangular or polar (Circular) patterns.
Command : Copy.
21
Example : 1 Example : 2
Command : Array. Command : Array.
Select objects : Select circle of radius 5. Select objects : Select circle C1.
Rectangular or polar : R. Rectangular or
array (R/P) polar Array (R/P) : P.
Number or rows
Base /< Centre point
( ----) <1> : 4. of Array > : Select circle C2.
Number of columns Number or items : 4.
(III) <1> : 3.
Angle to fill <360> : Press to acept 360°.
Unit cell or distance
between Rows (----) : 3. Rotate objects as they : Enter Y or N.
are copied ? <Y>
Distance between
columns (III) : 3.
Properties & blocks

• match properties
• identify line weight
• practice block.
Match properties earlier. AutoCAD has a feature that makes this very
This command is used to copies the properties from one easy. These are the object snaps (or Osnaps "Oh-
object to one or more objects. Snaps"). Type os <ENTER>. You will see this dialog box
appear.
Pull down menu: Modify, match properties
Command: Match properties, MA Fig 1a
Select the source object: Pick the object whose property

to be matched.
Select destination object(s) or [settings]: Select the
object to which properties are to be copied or press
Select destination object(s) or [settings]
Change the properties
Command: CHPROP
When you select an object in the drawing area, the object
properties window displays all the properties they have
in common.
The properties that are in grey cannot be modified.
Line type Fig 1b
Pull down menu : format, line type

Command : L type
After invoke this command a 'Line type manager' dialogue
box will appear on the screen.
click here
Click ok
Select line type from here

Click Ok in the 'line type manager' dialogue box.
Object snaps (Figs 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d)
Suppose you want to draw a line from the center of the
circle to the middle of the vertical line you extended
Fig 1c
click here
Fig 1d
Click ok Select line type from here
Offset snap (Fig 2) Using tool bar give command block and make a blue
as (Figs 3a, 3b and insert the door symbol)
Fig 2
Block (Fig 3a)
This is used for storing a part of drawing or entire drawing
or symbols that are needed in the same drawing or for
other drawing. This is stored with a desired scale factor.
All the objects inside a block considered as a single
object.
Tool bar : Draw block, make
Pull down menu : Draw, block, make
Command : Block or B
When you invoke the command BLOCK a block definition
dialogue box is displayed.
1 Draw a door. (Fig 3b)
2 Click on draw pull down menu, click on block, click on
make
Fig 3a
3 Type the name in this area, door.
4 Click on select objects. AutoCAD hides

the dialogue box. Pull a selection window
around the door and press enter. The
dialogue box will return.
5 Click here and pick an insertion point,

use object snap.
6 Select.
7 Unit offered here are the drawing units.
8 Click on ok
Fig 3b
• At this point you are returned to the drawing with the
block attached to the cross hairs at the insertion point
you defined.
• Move the block in to position on the screen. The
command line asks for the insertion point and lists
several options.[Scale, X/Y/Z/Rotate/P scale/PX/PY/
PZ/P Rotate]
These options refer to the scaling and rotation of the
block. If you simply pick a point on the screen the block
will be inserted without being scaled(at the size it was
drawn)
W Block- using W block command develop the box
(Fig 5)
Using the insert command insert the block (Fig 4)
• The block is now locked in to position in the drawing.
Fig 4
Fig 5
Insert block
Once the block has been created you may insert it in the
drawing. Write block
• Click on the insert menu If a block is converted in to a drawing file then you can
• Click on block use it in any other drawing.
• The insert dialogue box will appear • Type W BLOCK at the command line and press enter.
• Click on the down arrow all the blocks created in the • The write block dialogue box appears.
current drawing will be listed. Select the block name.
• Select block Example
• Click on the down arrow and select the block name. Command : Rotate / Ro.
At this stage AutoCAD takes the block and converts it to Select objects : Select the object by window.
a drawing. This drawing can be treated like AutoCAD
drawing You can open it as a separate drawing, explode Select objects : Three found.
it, edit & draw in the usual way Select objects :
Using the divide command, select the point style Specify base point or displacement : click A as basepoint.
(Fig 6)
Specify rotation angle or ( Copy / Reference) < default>:
Fig 6
Specify rotation angle or (Copy / Reference ) < default>:
Fig 7
Divide
This command is used to divide a line or arc or circle
in to number of parts.
Command : Divide, div
Select object to divide: Select the line AB
A B Scale (Fig 8)
Before divide
Fig 8
AB
Before divide
If you cannot see the division on the screen, change the
point style.
Point style
Pull down menu: Format, point style
Select new pointstyle from this box
Click OK This command is used to change the size of an object
Tool bar : Modify, Scale
Then the points are visible clearly.
Pull down : Modify, Scale
Using rotate command rotate and object or set to a
specified angle Command : Scale / SC
Rotate (Fig 7) Example
This command is used to rotate an object or set of objects Command : Select the object by window.
to be specified angle. Select objects : Three found.
Tool bar : Modify, Rotate. Select object :
Pull Down : Modify, Rotate. Specify scale factor or : 2.
Command : Rotate / Ro. (Copy / Reference) < Default>
SCALE (Fig 9) Pull down menu: Draw hatch B.
Fig 9
Command: Hatch or H.
This allows you to hatch a region enclosed within a
boundary by selecting the objects to be hatched. When
you invoke the HATCH command. The hatch and
gradient dialogue box is displayed. This dialogue box
has several options which give various aspects of
hatching.
Command: Hatch or H
1 Select type and pattern from predefined, user defined
and customer select colour from gradients.
2 Mouse click on add pick point.
3 Click inside ABCD.
4 Change angle and scale if you want click on preview.
If it is ok then click on in the dialogue.
Example
Choose Modify, Scale.
Command: Hatch, H (Fig 10b)
Click the Scale icon.
Fig 10b
Type SCALE at the command prompt.
Command : SCALE.
Select objects: (Select Objects).
Pick A pivot point to scale about base
point : (point).
Type A rotation angle <Scale factor> /
Reference: (number).
or
Pick A scale factor< Scale Factor>/
Reference: (Point). 1 Select type and pattern from predefined user can
Scale factor / Reference: (points). defined custom or select colour from gradient.
Scale by specifying length 2 Mouse click on add pick point.

3 Mouse inside ABCD.
Hatch (Fig 10a, 10b)
4 Change angle and scale if you want.
Fig 10a 5 Click on preview.
6 If it is ok then click on OK in the dialogue box.
List
AutoCAD lists out the properties and the geometrical
parameters of the selected objects.
Pull down menu :- Tools, inquiry, list.
Command: list.
Select objects: use any object selection method select
rectangle ABCD.
Select objects: 1 found.
Select objects:
Properties of the rectangle ABCD = LWPOLYLINE layer:
Hatch is used to fill an area defined by lines arcs, circles
“0”
or poly line with either a predefined pattern, a user
defined pattern or a simple hatch pattern. It is used to Space: Model space, Handle = d8a, Closed, Constant
show the section of solids or objects. width 0.0000
Area 16486.7990, perimeter 551.6401.
Tool bar: Draw, Hatch.
Distance Specify first corner point or [ Object / Add / Subtract]
Pull down menu: Tools, inquiry, distance. first point A.
To measure the distance between two points. Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total: Select
Command: Dist. next point B.
Specify first point: Select A. Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total: Select
next point C.
Specify second point: Select B.
Distance = 118.6843, Angle in XY Plane = 0, Angle from Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total: Select
XY Plane = 0. next point D.
Delta X = 118.6743, Delta Y = 0.0000, Delta Z = 0.0000. Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total: Select
next point E.
Area (Fig 11)
Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total: Select
Fig 11 next point F.
Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total.
Area = 8316.3401, Perimeter = 339.4622.
REGEN.
Command : Regen.
This command makes Auto CAD to regenerate the entire
drawing to update it. By using this commands, the circles
and arcs can be smoothened.
Calculate the area and perimeter of object or of defined

areas.
Pull down menu: Tools, inquiry, area.
Command Area.
CAD: Create templates - insert drawing - create object in different layers -

modify layers properties
• open and use are existing template stored in Auto CAD
• create a new template
• insert a drawing
• creation of objects in different layers.
Open an existing template (Fig 1)
Fig 1
Steps 6 Press “SAVE” under “FILE” pull down menu and save
the file to the desired destination.
1 Open AutoCAD usually
Creating a new template (Fig 2)
2 Press “New” command under “FILE” menu.
Steps
3 Select whichever the template displayed on the screen
menu - Ref. given below. 1 Open Auto CAD usually
4 Press “OPEN” on screen menu. 2 Make changes - if any - under “FORMAT” pull down
menu.
5 Prepare the drawing in that template varying setting
under “FORMAT” menu - if required.
28
Fig 2 Open any number of drawings and attach the title blocks
as external reference using ‘X’ ref command as shown
in Figs 4 & 5 and save as different file names.
Open (By clicking the inserted X ref file or open from file
menu) the title block file and edit as you required and
close after saving. You can see the change is reflected
in all the files which used the title block file as ‘X’ ref.
3 Press “SAVE AS” command under “FILE” pull down

menu.
4 Select destination folder, type the file name and select
“Auto CAD drawing template (dwt) in “file of type”
option - Ref. figure given below.
5 Press “SAVE” in the menu displayed.
Inserting drawing (External reference AutoCAD)
Draw an A4 title block and save as source file for external
reference in an appropriate file name. (Fig 3)
Creation of object in different layers

• creation of objects in different layers.
Printing or plotting of a drawing can be done by using a 1 Printing a drawing by using key board
printer or a plotter.
Type print or plot at the command prompt area using key
Print or plot command board and press the enter key. Now the command
prompt area appears as shown below:
Various input facilities are available for printing a drawing.
Facilities like key board, menu bar or tool bar with mouse Command : PRINT or PLOT
are explained below.
Now a dialogue box namely plot appears on the screen.
2 Printing a drawing by using menu bar with mouse 7 Pick the window button under the heading plot area.
Pick file from menu bar and plot from pull-down menu. Pick the window button under the heading plot area.
Now a dialogue box namely plot appears on the screen. Now, the cursor and drawing appears on the screen
3 Printing a drawing by using tool bar with mouse and command prompt area show, specify first corner:
(Here, specify the first corner for the window on the
Pick the icon of plot, from standard toolbar. Now a screen).
dialogue box namely plot appears on the screen.
Specify opposite corner: (Here, Specify the opposite
For printing a drawing, follow the procedure shown corner for the window).
below:
8 Pick the full preview button provided on the bottom
1 Pick the plot device tab. left of the dialogue box.
2 Select the printer name (Say, HP deskjet) from the 9 Now the paper lay out with selected drawing appears
combo box. on the screen.
3 Pick plot setting tab. 10 Then click the right button of the mouse and pick exit
4 Select a paper size (say, A4-210 x 297 mm) from the from the button menu.
combo box provided against the paper size. 11 The dialogue box again appears on the screen.
5 Pick the drawing orientation option (say portrait) 12 Click OK button.
6 Then select the scale 1:1 from the combo box under Now, the plotted drawing is obtained from the plotting
plot scale. device. (Fig 1)
Fig 1
Layers
• layers.
Creation & different layers (Figs 1 to 7) control over numerous aspects of the work. Auto CAD
supplies you with one default layer named 0. Any other
Click on line type layer must be created by the user, although you can
An Auto CAD drawing can be constructed over several assign as many layers as you like to a drawing.
layers. A layer is like a transparent sheet of paper which Setting up a new layer
holds drawing objects. For example, a drawing of the
Here we will set up two layers called hatch and fittings.
plans of a house could be constructed as follows: the
To create a new layer first issue the layer command.
walls would occupy a layer called 'walls', the doors and
windows would be placed on a layer called 'fittings' etc. Pull down menu: Format, Layer
When the drawing is structured in this way you have
Command line: Layer, LA Making a layer current
click on line weight A layer must be current before you can draw on it. To
click on apply m click on ok on the layer properties make the layer (hatch) current, carryout the following
manager dialogue box easy steps
In the layer properties

dialogue box. Click on new.
Fig 1
Fig 2 Fig 3
Click ok Select line type

Click ok
Click on the colour for the
hatch colour in the select
colour dialogue box
Fig 4 i Click on the layer name in the layer properties
manager dialogue box, then click on the current
button.
ii Click ok to return to the drawing editor.
iii The object properties toolbar at the top of the screen
(see below) will show the name of the current layer
and its colour. Try drawing something it will appear in
colour 53.
Click ok
Select line weight
Fig 5
Layers icon Current layer and colour Alternatively to make a layer current
from within the drawing editor.
Click here
Fig 6
Click here near the layer name
Click here
Fig 7
Click here on the light bulb
Click on the drawing editor anywhere
Making layer visible or invisible

• extract line types
• extract different layer
• extract osnap setting and create.
Complex drawings may become cluttered, when can 3 Change to the appropriate layer before drawing each
make it difficult to select objects for editing or drawing. line.
This clutter may be reduced by making a layer invisible
if you are not working on it. When layer is made invisible,
the objects drawn on it disappear from the screen, but File /Save as/(File name)
they still exist and are part of the drawing. Layers which Practice 2: Instructions (Fig 2)
are invisible are not click out on the drawing editor
anywhere.
Click out on the drawing editor anywhere.
Several layers can be made invisible if required. The
icon for visible is a glowing light bulb. Invisibility is shown
by a dull light bulb.
Practice: Instructions (Fig 1)
1 Start a New file and select 1 workbook dwt

2 Change the GRID SPACING to .40 and SNAP to .20
Using: TOOLS/DRAFTING SETTINGS
1 Start a New file and select 1 workbook helper. dwt
2 Draw the LINES below using: 3 Draw the objects below, use the layers indicated.
Draw/Line 4 Save this drawing using:

Ortho (f 8) ON (to help you draw horizontal lines) File/Save as/ (File Name)
Increment snap (f 9) ON
1 Start a New file and select 1 workbook dwt
2 Draw the 4 circles with the following Radii: 1,2,3, & 5
(use Object snap "Center" so all Circles have the
same center)
3 Draw the lines using
DRAW/LINE
ORTHO and SNAP = OFF
OBJECT SNAP = QUADRANT and TANGENT 4. Use
Layers: Object and Center
5 Save this drawing as (File name)
Draughtsman Mechanical - Dimensioning
Dimensioning by AutoCAD
• draw the technique of dimensioning in AutoCAD.
Draw the Drawing and dimension it. (Fig 1) Dimension text = 48

Specify a second extension line origin or (Undo / Select)
< Select >: Click
Dimension text = 27
Specify a second extension line origin or (Undo/Select)
< Select >: Click
For Baseline Dimensioning
Command_dimlinear
Specify first extension line origin or < select object>: Click
Specify second extension line origin: Click
Specify dimension line location or
(Mtext / Text Angle / Horizontal / Vertical/ Rotated):
Dimension text = 60
After making the drawing go for dimensioning.
Command_dimbaseline
From the pull down menu or from the floating dimension
toolbar we can execute the commands of various method Specify a second extension line origin or (Undo / Select)
of dimensioning. < Select> : Click
For Continued Dimensioning Dimension text = 120
Command: dimlinear Specify a second extension line origin or (Undo/Select)
< Select > Click
Specify first extension line origin or < select object>: Click
Dimension text = 195
Specify second extension line origin: Click
Specify a second extension line origin or [Undo/
Select]<Select> Click
(Mtext/ Text / Angle / Horizontal / Vertical/ Rotated): Click
Dimension text = 300
Dimension text = 27
For other dimensions use appropriate dimensions tools
Command: dimcontinue from dimension toolbar.
Specify a second extension line origin o ( Undo / Select) Various parameters of the dimensioning can be varied
< Select >: Click using
Dimension test = 48. Command: D (Dimension style manager)
Specify a second extension line origin or (Undo / Select)

< Select >: Click
Dimensioning & text

• dimensioning
• text & text style.
Dimensioning commands 1 Dimension - linear (Fig 1)
While manufacturing an object, the drawing must contain This command is used to measure horizontal and vertical
size description such as the length, width, height, angle, dimensions between two points.
radius, diameter and location of the object. These are
added to the drawing with the help of dimensioning.
35
Tool bar : Dimension, Linear Specify dimension line location or
Pull Down : Dimension, Linear [Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]: Mouse
click on the position where the dimension is to be placed
Command : DIM LIN /DLI
Dimension text = 9.00
Example
3 Dimension - ARC length (Fig 3)
Command : DIM LIN / DLI
Specify first extension line origin of : Selection point A
Specify second extension line original : Select point B
[Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]: Mouse
click on the position where the dimension is to be placed
This command is used to measure the length of an arc.

Tool bar : Dimension, Arc length
Pull Down : Dimension, Arc length
Command :DIMARC/DAR
Example
Command : DIM ARC / DAR
Command : DAR DIMARC
Select arc or polyline arc segment
Specify arc length dimension location,
2 Dimension - aligned (Fig 2) Or [Mtext/Text/Angle/Partial/Leader]: Mouse click on the
position where the dimension is to be placed
4 Dimension - radius (Fig 4)
This command is used to measure inclined dimension

between two points.
Tool bar : Dimension, Aligned
This command is used to measure the radius of an arc
Pull down : Dimension, Aligned
or circle.
Command : DIM ALI /DAL
Tool bar : Dimension, Radius
Example
Pull Down : Dimension, Radius
Command : DIM ALI/DAL
Command : DIM RA/DRA
Specify first extension line origin or : Select point A
Example:
Specify first extension line origin : Select point B
Command : DIM RA / DRA
Select arc or Specify dimension line location or [Mtext /Text/Angle]
circle : Select the circle Mouse click on the position where the dimension is to
be placed.
7 Dimension - Angular (Fig 7)
Specify dimension line location or [Mtext /Text/Angle]
5 Dimension - jogged (Fig 5)
Tool bar : Dimension, Jogged

Pull Down : Dimension, Jogged This command is used to measure the Angle between
two non parallel straight lines.
Command : DIM JO/DJO
Tool bar : Dimension, Angular
Example
Pull Down : Dimension, Angular
Command : DIM JO/DJO
Command : DIM ANG/DAN
Select arc
or circle : Select the circle Example
Specify center location override: Select center Command : DIM ANG/DAN
Dimension text = 4.00 Select arc, circle, line, or <specify vertex>: Select AB
Specify dimension line location or [Mtext /Text/Angle] Specify dimension line location or [Mtext /Text/Angle]:
Mouse click on the position where the dimension is to
Specify jog location: Mouse click on the position where be placed.
the dimension is to be placed.
Dimension text = 41
6 Dimension - diameter (Fig 6)
8 Dimension - continue (Fig 8)
This command is used to measure the Diameter of a

circle. This command is used to continue dimensioning after
the first dimensioning has been executed.
Tool bar : Dimension, Diameter
Tool bar : Dimension, Continue
Pull Down : Dimension, Diameter
Pull Down : Dimension, Continue
Command : DIM DIA/DDI
Command : DIM CON/DCO
Example:
Example
Command : DIM DIA/DDI
Command : DIM CON/DCO
Select arc
or circle : Select the circle Specify a second extension line origin or [Undo/Select]
<Select>: Select C
Specify a second extension line origin or [Undo/Select] Example
<Select>: Select D
Command : DIM LEA/LE
Specify a second extension line origin or [Undo/Select] Specify first leader point, Select point A
<Select>: Cancel
Specify next point: Select point B
9 Dimension - base line (Fig 9)
Specify next point
Specify text width <0.0000>
Enter first line of annotation text <Mitest> WOODEN
BLOCK
11 Dimension - style (Figs 11 to 15a, 15b)
Tool bar : Dimension, Dimension style
Pull Down : Dimension, Dimension style
Command :D
This command is used to select or change the properties
of a dimension. When you enter this command the
This command is used to give dimension when number dimension style manager dialogue box will be displayed.
or dimensions of a part have a common datum. This dialogue box provides various options for modifying
Tool bar : Dimension, Base line the dimension. Click on modify and give the new values.
Pull Down : Dimension, Base line Dimension style
Command : DIM LEA/LE Pull down menu: Dimension, Dimension style
Example When you select this, a dimension style manager dialogue

box will appear on the screen.
A dimension style is a saved set of dimension settings
Specify first leader point, Select point A defining the appearance and behaviour of the dimensions.
Specify next point: Select point B By creating dimension styles. You can set all relevant
dimension system variables and control the layout and
Specify next point: appearance of all dimensions within a drawing.
Specify text width <0.0000>:
Enter first line of annotation text <Mtext>: WOODEN
BLOCK
10. Dimension - leader (Fig 10)
This command is used to give leader lines i.e. used to

describe some features in the drawing.
Tool bar : Dimension Leader

Pull Down : Dimension Leader
Dimension scion line properties (Fig 16)
Fig 16
Description
Sets the dimension line properties
1 Colour displayed and sets the colour for
dimension line.
2 Line type sets the type of the dimension line.
3 Line weight sets the line weight of the
dimension line.
4 Extend beyond ticks specifies a distance to
extend the dimension line past the extension
Fig 15a
line when you use oblique, architectural, tick,
integral, and no marks for arrow heads.
5 Base line spacing sets the spacing between
the dimension lines of a base line dimension.
Enter a distance.
6 Suppress suppresses display of dimension
line when they are outside.
Arrow heads (Fig 17)
Fig 17
Fig 15b
1 Here you can set the types arrow heads. Modify dimension style - standard (Fig 18)
2 Arrow size sets the size of arrow.
Fig 18
Excercise line (Fig 19) Extension - offset onn fixed length of line (Figs 20,
21, 22)
Fig 19
1 External beyond dim lines specifies a distance to
extension lines from the origin points that define the
dimension.
2 Offset from origin specifies the distance to offset the
extension lines from the origin points that define the
dimension.
3 Fixed length extension lines, set the length of the
extension line.
Fig 20
Description
Set the extension line properties
1 Colour displayed and sets the colour for
extension line.
2 Line type sets the type of the extension lines.
3 Line weight sets the line weight of the
extension lines.
4 Suppress suppresses display of extension
lines.
Fig 21
Text style (Fig 23)
Description
1 Text style button displays the text style dialogue box,
which you can use to define or modify text styles.
2 Text colour displays and sets the colour for the
dimension text.
3 Text height displays and sets the current dimension
text style.
4 Draw frame around text draws a frame around
dimension text.
Fig 23
Fig 22
Text tab (Fig 24)
Fig 24
Text placement (Fig 25) Aligned with dimension line aligns text with the dimension
line.
Fig 25
ISO standard alignment (Fig 28)
Fig 28
1 Vertical position controls the vertical justification of

dimension text along the dimension line.
2 Horizontal position controls the horizontal justification
of dimension text along the dimension line and
extension line.
3 Offset from dimension line displays and sets the
current text gap, which is the distance around the
dimension text when the dimension line is broken to
accommodate the dimension text.
Text placement (Fig 26) ISO standards aligns text with the dimension line when
the text is inside the extension lines, but 2 Suffix includes
Fig 26 the suffix you Text
Primary units tab
Liner dimension precision (Fig 29)
Fig 29
1 Unit format sets the current for all dimension types

accept angular. Options to select from include
Horizontal places text in a horizontal position. scientific, decimal, engineering, architectural,
fractional etc.
Aligned with dimension line aligns text with the dimension
line (Fig 27) 2 Precision displays and sets the number of decimal
places in the dimension text.
Fig 27
3 Fractional format sets the format for fractions. Options
to select from include diagonal, horizontal, and not
stacked.
4 Decimal separator sets the separator for decimal
formats. Options to select from include period
(.), comma (.), or space.
Prefix and suffix text (Fig 30)
1 Prefix includes the prefix you enter in the dimension
text. You can enter text or use control codes to
display special symbols. For example, entering the
control code % %c displays the diameter symbol.
2 Suffix includes the suffix you enter in the dimension Text
text. You can enter text or use control codes to
This command is used for entering the related details on
display special symbols.For example,entering the
a drawing. Text is used for entering details in the title
text mm results in the dimension text similar to that
blocks, for labeling the parts of drawing, For giving
shown in the illustration.
specifications and for making annotations etc. There are
3 Measurement scale defines measurements scale two types of text used in Auto CAD
options as follows: Linear scale factor sets a scale
1 Single line text or D text.
factor for linear dimension measurements for all
dimension types except angular. 2 Multiline text or M text.
Control code % displays the diameter symbol. 1 Single line text or D text (Fig 31)
Primary units tab Pull down : Draw, TEXT, single line text
Dimensioning: Create the following exercise using CAD Command : TEXT or DT
commands Current text style : "Standard"
Fig 30 Text height : 0.2000
Specify start point of text or [Justify/Style]: Select start
point
Specify height<0.2000>: 25
Specify rotation angle of text <0>
Type on the screen: TEXT
Fig 31
2 Multiline text or M text (Figs 32 & 33)
Fig 33
Fig 32
Pull down : Draw, Text, Multi line text Text style (Fig 34)
Command : Mtext or MT This command is used to change the text style.
Current text style : " Standard" After giving changes click on apply and Plotting.
Plotting drawings.
Text height : 0.20000
Plotting drawings
Specify first corner : Click on the first corner
Printing or plotting of a drawing can be done by using a
Specify opposite comer or [Height/Justify/ printer or a plotter.
Line spacing /Rotation/Style/Width]: click on the second Print or plot command
corner Give text height, type, style, etc. Various input facilities are available for printing a drawing.
Enter the text, And press button OK. Facilities like key board, menu bar or tool bar with mouse
are explained below.
Fig 34
Representation of dimensions tolerances
• draw the methods of the tolerance on drawings.
Following three methods are used in practice to show

tolerances on drawings. (Figs 1 & 2)
i Maximum and minimum size directly shown

ii Unilateral and bilateral tolerances system
iii Basic size with symbol and numeral
Note: The table 1 & 2 given for reference to

identify tolerance grade and fundamental
tolerance grade.
Table - 1
Tolerance grade Manufacturing process and applications Machine required
IT 01, IT0 Super finishing process, such as lapping, Super finishing machines
IT1 to IT5 diamond boring etc. Use: Gauges
IT6 Grinding Grinding machines
IT7 Precision turning, broaching, honing Boring, machine, honing
machine
IT8 Turning, boring and reaming Lathes, capstan and
automats
IT9 Boring Boring machines
IT10 Milling, slotting, planning, rolling and extrusion Milling machine, slotting
machine, planning machine
and extruders
IT12, IT13, IT14 Metal forming processes Presses
IT15 Die casting, stamping Die casting machine,
hammer machine
IT16 Sand casting –
Table -2
46
Fundamental tolerances of grades 01, 0 and 1 to 16
Diameter Values of tolerance in microns (1 micron = 0.001 mm )
steps in mm Tolerance grades
01 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14* 15* 16*
To and inc 3 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.2 2 3 4 6 10 14 25 40 60 100 140 250 400 600
Over
To and inc 3
6 0.4 0.6 1 1.5 2.5 4 5 8 12 18 30 48 75 120 180 300 480 750
Over
To and inc 6
10 0.4 0.6 1 1.5 2.5 4 6 9 15 22 36 58 90 150 220 360 580 900
Over
To and inc 10
18 0.5 0.8 1.2 2 3 4 8 11 18 27 43 70 110 180 270 430 700 1100
Over
To and inc 18
30 0.6 1 1.5 2.5 4 6 9 13 21 33 52 84 130 210 330 520 840 1300
Over
To and inc 30
50 0.6 1 1.5 2.5 4 7 11 16 25 39 60 110 160 250 390 620 1000 1600
Over
To and inc 50
80 0.8 1.2 2 3 5 8 13 19 30 46 74 120 190 300 460 740 1200 1900
Over
To and inc 80
120 1 1.5 2.5 4 6 10 15 22 35 54 87 140 220 350 540 870 1400 2200
Over
To and inc 120
180 1.2 2 3.5 5 8 12 18 25 40 63 100 160 250 400 630 1000 1600 2500
Over
To and inc 180
250 2 3 4.5 7 10 14 20 29 46 72 115 185 290 460 720 1150 1850 2900
Over
To and inc 315
400 3 5 7 9 13 18 25 36 57 89 140 230 360 570 890 1400 2300 3600
Over
To and inc 400
Capital Goods & Manufacturing : Draughtsman Mechanical (NSQF Level 5) - Exercise 3.2.96
500 4 6 8 10 15 20 27 40 63 97 155 250 400 630 970 1150 2500 4000
* Upto 1 mm, Grades 14 to 16 are not provided

Draughtsman Mechanical - Shortcut keyboard command
Orthographic sectional views

• draw the followings views using short cut key board commands.
i sectional view
ii plan
iii elevation
TASK 1: For the given wall bracket (Fig 1) draw the following Views
i Draw the elevation in the direction of arrow ‘E’ iii Draw the plan
ii Draw the full side view
47
TASK 2: For the given wall bracket (Fig 2)
Draw the following views iii Plan.

i Front elevation in the direction of ‘A’
ii Side view in the direction of B
TASK 3: For the given pictorial view of the bracket draw the following views (Fig 3)
i Front view iii Top view

ii Side view looking from right
TASK 4: For the given bracket draw the following views (Fig 4)
i Front elevation iii Plan

ii Section all side view on AB looking from right
TASK 5: For the given detailed drawing of the Combined bearing and wall bracket draw the
following assembled views (Fig 5)
i Fornt elevation iv Prepare bill of material
ii Plan
Note: For all tasks give all the required
iii Side view dimensions
Drawing Isometric view - By CAD

• identify ISO axes
• practice ISO drawings.
ISO metric drawing (Fig 1)

ISO metric drawing have three principal planes. They are
isoplane right, isoplane top and the isoplane left.
ISO planes
To turn on an isometric plane
1 Click Tools menu>> Drafting Settings.
2 In the Drafting settings dialog box, snap and grid tab,
under snap type, select isometric sanp.
3 Click OK.
You can cycle through the three isometric planes by
pressing F5.
Command: Isoplane (or Isoplane for transparent use)
When the snap style has been set to isometric, you will
Enter isometric plane setting (left/top/right) <top>: enter find isocircle. Option under ellipse command. Use this to
an option or press ENTER. draw circle and arcs in isometric plane.
The isometric plane affects the cursor movement keys Example
only when Snap mode is on and the snap style is
1 Create the isometric drawing shown in the Fig 4
isometric. If the snap style is Isometric, Ortho mode uses
the appropriate axis pair even if Snap mode is off. The
current isometric plane also determines the orientation of
isometric circles drawn by ELLIPSE. You can cycle
through the isometric planes by pressing CTRL +E or F5.
Left
Selects the left -hand plane,defined by the 90 - degree
and 150-degree axis pair.
Top (Fig 2)
Selects the top face of the cube, called the top plane,
defined by the 30- degree and 150- degree axis pair.
Right (Fig 3)
Selects the right - hand plan, defined by the 90- degree
and 30- degree axis pair.
52
Step - 1 Create the orthographic projection drawing shown in
Fig 6.
Change the isometric view by using snap command.
Command: snap
Specify snap spacing or [ON/OFF/Aspect/Style /
Type]<0.5000>:s Enter snap grid style [Standard/
Isometric] <S>:i
Specify vertical spacing <0.5000>.
Step - 2
Change the isoplane to isoplane left by pressing Ctrl+E
or F5. Now draw lines between points P1, P2, P3 and P1.
Step - 3
Change the isoplane to isoplane right by pressing Ctrl +
E or F5. Now draw lines between points P3, P2, P5, and
P6.
Step - 4
Change the isoplane to isoplane top by pressing Ctrl +E
or F5. Now draw lines between points P6, and P7.
Step - 5
Change the corresponding plane by pressing Ctrl +E or
F5 and continue the procedure.
Create the isometric drawing shown in Fig 5.
Isometric
• draw the technique of isometric in AutoCAD.
Set the proper limits
Zoom extend
Set snap type is isometric in snap & grid tab in drafting

settings dialog box (Fig 1)
Tools Drafting settings or right click the status bar icon

and open settings
Select proper isoplanes using F5 function key
Using line command in ortho mode complete the drawing
Draw slopping lines after locating the end points
Save the files.
Misc
• draw the 3D modeling and editing commands.
Creating view parts in layout

• create ram part in layout space
• place the views for model space in different scale.
Creation the isometric view in the layout space using

CAD. (Fig 1)
Placing the views in mode spaced using CAD. (Fig 2)
Fig 2
56
Capital Goods & Manufacturing Exercise 3.4.100 - 3.4.102
Draughtsman Mechanical - Assembly and detailed drawings - Manual preparation
Draw a solid pulley

• draw a solid pulley
• draw stepped pulley
• draw solid pulley with different arms.
Excercise 1: Solid flat pulley (disc type) using by CAD Excercise 3: Solid flat pulley (six arm types)
Sketch two views of solid flat pulley of disc type made of Draw the below mentioned solid that pulley (six arm type)
C.I the outer diameter is 200 mm width 72 mm and shaft in proportional dimensions. (Fig 3)
diameter 32 mm. (Fig 1)
Excercise 2: Solid flat pulley (for arms) by using CAD Excercise 4: Stepped cone pulley (for arms) by using
CAD
Draw the cast iron flat pulley has outer dia 240 mm and
width 80 mm If the pulley has four arms and shaft size is Draw full size sectional front view and side view of the
32 mm draw half section elevation and side view of stepped pulley by using CAD. (Fig 4)
pulley. (Fig 2)
57
Draw a Built up pulleys
• draw a built up pulley
• draw rope pulley
• draw ‘V’ belt pulley.
Excercise 1
Draw neat giving main dimensions of the built up pulley
60 mm mounted on a shaft 600 mm dia. (Fig 1)
Excercise 2 Fig 3 gives the detail of rim for Fig 2

Demonstrate pulley with dimensions by using CAD
(Fig 2)
58 Capital Goods & Manufacturing : Draughtsman Mechanical (NSQF Level 5) - Exercise 3.4.100 - 102
Excercise 3 Fig 5
Reproduce the ‘V’ belt pulley sectional front elevation
side vice by using CAD. (Fig 4)
Note: The details of ‘V’ groove refer the ‘V’

groove details given under Excercise 4.
Table 1
Cross - Section Nominal top Nominal

symbol width mm thickness
mm
A 13 8
B 17 11
Exercise 4
C 22 14
Draw the details GV groove as given in figure 5.
D 32 19
Note: Table 1 and Table 2 are given for the feature
reference for drawing ‘V’ belt pulleys of different E 38 23
dimensions.
Table 2
Width of belt (mm 5 6 8 10 13 17 20 22 32 38
Height of belt (mm) 3 4 5 6 8 11 12.5 14 19 23
150 212 296 420 585 832 1100 1650 2303 3230
Length of belt (mm) from to
860 1262 1916 2820 4275 6332 9540 14050 18063 18080
Capital Goods & Manufacturing : Draughtsman Mechanical (NSQF Level 5) - Exercise 3.4.100 - 102 59
Draughtsman Mechanical - Draw pipe fittings and symbols
Draw the pipe fittings

• draw pipe fittings
• draw CI flanged joint
• draw union joint.
TASK 1: Draw the pipe fittings with proportional dimensions (Fig 1)
60
TASK 2: Draw the cast iron flanged joint for two 100 mm diameter. (Fig 2)
TASK 3: Draw full size two views of a union joint for 25 mm diameter pipes. (Fig 3)
Draw conventional symbols of different types of valves and joints used on pipe
line diagram
• draw symbols for pipe fittings
• draw the symbols for valves
• draw pipes layout systems.
TASK 1: Draw the tables shown below
Sl. Description Isometric symbol (right face) Orthographic symbol

Screwed Flanged Screwed Flanged
1 Joint/Coupling
2 Reducer
3 90° elbow
(i) Turned up
(ii) Turned down
4 Tee
(i) Turned up
(ii) Turned down
5 Cross
6 Bend
7 Cap(female)/ /
(dead end)
62
8 Plug (male)
9 Union
10 Hose nipple
TASK 2: Draw the tables shown below
1 Gate valve (Ele.)
Plan
2 Globe valve (Ele)
Plan
3 Water tap
4 Angle valve (Ele)
Plan
TASK 3: Draw the piping drawing by single line method. (Fig 1)
TASK 4: Draw the piping drawing by double line method. (Fig 2)
TASK 5: Draw developed piping drawing (Fig 3) TASK 6: Draw pipe fittings (Fig 4)
Draw the piping layout system

• draw piping layout system from sump to a over head tank.
TASK 1: Draw the water supply gravity system shown in figure with suitable dimensions (Fig 1)
TASK 2: Draw the assemble view of the water tank with suitable dimensions shown in Fig 2.
65
TASK 3: Draw the assembled view of the layout system from the sump to over head takes with suitable
dimensions shown in Fig 3.
TASK 4: Draw the piping layout system from the sump to the high level tank shown in Fig 4 assume
dimensions.
are considered. Where different sources of water with
dual piping are provided for flushing and domestic
applications, approximately one - third of the total storage
shall be for flushing and the rest for domestic
application. Considering modern equipment and
technologies available, reduction of capacities in high
level tanks can be considered to save structural cost of
the building. Unless specifically called for, in water
distribution systems dependent on hydro - pheumatic
equipment (with standby power supply), a high level tank
need not be considered. Level controllers can ensure
automatic refilling of the high level tanks through setting
the operation of transfer pumps.
Water Distribution
Water distribution in buildings and premises can be
achieved either by gravitational force from elevated
storage tank (s) or by pumping equipment from low level
Quantum of storage required shall be based on storage tank (s) direct to the draw - off points. Plumping
professional judgment in each instance. The general codes prescribe a working pressure of minimum 0.5 bar
practice is to provide water requirement of one to two (5m water column). Where flush valves are used for
days in low level tank(s) and half to one day storage in water closets, the minimum pressure needs to be 1.0 bar
high level tank (S) where gravity water distribution systems (10m water)
Draw the different types of pipe joints

• draw types of pipe joints.
TASK 1: Draw the different types of pipe joints in proportion dimensions. (Fig 1)
67
Capital Goods & Manufacturing Exercise 3.6.107 & 108
Draughtsman Mechanical - Gears and cams assembled and detailed drawings
Gears
• draw the conventional representation of gears on technical drawings.
TASK 1: Conventional representation of gears on technical drawings.
This section deals with the conventional presentation of

toothed portion of gears including worm gearing and
toothed portion of gears including worm gearing and
chain wheels. It is applicable to detail drawings and
assembly drawings. As a fundamental principle, a gear is
represented (except in axial section) as a solid part
without teeth, but with the addition of the pitch surface in
a thin long chain line.
Detail drawing (individual gears)
Represent the contours and the edges of each gear
(see Figs 1, 2 & 3) as if they were.
a In an unsectioned view, a solid gear bounded by the
tip surface.
b In an axial section, a spur gear having two diametrical
opposed each, represented unsectioned, even in the Pitch surface
case of a gear that does not have spur teeth or that Draw the pitch surface with a long dashed double dotted
has an odd number of teeth. narrow line, even concealed portions and sectional views,
and represent it :
a In a projection normal to the axis, by its pitch circle
(external pitch circle in the case of a bevel gear and
the median pitch circle in the case of a worm wheel
(Figs 1, 2,3 & 4)
b In a projection parallel to the axis, by its apparent
contour, extending the line beyond the gear contour
on each side (Figs 1,2,& 3)
Root surface
As a general rule, do not represent the root surface
except in sectional views. However, if it seems helpful to
show it also on unsectioned views, always draw, it, in this
case, as a continuous narrow line (Figs 4, 5 & 6)
68
External engagement of cylindrical gear (Fig 8)
Internal engagement of cylindrical gear (Fig 9)
Teeth
Specify the teeth profile either by reference to a standard
or by a drawing to a suitable scale.
If it is essential to show one or two teeth on the drawing
itself (either to define the ends of a toothed portion or Engagement of pinion with rack (Fig 10)
rack, or in order to specify the position of the teeth in
relation to a given axial plane), draw them as continuous
wide line (Figs 5 & 6).
It is necessary to indicate the direction of the teeth of a
gear or rack on the view of the tooth surface in a
projection parallel to the gear axis, three continuous
narrow lines (1.1) of the corresponding form and direction
should be shown in Fig 7.
Engagement of bevel gears, axis intersection at any

angle (Fig 11)
Capital Goods & Manufacturing : Draughtsman Mechanical (NSQF Level 5) - Exercise 3.5.107 & 108 69
Engagement with cylindrical worm, in cross section Chain wheel (Fig 13)
(Fig 12)
Draw the gears (Spur gear)

• draw the conventional representation of gears
• draw a spur gear
• draw the involute teeth profile of a gear using CAD.
TASK 1: Construction of base circles

Problem: To draw the base circles for two mating gears Problem 2. Draw the profile of an involute teeth for a
of different pitch circle diameters, assuming the pressure gear having 24 teeth and module equal to 8.33mm, and
angle to be . (Fig 1) assuming a pressure angle of 20°.
Calculations:
Pitch circle diameter = No. of teeth x module
= 24 x 8.33 = 20cm 200 mm.
Circular pitch = m = x 8.33 = 26.16 mm
Addendum = m = 8.33 mm
Clearance = 0.157 m = 0.157 x 8.33 = 1.308
Dedendum = Addendum + Clearance
= 8.33 + 1.309 = 9.639 mm
Ded. circle dia. = PCD - 2 x dedendum
= 200 - 2 x 9.639
With centres O and O’ (centre distance apart), draw two
= 180.722 mm
circles touching each other at a point P. This the pitch
point. It lies on the line joining O with O’. Through P, Tooth thickness = 1.57 m = 13.08 mm
draw a line TT’ common tangent to the two pitch circles. Spur gearing
It will be perpendicular to OO’. Again through P, draw
Construction (Fig 2) With centre O, draw the pitch circle
a line LL’ making an angle (pressure angle) with TT’
of 200 mm diameter. At any point O on it, draw a tangent
LL’ is the line of action. Through O and O’, draw lines
TT’. Again, through P, draw the line of action LL’ inclined
OE and O’ E, both perpendicular to LL’. Each of these
at (equal to 20°) to TT’. Through O, draw a line OE
lines will make an angle with the line OO’. With make
inclined at to OP (it will be perpendicular to LL’). With
an angle with the line OO’. With O and O’ as centres,
centre O and radius OE, draw the base circle. Draw the
and OE and O’ E’ respectively as radii, draw two circles
addendum and dedendum circles of diameters
which are the required base circles. Note that the line of
216.66 mm and 180.72 mm.
action LL’ is tangential to these circles.
70 Capital Goods & Manufacturing : Draughtsman Mechanical (NSQF Level 5) - Exercise 3.5.107 & 108
Construct an involute curve from this base circle as these points by means of a french curve. Complete one
shown at X. Trace out this curve and part AB of the base side of the tooth profile by drawing a radial line below
circle on a piece of tracing paper as shown at Y. the base circle and then joining it with the bottom of the
tooth space by a fillet of radius r equal to
On the pitch circle, mark point, 1, 2, 3 etc., distance
C.P 26.18 C.P 26.18
= = 13.9 mm apart. Place the tracing paper = = 3.272 mm .
2 2 8 8
on the base circle in such a manner that the arc AB Reverse the tracing paper and plot the curve through
coincides with it( base circle), while the curve passes the point 2 in the same manner, thus completing a tooth
through say, the point 1. Prick a few points on the curve profile. Repeat the construction for each tooth.
between the adendum circle and the base circle. Join
TASK 2: 16.3 To draw the profile of involute teeth for a gear having 25 teeth and a module pitch equal to
10mm, assuming a pressure angle of 20°.
C.P 31.4
Calculations: Tooth thickness = = = 15.7 mm
2 2
P.C.D = m x N = 10 x 25 = 250 mm. Approximate construction of teeth profile
C.P. = x m = 3.14 x 10 = 31.4 mm (1) For gears of 30 teeth and over (Fig 3) with centre O,
C.P draw the pitch circle, addendum circle and dedendum
Addendum = = m = 10 mm
π circle. The diameters may be calculated from the given
Add. circle dia. = P.C.D + 2 x addendum data and from the tooth proportions, as shown in
= 250 + 2 x 10 = 270 mm (problem 2) Mark a point P on the pitch circle. On OP as
C.P 31.4 P.C.D
Clearance = = = 1.57 mm diameter, i.e. with radius equal to draw a semi -
20 20 4
P.C.D
Dedendum = Addendum + Clearance circle. With P as centre, and radius equal to ,
8
= 10 + 1.57 = 11.57 mm draw an arc cutting the semi - circle at a point Q.
Ded. circle dia. = P.C.D - 2 x dedendum With O as centre, draw a circle passing through Q. Then
this is the circle on which centres of arcs for the teeth
= 250 - 2 x 11.57 P.C.D
profiles will lie. The radius (for these arcs) R = .
= 250 - 23.14 = 226.86 mm 8
To draw the arcs, mark points 1, 2, 3 etc on the pitch radius R, draw the profile arcs. Join each arc with the
C.P
circle and distance apart. With each of these points bottom of the tooth space by a fillet of radius r equal to
2 C.P
as centre and radius equals to PCD mark 1’, 2’, 3’ etc
.
on profile circle, now with these points as centres and 8
(2) For gears of less than 30 teeth (Fig 4). Determine Join each of these lines with the bottom of tooth space
the centres 1’, 2’ etc. and draw the arcs as described in C.P
by a fillet of radius r equal to .
(1) above. From O, draw lines tangential to these arcs. 8
Draw the helical gear
• draw helical gear
• draw bevel gear.
Helical gear (Fig 1) below shows a set helical gears Draw the Terminology of straight bevel gears (Fig 3)
mounted on two parallel shafts. These are widely used
in automobile vehicles. The application of helical gears
in an oil pump is illustrated in (Fig 2).
S.No Name of the tooth element Gear tooth proportions 20° pr. Angle Symbol
1 Addendum (large end) 1m ha
2 Dedendum (large end) 1.25 m hd
3 Tooth depth (large end) 2.25 m h
4 Tooth thickness (large end) 1.5708 m s
5 Circular Pitch pm P
6 Pitch diameter Zm d
Draw the Terminology of warm gear and spur gear.
(Fig 4)
Draw the different types of CAM & function

• draw different types of CAM & functions.
TASK 1 : Draw a plate cam or disk cam shown in TASK 4: Draw a END cam shown in Fig 4 proportional
(Fig 1), thickness of the plate 10 mm. dimensions to be taken diameter of cylinder
40 mm.
Figure will be proportional dimensions to be taken.
(Fig 1)
TASK 2: Draw a grooved cam shown in (Fig 2)

proportional dimension to be taken.
Thickness of the plate 10mm.
TASK 5: Draw a cam as per drawing (Fig 5)
TASK 3: Draw a cylindrical cam or barrel cam shown

in (Fig 3) proportional dimension to be taken.
Diameter of the barrel 40 mm.
75
TASK 6: Draw as per drawing Fig 6 TASK 7: Draw as per drawing Fig 7
Draw the follower

• draw different types of follower and functions.
TASK 1: Draw roller and spherical follower as shown TASK 2: Draw pointed and spherical follower as
in Fig 1. shown in Fig 2.
Capital Goods & Manufacturing Exercise 3.6.110 & 111
Draw the eccentric using AutoCAD

• draw eccentric using CAD
• detail drawing of eccentric as per dimensions
• assembly drawing of eccentrics as per dimensions
TASK 1: Draw assemble drawing as per parts list. (Fig 1)
77
TASK 2: Draw detail drawing at eccentric as parts list. (Fig 2)
TASK 3: Draw the details of the stuffing box as given in Fig 3
Stuff ring Box

Draw the following assembled views.
i Front elevation left half section
ii Full plan
TASK 4: Draw the details of the vertical stuffing box TASK 5: Draw the following assembled views
of the system given in Fig 4
i Full sectional front elevation
ii plan
iii side view
Prepare detailed and assembly drawing of petrol engine

• prepare detailed drawings of piston, piston ring, piston pin plug & piston pin
• prepare assembly drawing of petrol engine.
Prepare the detailed drawing of Fig 5. • Prepare the bottom half of the strap using MIRROR
command and making necessary changes to provide
1 Piston
M16 taped holes.
2 Piston ring
• Prepare the detailed drawings of Sheave, packing
3 Piston pin
strip and eccentric rod.
4 Piston pin plug and assemble
• Prepare the detailed drawing of strap bolt.
Steps
Open AutoCAD usually • Prepare the detailed drawing of stud with nut by
copying the strap bolt and making necessary
• Prepare on AutoCAD environment with required modifications.
settings.
• Assemble sheave with two halves of straps using
• Prepare the following detailed drawings in the same
COPY and MOVE command.
AutoCAD drawing.
• Fix a reference line and make drawing for the top • Assemble eccentric rod with bottom half of the strap.
half of strap.
• Assemble stud with nut with eccentric rod and bottom • Prepare the part list in MS excel and copy to AutoCAD
half of strap assembly. file.
• Remove any overlapping and excess lines or multiple
lines using overkill/delete/break commands.
Prepare drawing of connecting rod of petrol engine using CAD
• prepare the drawing of connecting rod using the application of tolerance on AutoCAD
Steps to be followed to prepare the drawing on AutoCAD • Remove the overlapping lines using overkill/trim/
• Open AutoCAD usually. break/erase commands.
• Prepare auto cad environment with required • Use different colour for each component, so that, it
settings. can be easily recognized in the drawing and also to
• Prepare the following detailed drawing in the same identify the overlapping lines in order to overkill/
AutoCAD drawing. (Figs 6 & 7) erase/trim/break them in assembly.
• Fix the reference line and make drawings of all the • Prepare the part list in MS excel the copy to AutoCAD
components in the same drawing mentioning the file.
tolerance mentioned in the drawing.
• Engine parts.
• Assemble all components together to make
assembly on AutoCAD.
Fig 6
Air valve
• draw the detailed drawing of the Air valve.
• prepare bill of material list.
Practice 1: Fig 1
The construction of an air release valve is shown in fig 1

i Draw the details of each are with necessary views
ii Prepare a bill of material list
Note: Assure suitable dimensions
Practice 2: Fig 2
Air release valves are probably the most widely used

type of air valve and are characterized by small orifices,
weighted floats and leverage mechanisms. The
combination of these three features allow air release
valves to expel air or gas at full operating pressure, Since
air release valves have orifices that range in diameter
from 1/16 of an inch to 1 inch, they have a limited
capacity for admitting and exhausting air. In other words,
a typical piping system will not be filled or drained using
just an air release valve; such an action would take
weeks. Air release valves automatically vent small
pockets of accumulated air or gases as those pockets
accumulate in a liquid piping system. For example, an air
release valve mounted on the top of the pipe could
automatically release trapped air that accumulates in
the top of the piping system (Fig 1).
When installed, air release valves are “normally open”
and expel air (Fig 2). It is only when liquid enters the
valve that the float rises because of its buoyancy and
seals off the valve’s orifice. Conversely, as air
accumulates in the valve body, the float will drop because
of its weight and reopen the valve. To reopen an air
release valve under operating pressure requires a
i The contruction of valve installation on a pipe shown mechanical linkage for magnifying the weight of the float
in Fig 2 and breaking the pressurized seal on the orifice. Even a
quarter - inch orifice will require 3.9 pounds of force to
ii Draw the detailed drawing of each part with suitable
break the seal when operating at 80 psig, and a typical
dimension and with necessary views shown in Fig 2
3-inch diameter air release valve float only displaces
iii Prepare bill of material list about half a pound of water. Because of this, mechanical
84
linkage is needed to multiply the weight of the float, and slope upward to the air valve. Furthermore, extended air
the orifice diameter on air release valves is limited in size valve piping can have a multiplyng effect on surges, so
to reduce the breaking force needed. The combination a transient analysis may be needed to evaluate this
air valve automatically releases air to improve the piping.
accuracy of the flow measurement device.
For maintenance purposes, all installations should include
Locations along a pipeline a shutoff valve under the air valve. Also, to help in
collecting the air that travels along a pipeline, a riser pipe
Air valves are generally installed on liquid piping systems
larger than the air valve inlet is recommended. A drain
to exhaust air or gases and admit air to prevent vacuum
valve can be used to annually check the function of the
conditions and air - related surges. The AWWA Air valve
air valve. If the drain valve expels air, the air release
Manual recommends air valves at various locations
portion of the air valve may require maintenance or
including high points, long runs, adjacent to mainline
repair. Otherwise, the air valve should be observed
valves, downstream of pumps and where there are
during a pump operation to verify it is exhausting air and
changes in pipe slope. Valve manufactures provide
closing without excessive leakage.
online computer software to assist in locating and sizing
air valves. Caution is needed when inspecting or performing
maintenance on an air valve. This is because when the
Installation
system is functioning, an air valve can release large
Installation methods for air valves are important to ensure quantities of air under pressure or admit large quantities
their proper function. The best results are achieved of air under vacuum conditions. Both can cause bodily
when the air valve is mounted directly on top of the pipe. harm. Any maintenance on an air valve requires closing
Unfortunately, some pipelines are located under the shutoff valve under the air valve. But even with the
roadways, which requires the air valve be mounted in a shutoff valve closed, pressurized air can be trapped in
separate vault. In these cases, it is important that the the air valve.
connecting pipe be sized for the flow conditions and
Fuel injector of a diesel engine

• draw the detailed drawing of the fuel injector of the diesel pump as given with all necessary dimensions
• prepare bill of material list.
TASK 1: Draw the detailed drawing the fuel Injector TASK 2: Assemble the details and draw the following
of the Diesal pumb with necessary views. views.
(Fig 1)
i Full sectional front elvation
ii Side view looking from left
iii Prepare bill of material list.
Fig 1
86
Draughtsman Mechanical - 3D Solid modeling
Create 3D solid objects

• draw the 3D objects using CAD command.
• Create objects using command from 3D primitive TASK 3: Draw object from Boolean - union subtract
(Box sphere, cylinder and poly solid) and intersect. (Fig 3)
• Create objects using command from 3D primitive Fig 3
(Extrude revolve, sweep an loft)
• Create object from boolean (union subtact and
intersect)
• Create 3D drawing using user co-ordinate system
• Create an rotate and dimension of the 3D model
• Create views from model space in layout space
TASK 4: Draw the following diagram using user
• Create point preview are plotting co-ordinate system (3 views) (Fig 4)
TASK 1: Draw the following objects using command Fig 4
from 3D primitive (Fig 1)
Fig 1
TASK 5: Draw annotate and dimension of the 3D

model. (Figs 5a & 5b)
i Box
Fig 5a
ii Sphere
iii Cylinder
iv Poly solid
TASK 2: Draw the following objects command from
3D primitive (Fig 2)
Fig 2
Fig 5b
i Extrude
ii revolve
iii sweep an loft
87
TASK 6: Draw views from model space in layout space (Fig 6)
Fig 6
TASK 7: Generate point, preview and plotting (Fig 7)
Fig 7
Standard primitives & Gizmo

• draw the technique of isometric in AutoCAD.
Set the proper limits.

Zoom all.
Set snap type is isometric in snap & grid tab in drafting
settings dialogue box. (Fig 1)
Tools Drafting settings or right click the status bar icon
and open settings.
Select proper isoplanes using F5 function key.
Using line command ortho mode complete the drawing.
Draw slopping lines after locating the end points.
Draw curved surface using ellipse command and Modify the curve for realistic appearance.
isocircle option. Save the file.
Select proper isoplanes using F5 function key for
isocircles.
Standard primitives & Gizmo

• draw the technique of standard primitives and gizmo in AutoCAD.
Set view as SW/SE/NE/NW isometric as required from Draw a box from modeling toolbar.
view option in pull down menu or from toolbar. (Fig 1) Double click the edge to be modified after keeping Ctrl
key pressed.
Gizmo now activated.
Now we can edit the box as required (Editing edges,
corners etc….)
Again double click the a plane to select after keeping
Ctrl key pressed.
Now the plane is selected.
You can place the cylinder over the box in the selected
plane.
Save the file.
Extrude height
• draw the technique of standard primitives and Gizmo in AutoCAD.
Set view as SW/SE/NE/NW isometric as required from Double click the edge to be modified after keeping Ctrl
view option in pull down menu or from toolbar. (Fig 1) key pressed.
Draw a cylinder from modeling toolbar. Gizmo now activated.

Now we can edit the box as required (Editing edges,
corners etc…)
Again double click the plane to select after keeping Ctrl
key pressed.
Now the plane is selected.
You can place the cone over the cylinder in the selected
plane to get the required shape.
Save the file.
Extrude height with taper

• draw the technique of standard extrude - height.
Set view as SW/SE/NE/NW isometric as required from Execute command extrude. (EXT)
view option in pull down menu or from toolbar. (Fig 1)
Select the profile when prompt 'Select objects to extrude'
Draw the given profiles using polyline. and enter.
Enter the value for height when prompt 'Specify height
of extrusion or (Direction/Path/Taper angle/Expression):’
Extrusion is completed through the given height.
Save the file.
Extrude path
• draw the technique of standard extrude - height with taper.
Set view as SW/SE/NE/NW isometric as required from Enter 'P' when prompt 'Specify height of extrusion or
view option in pull down menu or from toolbar. (Fig 1) (Direction/Path/Taper angle/Expression):'
Enter the value for taper when prompt 'Specify angle of

taper for extrusion or (Expression) <xx>:
Enter the value for height when prompt 'Specify height

of extrusion or (Direction/Path/Taper angle/Expression)
<xx>:
Draw the given profiles using polyline. Extrusion is completed through the given height and
taper.
Execute command extrude. (EXT)
Save the file.
Select the profile when prompt 'Select objects to extrude'
and enter.
Extrude path
• draw the technique of extrude - path.
Set view as SW/SE/NE/NW isometric as required from Execute command extrude (EXT)
view option in pull down menu or from toolbar. (Fig 1)
Select the profile when prompt 'Select object to extrude'
Draw the given profiles using polyline. and enter
Draw a path through which the profile is to be extruded Enter 'P' when prompt 'Specify height of extrusion or
either straight or curved (path should be connected [Direction /Path/Taper angle/Expression]:'
polyline and perpendicular to the plane of profile)
Pick the path polyline when prompt 'Select extrusion path
or [Taper angle]:'
Extrusion is completed through the given path.
Save the file.
Revolve surface
• draw the technique of revolve surface.
Set view as front. (Fig 1) Select the profile when prompt 'Select objects to revolve'
and enter
Draw the given profiles using polyline/spline.
Select the axis when prompt 'Specify axis start point or
Construct an axis about which revolving of the profile is
define axis by [Object/X/Y/Z] <Object>:'
to be performed
Enter the value of revolve angle when prompt 'Specify
angle of revolution or [START angle/Reverse/
Expression] <360>:'
Revolving of the profile is completed about the given

axis.
Remove the axis and profile drawing from the 3D view
View the object as required and apply visual styles for

different appearance.
Save the file
Revolve solid
• draw the revolve solids.
Set view as front. (Fig 1) Draw the given profiles using polyline.
Construct an axis about which revolving of the profile is

to be performed.
Select the profile when prompt 'Select object to revolve'

and enter.
Select the axis when prompt 'Specify axis start point or

define axis by [Object/X/Y/Z] <Object>:'
Enter the value (270°) for revolve angle when prompt

'Specify angle of revolution or (Start angle /Reverse/
Expression) <360>:'

axis.
Remove the axis and profile drawing from the 3D view

Save the file.
Boolean operation
• draw the technique of Boolean operations.
Union Draw the given profiles using polyline.

Set view as front. Construct an axis about which revolving of the profile is
Draw the given objects using slandered primitives. to be performed.
Place the object as shown. Select the profile when prompt ‘Select object to revolve’
and enter .
Command union (UNI) is executed.
Select the axis when prompt ‘Specify axis start point or
Two objects are joined as eliminating the doubling.
define axis by [Object/X/YZ] <Object>:’
Final object is shown in Fig 1.
Enter the value (270°) for revolve angle when prompt
‘Specify angle of revolution or [Start angle /Reverse /
Expression] <360>:’
axis.
Remove the axis and profile drawing from the 3D view.
Save the file.
View the object as required and apply visual styles for Subtract
different appearances. Set view as front
Save the file. Draw the given objects using slandered primitives
Intersection Place the object as shown
Draw the given objects using slandered primitives. Command subtract (SU) is executed
Place the object as shown Select source object from which the subtraction is being
Command Intersection (INTERSECT) is executed performed when prompt ‘Select object’
Two objects are joined so as the common for both Select the target object to be subtracted when prompt
objects will be exists. ‘Select solids, surfaces, and regions to subtract..’
Final object is shown in Fig 2. The object is modified so as the subtracting object and
its center section are disappears.
Final object is shown in Fig 3.
Save the file.

Save the file.
Set view as front.

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DRAUGHTSMAN MECHANICAL

2nd Year (Volume - I of II)

SECTOR: Capital Goods and Manufacturing

DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF TRAINING

Developed & Printed by

National Instructional Media Institute

First Edition : January 2020 Copies : 500

New Delhi - 110 001

MEDIA DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE MEMBERS

Shri. V. Dhanasekaran _ Assistant Director of Training (Retd.),

Shri. G. Jayaraman _ Assistant Training officer (Retd.),

Shri.Nirmalya Nath _ Deputy Director

Shri. G. Michael Johny _ Assistant Manager,

Module 1 - Drawing and editing on CAD 110 Hrs

Module 2 - Dimensioning 30 Hrs

Module 3 - Shortcut keyboard command 35 Hrs

Module 4 - Assembly and detailed drawings - Manual preparation 50 Hrs

Module 5 - Draw pipe fittings and symbols 50 Hrs

Module 7 - 3D Solid modeling 50 Hrs

Total 525 Hrs

Exercise No. Title of the Exercise Page. No.

Module 1 : Drawing and editing on CAD

Creation of object in different layers 29

3.2.96 Dimensioning by AutoCAD 35

Dimensioning & text 35

Representation of dimensions tolerances 45

Module 3 : Shortcut keyboard command

3.3.97 Orthographic sectional views 47

Module 4 : Assembly and detailed drawings - Manual preparation

3.4.100 - Draw a solid pulley 57

Module 5 : Draw pipe fittings and symbols

3.5.103 Draw the pipe fittings 60

3.5.105 Draw the piping layout system 65

LEARNING / ASSESSABLE OUTCOME

On completion of this book you shall be able to

• Construct projection views of geometrical figures with dimension and

• Create 3D solid by switching to 3D modeling workspace in CAD, generate views,

2nd Year (Volume - I of II) Duration: Six Months

75-76 In-plant training/ Project work (work in a team)

Draw commands line Specify next point or [Undo]: 8,6

Command: Line, L Specify next point or [Undo]: 2,4

We will create a freehand sketch of a five - point star

Specify next point or [undo]: @ 4<90.

Drawing lines with the line command

7 Notice that the Line command remains activated

1 Point Command : Point.

1 Start a New file and select 1 workbook helper. Dwt.

Practice 4: Instructions (Fig 6)

1 Start a New file and select 1 workbook helper. dwt.

Ray creates semi infinite lines commonly used as

3 Save this drawing using.

Creating circles • Center, radius: Draws a circle based on a center

1 In the Draw toolbar, click on the little triangle below

After the circle’s center has been defined the diameter

Center refers to the center point of the circle of while

In this method first specify the center point of the arc,

In this method first specify the center point of the arc,

Fig 20 Command : Ellipse or EL.

2 Centre of polygon, circumscribed about circle

Fig 26 Command : Donut.

Practice: Fig 1 Practice: Fig 3

This command is used to join two lines.

The last command