Boys’ High School & College

Prayagraj
Class XII-ComputerScience
Boolean Algebra
K-map
[Notes & Assignments]

What is Karnaugh Map?

Karnaugh Map is named after its originator Maurice Karnaugh.

K-map is a graphical display of the products derived from a truth table of Boolean function. It
consists of a rectangular array divided into a certain number of squares or cells, each
representing a minterm or maxterm.
Number of cells depends on the number of variables used. For n variables the number of cells
will be 2n.
Karnaugh map is nothing but rectangle made up of certain number of squares, each square
representing a Maxterm, Minterm.

Sum-of-Product & Product-of-Sum

Reduction using Karnaugh Map:

1. In this reduction procedure each square of K-map represents a minterm or maxterm

of a given function.
2. For function of n variables, there would be a map of 2n square, each representing a
minterm or maxterm.
3. For S-O-P reduction the map is filled in by placing 1s in square whose minterms lead
to a 1 output.
4. For P-O-S reduction the map is filled in by placing 0s in square whose maxterm lead
to a 0 output.
5. To reduce an expression, adjacent 1’s or adjacent 0s are encircled.
6. For reducing the expression, first we have to mark octets, quads, pairs.
7. If 2 adjacent 1’s or 2 adjacent 0’s are encircled, it makes a pair.
8. If 4 adjacent 1’s or 4 adjacent 0’s are encircled, it makes a quad.
9. If 8 adjacent 1’s or 8 adjacent 0’s are encircled, it makes a octets.
10. While encircling groups of 1’s or 0’s, we first search for octets and mark them, then
for quads and lastly we go for pairs.
11. A bigger group removes more variables, thereby leads to simpler expression.

1
 Contd…

Answer the following

question:

Reduced the following using K-map:

1. F(A, B, C) =∑ ( 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
2. F(A, B, C) =∑ ( 1, 3, 5, 6, 7)
3. F(A, B, C) =∑ ( 0, 2, 4, 6, 7)
4. F(A, B, C) =π ( 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7)
5. F(A, B, C) =π ( 1, 3, 5, 6, 7)
6. F(A, B, C) =π ( 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7)
7. F(A, B, C, D) =∑ ( 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15)
8. F(A, B, C, D) =∑ ( 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12,13,14. 15)
9. F(A, B, C, D) =∑ ( 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12,13,14, 15)
10. F(A, B, C, D) =π ( 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13,14, 15)
11. F(A, B, C, D) =π ( 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13,15)
12. F(A, B, C, D) =π ( 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11,13,14, 15)
13. Given the Boolean function F(A, B, C, D) = ∑ ( 0, 2, 4 , 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14 )
i. Reduce the above expression by using 4-variable K-map, showing
the various groups ( i. e octal, quads, pairs).
ii. Draw the logic gate diagram for the reduced expression. Assume
that the variables and their complements are available as inputs.
14. Given F ( A, B, C, D) =A’ B’ C’ D’ + A’ B’ C’ D + A B’ C’ D’ + A B’ C’ D + A’ B C’ D’
+ A’ B C D’
i. Reduce the above expression by using 4-variable K-Map, showing
the various groups(i.e. octal, quads, and pairs).
ii. Draw the logic gate diagram of the reduced expression. Assume
that the variable and their complements are available as inputs.

Contd..

2
15.Given F( A,B,C,D) = л (0, 2, 6, 8, 10, 14)
Use K-map to reduce this function F, using the given POS form. Draw a
logic gate diagram for the reduced POS form. You may use gates with
more than two inputs. Assume that the variables & their complements are
available as inputs.

16 A provisional store announces a special discount on all its products as a

festival offer only to those who satisfy any one of the following
conditions:
 If he / she is an employee of the store and has a service of more
than 10 years
OR
 If he / she is a regular customer of the store whose age is less than
65 and is not an employee of the store.
OR
 If he /she is a senior citizen but not a regular customer of the store
The inputs are:
E : Employee of the store
R : Regular customer of the store
S : Service of the employee is more than 10 years
C : Senior citizen of 65 years or above
Output : X Denotes eligible for discount [ In all the above cases 1
indicates yes and 0 indicates no]
Draw the truth table for the inputs and outputs given above and write
the reduced POS expression for X ( E, R, S, C ) expression using K-
map.

========