Smd - ნოდარ ელიზბარაშვილი

nodar elizbaraSvili, heino meeseni, aSot xoeciani,
giorgi melaZe, Tomas koleri

koordinatori karl hervegi (bernis universiteti, Sveicaria)
Nodar Elizbarashvili, Heino Meessen, Ashot Khoetsyan,

Giorgi Meladze, Thomas Kohler
For the coordination at CDE – Karl Herweg
saxelmZRvanelo eZRvneba
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis daarsebis 100 da
Tsu saqarTvelos geografiis kaTedris daarsebis 20 wlisTavs
The text-book is dedicated

th
to the100 Anniversary of Tbilisi State University
and the 20th Anniversary of Department of Geography of Georgia
mTiani regionebis mdgradi ganviTareba

da resursebis marTva
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MOUNTAIN REGIONS
AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
saxelmZRvanelo umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebisTvis
Textbook for students of higher educational institutions
saxelmZRvanelo gamocemulia Sveicariis nacionaluri

samecniero fondis (SNSF) da bernis universitetis
(Sveicaria) ganviTarebis da garemos centris (CDE)
finansuri mxardaWeriT
This textbook was published with financial support of the Swiss National
Science Foundation (SNSF) and of the Centre for Development and
Environment (CDE) / University of Bern (Switzerland)
Tbilisi – Tbilisi
2018
nodar elizbaraSvili, heino meeseni, aSot xoeciani, giorgi melaZe, Tomas koleri. mTiani
regionebis mdgradi ganviTareba da resursebis marTva – Tbilisi, gamomcemloba „dani“, 2018,
- 304 gv.
saxelmZRvaneloSi, romelic gamoicema pirvelad, ganxilulia: mdgradi ganviTarebis Teori-

uli safuZvlebi, principebi da meTodologia; mTiani regionebis bunebrivi da socialur-eko-
nomikuri Taviseburebani; mdgradi ganviTarebis Sefasebis indikatorebi; sakanonmdeblo regu-
laciebi; msoflios calkeuli regionebis, kavkasiis da saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis
aqtualuri sakiTxebi; mdgradi ganviTarebis savele kvlevis meTodologia.
saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebisTvis da analogiuri

TematikiT dainteresebuli farTo sazogadoebisTvis.
saxelmZRvanelo momzadda analogiuri saxelwodebis saerTaSoriso proeqtis (SCOPES)

farglebSi, romelic 2015-2018 wlebSi ganxorcielda iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetSi. masSi, garda saxelmZRvanelos avtorebisa, monawileobdnen:
asoc. prof. Tengiz gordeziani, asoc. prof. besik kalandaZe, doqtoranti daviT svanaZe.
samecniero redaqtori: profesori ioseb saluqvaZe
recenzentebi: profesori zurab seferTelaZe

asoc. profesori Tamar dolbaia
redaqtori: manana darCiaSvili
Nodar Elizbarashvili, Heino Meessen, Ashot khoetsyan, Giorgi Meladze, Thomas Kohler (2018). Sustai-
nable development of Mountain Regions and Resource Management. Textbook. – Tbilisi, Publish House
“DANI”, - 304 p.
This textbook has been prepared between 2015 and 2018 within SCOPES institutional partnership involving Iv.
Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University (TSU), Armenian State Pedagogical University (ASPU) and the Centre
for Development and Environment (CDE) of Bern University (Switzerland). It has been elaborated in teamwork
within TSU with the participation of Associated Professor Tengiz Gordeziani, Associated Professor Besik Ka-
landadze and Post-Doc David Svanadze.
Scientific Editor: Professor Ioseb Salukvadze
Reviewers: Professor Zurab Seperteladze

Assoc. Professor Tamar Dolbaia
Editor: Manana Darchiashvili
© nodar elizbaraSvili, 2018
gamomcemloba „dani“
Publish LTD ‘DANI’
ISBN 978-9941-9560-7-2
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MOUNTAIN REGIONS
AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Institution and capacity development jointly with partner universities

in Armenia and Georgia
This study course compendium – as main and final product of this partnership – was supported
by the Swiss National Science Foundation and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation
in the framework of the programme SCOPES –“Scientific co-operation between Eastern Europe and
Switzerland”.
This compendium, which is the first on SMD in Caucasus transition countries, includes teaching packages,
exercises for students and didactic guidelines for field study courses and considers the following specific
issues of SUSTAINABLE MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT (SMD):
• Theoretical basis of SMD related to SDGs and 2030 Agenda

• Principles and methodologies of research for sustainable development, transdisciplinary and
action research
• Principles of landscape planning and related case studies (European and Armenian/Georgian
experience)
• Socio-ecological peculiarities of sustainable development
• Regional manifestations of global problems in mountain development
• Legal basis and existing regulations on SMD in Caucasus transition context
Case studies,best practices and lessons learned in SMD on three levels:
• Regional and national levels – worldwide in examples

• Caucasus as entire region
• Georgia
• Armenia
• Adaptation of joint case studies in Switzerland to transition context of the Caucasus
Didactic guidelines for conducting field study courses (FSC) on village level
• Preparatory curriculum modules on socio-ecological baseline research

• Specific guidelines for university teaching staff about preparation and conducting FSC on local
level
• Action and Transdisciplinary Research – hands-on – for local level
• Guidelines, code of conduct plus questionnaire for participatory work with local population
• Guidelines for proceeding with and implementation of local pilot projects / Seed Money
Activities (SMA)
• Follow-up internships of master students related to Seed Money Activities
The compendium is designated for university teaching staff at institutions of higher educations and for
institutions concerned with SMD and landscape planning in remote and mountain regions of transition
context of Caucasus transition countries and as well for a wider interested audience, e.g. national
ministries concerned with spatial planning, national and international NGO, and local government.
Compendium contains basic information on the topics of “Sustainable Development” and “Education
3
for Sustainable Development” as well as practical concepts, tools, guidance, information, examples,
links, and slide sets for the integration of these topics into teaching.
Recent materials of Compendium/Textbook are continuously developed and complemented – your help
and cooperation are welcome.
This book “ucebnik” has been prepared between 2015 and 2018 within SCOPES institutional partnership
involving Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University (TSU), Armenian State Pedogogical University (ASPU)
and the Centre for Development and Environment (CDE) of Bern University. It has been elaborated
in teamwork within TSU with the participation of Associated Professor TengizGordeziani, Associated
Professor BesikKalandadze andPost-Doc David Svanadze.
Lead authors: Nodar Elizbarashvili, Heino Meessen, Ashot khoetsyan, Giorgi Meladze, Thomas Kohler
and for the coordination at CDE – Karl Herweg(2018).
4
sarCevi
Sesavali ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Tavi 1. mdgradi ganviTareba da mTiani regionebi ................................................................................... 9
1.1. mdgradi ganviTareba – arsi da principebi .......................................................................................... 9
1.2. mdgradi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi koncefciebi .................................................................................. 11
1.3. mTiani teritoriebis Taviseburebani da mdgradi
ganviTarebis problemebi .................................................................................................................................... 12
1.4. mTiani teritoriebis geografiuli specifika ....................................................................................15
1.5. mTiani teritoriebis mdgradi ganviTarebis mniSvneloba ......................................................19
1.6. mTiani teritoriebis mdgradi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi orientirebi ......................... 21
1.7. msoflios zogierTi mTiani regionis bunebrivi potenciali da
ganviTarebis Taviseburebani ........................................................................................................................... 23
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................... 29
Chapter 1. Sustainable Development and Mountainous Regions ................................................................ 30
davaleba ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 46
Tavi 2. mdgradi ganviTarebis Sefasebis indikatorebi ...................................................................... 51
2.1. mdgradi ganviTarebis problemebi da indikatorebi ............................................................... 51
2.2. mdgradi ganviTareba da urbanuli dagegmareba ......................................................................... 54
2.3. mdgradi ganviTareba da garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefaseba .................................................. 55
2.4. miwis resursebis mdgradi gamoyenebis problemebi da indikatorebi ................... 62
2.5. mdgradi ganviTarebis socialur-ekonomikuri indikatorebi ........................................ 65
2.6. turizmis mdgradi ganviTarebis indikatorebi ............................................................................. 69
2.7. mdgradi ganviTarebis landSafturi indikatorebi ................................................................. 70
2.8. mdgradi ganviTareba da sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis indikatorebi ........................... 73
2.9. mdgradi ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi regulaciebi ..................... 76
Chapter 2. Indicators of sustainable development Problems and indicators of sustainable
development ............................................................................................................................................................................... 79
Tavi 3. mdgradi ganviTarebis globaluri problemebi ................................................................... 87

3.1. globaluri ekonomikuri problemebi .................................................................................................. 88
3.2. globaluri socialuri problemebi ....................................................................................................... 91
3.3. globaluri ekologiuri problemebi ................................................................................................ 102
3.4. globaluri politikuri problemebi ................................................................................................. 127
Chapter 3. Global problems of development ............................................................................................................... 130
davaleba .............................................................................................................................................................................. 135
5
mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba
Tavi 4. kavkasiis mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi ...................... 140

4.1. kavkasia: mcire istoriul – geografiuli eqskursi ............................................................... 140
4.2. kavkasiis mdgradi ganviTarebis Tanamedrove problematika ....................................... 143
4.3. CrdiloeT kavkasiis geografiuli Taviseburebani da problemebi ......................... 146
4.4. samxreT kavkasiis geoekologiuri Taviseburebani da
mdgradi ganviTarebis problematika .................................................................................................... 148
4.5. kavkasiis qveynebi .................................................................................................................................................... 155
Chapter 4. Particularities and Problems of the Sustainable Development of the Caucasia .................... 163
davaleba .............................................................................................................................................................................. 172
Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi .......... 179

5.1. saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareobis Taviseburebani ................................................ 179
5.2. saqarTvelo da msoflio ................................................................................................................................ 181
5.3. saqarTvelos bunebrivi pirobebi da resursebi ....................................................................... 184
5.4. saqarTvelos mTis landSaftebis potenciali ............................................................................. 220
5.5. bunebrivi katastrofebi da riskebi ...................................................................................................... 236
5.6. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis dinamika da demografiuli problemebi ..................... 241
5.7. saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri Taviseburebani da problemebi ............... 250
5.8. saqarTvelos Tanamedrove gamowvevebi, mdgradi ganviTarebis
ZiriTadi miznebi da amocanebi .................................................................................................................... 253
5.9. saqarTvelos geografiis da mdgradi ganviTarebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi ..... 255
5.10. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis koncefciebi da
strategiuli mimarTulebani ........................................................................................................................ 262
Chapter5. Concepts and Strategic Trends of Sustainable Development of Georgia .................................... 283
davaleba .............................................................................................................................................................................. 288
Chapter 6. Transdisciplinary Field Study Course: Exposure to the Real-world Transtion
Context in the Coucasus ....................................................................................................................................... 297
gamoyenebuli literatura ........................................................................................................................................... 303
6
Sesavali
ukanaskneli ori saukunis manZilze, mosaxleobis swrafi zrdis Sedegad, arnaxul

masStabebs miaRwia bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebam, mniSvnelovnad Seicvala de-
damiwis iersaxe da adamianTa sacxovrebeli garemo. Tu me-19 saukunis dasawyisisTvis
dedamiwaze 1 miliardamde adamiani cxovrobda, 2018 wlisTvis misma raodenobam 8
miliards miaRwia. medicinis ganviTareba, zusti, sabunebismetyvelo da sazogadoeb-
rivi mecnierebebis miRwevebi, axali teqnologiebis swrafi danergva da informaciis
globaluri „xelmisawvdomoba“ msoflio mosaxleobis socialuri keTildReobis
amaRlebas emsaxureba. Tqmulis dadasturebaa sicocxlis xangrZlivobis sayovel-
Tao zrda, rac msoflios mraval qveyanaSi, ukanaskneli 2 saukunis manZilze saSua-
lod 2-jer gaizarda.
aseve masStaburi da globaluria ekologiuri problemebis zrdis tendenciebi, rac

uaryofiTad aisaxeba mosaxleobis keTildReobaze. erTis mxriv, yovelwliurad iz-
rdeba tyiani teritoriebis da nayofieri niadagebis degradaciiT „gamorCeuli“ te-
ritoriebi, gaudabnoebis da gaudaburebis masStabebi, meores mxriv ki, mcirdeba War-
bteniani da myinvarebiT dafaruli teritoriebi, mtknari wylis da msoflio okeanis
biologiuri resursebi, liTonuri da saTbob-energetikuli wiaRiseuli, TvalsaCi-
no xdeba atmosferos da wylebis dabinZureba, urbanizaciis uaryofiTi procesebi
da sxv.
kidev ufro rTuladaa viTareba mTian regionebSi. isini gansakuTrebuli ekonomi-

kuri, socialuri da ekologiuri garemoTi gamoirCevian. msoflios mTiani teri-
toriebis udidesi nawili cnobilia mkacri klimaturi pirobebiT, miwis resursebis
simwiriT, sustad ganviTarebuli infrastruqturiT, dabali SemosavlebiT da ganvi-
Tarebis upespeqtivobiT. Tumca aris adgilebi (evropa, CrdiloeTi amerika), sadac
mTebSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba Tavs komfortulad grZnobs, radgan aq mimzidveli
socialur-ekonomikuri garemoa Seqmnili.
adamiani mTebSi aTasobiT wlis manZilze cxovrobs da saqmianobs, qmnis bunebisa

da sazogadoebis Tanacxovrebis ganumeorebel formebs, kulturasa da Cveulebebs.
mTebi jer kidev gamoirCeva jansaRi ekologiuri garemoTi, mtknari wylis udide-
si resursebiT, biologiuri da landSafturi mravalferovnebiT, kulturuli da
bunebrivi mcenareulobis endemuri saxeobebiT, soflis meurneobis, arqiteqturis,
eTnokulturis ganumeorebeli da saintereso formebiT. miuxedavad aseTi mimzidve-
lobisa, mTian teritoriebis udides nawilSi mosaxleoba ukidures gaWirvebaSi da
TiTqmis srul izolaciaSi cxovrobs. farTo masStabebs miaRwia migraciulma proce-
sebma, ris gamoc araerT mTian regions gaudabureba emuqreba.
amgvar viTarebaSi, Tanamedrove msoflioSi dRis wesrigSi aqtiurad dadga mTia-

ni teritoriebis mdgradi ganviTarebis aucilebloba, rac uzrunvelyofs momavali
7
TaobebisTvis xelsayreli socialuri, ekonomikuri da ekologiuri garemos for-

mirebas. amgvari ganviTarebis miRweva mxolod ganaTlebuli, jansaRi da motivi-
rebuli sazogadoebis prerogativaa, romlis formirebaSi arsebiTi roli inter-
disciplinur da sistemur mecnierebebs ekuTvnis. amgvaria Tanamedrove geografia,
romelic mdgrad ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli gamowvevvebis fonze, civilizebul
samyaroSi sakuTari adgilis damkvidrebas da mniSvnelobis warmoCenas cdilobs.
8
Tavi 1
mdgradi ganviTareba da mTiani regionebi
1.1. mdgradi ganviTareba – arsi da principebi
„mdgradi ganviTareba“, rogorc termini, aqtiurad iqna gamoyenebuli 1972 wels

stoqholmSi (Svecia), garemos dacvisadmi iZRvnil pirvel msoflio konferenciaze.
1987 wels, gaeros im saerTaSoriso komisiis moxsenebaSi, romelic muSaobda gare-
mos da ganviTarebis sakiTxebze, warmoCenil iqna mdgradi ganviTarebis arsi, raSic
igulisxmeboda „winsvlis modeli, romlis meSveobiT miiRweva Tanamedrove sazoga-
doebis moTxovnaTa imgvari dakmayofileba, rac xels ar SeuSlis momavali Taobe-
bis analogiur interesebs“. amgvari ganmarteba swrafad gavrcelda msoflioSi da
dRemde miCneulia mdgradi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mniSvnelobis yvelaze jerovan
axsnad.
1992 wels rio-de-JaneiroSi (brazilia), gaeros mier gamarTul konferenciaze, ro-

melic mieZRvna garemos dacvisa da ganviTarebis sakiTxebs, mdgradi ganviTareba
ganixileboda rogorc kacobriobis ganviTarebis axali koncefcia anu:
9 Tanamedrove civilizaciis mier ekologiuri safrTxis da problematikis daZle-

vis meTodi (saSualeba);
9 rogorc msoflios ganviTarebis arsebiTi winapiroba;
9 rogorc jansaRi garemos SenarCunebis instrumenti;
9 rogorc pasuxi bunebrivi garemos transformaciis, bunebrivi resursebis arara-
cionaluri gamoyenebis procesebze,
9 rogorc mosaxleobis zrdis da garemos dabinZurebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qme-
deba.
rios 1992 wlis konferencia samarTlianad iTvleba globaluri problemebis war-
moCenis yvelaze TvalsaCino da qmediT saerTaSoriso RonisZiebad. aq aqtiurad
aseve ganixileboda klimatis cvlilebis, gaudabnoebis, ganviTarebadi qveynebis da
regionebis demografiuli ganviTarebis, siRaribis, nacionaluri da saerTaSoriso
kanonmdeblobis harmonizaciis, ekonomikuri uTanabrobis da sxva globaluri prob-
lemebis aqtualoba da maTi gadaWris mniSvneloba kacobriobis ganviTarebisTvis.
rios konferenciidan moyolebuli, mdgradi ganviTareba popularuli, Tumca xSirad
sxvadasxvagvarad aRqmuli saqmianoba gaxda. ufro metic, dRemde ar wydeba diskusia
mis ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiTac ki. amgvari viTareba ganpirobebulia termine-
bis – mdgradi, ganviTareba – filosofiuri gaazrebis da Sinaarsis sxvadasxvagvari
aRqmiT. terminis mravalsaxeoba aseve ukavSirdeba rogorc sazogadoebrivi ganvi-
Tarebis dones, ise samecniero, kulturuli, politikuri Tu ekonomikuri wreebis
damokidebulebas ganviTarebis xedvasa da SesaZleblobebze.
aTi wlis Semdeg anu 2002 wels, analogiuri Tematikis konferencia Catarda samxreT
afrikis respublikaSi, qalaq iohanesburgSi. aq gaanalizebul iqna rios gadawyve-
tilebebis mimdinareobis xasiaTi da mdgradi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi. iohanes-
burgis konferenciaze warmoCinda globaluri problemebis axali Tematikac, rac
ukavSirdeba sacxovrebel da sasicocxlo garemos, bunebrivi resursebis mopovebis
9
da gamoyenebis masStabebs, alternatiuli energiis wyaroebs, biomravalferovnebis

SenarCunebas, msoflio okeanes, mosaxleobis sursaTiT uzrunvelyofas, regionul
da transasazRvro TanamSromlobas, meurneobis tradiciuli formebis mniSvnelobas
da sxv.
mogvianebiT anu aseve 10 wlis Semdeg, isev rio-de-JaneiroSi kvlav Catarda gaeros
konferencia (rio – 2012), romelic ZiriTadad mieZRvna ganvlili periodis Sedegebs
da analizs, siRaribis da socialuri uTanasworobis problemebs, ekologiur meur-
neobas, saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis gaumjobesebas da efeqtianobas, socialuri,
ekonomikuri da ekologiuri problemebis erTianobas da urTierTdamokidebule-
bas.
amJamad termini`ganviTareba~ ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba rogorc:
• procesi, romelsac mivyavarT sulier da gonebriv srulyofilebamde;

• kanonzomieri cvlilebebis procesi, rac ganapirobebs kacobriobis mdgrad soci-
alur-ekonomikur mdgomareobas;
• aucilebel sazogadoebriv qmedebaTa procesi, romelsac mivyavarT Zvelidan ax-
lisken, primitiulidan srulyofilisken, qaosidan organizebulobisken, raode-
nobrividan xarisxobrivisken.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ganviTarebis amgvari xedva garkveuli terminologiuri qaosis

da gauTavebeli diskusiis winapirobaa. Tumca arsebiTad yvela Tanxmdeba imaSi,
rom ganviTareba sazogadoebis Tu qveynis socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli
garemos gaumjobesebis winapiroba da mizania. aRiarebulia isic, rom ganviTarebis
miRweva SeuZlebelia sayovelTao sazogadoebrivi Zalisxmevis, piradi iniciativis
da saxelmwiofoebrivi nebis (politikis) gareSe. Tu uaxloes warsulSi ganviTareba
mxolod ekonomikur winsvlas da keTildReobas ukavSirdeboda, amJamad igi socia-
luri, ekologiuri, kulturuli da sulieri problematikis daZlevasac gulisxmobs.
amrigad, mxolod mosaxleobis ekonomikuri keTildReoba ver iqneba mdgradi gan-

viTarebis ZiriTadi mizani. igi srulyofilad da efeqturad realizdeba mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi, roca saxelmwifosTvis aseve prioritetulia qmedeba momavali Ta-
obebisTvis jansaRi sasicocxlo garemos SenarCunebis da sayovelTao keTildRe-
obis uzrunvelyofisTvis. ekonomikuri ganviTareba ganapirobebs mosaxleobis ke-
TildReobas da igi samarTlianad iTvleba wamyvan faqtorad. amgvari keTildReoba
TvalsaCinod aisaxeba socialur ganviTarebaze, rac, ukuqmedebis formiT, aseve gan-
sazRvravs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis tempebsa da SesaZleblobebs.
mdgradi ganviTareba ver iqneba mxolod ekonomikuri Tu socialuri ganviTarebis

sinonimi. igi sxvadasxva formis qmedebaTa urTierTdakavSirebuli sistemaa, rome-
lic saboloo miznad isaxavs garkveuli socialur-ekonomikuri donis miRwevas. am-
gvari mizani ki ganxorcieldeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTdroulad an kompleqsurad
gaumjobesdeba ekonomikuri, socialuri, ekologiuri, demografiuli da politiku-
ri viTareba.
termini `mdgradoba~ ukavSirdeba imgvar movlenebsa Tu procesebs, roca cvlile-

bebis Sedegad ar icvleba sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis Tanamedrove done, ar ikar-
geba winaaRmdegobis unari, ar irRveva sazogadoebrivi movlenebisa da procesebis
saimedooba. masSi, upirveles yovlisa, igulisxmeba bunebrivi Tu sazogadoebrivi
movlenebisa da procesebis imgvari SeTanawyoba, romelic sivrcesa da droSi ar ar-
Rvevs arsebul wonasworobas.
10
Tavi 1. mdgradi ganviTareba da mTiani regioni
zogierTi ganmartebis mixedviT, mdgrad ganviTarebaSi igulisxmeba:
9 ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da garemos dacvis erToblivi sistema, ekologiurad

mdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTareba, ekonomikisa da ekologiis upiratesi kavSiri;
9 sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis iseTi modeli, romlis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia
rogorc Tanamedrove sazogadoebis, ise momavali Taobebis ZiriTadi sasicocx-
lo moTxovnebis dakmayofileba;
9 iseTi ganviTareba, romelic uzrunvelyofs cxovrebis xarisxis realur gaum-
jobesebas, roca daculia dedamiwis bunebrivi mravalferovneba (World Conser-
vation Strategy. IUCN, UNEP, WWF. 1980);
9 erToblivi kapitaliT kacobriobis SesaZleblobebis SenarCuneba da ganviTareba;
9 iseTi ganviTareba, romelsac ar mohyveba sacxovrebeli da bunebrivi garemos
Seuqcevadi degradacia;
9 cvlilebaTa procesi, romelic TanxvedraSia Tanamedrove da momavali Taobe-
bis interesebTan.
amgvar ganmartebaTa raodenoba Zalian didia, radgan ZiriTadi aqcentebi keTdeba

araerT problemaze. maTgan ZiriTadia: bunebrivi resursebis da bunebrivi mraval-
ferovnebis SenarCunebaze, ekonomikuri saqmianobis da garemos mdgomareobis opti-
malur Tanafardobaze, ekonomikis mdgrad ganviTarebasa da zrdaze, TaobaTa samar-
Tlian urTierTdamokidebulebaze, cxovrebis da sacxovrebeli garemos xarisxze,
socialur da kulturul faseulobaTa SenarCunebaze, sazogadoebrivi miswrafebebis
dakmayofilebaze, Tanabar regionul ganviTarebaze da a.S.
1.2. mdgradi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi koncefciebi
mdgradi ganviTarebis ekonomikuri koncefcia efuZneba da iTvaliswinebs amowurva-

di bunebrivi resursebis racionalur gamoyenebas, resursdamzogavi teqnologiebis
ganviTarebas, orientacias amouwurav da aRdgenad resursebze, ekologiuri pro-
duqciis Seqnas, narCenebis minimalizacias da meorad gamoyenebas.
mdgradi ganviTarebis socialuri koncefcia efuZneba da iTvaliswinebs socialuri

da kulturuli sistemebis stabilurobas, erovnuli simdidris ekologiurad da sa-
marTlebrivad gamarTlebul moxmarebas da ganawilebas, kulturuli da istoriuli
faseulobebis dacvas, gadawyvetilebaTa sajaroobas, sazogadoebis maqsimalur Car-
Tulobas marTvisa da dagegmarebis procesSi.
mdgradi ganviTarebis ekologiuri koncefcia efuZneba da gulisxmobs ekologiuri

(biologiuri, landSafturi) garemos erTianobas, ekosistemebis sicocxlisunaria-
nobis da funqcionirebis meqanizmebis SenarCunebas, bunebrivi garemos mdgradobis
da TviTaRdgenis meqanizmebis gaumjobesebas, bunebrivi landSaftebis socialur-e-
konomikuri funqciebis jerovan gansazRvras, ekologiurad orientirebul terito-
riul (landSaftur) dagegmarebas, landSaftis momsaxurebasa da marTvas, esTetiku-
ri garemos Seqmnas.
mdgradi ganviTarebis samive koncefcia, miuxedavad gansaxilveli sakiTxebis mra-

valferovnebisa, SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT rogorc erTiani sistemis Semadgeneli
nawili. isini urTierdakavSirebuli da urTierTgamsazRvrelia, ris gamoc mdgradi
ganviTareba, rogorc amocana, sakmaod rTulad gadasawyveti da xangrZlivi sazoga-
doebrivi da samecniero procesia. masTan dakavSirebulia araerTi samecniero mi-
11
marTuleba, romlebic dargobriv Tu komponentur doneze ganixilavs mdgradi gan-

viTarebis amocanebs da SesaZleblobebs.
kacobriobis istoriis manZilze araerTi problema aRiniSna, romelTac umeteswi-

lad kargad gamoxatuli geografiuli Taviseburebani axasiaTebs. isini nebismier
– lokalur, regionul Tu globalur doneze vlindeba. amJamad gansakuTrebiT aq-
tualuria saubari globalur ekologiur, ekonomikur, socialur da politikur
problemebze, rasac yvelaze TvalsaCinod geografia warmoaCens. geografiuli ana-
lizis kompleqsuri xasiaTi, bunebrivi, socialuri, ekonomikuri Tu ekologiuri
movlenebis da procesebis sivrce-droiTi Taviseburebebis kvleva, bunebrivi da sa-
xecvlili (bunebriv-anTropogenuli) landSaftebis Seswavla, planetaruli da regi-
onuli ekologiuri problemebis urTierTdakavSirebis SesaZlebloba geografiul
mecnierebas gansakuTrebiT aqtualurs xdis. amJamad mdgradi ganviTarebis sivrciTi
(lokaluri, regionuli da globaluri) Taviseburebebis kvleva geografiis ZiriTa-
di amocanaa, riTac igi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba da gamoirCeva sxva mecnierebebisagan.
1.3. mTiani teritoriebis Taviseburebani da mdgradi ganviTarebis problemebi
mTebi did rols TamaSobdnen da TamaSoben kacobriobis istoriasa da ganviTareba-

Si. isini warmoadgenen wylis, tyis da araerTi mineraluri resursis arsebiT wya-
ros, biologiuri da eTnikuri mravalferovnebiT gamorCeul areals, rekreaciuli
meurneobis maRali potencialis mqone teritorias. amJamad msoflio mosaxleobis
10% cxovrobs mTebSi, xolo samjer meti iyenebs mTebSi formirebul bunebriv re-
sursebs (gansakuTrebiT wyals).
mTebSi aramdgradi bunebrivi garemoa, rac ramdenime faqtors ukavSirdeba. esenia:

maRali temperaturuli amplituda (rac fizikur gamofitvas uwyobs xels), dabali
wneva, eqspoziciuri sxvaobebi, wylismieri erozia, Tovlis didi safari, reliefis
daxriloba, niadagis dabali nayofiereba, sagzao infrastruqturis ganviTarebis da-
bali done. amis gamoa, rom adamianis zemoqmedebis Sedegad, mTis ekosistemebi kar-
gaven mdgradobas da ganicdian Zlier degradacias. mTebSi Sesustebulia bunebrivi
garemos TviTaRdgenis meqanizmebic.
mTebs uZvelesi droidan iTvisebdnen, rac ZiriTadad usafrTxo, TavdacvisTvis xel-

sayrel garemos ukavSirdeboda. magaliTad, ramdenime aTasi wlis win evropaSi,
alpebis mTaTaSorisi xeobebi ufro mWodrod iyo dasaxlebuli, vidre mimdebare
gorak-borcvebi da vakeebi. aq miwaTmoqmedebas zR.d. 2000 m-mde misdevdnen – didi ra-
odenobiT mohyavdaT marcvleuli, bostneuli, kanafi, seli da sxv.
amJamad mTian teritoriebze 700 mln-ze meti adamiani cxovrobs. maTi ZiriTadi nawi-
li centraluri da samxreT amerikis, aziis da afrikis mTian regionebSia dasaxle-
buli. aRniSnuli mTiani teritoriebis bunebrivi pirobebidan da mciremiwianobidan
gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini didi simWidroviT anu Warbi mosaxleobiT
gamoirCevian. evropaSi mTiani teritoriebidan mosaxleobis maRali simWidrove
mxolod alpebs axasiaTebs. TiTqmis ukacrielia CrdiloeT naxevarsferos mTebi –
kordilierebi, skandinaviisa da cimbiris mTiani sistemebi.
mTiani teritoriebis bunebrivi pirobebi da resursebi rTuli gamosayenebelia, ris

gamoc mosaxleobas eqstremelur garemosTan Segueba da brZola uwevs. mTebSi mcxov-
rebma xalxebma aTaswleulebis manZilze Seqmnes meurneobis uCveulo da specifiku-
12
ri formebi, rac erTis mxriv, miwaTsargeblobais araxelsayrel (mciremiwianobis

da arasakmarisi agroklimaturi resursebis fonze), xolo meores mxriv – mecxove-
leobis ganviTarebisTvis xelsayrel garemos ukavSirdeba. mTebSi miwaTsargeblo-
bis tradiciuli formebi mTis mdinareebis da xelovnurad Seqmnil terasebze gan-
viTarda, xolo mesaqonleoba maRalnayofier sazafxulo saZovrebsa da saTibebze.
mTebi mdidaria araerTi saxeobis bunebrivi resursiT, romelTagan kacobriobisaT-

vis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania sasmeli wyali, hidroenergia, mzis da qaris ener-
gia, Termuli da mineraluri wylebi. mTebSi warmodgenilia mravali saxis sasargeb-
lo wiaRiseulis sabado, romelTagan mniSvnelovania feradi da Zvirfasi liTonebi,
samSeneblo da mosapirkeTebeli qvebi.
mTebi msoflioSi biologiuri da landSafturi mravalferovnebiT, bunebrivi srul-

yofilebiT da unikalobiT gamoirCeva. amis gamo, mTebi mecnierebisTvis saukeTeso
„eqsperimentuli“ dakvirvebis adgilia, sadac TvalsaCinoa teqtonikuri, geodinami-
uri, klimaturi da biologiuri movlenebisa da procesebis globaluri mimdinare-
obis Taviseburebani.
mTebis bunebrivi mravalferovneba damokidebulia ramdenime faqtorze, kerZod: ge-

ografiul mdebareobaze, adgilis simaRlesa da eqspoziciaze, okeaneebisa da zRvebis
siaxloveze, qarebis mimarTulebaze, adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis formebze da
masStabebze. mTebSi jer kidev warmodgenilia cocxali samyaros endemebisa da re-
liqtebis Tavmoyris mniSvnelovani arealebi, rac kidev ufro zrdis maT ekologiur
da saganmanaTleblo mniSvnelobas. veluri bunebis dacvis msoflio fondi (WWF)
erovnuli da globaluri garemosdacviTi proeqtebis SemuSavebisas, ZiriTad yu-
radRebas mTiani teritoriebis bunebrivi mravalferovnebiT da faseulobiT gamor-
Ceul arealebs uTmobs.
samwuxarod, mTiani teritoriebis endemebisa da reliqtebis umravlesoba, araerTi

qveynis „wiTel wignSi~ aRnusxulia, rogorc gadaSenebis da safrTxis piras myofi.
mTiani teritoriebis biomravalferovnebis SenarCuneba da gadaSenebis piras myofi
cocxali samyaros dacva, civilizebuli msoflios erTerTi upirvelesi gamowveva
da sazrunavia.
mTebi gansakuTrebiT mdidaria rekreaciuli resursebiT, kerZod efeqturi da ela-

mazesi peizaJebiT, esTetikuri adgilebiT, sufTa da gamWvirvale haeriT, mravalfe-
rovani mcenareulobiT da cxovelTa samyaroTi. mTebi erTdroulad warmoadgens
cocxali samyaros araerTi saxeobis bunebriv TavSesafars da koridors. misi meSve-
obiT xorcieldeba barisa da maRali mTis cxovelTa Tavmoyra, Sereva da gadaadgi-
leba sxvadasxvagvari geografiuli arealis mimarTulebiT.
mTebi turizmis ganviTarebis potencialiT gamorCeulia mTel msoflioSi. aq adami-

ans ganumeorebeli buneba, eTnikuri da kulturuli mravalferovneba, mineraluri
da sasmeli wylebi, efeqturi peizaJebi da ekologiurad sufTa kvebis produqtebi
izidavs. sworad organizebuli turistuli infrastruqtura jerovan doneze uqmnis
Semosavlebs adgilobriv mosaxleobas, cvlis sameurneo profils da minimumamde
amcirebs mTiani teritoriebze anTropogenul datvirTvas.
mTebSi araerTi saxis turizmia ganviTarebuli, romelTagan gamoirCeva sportuli,

ekologiuri, eqstremaluri da samedicino (gamajansaRebeli) saxeobebi. rTuli re-
liefuri pirobebi xels uwyobs mTebSi biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebas, rac maT
13
simaRlebriv ganawilebasTan erTad, umniSvnelovanesi resursia SemecnebiTi (samec-

niero, saganmanaTleblo) turizmis ganviTarebisTvis.
mTebi Zalze faqizi, myife da aramdgradi bunebrivi garemoTi xasiaTdeba. aq myisi-

erad fiqsirdeba garemoSi mimdinare procesebi, adamianis zegavlena, eqstremalur
bunebriv movlenaTa Sedegebi. mTebi gansakuTrebiT mgZnobiarea havis cvalebadobi-
sadmi, rac swrafad aisaxeba myinvarebis farTobze da moculobaze, mcenareulobis
ganviTarebaze, wylis resursebze da sxv. amJamad mTebi klimatis globaluri cvli-
lebis saukeTeso indikatorad iTvleba.
mTebi gamoirCeva maRali riskebiT, rasac bunebrivi da anTropogenuli faqtorebi

ganapirobebs. bunebrivi faqtorebidan aRsaniSnavia vulkanebi da miwisZvrebi, mewy-
erebi, Rvarcofebi, zvavebi, wyaldidobebi da sxv. aq sul ufro da ufro izrdeba
adamianis faqtori, rac ZiriTadad mopovebiT mrewvelobasTan, tyeebis eqsploata-
ciasTan da gzebis mSeneblobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. swrafad cvalebadi klimaturi
pirobebis da adamianis mzardi sameurneo saqmianobis gamo, mTebis bunebrivi mra-
valferovnebis SenarCuneba kacobriobis erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa.
mTebi uZvelesi droidan iTvleboda civilizaciis gavrcelebis erT-erT umniSvne-

lovanes barierad. miuxedavad amisa, mTebSi Camoyalibda araerTi TviTmyofadi
xalxi, kultura da tradicia. erTsa da imave mTian sistemaSi (magaliTad, kavkasion-
ze) mcxovrebi xalxebis izolacia imdenad didi iyo, rom gansxvavebuli enebis formi-
rebasac ki ganapirobebda. kargi magaliTia daRestani, sadac 30-mde sxvadasxva xalxi
cxovrobs.
amJamad mTebisadmi, misi bunebrivi resursebisadmi interesi izrdeba. mTebs srafad

iTviseben mTel msoflioSi – aq Sendeba masiuri wyalsacavebi, amuSaveben wiaRise-
ulis axal sabadoebs, gahyavT gzebi da komunikaciebi, viTardeba turizmi, izrdeba
sazafxulo saZovrebis gamoyenebis masStabebi da droebiT (sezonur) dasaxlebaTa
raodenoba.
mTiani teritoriebis bunebrivi resursebis intensiuri gamoyeneba, rasac bunebrivi

mravalferovnebis degradacia da gaRaribeba mohyveba, garkveuli tendenciebiT xa-
siaTdeba. maTgan globaluri xasiaTi aqvs:
• subalpur da alpur saZovrebze pirutyvis suladobis zrdas da maTi produqti-

ulobis degradacias,
• maRali mTis mcenareulobis mravalferovnebis gaRaribebas intensiuri Zovebis
da samkurnalwamlo balaxeulobis didi raodenobiT damzadebis gamo,
• maRali da saSualo mTis tyeebis degradacias,
• eroziuli (geodinamiuri) procesebis gaaqtiurebas,
• niadagis humusovani fenis intensiur gadarecxvas,
• wylis resursebis Semcirebas,
• cxovelTa adgilsamyofelis, maTi migraciis gzebis da ekologiuri koridore-
bis SezRudvas,
• mTiani regionebis mosaxleobis socialuri infrastruqturis da cxovrebis uki-
duresad dabal dones.
cnobila, rom ukanaskneli naxevari saukunis manZilze mTiani regionebis tyianobis

maC-venebeli mniSvnelovnad Semcirda, zogan ki (magaliTad, pamiri, tian-Sani da sxv.)
ganaxevrda. arada, mTis tyeebs udidesi, xSirad gadamwyveti ekologiuri ganiSnu-
14
leba gaaCniaT. maT miekuTvneba niadagdacviTi, wyaldacviTi, wyaldidobis, wyal-

movardnis da geodinamiuri procesebis Semaferxebeli, jansaRi garemos Semqmneli
da biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebis funqciebi. mTebSi mecxoveleobis ganviTare-
ba ZiriTadad zeda mTis tyeebze moqmedebs, romlebic tyis ekosistemebidan yvelaze
aramdgradia. Zovebisa da Tibvis masStabebi xels uSlis tyis TviTaRdgenis unars,
ris gamoc mTebSi mecxoveleobis ragulireba, tyeebis racionalur gamoyenebasTan
erTad, mTiani teritoriebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani winapirobaa.
mTian teritoriebze adamianis teqnogenuri saqmianoba sxvadasxva formebiT gamoi-

xateba. Tumca maTi Sedegebi ZiriTadad wylis resursebis regulirebis problemas
ukavSirdeba. gansakuTrebiT rTuli viTarebaa Seqmnili ariduli regionebis mTian
teritoriebze wylis resursebis formirebasTan da gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT.
misi moculobis Semcireba pirdapir kavSirSia klimatis globalur cvlilebasTan
da adamianis sameurneo saqmianobasTan. amgvar regionebSi mosalodnelia wylis re-
susebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gamwvaveba. igi aisaxeba ara mar-
to mTis da baris mosaxleobis, aramed im saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTobebze,
romlebic sargebloben tranzituli mdinareebis resursebiT.
msoflios mTian regionebSi wyalsacavebis mSeneblobis istoria aswleulebs iT-

vlis. dadgenilia, rom garemoze zemoqmedebiT mxolod didi wyalsacavebi (100-150
m siRrmis mqone) gamoirCevian, romelTa raodenoba amJamad ramdenime aTeulia.
wyalsacavebis umravlesoba zomieri, subtropikuli da tropikuli sartylis mTia-
ni regionebis mdinareebzea agebuli. misi meSveobiT efeqturad regulirdeba wylis
resursebi, Tumca izrdeba seismuri daZabuloba, itboreba mTis mosaxleobisTvis
gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mdinarispira terasebi, tyeebi da mdeloebi, garkve-
ulwilad icvleba mikroklimati, miwisqveSa wylebis done, cocxali samyaros saxe-
obrivi Sedgeniloba, maTi migraciis gzebi da a.S.
amgvarad, mTiani teritoriebis aTviseba sworad da mizanmimarTulad, mdgradi gan-

viTa-rebis principebis gaTvaliwinebiT unda ganxorcieldes. sxva SemTxvevaSi, ki-
dev ufro gaizrdeba mTiani regionebis mosaxleobis migracia, bunebrivi resursebis
araracionaluri da mtacebluri gamoyeneba, kulturuli da eTnikuri faseulobebis
degradacia, sxvadasxva formis konfliqtebi, mTis mosaxleobis siduxWire da sxv. ga-
erTianebuli erebis organizacia mudmiv yuradRebas aqcevs mTebis ganviTarebas. aq
miRebulia araerTi dokumenti, sadac yuradReba maxvildeba mTebis mdgradi ganvi-
Tarebis aucileblobaze, miznebsa da mosalodnel Sedegebze.
1.4. mTiani teritoriebis geografiuli specifika
mTian teritoriebs msoflios xmeleTis TiTqmis meoTxedi ukavia, romlis mimde-

bare gorak-borcvebsa da vakeebze cxovrobs dedamiwis mosaxleobis 40%. amrigad,
msoflio mosaxleobis naxevari damokidebulia mTebidan miRebul wyalsa da ener-
giaze, kvebis produqtebsa da tyis resursebze.
mTebi warmodgenilia yvela kontinentze. isini erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian mdeba-

reobis, farTobis, simaRlis, orografiis, bunebrivi pirobebis, simaRlebrivi sar-
tylurobis, barieruli Tvisebebis, warmoSobis, ganviTarebis, biomravalferovne-
bis, havis, resursebis, mosaxleobis, geopolitikuri viTarebis, ganviTarebis donis
da sxva araerTi maCveneblis mixedviT. mTebSi spacifikuri formiTaa gadajaWvuli
15
bunebrivi da socialur-ekonomikuri procesebi, rac yvelaze mkafiod aisaxeba adgi-

lobrivi mosaxleobis mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebebsa da problemebze.
geografiuli (ganeduri) mdebareoba ganapirobebs mTebis araerT bunebriv maxa-

siaTebels. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia makroklimaturi maCveneblebi, rac Tavis mxriv
ganapirobebs vertikaluri sartylurobis da landSaftSemqmneli faqtorebis Tavi-
seburebebs. am maxasiaTeblebiT arsebiTad gansxvavdebian zomieri, subtropikuli da
tropikuli sartylis mTiani sistemebi.
orografiuli faqtori asaxavs mTiani teritoriebis seismuri aqtivobis da geo-

logiuri agebulebis Taviseburebebs. es maxasiaTeblebi, klimatis xasiaTTan erTad,
ganapirobebs reliefis danawevrebas da geodinamiur procesTa intensivobas, isini
uSualod gansazRvraven mTebSi adamianis sasicocxlo da sameurneo sivrcis potenci-
als. teqtonikuri moZraobis intensivoba axalgazrda mTiani sistemebis formirebis
mkafio maCvenebelia, rac zrdadi maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeba. magaliTad, Tu gasuli
saukunis 80-ain wlebSi miiCneoda, rom kavkasionis azevebis siCqare weliwadSi 6 mm-s
Seadgenda, amJamad saubaria 15 mm-ze. amave dros, sayuradReboa mTian regionebSi
qvebulebis, platoebis, maRalmTiani, saSualo da dabalmTiani reliefis formebis
Tanafardoba, rac ganapirobebs misi sameurneo gamoyenebis formebs.
mTebisTvis gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa simaRlebrivi sartylurobis Tavisebure-

bani, rac araerT faqtors ukavSirdeba. maTgan mTavaria simaRlis matebasTan erTad
temperaturis klebis tendenciebi da eqspozicia. temperaturuli gradienti yovel
100 metrze asvlisas saSualod 0.50-s Seadgens, Tumca igi gansxvavdeba adgilmdeba-
reobis da klimaturi sartylis mixedviT. magaliTad, aq zRviuri havis pirobebSi
haeris temperatura 0.20-iT ecema, xolo kontinenturi havis pirobebSi – 0.9-1.00-iT.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas geografiul sartylebzec. magaliTad, zomieri sartylis mTeb-
Si haeris temperaturis kleba simaRlis matebasTan erTad ufro intensiuria, vidre
arqtikul an ekvatorul sartyelSi. simaRlebrivi sartyluroba anu simaRlebrivi
zonaloba araerT geografiuli maxasiaTebels ukavSirdeba. maT Soris mniSvnelo-
vania adamianis ekologia, biologiuri produqtiuloba da potenciali, miwis da
wylis resursebis ganawileba, sameurneo saqmianobis tipebi da masStabebi, rekreaci-
ulad efeqturi peizaJebi da sxv.
aRsaniSnavia mTiani sistemebis barieruli Tvisebebic, rac mniSvnelovnad ganapi-

robebs ara marto bunebrivi garemos formirebis an bunebrivi movlenebis xasiaTs,
aramed geopolitikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri procesebis Taviseburebebs. isto-
riul warsulSi mTebi ZiriTad barierad warmoCindeboda, rac gansazRvravda havis,
mdinareTa auzebis da Sesabamisad – saxelmwifoTa konfiguraciis formirebas. am-
Jamad mTiani sistemebis barieruli Tvisebebi, geopolitikuri da socialur-ekono-
mikuri TvalsazrisiT, TiTqmis nivelirebulia, Tumca msoflios araerT regionSi
(cenrtaluri azia, andebi, eTiopiis mTianeTi, himalaebi, tibeti da sxv.) kvlav rCeba
arsebiT faqtorad.
mTiani teritoriebis mosaxleoba, msoflios araerT regionSi migracias ganic-

dis. mosaxleobis gadaadgileba ZiriTadad ori mimarTulebiT xorcieldeba: mTis
soflebidan baris soflebisken da mTis soflebidan qalaqebisken. maRalia sxva sa-
xelmwifoebSi SromiTi migraciis maCveneblebic. amgvar process ramdenime faqto-
ri uwyobs xels: saxelmwifos uyuradReboba, decentralizaciis problemebi, rTuli
bunebrivi pirobebi, klimatis cvlileba, ekonomikuri da socialuri stimulirebis
dabali done, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis pasiuri monawileoba marTvaSi.
16
geopolitikuri viTarebis analizi cxadyofs, rom mTebTan dakavSirebulia araer-

Ti konfliqti, rac aferxebs amgvari regionebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTare-
bis perspeqtivebs. konfliqtebi ukavSirdeba samxedro blokebs, ekonomikur potenci-
als, mciremiwianobas, wylis da mineralur resursebs, religiebs, istoriul preten-
ziebs, gzebs, komunikaciebs da sxv. msoflios sxvadasxva regionis mTiani sistemebis
socialur-ekonomikuri mniSvneloba arsebiTia. mTebis bunebrivi da eTnokulturu-
li ipotenciali iZleva mopovebiTi mrewvelobis, turizmis, SromiTi resursebis,
daculi teritoriebis, kulturuli identobis, tradiciebis, transasazRvro Tanam-
Sromlobis, ekologiuri soflis meurneobis da sxva mimarTulebebis ganviTarebis
SesaZleblobebs.
ukanasknel aTwleulebSi, msoflios mTian regionebSi, gaizarda interesi bunebrivi

da eTnokulturuli faseulobebis dacvisadmi. aRiniSneba arsebuli daculi teri-
toriebis gafarToeba da axlis Seqmna, rasac garkveulwilad mosaxleobis migracia
da „Tavisufali“ arealebis arseboba uwyobs xels. daculi teritoriebidan gansa-
kuTrebuli popularobiT erovnuli parkebi da biosferuli rezervatebi sargeb-
lobs, sadac SenarCunebulia sazogadoebis da bunebis Tanacxovrebis gamorCeuli
magaliTebi, bunebrivi da kulturuli mravalferovneba.
garkveuli mTianis sistemebi inarCuneben geostrategiul mniSvnelobas, radgan maT-

ze gadis umniSvnelovanesi samxedro da ekonomikuri daniSnulebis gzebi da uRel-
texilebi. xSirad mTiani teritoriebi warmoadgenen bunebriv sazRvars da wyalgam-
yofebs, romlebic emTxveva saxelmwifoTa an eTnikur sazRvrebs. cnobilia araerTi
SemTxveva, roca samxedro moqmedebebi mimarTuli iyo amgvari wyalgamyofebisa da
uReltexilebis dauflebisadmi. amgvari qmedebebi araerTxel aRiniSna alpebSi, sa-
dac pirveli msoflio omis dros gadanawilebul iqna mTiani teritoriebi samxed-
ro-strategiuli daniSnulebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
mTebs dResac afareben Tavs sxvadasxva jris teroristuli organizaciebi, parti-

zanuli da samoqalaqo dapirispirebaSi monawile dajgufebebi, kontrabandiT da
aralegaluri vaWrobiT dakavebuli pirovnebebi. isini, rogorc wesi, TavSesafrad
irCeven mTiani regionebis periferiul, sasazRvro nawils, raTa safrTxis SemTxve-
vaSi advilad Seafaron Tavi mezobel saxelmwifoebs.
mTebi uZvelesi droidan iTvleboda civilizaciis gavrcelebis erT-erT umniSvne-

lo-vanes barierad. amasTanave mTebSi Camoyalibda araerTi TviTmyofadi xalxi,
kultura, tradicia. erTsa da imave mTian sistemaSi (magaliTad, kavkasionze) mcxov-
rebi xalxebis izolacia imdenad didi iyo, rom gansxvavebuli enebis formirebasac
ki ganapirobebda. amJamad mTebSi 700 mln-ze meti adamiani cxovrobs. maTgan, 3000 met-
rze maRla (himalaebsa da andebSi) 20 milioni mcxovrebia. dedamiwaze, zR. donidan
2000-3000 metris farglebSi ki 120 milionamde adamiani cxovrobs.
mTebis ganviTarebisadmi sazogadoebrivi da samecniero interesi mudmivad izrdeba.

misi globaluri, regionuli Tu lokaluri Taviseburebebis kvleva maTi ganviTare-
bis optimaluri modelebis Seqmnis winapirobad miiCneva. yuradRebis fokusSia mTe-
bis bunebrivi, sameurneo, eTnokultururli Tu geopolitikuri ganviTarebis ten-
denciebi, mosaxleobis socialuri interesebi, ekologiuri problematika da sxva
mimarTulebebi. amasTan dakavSirebiT, sul ufro popularuli xdeba mTebis integ-
rirebuli (interdisciplinuri) Seswavlis mniSvneloba, romlis meSveobiT mkafiod
warmoCindeba maTi mdgradi ganviTarebis problematika da miznebi.
17
wyali samarTlianad iTvleba 21-e saukunis ZiriTad bunebriv resursad. mudmivad

izrdeba moTxovna wylis rogorc raodenobaze, ise xarisxza. arada, msoflios mo-
saxleobis naxevari da sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis ZiriTadi nawili dakavSire-
bulia mtknari wylis im resursebTan, romlebic Tavmoyrilia mTis myinvarebsa Tu
wyalsatevebSi. mTebidan iRebs saTaves da mTebSi formirdeba msoflios yvela didi
mdinare. amitomaa, rom mTebSi formirebuli wylis resursebis racionaluri ga-
moyeneba da marTva mdgradi ganviTarebis erT-erT prioritetul mimarTulebadaa
aRiarebuli.
mTiani teritoriebis gamoyenebis formebi da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi

pirdapir kavSirSia qveynis ganviTarebis donesTan. Tu ganviTarebad qveynebSi mTi-
ani regionebi „gamoirCevian“ ekonomikuri CamorCenilobiT, socialuri daZabulo-
biT da migraciis maRali maCveneblebiT, sapirispiro viTarebaa ganviTarebul qvey-
nebSi. aq mTiani regionebi ukve Camoyalibdnen turistul centrebad da xasiaTdebian
cxovrebis maRali doniT. Tumca, mTebs gacilebiT didi mniSvneloba gaaCnia. isini
samarTlianad iTvleba wylis da hidroenergetikuli resursebis formirebis area-
lad, biologiuri da kulturuli mravalferovnebiT gamorCeul teritoriad. mTebi
cnobilia ekologiurad sufTa garemoTi, ris SenarCunebasac udidesi mniSvneloba
aqvs ara marto geografiuli garsis normaluri funqcionirebisTvis, aramed kacob-
riobis momavlisTvisac.
mTebSi intensiuria stiqiuri bunebrivi procesebi, rac ukavSirdeba: seismur aqti-

vobas, reliefis formebs (daxrilobas), wylis brunvis Taviseburebebs (maRal in-
filtracias), amindis swraf cvlilebas da sameurneo zemoqmedebis (Zovebas, gzebis
mSenebloba, tyeebis eqspluatacia) masStabebs. isini gamoixateba mewyruli da denu-
daciuri procesebis, Rvarcofebis da Tovlis zvavebis saxiT.
mewyruli da denudaciuri procesebis provocirebas, romlebic warmoSobis faqto-

rebis mixedviT msgavsia, xSirad miwisZvrebi ganapirobebs. zogjer isini uzarmazar
masStabebs aRweven da SeuZliaT Secvalon rogorc reliefi, ise mdinari wylebis
mimarTuleba da infrastruqtura. mewyerisa da denudaciis formebi da intensivoba
damokidebulia amgebeli qanebis, gamofitvis intensivobis, tenbrunvis da reliefis
daxrilobis Taviseburebebze. Tu denudaciuri procesebis Sedegad moZravi qanebi
„tovebs“ adgilmdebareobas da ferdobis daxliobis mixedviT gadaadgildeba, igive
ar iTqmis mewyerze. isini mTiani reliefis pirobebSi axal formebs qmnian da mudmiv
saSiSroebas warmoadgenen.
Rvarcofi, misi Sedegebidan gamomdinare, aseve miekuTvneba katastrofuli xasiaTis

movlenas. igi ukavSirdeba naSali masis da wylis erTobliv gadaadgilebas, rac
ZiriTadad mdinareTa xeobebSi viTardeba. Rvarcofis gamomwvev mizezebs Sorisaa
Tavsxma wvimebi, Tovlis intensiuri (swrafi dnoba), miwisZvra, gamofitva (misi yvela
forma), vulkanis amofrqveva da adamianis sameureno saqmianoba. isini, ganviTarebis
mixedviT, impulsuri da eroziuli formisaa, xolo Sedegebis mixedviT – akumula-
ciuri. Sedgenilobis da simkvrivis mixedviT ganarCeven: wyal-qvian, talaxian da ta-
lax-qvian Rvarcofebs. isini, ganmeoradobis da formis mixedviT, SeiZleba saSualod
ganviTardes erTxel 3 (Tavsxma wvimebTan dakavSirebuli), 10 (Tovlis dnobasTan
dakavSirebuli) da 20 (myinvaris intensiur dnobasTan dakavSirebuli) wlis manZil-
ze. Rvarcofis masa SeiZleba meryeobdes 1-dan 3 tona/m3-ze, romlis SedgenilobaSi
wylis moculoba Sesabamisad 70 – 30%-s aRwevs. maTi dinamika da gadaadgilebis
xangrZlivoba swrafad da mcire droSi xorcieldeba, Tumca isini aqtiurad cvlian
18
reliefis formebs, teritoriis biogeografiul maxasiaTeblebs da sameurneo in-

frastruqturas.
Tovlis zvavi SeiZleba ganviTardes yvelgan, sadac Tovlis safari 0.5 metrs da re-
liefis daxriloba 150-s aRemateba. mis xelisSemSlel faqtorad mxolod tyis mcena-
reuloba da reliefis garkveuli formebi gvevlineba. zvavebis gaaqtiureba ramde-
nimedRian da intensiur Tovas, qarebs, Tovlis dnobas an arsebul Tovlis safarze
mosul wvimas SeuZlia. zvavis siCqare gansxvavebulia misi Casaxvis, ferdobis Sua
welis da daboloebis farglebSi. man SeiZleba 50 m/wm anu 180 km/sT miaRwios. zvavis
bolo wertilSi Tavmoyrili Tovlis simaRlem ramdenime aTeul metrsac SeuZlia
miaRwios, ris gamoc amgvar adgilze SeiZleba wlebis manZilze idos da ver dadnes.
swored Tovlis narCenebis analizi iZleva saSualebas ganisazRvros zvavebis gav-
rcelebis arealebi da masStabebi.
1.5. mTiani teritoriebis mdgradi ganviTarebis mniSvneloba
miznebi da amocanebi
msoflio Tanamegobroba erTxmad aRniSnavs, rom miuxedavad gaeros mowodebebisa

da mTebis mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis araerTi nacionaluri politikis gatarebisa,
amJamad dadebiTi cvlilebebi naklebad aRiniSneba. miiCneva, rom socialur, ekono-
mikur da ekologiur sferoSi gatarebuli RonisZiebebi da investiciebi Sorsaa sa-
surveli donidan. amasTan erTad, globalizaciis procesebi, klimatis cvlileba da
mTebSi mosaxleobis zrda moiTxovs siRmiseul cvlilebebs. arada, negatiuri pro-
cesebi saxezea – mTiani teritoriebis mosaxleoba xasiaTdeba masiuri siRaribiT,
izrdeba katastrofuli xasiaTis bunebrivi movlenebis da procesebis raodenoba,
gaizarda niadagebis degradaciis masStabebi, aRiniSneba wylis resursebis Semcireba,
xolo migracia da sasursaTo usafrTxoeba kvlav rCeba mTiani regionebis erT-erT
mTavar gamowvevad.
mTebs msoflios 53 qveynis teritoriis naxevarze meti ukavia, xolo 45 qveynis saer-
To farTobis 25 – 50%. mTebSi warmodgenilia moicaven turizmis msoflio industri-
is 20%, rac ganpirobebulia maRali biologiuri da istoriul-kulturuli mraval-
ferovnebiT, religiuri obieqtebis mravali adgilsamyofeliT, maRali potencialis
mqone rekreaciuli resursebiT.
mTebs gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia mtknari wylis resursebis formirebaSi. mTis
mdinareebi aRdgenadi bunebrivi resursebis umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa TiTqmis yve-
la msxvili dasaxlebuli punqtis Tu mosaxleobis Tavmoyris arealebisTvis. aqve
iwarmoeba msoflio hidroeleqtroenergiis naxevari. klimatis cvlilebam SeuZlia
uaryofiTi roli iTamaSos wyliT momaragebis sakiTxebSi da araerTi qveynis dapi-
rispirebis mizezi gaxdes. es gansakuTrebiT exeba im qveynebs, romlebic transasazR-
vro mdinareebiT sargebloben. msoflioSi am mimarTebiT dadebuli transasazRvro
(romelic 263 mdinaris auzs exeba) TanamSromlobis xelSekrulebis 1/3, wylis resur-
sebiT optimaluri sargeblobis da masTan dakavSirebuli an mosalodneli konfliq-
tis regulirebas ukavSirdeba.
mTebi warmoadgens globaluri bio da agromravalferovnebis Tavmoyris areals.
aq warmodgenilia marcvleulis da Sinauri saqonlis tradiciuli da adaptirebuli
saxeobebis mniSvnelovani nawili. isini genetikur resursad miiCneva, ramac SeuZlia
uzrunvelyos araerTi regionis sasursaTo usafrTxoeba. es gansakuTrebiT exeba
19
tropikuli, subtropikuli da zomieri sartylis dasaxlebul regionebs, sadac aRi-

niSneba mosaxleobis mateba da maRali koncentracia. mTebSi aseve warmodgenilia
msoflio biomravalferovnebis „cxeli wertilebis“ naxevarze meti. isini ZiriTadad
Tavmoyrilia tropikuli da subtropikuli sartyelis mTian regionebSi.
mTebi cnobilia kulturuli memkvidreobis uamravi obieqtiT da wminda adgiliT.

religiuri adgilebi da salocavebi uzrunvelyofen araerTi eris sulier energias
da orientacias. aqvea msoflioSi cnobili terasuli meurneobis araerTi adgili,
sadac soflis meurneobis gansakuTrebuli formebia Seqmnili.
gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (gaero) mouwodebs da astimulirebs saxelmwi-

foebs, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcion da CarTon mTiani regionebi strategi-
uli ganviTarebis gegmebSi. es gansakuTrebiT exebaT ganviTarebad qveynebs, romel-
Tvisac rekomendirebulia gaTvaliswinebul iqnas ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamoc-
dileba.
gaeros strategiuli mimarTulebebi da amocanebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba mTian re-

gionebs, Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:
• ekologiurad orientirebuli ekonomikis ganviTareba;
• brZola gaudabnoebasa da gaudaburebasTan;
• transsasazRvro TanamSromlobis gaZliereba;
• klimatis cvlilebasTan adaptacia;
• mTis mdgradi ganviTarebis programebis integracia qveynebis saerTo strategi-
uli ganviTarebis gegmebSi;
• mTisa da baris mosaxleobis, sasoflo da saqalaqo dasaxlebuli punqtebis in-
tegrirebuli ganviTareba;
• tradiciuli codnis da adgilobrivi kulturis SenarCuneba;
• mTiani regionebis samTavrobo, kerZo biznesis da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis in-
teresebis erToblivi marTva;
• mTiani regionebis marTvis, SenarCunebis da ganviTarebis miznebis Tanxvedra;
• saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis gaZliereba da saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis ga-
ziareba.
gaeros mierve SemuSavebulia qmedebebis miznebi mTiani regionebis strategiuli

ganvi-TarebisTvis. maT Sorisaa:
• investiciebis zrda mTiani regionebis ekologiurad orientirebul ekonomikaSi;

• xelisuflebis da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis intensiuri CarTva „mwvane investi-
ciebis“ realizebaSi;
• wylis resursebis efeqturi gamoyeneba da marTva Sida moxmarebisa da komerci-
uli miznebiT;
• mTis mosaxleobis sasursaTo uzrunvelyofa;
• energo damzogavi teqnologiebis danergva da gamoyeneba;
• mcire da saSualo biznesis xelSewyoba da ganviTareba;
• klimatis cvlilebasTan dakavSirebuli nacionaluri da lokaluri gegmebis Se-
muSaveba, mosaxleobis informirebuloba da monitoringis sistemis organizeba;
• stiqiur movlenebTan brZola, riskebis gamovlena da marTva;
• samecniero da praqtikuli (sameurneo) centrebis organizeba.
20
1.6. mTiani teritoriebis mdgradi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi orientirebi
amJamad, mTiani teritoriebis mdgradi ganviTareba araerTi saxelmwifos erT-erTi

Zi-riTadi mizani gaxda. amisTvis miRebulia specialuri kanonebi, rac aregulirebs
mTebTan dakavSirebul problemebs, mosaxleobis socialur da ekonomikur stimuli-
rebas, infrastruqturis ganviTarebas da a.S. miCneulia, rom saxelmwifo mxardaWe-
ris gareSe mTian teritoriebze mosaxleobis SenarCuneba ver moxerxdeba.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba mTisni teritoriebis samecniero Seswavlas,

misi bunebis SenarCunebasTan dakavSirebuli problematikis warmoCenas, mosaxle-
obis yofa-cxovrebis da tradiciebis kvlevas, rekreaciuli da resursuli poten-
cialis gansazRvras, mdgrad teritoriul dagegmarebas da sivrciT mowyobas. teri-
toriuli dagegmarebis efeqturoba ekologiuri problemebis prevenciis saSuale-
bas ukavSirdeba, rac mxolod landSafturi midgomis da landSafturi dagegmarebis
principebis realizebiTaa SesaZlebeli.
mTebis samecniero kvlevis aqtualoba klimatis globaluri cvlilebasac ukavSir-

deba. haeris temperaturis TiTqmis sayovelTao mateba, naleqebis raodenobis zrda
ukve aisaxa araerTi mTiani sistemis landSaftur, glacialur, biogeografiul da
hidrologiur maxasiaTeblebze. tropikuli, subtropikuli da zomieri sartylis
mTebSi ukve mkafiod aRiniSneba myinvariT dafaruli teritoriebis farTobis, Tov-
lis xangrZliobis da simZlavris maCveneblebis Semcireba, tyis zeda sazRvris cvli-
leba (aRmasvla), zafxulis temperaturebis da naleqebis raodenobis zrda. amgvari
procesebi mTebis mimdebare gorak-borcviani zonis aridizaciis fonze mimdinareobs,
rac araerTi saxis bunebrivi resursis gamoyenebis da mopovebis politikis gadaxed-
vas moiTxovs.
mTebTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gadawyveta meurneobis romelime erTi dargis

prerogativad ar iTvleba. igi mxolod kompleqsuri, multidargobrivi midgome-
bis gziT SeiZleba gadaiWras. aseve miCneulia, rom nebismieri qmedeba miznad unda
isaxavdes erTdroulad bunebrivi da kulturuli faseulobebis SenarCunebas, eko-
nomikur da socialur stimulirebas da ara SeRavaTebs. evropis mTian regionebSi,
mxolod rekreaciuli faseulobebis warmoCena da turizmis ganviTareba, ar miiCne-
va mosaxleobis stimulirebis da depopulaciis SeCerebis realur gzad. amgvaradaa
SesaZlebeli SenarCunebul iqnas mTis mosaxleoba, romelsac Rirseuli cxovrebis
saSualeba da stimuli miecema.
rogorc wesi, mTian regionebSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli dotaciuri midgoma anu

sxvadasxva saxis SeRavaTebis daweseba. amgvari xedva akninebs adgilobrivi mosax-
leobis iniciativebs, resursebis racionaluri da efeqturi gamoyenebis SesaZleb-
lobebs, mdgradi ganviTarebis principebis realizebas. evropis mTiani regionebi,
optimaluri dagegmarebis xarjze, ukve aTwleulebis iTvleba mosaxleobis da bizne-
sis dainteresebis arealad. es gansakuTrebiT exeba ekologiur soflis meurneobas,
energiis alternatiuli wyaroebis ganviTarebas, adgilobriv rewvas, samkurnalo
mcenareebis kultivacias, rekreacias da sxv.
mTiani teritoriebis mdgradi ganviTareba rogorc adgilobrivi mosaxleobis, ise

saxelmwifo da kerZo biznesis interesebis Sejerebul gaazrebas da dakmayofile-
bas saWiroebs. saxelmwifo politikis gatareba moiTxovs rogorc strategiuli anu
globaluri, ise regionuli da lokaluri problematikis da ganviTarebis tenden-
ciebis warmoCenas. am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTi roli eniWeba globaluri da regionuli
21
gamowvevebis analizs da maTTan adaptaciis gzebis dasaxvas. amgvari gamowvevebi ki

mdgradi ganviTarebis nebismier mimarTulebas exeba.
aseve miCneulia, rom aucilebelia yvela mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis

individualuri da mizanmimarTuli gegmebis SemuSavebis aucilebloba. amgvari geg-
mebi ar SeiZleba iyos universaluri da Tanabrad efeqturi yvela mTiani teritori-
isTvis. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba aseve unda mieqces transasazRvro TanamSromlo-
bas, rac ZiriTadad daculi teritoriebis erTiani qselis da sagzao infrastruqu-
ris ganviTarebaSi gamoixateba.
msoflio Tanamegobroba aqtiurad TanamSromlobs mTiani teritoriebis mosaxleo-

bis keTildReobis amaRlebis da amgvari regionebis mdgradi ganviTarebis mizniT.
cnobilia araerTi saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba, konvencia Tu transasazRvro Tanam-
Sromlobis magaliTi, romlebis xels uwyobs sasicocxlo garemos gaumjobesebas
da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikur mxardaWeras. mixedavad amgva-
ri qmedebebisa, mTebi kvlav iTvleba „rTulad wvdomad“ arealad da ekologiurad
aramdgrad garemod, ris gamoc xSirad rCeba xelisufrebis da biznesis yuradRebis
miRma. es gansakuTrebiT exeba ganviTarebad qveynebs, sadac mTiani teritoriebis mo-
saxleobis ZiriTadi nawili kvlav cxovrobs ukiduresi gaWirvebis da rTuli eko-
logiuri viTarebis fonze.
sruliad axleburi viTareba Seiqmna rio-de-Janeiros 1992 wlis gaeros cnobili

konferenciis Semdgom anu maSin, roca aq specialurad imsjeles mTiani teritorie-
bis mdgradi gaviTarebis principebze da saSualebebze, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis da
Temebis xelSewyobaze, TanamSromlobis ganviTarebaze da gamocdilebis gaziarebaze.
amis kargi magaliTia Sua aziis qveynebis (yazaxeTi, uzbekeTi, tajikeTi) da alpuri
qveynebis (germania, Sveicaria, avstria, safrangeTi, italia da sxv.) mTiani teritori-
ebis soflis mosaxleobis sazogadoebebis Camoyalibeba gamocdilebis gaziarebis da
TanamSromlobis mizniT. TanamSromlobis Sedeged ganisazRvra im qmedebaTa erTob-
lioba, rac uzrunvelyofs mTiani teritoriebis dacvas biomravalferovnebis Senar-
Cunebis mizniT da ekologiuri koridorebiT daculi teritoriebis erTiani qselis
formirebas. mogvianebiT analogiuri TanamSormloba ganviTarda centraluri ame-
rikis, samxreT aRmosavleT aziis da karpatebis qveynebsa da evropis zemoTaRniSnul
qveynebs Soris mTiani teritoriebis mdgradi ganviTarebis mizniT.
amrigad, rio-92 gadamwyveti aRmoCnda msoflios araerTi mTiani regionis mdgradi

ganviTarebis Tematikis „gaaqtiurebaSi“, rac saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis da adgi-
lobrivi mosaxleobis CarTulobiT unda ganxorcielebuliyo. ganvililma wlebma
mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis ramdenime uaryofiTi tendencia warmoaCina:
• mTian regionebSi klimatis swrafi cvlilebis fonze gamwvavda stiqiuri proce-

sebis intensivoba da gaizarda maTi raodenoba, Semcirda myinvarebiT dafaruli
farTobi, problemebi Seiqmna adgilobrivi da barSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis sas-
meli wyliT momaragebis saqmeSi;
• aRiniSna ramdenime msxvili SeiaraRebuli konfliqti (kavkasia, pamiri, centra-
luri amerika, eTiopia da sxv.), ramac xeli SeuSala mdgradi ganviTarebis ten-
denciebs;
• urbanizaciis swrafi tempebi da migraciuli procesebis intensivoba;
• msoflio mosaxleobis da ekonomikis swrafma zrdam gazarda moTxovna sxvadas-
xva saxis wiaRiseulze, ramac xeli Seuwyo mTian regionebSi ekologiuri degra-
daciis masStabebis zrdas.
22
1.7. msoflios zogierTi mTiani regionis bunebrivi potenciali

da ganviTarebis Taviseburebani
alpebi (evropa)
alpebs ukavia centraluri evropis 7 qveynis 190 aTasi kvadratuli kilometri, sadac
cxovrobs 14 milioni adamiani. am mTian sistemas evropaSi gaaCnia araerTi mniSvne-
lovani roli. misi ekonomika ukavSirdeba meurneobis araerTi mimarTulebis gan-
viTarebas. maT Sorisaa turizmi, momsaxurebis araerTi saxeoba, mrewveloba, eleq-
tronergetika da soflis meurneoba. miuxedavad ganviTarebis maRali donisa, alpebi
mosaxleobis, socialuri problemebis da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donis mixedviT
ramdenime nawilad iyofa. mas yovelwliurad 60 milioni adamiani stumrobs, romel-
Ta momsaxurebas uwevs regionis mosaxleobis 12%. alpebSi Tavmoyrilia evropis
floris saxeobaTa 40%, xolo daculi teritoriebi Seadgens misi saerTo farTobis
¼-s.
alpebi axalgazrda mTiani sistemaa, romelic warmodgenilia evropis centralur na-

wilSi. misi farTobi 220 aTas kv.km-s aRwevs. umaRlesi mwvervalia monblani (4807 met-
ri). Sedgeba ramdenime mTiani masivisgan, romelTac geografiuli ganlagebis (Tavmoy-
ris) mixedviT yofen or – dasavleT da aRmosavleT alpebad.
alpebis reliefis formirebaze didi roli iTamaSa gamyinvarebam, romelic pleis-

tocenSi ramdenjerme ganviTarda. igi gansakuTrebiT aisaxa maRlmTian masivebze, sa-
dac aRiniSneba gansakuTrebiT dabali temperaturebi da naleqebis didi raodenoba
(barieruli Tvisebebis gamo). Sedegad, ganviTarda myinvaruli reliefis moswore-
buli da yuTisebri formebi, romlebic Tanamedrove epoqaSi samTo – saTxilamuro
sportis ganviTarebis safuZveli gaxda.
sasargeblo wiaRiseulidan cnobilia rogorc liTonuri (rkina, tyvia-TuTia, spi-

lenZi, manganumi da sxv.), ise saTbobi (qvanaxSiri) nedleulis sabadoebi. alpebi ga-
moirCeva mTis mdinareebis hidroenergetikuli potencialiT, romlis arsebiTi na-
wili aTvisebulia.
alpebis klimati mravalferovania da ukavSirdeba rogorc geografiul mdebareo-

bas (zomieri sartylis farglebSi), ise atmosferos cirkulacias, adgilis simaRles
da mimdebare wyalsatevebis gavlenas. mudmivi Tovlis xazi warmodgenilia zRv.do-
nidan 2500 – 3200 metrze, rac gansxvavdeba naleqebis ganawilebis mixedviT. naleqe-
bis wliuri raodenoba icvleba alpebis ganapira da Sida regionebis mixedviT da
Sesabamisad meryeobs 4000 – 500 milimetrs Soris. gansakuTrebiT mcire raodenobis
naleqebi aRiniSneba mTaTaSoris qvabulebsa da mdinareTa viwro xeobebSi, Tumca aq
tenis deficiti nalkebad aRiniSneba aorTqlebadobis dabali maCveneblebis gamo.
gamyinvarebis saerTo farTobi 4 aTas kv.km-s aRwevs, rac 5%-iT naklebia gasuli sau-
kunis 70-iani wlebis maCvenebelze. yvelaze mZlavri vulkani warmodgenilia aleCis
regionSi (Sveicaria), romlis ena zRvis donidan 2100 metramde ecema.
bunebrivi zonaloba da sazogadoebrivi aqtivoba gamoirCeva simaRlebrivi sar-

tylurobiT. mTiswinebi, reliefis formebisa da zomieri havis gamo, maqsimaluradaa
aTvisebuli da dasaxlebuli. aq misdeven rogorc miwaTmoqmedebas, ise mesaqonleo-
bas. dabali da saSualo mTebi, reliefis maRali danawevrebis, Tovlis xangrZlivi
safarisa da zomierad civi klimatis gamo, SedarebiT naklebadaa aTvisebuli. gamo-
irCeva biologiuri mravalferovnebiT. meurneobis dargebidan aRsaniSnavia: mesa-
23
qonleoba, memarcvleba (xorbali, qeri, Wvavi), mekartofileoba da sxv. farTod da

maRal donezea ganviTarebuli sakurorto meurneoba. maRali mTebis anu subalpur
da alpur srtyelSi zamTari xangrZlivi da mkacria, ris gamoc soflis meurneoba
mxolod mesaqonleobiTaa warmodgenili. aq bevria samTo-saTxilamuro kurorti,
romlebic adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Semosavlis ZiriTadi wyaroa.
alpebis mdgradi ganviTareba ramdenime stabiluri aspeqtiTaa ganpirobebuli. maT

Sorisaa: maRali ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT, stabiluri politikuri viTarebiT, Se-
darebiTi demografiuli stabilurobiT da sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT (uzrunvelyo-
fili sakanonmdeblo baziT). uaryofiT procesebs miekuTvneba:
• miwaTsargeblobis formebis cvla sakurorto da saagarako meurneobis upirate-

si ganviTarebiT (aisaxa fermebisa da fermerebis ricxvis Semcirebaze),
• periferiuli da centraluri regionebis ganviTarebis saxesxvaobebi,
• ekologiuri dabinZurebis xarisxis zrda (xmauri, atmosferos dabinZureba),
• axalgazrdobis SesamCnevi migracia Sida raionebidan periferiebisa da sagan-
manaTleblo centrebisken (rac amcirebs SromiTi resursebis raodenobriv da
struqturul maCveneblebs),
• investiciebis SesamCnevi kleba mrewvelobasa da soflis meurneobaSi (gajerebis
fonze).
meurneobis zogierTi forma (mesaqonleoba) da klimatis cvlileba uaryofiTad ai-

saxa alpebis biomravalferovnebaze. aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanaskneli asi wlis manZil-
ze haeris saSualowliuri temperatura 1.50-iT gaizarda, mkveTrad Semcirda Tov-
lis safaris simZlavre da xangrZlivoba, gaizarda simSralis maCveneblebi zafxu-
lis TveebSi, wyaldidobaTa raodenoba da intensivoba, Semcirda wylis resursebis
raodenoba da miwis bunebrivi nayofiereba. alpebSi mxolod turizmiT da sagzao
infrastruqturiT gamorCeuli regionebi inarCuneben demografiul stabilurobas.
alpebSi mdebare qalaqebi TandaTan kargaven funqciebs, rac aisaxeba alpebis mimde-
bare regionebis urbanizaciis procesebze.
klimatis cvlileba alpebis arsebuli meurneobis sxvadasxva formis adaptacias mo-

iTxovs. bunebrivi movlenebis intensivobis zrda turizmis ganviTarebis da gare-
mos dacvis politikis axlebur gaazrebas moiTxovs. sxvadasxva mosazrebis mixedviT,
alpebis mdgradi ganviTareba ramdenime prioritetuli mimarTulebis warmoCenas,
adamianuri da bunebrivi resursebis optimalur gamoyenebas saWiroebs. maT Sorisaa:
• wylis resursebis dagroveba, optimaluri ganawileba da marTva;

• bunebrivi garemoTi mosargebleTa kompensireba (intensiuridan eqstensiur me-
urneobaze gadasvlis mizniT);
• daculi teritoriebis erTiani qselis Seqmna;
• dasaqmebis stimulireba;
• Tanamedrove teqnologiuri inovaciebis danergvis xelSewyoba.
andebi (samxreTi amerika)
andebi samxreT amerikaSi TiTqmis 9 aTas kilometrzea gadaWimuli da moicavs 7 qvey-

nis teritorias. igi udidesi klimaturi barieria da xels uSlis atlantis okeanidan
notio masebis gadaadgilebas dasavleTis mimarTulebiT.
24
andebi axalgazrda mTiani sistemaa, sadac mTaTawarmoSobis procesebi intensiurad

grZeldeba. igi ramdenime paraleruli qedisgan Sedgeba, romelTa Soris mTaTa-
Sorisi xeobebi, qvabulebi da vrceli zegnebia warmodgenili. mTiani sistemebi gan-
sxvavdeba simaRlis da ganfenilobis mixedviT. yvelaze maRalia andebis centraluri
nawili, sadac TvalsaCinoa bunebrivi pirobebis simaRlebrivi cvla.
andebSi xSiria miwisZvrebi da vulkanuri procesebi, rac regionis ganviTarebis

erT-erT xelisSemSlel faqtorad iTvleba. andebi mdidaria wiaRiseuliT, romel-
Tagan gamoirCeva spilenZi, tyvia-TuTia, Zvirfasi liTonebi da saTbobi wiaRiseuli.
andebi moicavs ramdenime klimatur sartyels, ris gamoc didi sxvaobaa haeris tempe-
raturasa da naleqebis ganawilebaSi. naleqebis raodenoba meryeobs 200-dan 10 aTas
milimetramde. Tovlis xazi icvleba 5 aTasi metridan (CrdiloeTi nawili), 6 aTas
metramde centralur nawilSi da 500 metramde samxreT nawilSi.
andebs ukavia 2.5 mln km2, sadac cxovrobs 85 milioni adamiani. mis resursebze aseve
damokidebulia 20 milioni adamiani, romlebic ZiriTadad cxovroben wynari okea-
nis sanapiro zolSi. aq warmodgenilia 17% im saxnavi miwebisa, romlebsac flobs
andebTan dakavSirebuli 7 samxreT amerikuli qveyana. garda argentinisa da venesue-
lisa, andebSi formirebuli wylis resursebi uzrunvelyofen aqauri qveynebis ener-
getikuli potencialis 85%.
andebSi TvalsaCionoa klimatis cvlis tendenciebi, mosaxleobis zrda, miwaTsar-

geblobis problemebi, mTis ekosistemebis transformaciis masStabebi. ukanasknel
aTwleulebSi myinvarebma „ukan daixia“ amdebis mTel perimetze, ramac didi prob-
lemebi ukve Seqmna wylis resursebis saxvadasxva mimarTulebiT gamoyenebis saqmeSi.
aq mosaxleoba cxovrobs CvenTvis uCveulo simaRleebze, rac andebis geografiul

mdebareobas da klimats ukavSirdeba. meurneobis dargebidan gavrcelebulia mesa-
qonleoba, samTo-mopovebiTi mrawveloba da memarcvleoba.
andebis mdgradi ganviTarebis problematika ramdenime aspeqts ukavSirdeba, esenia:
• mosaxleobis maRali simWidrove, rac mTis ekosistemebis degradaciis winapiro-

baa;
• samTo mrewvelobis ganviTarebis maRali done, rac ver uzrunvelyofs adgilob-
rivi mosaxleobis Semosavlebs da zrdis ekologiur problemebs;
• miuxedavad agrobiomravalferovnebisadmi maRali interesisa, tradiciuli sof-
lis meurneoba ver uwyobs xels mosaxleobis keTildReobas (Tanamedrove teq-
nologiebis simwiris gamo soflis meurneobasa da kvebis mrewvelobaSi);
• klimatis cvlilebis Sedegad myinvarebiT dafaruli farTobebis Semcireba ukve
aisaxa mosaxleobis sasmeli, sayofacxovrebo da sairigacio wyliT momaragebaze.
kordilierebi (CrdiloeTi amerika) da centraluri amerikis mTiani teritoriebi
kordilierebi CrdiloeT amerikaSi 9 aTas kilometrzea gadaWimuli da moicavs aTe-

ulze meti qveynis teritorias. igi arsebiTi klimaturi barieria da xels uSlis at-
lantis okeanidan notio masebis gadaadgilebas dasavleTis mimarTulebiT.
kordilierebi axalgazrda mTiani sistemaa, sadac mTaTawarmoSobis procesebi in-

tensiurad grZeldeba. igi ramdenime paraleruli qedisgan Sedgeba, romelTa Soris
mTaTaSorisi xeobebi, qvabulebi da vrceli zegnebia warmodgenili. mTiani sistemebi
25
gansxvavdeba simaRlis da ganfenilobis mixedviT. yvelaze maRalia kordilierebis

CrdiloeTi nawili.
kordilierebi moicavs ramdenime klimatur sartyels, dawyebuli atqtikulidan da

damTavrebuli subekvatoruliT. naleqebis raodenoba meryeobs 100-dan (Crdiloe-
Ti da centraluri nawilis qvabulebi) 7 aTas milimetramde (ukiduresi samxreTi).
Tovlis xazi icvleba 500 metridan (CrdiloeTi nawili), 3500 metramde centralur
nawilSi).
mosaxleoba ZiriTadad cxovrobs okeaneebis sanapiro zolSi, agreTve dabali da

saSualo simaRlis mTebSi.
kordilierebi mdgradi ganviTarebis problematika ukavSirdeba or regionul sa-

xesxvaobas: CrdiloeT amerikis da centraluri amerikis qveynebis socialur-ekono-
mikuri ganviTarebis Taviseburebebs, kerZod:
centraluri amerikis SemTxvevaSi – ekologiuri problematika ukaSirdeba tyeebis

intensiur Cexvas, xelovnuri wyalsatevebis intensiur mSeneblobas, klimatis cvli-
lebis Sedegad aridizaciis intensifikacias, samTo-mopovebiTi mrewvelobis maRal
ganviTarebas da zemoqmedebas, mosaxleobis matebas da sasicocxlo sivrcis SezRude-
ulobas, niadagis eroziis maRal maCeveneblebs (rac kavSirdeba soflis meurneobas,
qarisa da wylis moqmedebas). mTebisadmi interesi izrdeba, rac ganpirobebuli dab-
lob regionebSi mosaxleobis maRali simWidroviT.
CrdiloeTi amerikis SemTxvevaSi (ZiriTadad aSS-s SemTxvevaSi) – aRiniSneba mTaSi

mcxovrebi mosaxleobis zrda, rac ukavSirdeba maRal rekreaciul „mimzidvelobas“
da turizmis ganviTarebis interesebs. orive mimarTuleba didi raodenobiT izidavs
investiciebs, rasac emateba saxelmwifo politika infrastruqturis intensiuri gan-
viTarebis mimarTulebiT. regioni gamoirCeva adgilobrivi sazogadoebis maRali
aqtivobiT, rac gamoixateba samecniero-kvleviTi centrebis SeqmnaSi, mdgradi ganvi-
TarebisTvis specialuri programebis organizebasa da gaqtiurebaSi, daculi teri-
toriebis gafarToebasa da misi qselis formirebaSi.
regionSi ekologiuri mimarTulebiT ramdenime problemis gaaqtiureba aRiniSneba.

esenia: biomravalferovnebis degradaciis tendenciebi, klimatis cvla da misi gav-
lena mTis ekosistemebis geografiul cvalebadobaze, wylis resursebis moxmarebis
zrda da misadmi maRali interesi, mTiani teritoriebis siaxloves urbanizaciis ma-
Rali done da bunebrivi resursebisadmi maRali interesi; adgilobrivi mosaxleo-
bisTvis dawesebuli SeRavaTebi, rac xels uwyobs samTo-mopovebiTi mrewvelobis da
bunebrivi resursebis mopovebis intensifikacias;
msoflios sxva mTiani regionebi
afrikis mTian sistemebSi mdgradi ganviTarebis problematika ZiriTadad erTgvaro-

vania. aq TiTqmis araferi keTdeba mTebis mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis, saxelmwifos
da biznesis mxridan praqtikulad ar xorcieldeba investiciebi; aRiniSneba ukidu-
resi siRatake, rac aisaxeba tyis ekosistemebis intensiur gamoyenebaze; adgilobrivi
mosaxleoba praqtikulad ar flobs informacias axal teqnologiqbze da mdgradi
ganviTarebis tendenciebze; Zalian bevri mTis Temi izolirebulad cxovrobs, rac
aferxebs maT integracias investiciebis an turizmis ganviTarebis sferoSi.
26
axlo aRmosavleTSi mdgradi ganviTarebis tendenciebi ukavSirdeba:

• navTobis mopovebas da masTan dakavSirebul gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobas;
• mdgrad ganviTarebas xels uSlis mosaxleobis migracia msxvil dasaxlebul pun-
qtebSi, rac dasaqmebis SesaZleblobasTan asocirdeba;
• intensiuria gaudabnoebis procesebi da klimatis cvlilebis Sedegebi, rasac xels
uwyobs mesaqonleobis (mecxvareobis) ganviTarebis maRali done da tradiciebi;
• mkveTrad dgas wylis resursebis gamoyenebisa da marTvis problemebi, rac ma-
RalSemosavliani soflis meurneobis Semaferxebeli faqtoria;
• regioni ukanasknel aTwleulebSi gamoirCeva politikuri arastabilurobiTac,
rac aseve mkveTrad aisaxeba mdgradi ganviTarebis Sesazleblobebze.
himalaebSi, miuxedavad wylis resursebis didi potencialisa, regionSi mosaxleo-

bis intensiuri zrdis gamo (amJamad aq 1.5 miliardi mcxovrebia) mkveTrad gauaresda
wylis resursebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi; TvalsaCinoa klima-
tis cvlilebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebic, rac iasaxa myinvarebis moculobis
Semcirebaze; gaizarda bunebrivi katastrofebis rogorc raodenoba, ise maStabebi;
regioni msoflioSi „gamorCeulia“ siRatakis doniT, mudmivad moSimSile mosaxle-
obis maRali xvedriTi wiliT da socialuri usamarTlobiT.
centraluri aziis mTian regionebSi (pamiri, tian-Sani) gardamavali ekonomikis pi-

robebSi mkveTri gadasvla mTis meurneobis araerTi mimarTulebis (gansakuTrebiT
adgilobrivi rewvis) ganadgureba ganapiroba. aRiniSneba siRatakis maRali done,
ekologiuri problematikis ugulvebelyofa, infrastruqtura moZvelebulia da ar
pasuxobs Tanamedrove moTxovnebs. aq maRalia mosaxleobis migraciis maCveneble-
bi, samTo-mopovebiTi mrewvelobis obieqtebis gavlena mTis ekosistemebze, wylis
resursebze moTxovna (rac ukavSirdeba soflis meurneobis da hidroenergetikis
ganviTarebas).
samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis mTian regionebSi aRiniSneba biomravalferovnebis deg-

radaciis da ganadgurebis procesi. mosaxleoba siRaribeSi cxovrobs, rac moqmedebs
kulturuli memkvidrebis SenaCunebaze da mograciuli procesebis prevenciaze. ma-
Ral donezea naturaluri gacvla, rac ar iZleva ekonomikaSi reinvesticiis saSua-
lebas. axalgardobas ar aqvs ganaTlebis miRebis saSualeba, rac aseve aisaxeba sagan-
manaTleblo centrebisken maT ltolvaze. adgilobrivi biznesi did interess iwvevs
xe-tyis resursebis mopovebaze, rac did resursul da bunebrivi TviTaRdgenis po-
tencials ukavSirdeba. maRalia aralegaluri biznesis xvedriTi wili, rac adgilob-
riv biujetSi saxsrebis mobilizebas uSlis xels. wylis energetikuli potencialis
gamoyenebam da samTo-mopovebiTi mrewvelobis ganviTarebam gazarda Semosavlebi,
Tumca aseve gaizarda mTis ekosistemebze zemoqmedebis masStabebi;
centraluri, aRmosavleT da samxreT-aRmosavleT evropis mTian regionebSi mgra-

di ganviTarebis problematika ukavSirdeba postsabWoTa ekonomikidan sabazro ur-
TierTobebze gadasvlis process. miuxedavad sirTuleebisa, miRebul iqna transa-
sazRvro TanamSromlobis xelSekrelebebi (magaliTad, karpatebTan dakavSirebiT),
rac praqtikulad imeorebs alpuri qveynebis TanamSromlobisa da saqmianobis prin-
cipebs. negatiur procesad aseve SeiZleba CaiTvalos adgilobrivi mosaxleobis da-
bali interesi mTiani teritoriebis saTemo da sazogadoebrivi gamoyenebis, priva-
tizirebisa da investirebis saqmeSi. aseve neli tempebiT viTardeba mTiani terito-
riebis integrirebuli gamoyenebis mimarTulebiT, rac aferxebs xelisuflebisa da
27
sxvadasxva dainteresebuli organizaciebis saqmianobis efeqturobas. aseve proble-
murad rCeba ekosistemuri momsaxurebis gadasaxadebis daweseba, rac aferxebs adgi-
lobrivi mosaxleobis Semosavlebis zrdas. formirebis procesSia koncefciebi da
programebi, romlebic exeba mTiani regionebis mdgradi ganviTrebis miznebs, indi-
katorebs, Sefasebis kriteriumebs, finansirebas, gamoyenebis regulirebas da kon-
trols. gasaweria is qmedebebi da uflebebi, rac gaaCniaT adgilobriv mosaxleo-
bas sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis reglamentirebis
saqmeSi, rac aseve ukavSirdeba landSaftis marTvis da landSaftis momsaxurebis
meTodologiis implementacias. aseve aRsaniSnavia im sainformacio saqmianobis aqti-
vobis dabali done, rac adgilobriv mosaxleobas Seuqmnis warmodgenas lokaluri,
regionuli da globaluri procesebis urTierTkavSirze. regionis qveynebSi aqtu-
alur problemad rCeba mosaxleobis mTidan barSi migraciis Seuqcevadi procesi,
transasazRvro wylis resursebis gamoyeneba da marTva, mTebSi mineraluri nedle-
ulis mopovebis Sedegebis prevencia da sxv. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba kvlav ganic-
dis dabal SemosavlebTan, samedicino momsaxurebasTan, profesiul ganaTlebasTan,
sakvebis mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebul diskomforts. aq samecniero kvlevebSi
ZiriTadi aqcentebi keTdeba klimatis cvlilebis gavlenaze tyeebze, sanapiro zolsa
da wylebze, Tumca sasurvelad iTvleba amave zemoqmedebis Seswavla mTis ekosiste-
mebis mdgradobas da mowyvladobaze.
amrigad, mTiani regionebis mdgradi ganviTarebis problematika mkveTrad gansxvav-

deba ekonomikurad ganviTarebadi da ganviTarebuli regionebis mixedviT. kerZod:
ganviTarebuli ekonomikis mqone mTiani regionebi orientirebuli arian mTis re-

sursebis da ekologiuri garemos rekreaciulad mdgrad gamoyenebaze, rac ganapi-
robebs mTis ekosistemebis maRal mimzidvelobas.
ganviTarebadi ekonomikis mqone mTiani regionebi orientirebuli arian miwis da

tyis resursebis maqsimalur, wylis resursebis energetikuli miznebiT, saZovrebis
da mineraluri resursebis intensiur gamoyenebaze. amgvari viTareba mTis ekosis-
temebis da niadagebis degradaciis winapirobaa, rac gausaZlis qmnis sacxovrebel
garemos da mosaxloebis masiuri migraciis mizezi xdeba.
28
INTRODUCTION
As a result of the rapid population growth in the last two centuries, the use of natural resources has
reached unprecedented scales and the Earth and human’s living environment have changed a lot. If at
the beginning of the 19th century, the Earth population was 1 milliard, by 2018 this figure increased to
8 milliards. The development of medicine, achievements in exact, natural and social sciences and swift
introduction of new technologies and global “availability” of information serve the purpose of improv-
ing the welfare of the world population what is evidenced by the general increase in life expectancy
showing average 2-fold growth in many countries of the world for the last two centuries.
The trends of increasing environmental problems are also large-scale and global and have a negative
impact on the welfare of the Earth’s population. On the one hand, the areas “distinguished” for the de-
graded forest areas and fertile soils and scales of desertification and depopulation increase every year
after year and on the other hand, the wet areas and those covered with glaciers, fresh water and biologi-
cal resources of the World Ocean, metal and fuel and energy fossils decrease, while the atmospheric and
water pollution, negative outcomes of urbanization, etc. become more evident.
The situation is even graver in the mountainous regions, which have quite peculiar economic, social
and ecological environment. Most mountainous areas in the world have severe climatic conditions and
scarce soil resources, poorly developed infrastructure, low incomes and poor developmental prospects.
However, at some places in the world (Europe, North America), where the mountain dwellers feel com-
fortable, as they have quite attractive social-economic environment in the mountains.
A man has been living and working in the mountains for thousands of years creating unique forms
of co-existence of the nature and the society, culture and customs. The mountains still maintain sound
ecology, bulk of fresh water resources, biological and landscape diversity, endemic species of cultural
and natural vegetation and unique and interesting forms of agriculture, architecture and ethnic culture.
Despite such attractiveness in the mountains, the mountain dwellers mostly live in extreme poverty and
almost in total isolation. The migration processes have reached large scales and as a consequence, more
than one mountain regions face a threat of depopulation.
In such a situation, the need for sustainable development of mountainous regions has become an ur-
gent issue of the modern world. Sustainable development will help create favorable social, economic
and ecological environment for the future generation, and its achievement is the prerogative of only
well-educated, healthy and motivated society, with an interdisciplinary and systemic sciences playing a
decisive role in its formation. One such science is modern geography, which, on the background of chal-
lenges associated with the sustainable development, strives to establish its own place and demonstrate
its importance in the modern world.
29
CHAPTER 1
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS
1.1. Sustainable Development. Concept and principles
“Sustainable Development”, as a term, was actively used at the First World Conference dedicated to
the environmental protection and held in Stockholm (Switzerland) in 1972. In 1987, the report of the
UNO World Commission on Environment and Development, defined the concept of sustainable devel-
opment as follows: “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present-day
society without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. This explana-
tion swiftly spread all over the world and to date, it is considered as one of the most relevant explana-
tions of the concept of sustainable development.
At the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janei-
ro in 1992, sustainable development was considered as a new concept of the humankind development,
or as:
9 The techniques (means) to overcome the environmental threats and problems by the modern civi-
lization;
9 An essential precondition for the world development;
9 A tool to maintain the sound environment;
9 A response to the transformation of natural environment and processes of irrational use of natural
resources;
9 An action against an increase of the population and environmental pollution.
The Rio Conference of 1992 is fairly considered the most visible and effective international measure to
demonstrate the global problems. Among other things, the Conference thoroughly reviewed the topical-
ity of such issues as climate change, desertification, demographic development in developing countries
and regions, poverty, harmonization of national and international legislations, economic inequity and
other global problems and significance of solving them for the mankind.
Since the Rio Conference, sustainable development has become popular, though such an activity, which
is often viewed in different ways. Besides, its definition has been permanently disputed to date. Such
state of affairs is the result of different perceptions of the philosophy and essence of terms sustainable
and development. The different interpretation of the term is also associated both, with the level of soci-
etal development and approach of the scientific, cultural, political and economic circles to the develop-
mental views and opportunities.
10 years later, i.e. in 2002, a conference about a similar topic was held in Johannesburg, South African
Republic. The Johannesburg Conference considered the nature of the Rio Conference decisions and per-
spectives of sustainable development and identified the new topics of global problems associated with
the living and vital environments, scales of extracting and using natural resources, alternative energy
sources, maintenance of biodiversity, World Ocean, foodstuff provision for the population, regional and
transboundary cooperation, importance of the traditional forms of farming, etc.
After another 10 years, a UNO Conference was held in Rio de Janeiro (Rio – 2012), which was mainly
dedicated to the outcomes and analysis of the past period, problems of poverty and social inequality,
ecological agriculture, improvement and efficiency of international cooperation, and integrity and inter-
dependence of social, economic and ecological problems.
30
Chapter 1. Sustainable Development and Mountainous Regions
Presently, the term development is mainly defined as:
• The way to the spiritual and mental perfection.

• The process of regular changes making for the sustainable social-economic development of hu-
mankind.
• The process of necessary public actions leading us from the old to the new, from the primitive to
the perfection, from the chaotic to the organized and from the quantitative to the qualitative.
It should be noted that such a view of development leads to a certain terminological chaos and contin-
uous discussions. However, everyone agrees that development is the precondition for and goal of the
improvement of social, economic and cultural environment of a country. It is also recognized that no
development is possible without joint public efforts, personal initiative and state will (policy). If in the
near past, development was related only to the economic growth and welfare, presently, it means over-
coming social, ecological, cultural and spiritual problems.
Thus, only the economic welfare of the population cannot be the main goal of sustainable development.
Sustainable development can be thoroughly and efficiently realized provided an action to maintain
sound living environment and general welfare of the future generations is a priority for the state. Eco-
nomic development results in the welfare of the population and is fairly considered a leading factor in
this respect. Such welfare has a clear effect on the social development, which, on its turn, determines
the rate and opportunities of the economic development.
Sustainable development cannot be a mere synonym of the economic or social development. Rather, it
is an integrated system of different forms of actions, with its ultimate aim to reach a certain social-eco-
nomic level. Such a goal can be realized provided the economic, social, ecological, demographic and
political conditions are improved at the same time or in complex.
Term sustainability is associated with such phenomena or processes when the level of the societal
development does not change, force of resistance is not vanished and reliability of public events and
processes is not disturbed as a result of changes. This, in the first instance, means a kind of complex of
natural and public events and processes not violating the existing balance in space and time.
As some interpretations suggest, sustainable development means:
9 A single system of economic development and environmental protection, ecologically sustainable

economic development, prioritized link between the economy and the ecology.
9 Such a model of public development capable of meeting the principal vital requirements of both,
the present and the future generations.
9 The development ensuring a real improvement of life quality in terms of maintained Earth’s natu-
ral diversity (World Conservation Strategy. IUCN, UNEP, WWF. 1980);
9 Safeguard and develop the mankind opportunities by means of joint capital.
9 The development not followed by the degradation of living or natural environment.
9 A process of changes compliant with the interests of the present and future generations.
There are great many such interpretations, as the main accents are made on more than one problems,
with the following major problems: conservation of natural resources and maintenance of natural diver-
sity, optimal ratio between the economic activity and the state of environment, sustainable economic
development and growth, fair relations between the generations, quality of life and living environment,
maintenance of social and cultural values, meeting the public needs, equal regional development, etc.
31
Sustainable Development of Mountain Regions
1.2. Main concepts of sustainable development
The economic concept of sustainable development relies on and considers the rational use of exhaust-
ible natural resources, development of resource-saving technologies, focus on inexhaustible and restor-
able resources, ecological production, minimization and secondary use of waste.
The social concept of sustainable development relies on and considers the stability of social and cul-
tural systems, environmentally friendly and legally justified use of the national wealth, protection of
cultural and historical values, publicity of decisions and maximum engagement of the society in the
planning and management process.
The ecological concept of sustainable development relies on and considers the integrity of ecologi-
cal (biological, landscape) environment, maintenance of the viability and functioning mechanisms of
ecosystems, improvement of stability and self-restoration mechanisms of the natural environment, due
determination of the social-economic functions of the natural landscapes, ecology-oriented territorial
(landscape) planning, landscape service and management, creation of the esthetic environment.
All three concepts of sustainable development, despite the diversity of the considered issues, can be
considered as components of a single system. They are interconnected and mutually determinative,
and consequently, sustainable development, as a problem, is quite difficult to solve and is a long civic
and scientific process, with more than one scientific branch related to it considering the objectives and
opportunities of sustainable development at either branch, or component level.
The history of mankind knows many problems, with most of them having clear geographical pecu-
liarities. They are seen at all: local, regional and global levels. Presently, particularly topical is the talks
about global ecologic, economic, social and political problems, which are most thoroughly reviewed
by geography. The complex nature of geographical analysis, study of the spatial and time peculiari-
ties of the natural, social, economic and ecological phenomena and processes, research of natural and
modified (natural-anthropogenic) landscapes, possibility to interrelate planetary and regional ecological
problems make the science of geography particularly topical. At present, the study of the spatial (local,
regional and global) peculiarities of sustainable development is the main objective of geography what
makes it outstanding among other branches of science.
1.3. Peculiarities of mountainous areas and problems of sustainable development
Mountains always played a great role in the history and development of humankind. They are an essen-
tial source of water, forest and many mineral resources, biologically and ethically outstanding area and
territory with a high potential for recreational economy. Presently, 10% of the world population lives
in the mountains and three times more people use the natural resources formed in the mountains (water
in the first instance).
The natural environment of the mountains is instable due to several factors: high temperature ampli-
tude (promoting physical weathering), low pressure, difference between the expositions, water erosion,
high snow cover, relief inclination, low soil fertility and poorly developed road infrastructure. This is
why, the mountain ecosystems lose stability and are subject to intense degradation under the human
impact. The natural environment self-restoration mechanisms are also weak in the mountains.
Mountains have been used by a man since the ancient times mostly as the safe environment suitable
for self-defense. For example, several thousands of years ago, in Europe, the intermountain gorges in
the Alps were populated more densely than their adjacent hills and plains. People were busy with land
cultivation up to 2000 m above sea level. They gained rich harvest of cereal crops, vegetables, cannabis,
flex, etc.
32
Today, more than 700 million people live in the mountains. Their majority lives in the mountainous re-
gions of Central and South America, Asia and Africa. Following the natural conditions and little land ar-
eas of the mentioned mountainous regions, it can be said that the mountainous regions are distinguished
for very high population density, i.e. they are over-populated. In Europe, high population density in the
mountainous areas is fixed in the Alps only. The mountains of the Northern hemisphere: The Cordilleras
and Scandinavian and Siberian mountain systems are almost deserted.
The natural conditions and resources of the mountainous areas are difficult to use, and as a result, moun-
tain dwellers have to adapt themselves to the extreme conditions and fight for survival. For millennia,
the people living in the mountains have created unusual and specific forms of agriculture in response
to the conditions unfavorable for land cultivation (in terms of insufficient lands and agroclimatic re-
sources) on the one hand and conditions favorable for cattle-breeding on the other hand. Traditional
forms of land use in the mountains were developed over the river and artificially created terraces, while
cattle-breeding was a common activity on fertile summer pastures and in hey-meadows.
Mountains are rich in many kinds of natural resources, with drinking water, water energy, solar and
wind energy and thermal and mineral waters as the most valuable resources. Mountains have many
kinds of ore deposits, with ferrous and precious metals, building and facing materials as the most im-
portant ones.
The mountains in the world are distinguished for their biological and landscape diversity and wonderful
and unique nature. Consequently, mountains are the best place for the scientists for experimental obser-
vations and clearly demonstrate the peculiarities of the global course of tectonic, geodynamic, climatic
and biological phenomena and processes.
The natural diversity of the mountains depends on several factors, in particular: geographical location,
altitude and exposition of the site, distance from oceans and seas, wind direction and types and scales
of human economic activities. The mountains still have vast areas where the wildlife endems and relicts
are accumulated what further augments the ecological and scholastic importance of the mountains. The
Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF), in developing the national and global environmental projects,
makes the principal accent on the areas distinguished for the natural diversity and values of the moun-
tainous areas.
Unfortunately, most of the endems and relicts found in the mountainous regions are registered in the
Red Books of a number of countries as critically endangered or threatened species. The conservation
of the bio-diversity of the mountainous areas and protection of the endangered wildlife are one of the
primary challenges and concerns of the civilized world.
Mountains are particularly rich in recreational resources, in particular, in efficient and beautiful scen-
eries, esthetic sites, clear and transparent air, and diversified flora and fauna. Mountains are a natural
shelter and corridor for many wildlife species and they are used by the lowland and high-mountain
animals to get together, mix and move to different geographical areas.
All over the world, mountains are distinguished for high potential for tourism development. People
are attracted by the unique nature, ethnic and cultural diversity, mineral and drinking waters, efficient
sceneries and ecologically pure foodstuff of the mountains. It is the well-organized tourist infrastructure
generating incomes for local people, changing the economic profile and minimizing the anthropogenic
load on the mountainous areas.
More than one types of tourism are developed in the mountains, with sports, eco-, adventure and health
(wellness) tourism being noteworthy. Complex relief conditions support the conservation of the biodi-
33
versity in the mountains, what, together their altitudinal distribution, is another most important resource
to develop cognitive tourism (scientific, educational tourism).
The nature in the mountains is extremely sensitive, vulnerable and instable. Mountains instantly reflect
the natural processes, human impact and outcomes of different calamities. Mountains are particularly
sensitive to climate changes, which have a speedy effect on the areas and volumes of glaciers, vegeta-
tion development, water resources, etc. At present, mountains are the best indicator of the global climate
change.
Mountains are distinguished for high risks as a result of natural and anthropogenic factors. The most
important natural factors are volcanoes and earthquakes, landslides, avalanches, floods, etc. In the
mountains, the human factor becomes increasingly important, mostly in connection to the mining in-
dustry, forest exploitation and road construction. Due to the rapidly changing climatic conditions and
increasing economic activity of people, conservation of the natural diversity of the mountains is one of
the most important objectives of the humankind.
Since the ancient times, the mountains were considered one of the most important barriers to the spread
of civilization. Despite this, many kinds of original peoples, cultures and traditions have been formed in
the mountains. The isolation between the peoples living in the same mountain system (e.g. the Cauca-
sioni) was so significant that it even led to the formation of different languages. Dagestan, which is the
house of about 30 different peoples, is a good example.
Presently, there is a growing interest in the mountains and their natural resources. Mountains are devel-
oped swiftly all over the world: people build big water-reservoirs, develop new ore deposits and build
roads and communications in the mountains; besides, tourism develops and the scales of using summer
pastures and number of temporal (seasonal) settlements increase in the mountains.
An intense use of the natural resources in the mountainous areas followed by the degradation and deple-
tion of the natural biodiversity has several trends. The following trends are global:
• Increasing number of cattle on the subalpine and alpine pastures and degradation of their produc-
tivity.
• Depletion of the diversity of high-mountain vegetation following intense grazing and over-use of
the mountain vegetation to make curative herbs.
• Degradation of high- and average-mountain forests.
• Activation of erosive (geodynamic) processes.
• Intense washout of humus soil layer.
• Reduction of water resources.
• Limitation of animal habitats, routes of their migration and ecological corridors.
• Extremely poor social infrastructure and extremely low quality of life of the population of the
mountain regions.
It is known that for the last half a century, the forest index of the mountainous regions has decreased
a lot and even halved at some locations (e.g. the Pamirs, the Tian Shan), while mountain forests have
an extremely great and sometimes, a decisive ecological importance. They perform soil-protecting and
water-protecting functions; they serve as a preventive measure against floods, freshets and undesirable
geodynamic processes, and support the formation of sound environment and conservation of biodiver-
sity. Development of cattle-breeding in the mountains mostly influences the upper mountain forests,
which are most instable of the forest eco-systems. Large scales of grazing and haymaking hamper the
forest self-restoration ability and because of this, the regulation of cattle-breeding in the mountains,
together with the rational use of forests, is an important precondition for the development of the moun-
tainous areas.
34
A man’s technogenic activity in the mountainous areas can take different forms, but its outcomes are
mostly associated with the problem of water resource regulation. Particularly grave is the situation with
the water resource formation and use in the mountainous areas of arid regions. The decreasing volume
of water resources is immediately associated with the global climate change and human’s economic
activity. The problems related to the use of water resources are expected to aggravate in such regions.
Such state of affairs has its effect not only on the population of mountains and lowlands, but also on the
relations between the states, which use the resources of transit rivers.
Construction of the water reservoirs in the mountainous regions of the world has a several hundred-
year-long history. It is established that only large water reservoirs (with the depth of 100 to 150 m) have
an impact on the environment. Presently, there are several tens of such reservoirs in the world. Most
water reservoirs are built across the rivers in the mountainous regions in the moderate, subtropical or
tropical zones. On the one hand, they help regulate the water resources efficiently, but on the other hand,
they contribute to an increasing seismic pressure, flooding the riverside terraces, forests and meadows,
which are of a particular significance for the mountain dwellers, changes of the microclimate, under-
ground water level, generic structure of the wildlife and their migration routes, etc.
Thus, the development of the mountainous areas must be done in the right and purposeful manner, by
considering the principles of sustainable development. Otherwise, the migration of the people of the
mountainous regions, irrational and rapacious use of the natural resources, degradation of cultural and
ethnic values, different kinds of conflicts and level of poverty of the mountain dwellers will intensify
further. The United Nations Organization pays permanent attention to the development of mountains,
and it has adopted a number of documents stressing the need for, goals and expected outcomes of the
sustainable development of mountains.
1.4. Geographical specifics of the mountainous areas

Mountainous areas occupy almost one-fourth of the land on the Earth, and 40% of the world popula-
tion lives on the hills and plains adjoining the mountains. Thus, half of the world population rely on the
water and energy, foodstuff and forest resources coming from the mountains.
Mountains are found on all continents of the Earth. They differ with their location, area, height, orogra-
phy, natural conditions, altitudinal zoning, barrier properties, climate, resources, population, geopoliti-
cal state, level of development and many other factors. In the mountains, the natural and social-econom-
ic processes are interwoven in a specific manner what is clearly seen in the peculiarities and problems
of the sustainable development of the local people.
The geographical (latitudinal) location makes for a number of natural characteristics of the moun-
tains. Of them, microclimatic factors are worth mentioning, which on their turn result in the peculiar
nature of vertical zoning and landscape-forming factors. The mountain systems of the moderate, sub-
tropical and tropical zones show significant differences in these characteristics.
The orographic factor shows the peculiarities of the seismic activity and geological structure of the
mountainous areas. These indicators, together with the climate type, determine the relief dissection and
intensity of geodynamic processes. They immediately determine the potential of the people’s living and
economic areas in the mountains. The intensity of tectonic movement is a clear indicator of the forma-
tion of young mountain systems characterized by the growing indicators. For instance, if in the 1980s,
the rate of elevation of the Caucasioni was considered to be 6 mm, presently they talk about 15 mm. At
the same time, the ratio between the basins, plateaus, high-, average- and low-mountainous relief forms
determining the types of their economic use is important.
The peculiarities of altitudinal zoning are particularly important for the mountains and they are associ-
ated with a number of factors. The most important factors are the trend of a temperature decrease as the
35
altitude increases and exposition. The temperature gradient is 0.5ºC on average at every 100 m higher.
However, it varies depending on the location and climatic zone. For example, in terms of marine cli-
mate, the air temperature falls by 0.2ºC, while in the continental climate it falls by 0.9-1.0ºC. The same
is true with the geographical zones. For example, the fall of the air temperature in the mountains located
in the moderate zone as the altitude increases is more intense than it is in the arctic or equatorial zone.
Altitudinal zoning is associated with a number of geographical features, with human’s ecology, biolog-
ical productivity and potential, distribution of soil and water resources, types and scales of economic
activities, recreationally efficient sceneries, etc. as very important of them.
Another worthwhile feature is the barrier properties of the mountainous systems greatly determining
not only the character of the formation of the natural environment or natural phenomenon, but also the
peculiarities of the geopolitical and social-economic processes. In the historical past, mountains were
mainly seen as barriers determining the formation of the climate, river basins and configuration of dif-
ferent states accordingly. At present, the barrier properties of the mountain systems in the geopolitical
and social-economic respect are almost leveled, but are still an essential factor in many regions of the
world (Central Asia, the Andes, Ethiopian Highlands, the Himalayas, Tibet, etc.).
In many regions of the world, the people of the mountainous area tend to migrate. They migrate mainly
in two directions: from the mountain villages to lowland villages and from the mountain villages to the
towns. The index of labor migration to other states is also high. This process is promoted by several fac-
tors: carelessness of the states, problems of decentralization, complex natural conditions, climate change,
poor economic and social incentives, and low activity of the local people in the management system.
The analysis of the geopolitical surroundings evidences that a number of conflicts are associated with
the mountains thus blocking the prospects of social-economic development of this kind of regions. The
conflicts relate to the military blocks, economic potential, shortage of land, water and mineral resources,
religions, historical claims, roads, communications, etc. The mountainous systems of the different regions
of the world have a great social-economic importance. The natural and ethno-cultural potential of the
mountains offer good developmental opportunities for mining industry, tourism, labor resources, protected
areas, cultural identity, traditions, transboundary cooperation, ecological agriculture and other branches.
The last decades were marked by a growing interest in protecting the natural and ethno-cultural values
in the mountainous regions of the world. The protected areas are being expanded and new ones are cre-
ated and this process is more or less supported by the population migration and presence of “free” areas.
Of the protected areas, the national parks and biosphere reserves are particularly popular. They present
an outstanding example of the co-existence of the society and the nature and the natural and cultural
biodiversity.
Some mountain systems maintain their geostrategic importance, as important military and economic
roads and passes run across them. Often, the mountainous areas are natural boundaries and watersheds,
which coincide with the state or ethnic borders. The history knows many examples when the military
actions were waged to capture such watersheds or passes. Such actions were seen in the Alps for several
times, where during the First World War, the mountainous areas were distributed by considering their
military-strategic importance.
Even to date, the terrorist organizations of different armies, groupings participating in the partisan and
civil oppositions and smugglers and illegal traders find shelter in the mountains. They usually choose
peripheral, boundary areas of the mountainous areas as shelters as to easily escape to neighboring coun-
tries in case of a threat.
Since the ancient times, the mountains were considered one of the important barriers on the way to
civilization. In addition, more than one original peoples, cultures and traditions have been formed in the
36
mountains. The isolation between the peoples living in the same mountain system (e.g. the Caucasioni)
was so great that they even led to the formation of different languages. Today, over 700 million people
live in the mountains, with 20 million living above 3000 m above sea level (in the Himalayas and An-
des), and about 120 million people live from 2000 to 3000 m altitude above sea level.
There is an increasing public and scientific interest in the development of mountains, and the study
of global, regional and local peculiarities of the mountains is seen as the precondition for forming the
optimal models of their development. The focus is made on the natural, economic, ethno-cultural and
geopolitical developmental trends of the mountains, social interests of the population, ecological prob-
lems and other fields. In this connection, the importance of the integrated (interdisciplinary) study of the
mountains is gaining popularity, through which the problems and goals of their sustainable development
are clearly identified.
Water is fairly considered the main natural resource of the 21st century. There is an ever-increasing
demand for both, the quantity and quality of water. On the other hand, half of the world population and
major portion of the agricultural production is linked with fresh water resources accumulated in the
mountain glaciers and water reservoirs. All great rivers of the world head and are formed in the moun-
tains. This is why, the rational use and control of the water formed in the mountains is recognized one
of the priorities of the sustainable development.
The ways of exploiting the mountainous areas and associated problems are immediately linked to the level
of the country development. If the mountainous regions of the developing countries “are distinguished”
for underdevelopment, social tension and high migration rates, the picture is opposite in the developed
countries, where the mountainous regions have been formed as tourist centers with high standards of liv-
ing. However, mountains are much more significant than that. They are fairly considered the areas where
the water and hydropower resources are formed and areas outstanding for their biological and cultural di-
versity. Mountains are known for their ecologically pure environment, which is very important to maintain
not only for the right functioning of the geographical layer, but for the future of the humankind.
Natural calamities usually take an intense course in the mountains what is associated with the seis-
mic activity, forms of relief (gradient), water circulation peculiarities (high infiltration), swift weather
changes and scales of economic impacts (grazing, road construction, forest exploitation). They are seen
as landslide and denudation processes, as well as mudflows and snow avalanches.
The landslide and denudation processes, which are similar with their reasons, are often caused by
earthquakes. Sometimes, they reach vast scales and can change both, the relief on the one hand and the
direction and infrastructure of river waters on the other hand. The forms and intensity of landslides and
denudation depend on the peculiarities of the constituent rocks, weathering intensity, moist circulation
and relief gradients. If as a result of denudation, the mobile rocks “move away” from their original lo-
cation and move in the direction of the slope gradient, the same is hardly true with the landslides, which
create new forms in terms of the mountainous relief and pose a permanent threat.
Mudflow, with its outcomes, is another catastrophic phenomenon. It is associated with the combined
movement of talus material and water, mostly seen in the river gorges. Some reasons causing mudflows
are: downpour rains, intense (swift) snow melting, earthquake, weathering (all of its forms), volcanic
eruption and man’s economic activities. Depending on their forms of development, mudflows are clas-
sified as pulse and erosive, and with their outcomes they can be accumulation mudflows. Depending
on the content and density, they distinguish among water-stone, muddy and mud-stone mudflows; with
their forms and frequency, average 3 mudflows a year are possible to occur due to the downpour rains,
10 mudflows a year may occur as a result of snow melting and 20 mudflows a year may occur as a result
of intense melting of glaciers. The mass of a mudflow may vary from 1 to 3 t/m3, with the water volumes
of 70% and 30%, respectively. Their dynamics and duration of movement are rapid and short-time.
37
However, they actively change their relief forms, bio-geographical properties of the area and economic
infrastructure.
Snow avalanches may be formed at any location where the snow cover reaches 0.5 m in height and
relief gradient is more than 15º. The only factor capable of hampering snow avalanches is the forest
vegetation and some relief forms. An avalanche may be activated as a result of several-day-long intense
snow, winds, snow melting or rain pouring down on the snow cover. The avalanche velocity is different
in the site of the avalanche origination, in the middle course of the slope and at the end point and may
reach 50 m/sec, or 180 km/hr. The height of snow accumulated at the avalanche end point may reach
several tens of meters. As a result, such a snow cover may survive for several years and not melt. It is
the analysis of the snow remains allowing identifying the areas and scales of the avalanche spread.
1.5. Importance of the sustainable development of mountainous areas

Goals and objectives
The World Commonwealth unanimously states that despite the UNO appeals and realization of a number
of national policies of sustainable development of mountains, positive changes are less seen presently.
It is considered that the measures undertaken and investments made in social, economic and ecological
fields are far from the desirable level. In addition, following the present-day processes of globalization,
climate change and population growth in the mountains, thorough changes are needed, while one must
admit that what we predominantly see, is the ongoing negative processes: the population of the moun-
tainous regions experience mass poverty, the number of catastrophic natural calamities and processes
and the scales of soil degradation tend to increase, and the water resources diminish, while migration
and food safety issues are still one of the major challenges of the mountainous regions.
Mountains occupy over half of the area of 53 countries of the world and 25 to 50% of the territories
of 45 countries. 20% of the world tourism industry is in the mountains as a result of high biological and
historical-cultural diversity, many religious sites and high-potential recreational resources.
Mountains play a particular role in the formation of fresh water resources. Mountain rivers are the
most important source of renewable natural resources for almost all large settled areas and areas with
highly concentrated population. Half of the world hydropower energy is generated in the mountains.
The climate change may have a negative impact on water-supply and may lead to the opposition be-
tween the countries. This is particularly true with the countries using transboundary rivers. 1/3 of the
transboundary collaboration agreements concluded in the world (about 263 river basins) are concerned
with the optimal use of water resources or regulation of the ongoing or expected conflicts in this field.
Mountains are the area with a rich bio- and agro-diversity. A major portion of the traditional and adapt-
ed kinds of crop cereals and domestic animals are found in the mountains. They are considered a genetic
resource capable of ensuring the food safety of more than one region. This is particularly true with the
regions in tropical, subtropical and moderate climatic zones with a typical high population growth and
concentration. Besides, over half of the world biodiversity “hotpoints” are found in the mountains. They
are mostly concentrated in the mountainous regions of the tropical and subtropical zones.
Mountains are known for a great number of cultural heritage objects and sacred places. Religious sites
and places of worship are the source of the spiritual life and orientation of many nations. In the moun-
tains, there are many places used for terrace farming with special forms of agriculture.
The United Nations Organization (UNO) appeals and stimulates the states to pay particular attention
to the mountainous regions and engage them in the strategic development plans. This is particularly true
with the developing countries, for which it is recommended to consider the experience of the developed
countries.
38
The UNO strategic directions and objectives associated with the mountainous regions are as follows:
• Development of ecology-oriented economics.

• Combating desertification and depopulation.
• Strengthening the transboundary cooperation.
• Adaptation to the climate change.
• Integration of the sustainable mountain development programs with the general strategic develop-
ment plans.
• Integrated development of the mountain and lowland population, and rural and urban areas.
• Maintenance of traditional knowledge and local culture.
• Management of the interests of the governmental and private businesses and local population in
the mountainous regions in complex.
• Compliance of the goals of management, maintenance and development of the mountainous re-
gions.
• Strengthening the international cooperation and sharing international experience.
The UNO has also developed the goals of actions for the strategic development of the mountainous
regions, including:
• Increasing investments in the ecology-oriented economy of the mountainous regions.

• Ensuring intense engagement of the authority and local population in the realization of “green in-
vestments”.
• Ensuring efficient use and control of water resources for domestic use and commercial purposes.
• Providing the mountain population with foodstuff.
• Introducing and exploiting energy-saving technologies.
• Supporting and developing small and medium businesses.
• Developing the national and local plans related to the climate change, informing the population
and organizing a monitoring system.
• Combating natural calamities, providing risk identification and control.
• Organizing scientific and practical (farming) centers.
1.6. Principal benchmarks of the sustainable development of the mountainous areas
At present, the sustainable development of the mountainous areas is one of the principal goals of more
than one states of the world, and special laws have been adopted to regulate the issues related to the
mountains, ensure the social and economic motivation of the population, development of infrastructure,
etc. It is assumed that without a state support, it will be impossible to retain people in the mountains.
A particular importance is given to the scientific study of the mountainous areas, demonstration of the
problems associated with the nature conservation in the mountains, study of the mountain people’s lives
and traditions, identification of the recreational and resource potential, sustainable territorial planning
and spatial development. The efficiency of territorial planning depends on the prevention of the environ-
mental problems possible only through the realization of the landscape-based approach and landscape
planning principles.
One of the reasons for the topicality of the scientific study of the mountains is the global climate
change. Almost universal rise in air temperature and increase in precipitations have had an effect on
the landscape, glacial, bio-geographic and hydrological features of many mountain systems. A general
decrease in the areas covered with glaciers, duration of snow cover and strength indicators, as well as
the change (rise) of the upper limit of the forest, and rise in summer temperatures and precipitations
are more intense in the mountains of the tropical, subtropical and moderate zones. Such processes take
39
place on the background of aridization of the hilly zones adjoining the mountains making it necessary to
review the policy of using and obtaining many different kinds of natural resources.
Solving the problems associated with the mountains is not a prerogative of a single branch of economy
and can be reached only through complex and multisectoral approaches. It is also assumed that any
action must aim at the simultaneous conservation of the natural and cultural values and economic and
social motivation rather than preferences. In the mountainous regions of Europe, only the demonstration
of the recreational values or tourism development is not deemed the real means to motivate the popu-
lation or to combat depopulation. So, this is the way to maintain the mountain population, who will be
given the possibility and incentive for a dignified life.
As a rule, a subsidized approach, i.e. introduction of various kinds of preferences, is a widely spread
practice in the mountains. Such an approach diminishes the populations’ initiative, rational and efficient
resource use and realization of the principles of sustainable development. The mountainous regions
of Europe, owing to optimal planning, have been deemed the areas of interest of people and business
for recent decades. This is particularly true with the ecological agriculture, development of alternative
power sources, local handicraft industry, cultivation of herbs, recreation, etc.
Sustainable development of the mountainous areas needs a complex understanding and satisfaction of
the interests of local people on the one hand and of the state and private businesses on the other hand.
Realization of the state policy needs demonstration of both, strategic or global and regional and local
problems and developmental trends. In this case, an essential role is given to the analysis of global and
regional challenges and planning the ways to adapt to them. As for such challenges, they are seen with
any field of sustainable development.
The need for developing individual and purposeful plans of sustainable development of the mountain-
ous region is also widely recognized. Such plans cannot be universal or equally efficient for all moun-
tainous areas. A particular attention must be paid to the transboundary cooperation as well mainly in the
form of the development of a single network of protected areas and road infrastructure.
The World Community actively works to improve the welfare of the population in the mountainous
regions and support the sustainable development of the mountains. There are a number of international
agreements, conventions and examples of transboundary cooperation helping the improvement of the
living environment and social-economic support of the local population. Despite such actions, mountains
are still considered “difficult-to-reach” areas and ecologically instable environment and often stay beyond
the concern of authorities and businesses. This is particularly true with the developing countries where
most of the mountain population still live in extreme poverty and have complex ecological problems.
The situation totally changed following the famous Rio de Janeiro Conference of 1992, i.e. after they
had a special discussion of the principles and means of sustainable development of the mountainous
areas, support of the local people and communities, development of cooperation and sharing experience.
Development of rural communities of people of the mountainous areas in the countries of Central Asia
(Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan) and Alpine countries (Germany, Switzerland, Austria, France,
Italy, etc.) with the purpose of sharing experience and cooperating is a good example. As a result of
cooperation, a set of actions ensuring the protection of the mountainous areas to conserve the biodiver-
sity and form of a single network of the areas protected with ecological corridors was identified. Later,
a similar cooperation was established for the purpose of sustainable development of the mountainous
areas of the Central Americas and South-East Asian and Carpathian countries and the above-listed Eu-
ropean countries.
Thus, Rio-92 turned out to be decisive in “activating” the topic of sustainable development of more
than one mountainous regions of the world what should have been realized through the sharing of the
40
international experience and engagement of the local people. The past years revealed some negative
trends threatening the sustainable development:
9 On the background of the rapid climate change in the mountainous regions, the intensity and fre-
quency of natural calamities increased, the areas covered with glaciers decreased and problems of
drinking water-supply for the local and lowland population occurred.
9 Several major armed conflicts happened (in the Caucasus, Pamirs, Central America, Ethiopia,
etc.) hampering the trends of sustainable development.
9 High rates of urbanization and intense migration processes.
9 The rapidly growing number of the world population and world economy has led to the increased
demand for various ore deposits increasing the scales of environmental degradation of the moun-
tainous regions.
1.7. Natural potential of some mountainous regions of the world and

developmental peculiarities
The Alps (Europe)
The Alps occupy 190 thousand square kilometers in 7 countries of the world with 14 million people.
This mountain system of Europe has many functions. Its economy is concerned with the development
of many branches, including tourism, various services, industry, power engineering and agriculture.
Despite the high level of development, the Alps represent a mixed picture depending on the kind of
people, social problems and level of economic development. The number of annual visitors to the Alps
is 60 million who are served by 12% of the population in the region. The Alps incorporates 40% of the
plant species spread in Europe, and the protected areas are ¼ of their territory.
The Alps are a young mountain system in the central part of Europe. Its area is 220 thousand square
kilometers. The highest peak is Mont Blanc (4807 m). The Alps are made up of several mountain mas-
sifs, which, depending on their geographical location (concentration), are divided into the Western and
Eastern Alps.
The formation of the relief of the Alps was much influenced by the Glaciation occurring for several
times during the Pleistocene Age. The Glaciation had a particular impact on the high-mountainous mas-
sifs with particularly low temperatures and abundant precipitations (due to the barrier properties). As a
result, flattened and box shapes of the glacial relief developed, which in the modern terms, have led to
the development of Alpine skiing.
Of the ore deposits, the ores of metal (iron, lead, zinc, copper, manganese, etc.) and fueling (coal) raw
materials are known. The Alps are distinguished for high hydrodynamic potential of the mountain riv-
ers, with its major portion exploited.
The climate in the Alps is diverse and results from the geographical location (location in the moderate
climate zone), atmospheric circulation, altitude of the location and impact of the adjoining water bodies.
The eternal snow line lies at 2500-3200 m above sea level and varies depending on the precipitation dis-
tribution. Annual amount of precipitations is different in the inland and outlying regionsand is 4000 and
500 mm, respectively. Particularly little precipitations are fixed in the intermountain basins and narrow
river gorges; however, moisture deficit is not so common here due to little evaporation. The total area of
glaciation is 4 thousand sq.km what is 5% less the value in the 1970s. The strongest volcano is found in
Aletsch region (Switzerland), with its tongue falling 2100 m from the sea level.
The natural zoning and social activity depend on the altitude. The piedmonts, owing to the forms of
the relief and moderate climate, are maximally used and inhibited. People here are busy with both,
41
land cultivation and cattle-breeding. Low and average mountains, due to the intensely dissected relief,
prolonged snow cover and moderately cold climate, are less developed. They are distinguished for high
biological diversity. Of the agricultural branches, cattle-breeding, crop cultivation (wheat, barley and
rye), potato-growing, etc. are worth mentioning. Resort industry is well and widely developed. Winter
in high mountains, i.e. subalpine and alpine zones is long and severe and consequently, the branch of
agriculture is limited by cattle-breeding only. There are great many skiing resorts in the Alps, which are
the major source of income for the local population.
Sustainable development of the Alps is possible owing to several stable aspects, including highly devel-
oped economics, stable political situation, relative demographic stability and tax preferences (secured
legislative base). Some negative processes are:
9 Changes in the types of land use with the preferential development of resort and summer econo-
my (have resulted in the decreased number of farms and farmers).
9 Different types of development of peripheral and central regions.
9 Increasing environmental pollution (noise, atmospheric pollution).
9 Intense migration of the young people from the inland regions to the peripheries and educational
centers (resulting in the decrease of the quantitative and structural properties of labor resources).
9 Obvious fall of investments in industry and agriculture (following the saturation).
Some forms of economy (e.g. cattle-breeding) and climate change have had a negative impact on the
biodiversity of the Alps. It should be noted that for the last one hundred years, the average air tempera-
ture has risen by 1.5ºC; the strength and duration of snow cover have drastically decreased, the dryness
indices in summer months and frequency and intensity of floods have increased and the amount of water
resources and natural soil fertility have decreased. Only the regions of the Alps with well-developed
tourist industry and road infrastructure remain demographically stable. The towns in the Alps gradually
lose their functions evidenced by the urbanization processes in the regions adjoining the Alps.
Due to the climate change, the various forms of present-day economy in the Alps need adaptation. Fol-
lowing an increased intensity of the natural events, it is necessary to comprehend tourism development
and environmental protection policy in a new light. As various views suggest, the sustainable develop-
ment of the Alps needs the exposure of some priorities and optimal use of natural and human resources,
including:
9 Accumulation, optimal distribution and management of water resources.

9 Compensation of the users of the natural environment (with the aim to shift from intense to exten-
sive farming).
9 Establishment of a single network of protected areas.
9 Stimulating the employment.
9 Supporting the introduction of modern technological innovations.
The Ands (South America)
The Ands in South America are stretched for about 9 thousand km and cover the areas of 7 countries.
They are the greatest climatic barrier hampering the movement of humid air masses from the Atlantic
Ocean to west.
The Ands are a young mountain system, with the still ongoing intense mountain formation processes.
The system contains several parallel ridges with intermountain gorges, basins and vast plateaus between
them. The mountain systems differ with their height and stretch. The highest is the central part of the
Ands with clear altitudinal variation of natural conditions.
42
Earthquakes and volcanic processes are common in the Ands and one of the factors on the way of the
region development. The Ands are rich in ore deposits, with copper, lead, zinc, precious metals and fuel
worth mentioning.
The Ands cover several climatic zones resulting in a great difference between the air temperatures and
precipitation distribution. The amount of precipitations varies from 200 to 10000 mm. The snow line
varies from 5 thousand m in the north to 500 m in the south, lying at 6 thousand m in the central part.
The Ands occupy 2,5 mln. km2 area with 85 million people. Additional 20 million people mostly living
along the coastline of the Pacific Ocean depend on the resources of the Ands. The Ands contain 17% of
the total arable lands owned by 7 South American countries related to the Ands. Except Argentina and
Venezuela, the water resources formed in the Ands provide 85% of the power potential of the countries
in the region.
The trends of climate change, population growth, land use problems and scales of mountain ecological
systems transformation are obvious in the Ands. In recent decades, the glaciers along the whole perim-
eter of the Ands retreated resulting in major problems of water use for different purposes.
The population in the Ands lives at the altitudes unusual to us as a result of the geographical location
and climate of the Ands. Of the branches of economy, cattle-breeding, mining industry and cereal crop
growing are widely spread in the Andes.
The problems of sustainable development of the Ands are associated with some aspects:
• High population density, what is the precondition for the degradation of the mountain eco-systems.
• Highly developed mining industry failing to yield the incomes to the local population and aggravat-
ing the ecological problems.
• Despite the keen interest in agro-bio-diversity, the traditional agriculture fails to guarantee the well-
being of the population (due to the scarce modern technologies in agriculture and food industry).
• The reduction of the areas covered with glaciers as a result of the climate change has already had its
effect on the drinking, domestic and irrigation water supply of the population.
The Cordilleras and mountainous areas in Central America
The Cordilleras in North America are stretched for 9 thousand kilometers and cover the area of more
than tens of countries. This mountain system is an essential climatic barrier hampering the movement of
humid air masses from the Atlantic Ocean to west.
The Cordilleras are a young mountain system, with the still ongoing intense mountain formation pro-
cesses. The system contains several parallel ridges with intermountain gorges, basins and vast plateaus
between them. The mountain systems differ with their height and stretch. The highest is the northern
part of the Cordilleras.
The Cordilleras cover several climatic zones starting from the Arctic through the Sub-equatorial zone.
The amount of precipitations varies from 100 (in the basins of the northern and central parts) to 7 thou-
sand mm (in the extreme southern part). The snow line varies from 500 m in the north to 3500 m in the
central part.
The people mainly live on the coastlines of the Oceans, as well as in the low and average-height moun-
tains.
The problems of sustainable development of the Cordilleras are associated with two regions: the pecu-
liarities of the social-economic development of North and Central Americas, in particular:
43
For Central America, the environmental problems are associated with intense felling of forests, intense
construction of artificial water reservoirs, intensified aridization as a result of the climate change, highly
developed mining industry and its effects, increasing population and limited living space, high soil ero-
sion indices (as a result of intense agriculture and wind and water action). There is a growing interest in
the mountains as a result of high population density in the lowland regions.
The trend for North America (mostly USA) is the growing number of the mountain dwellers as a result
of high recreational attractiveness and interests in the tourism development. Both fields attract large
investments, plus state policy for the intense development of infrastructure. The region is distinguished
for high activity of the local population evidenced by the establishment of the scientific-research cen-
ters, organization and activation of programs for sustainable development, extension of the protected
areas and formation of their network.
Some environmental problems have become extremely severe recently: trends of biodiversity degrada-
tion, climate change and its impact on the geographical changes of the mountain ecosystems, increased
use of water resources and high interest in the water use, high level of urbanization near the moun-
tainous areas; preferences introduced for the local population contributing to the intensification of the
mining industry and extraction of natural resources.
Other mountainous regions of the world
The problems of sustainable development of the mountainous systems of Africa are mostly diversified.
There is hardly anything done in the region for the sustainable development of the mountains and hardly
any investments are made by the state or business sector in this direction. The region is extremely poor
what is evidenced by the intense use of the forest eco-system. The local people are virtually unaware
of modern technologies or trends of sustainable development. Very many mountain communities live
in isolation what hampers their integration with the investment opportunities or tourism development.
The trends of sustainable development in the Near East are associated with:
9 Oil extraction and associated processing industry.

9 Sustainable development is hampered by the population migration to large settled areas because of
better employment opportunities.
9 The process of desertification is intense and outcomes of the Climate Change are severe in the
region what is promoted by intense cattle-breeding (sheep-breeding) and traditions of this branch.
9 The problems of the water resources use and management are severe hampering agriculture, which
is a profitable branch.
9 For the last decades, there has been certain political instability in the region having had a strong
impact on the opportunities of sustainable development.
In the Himalayas, despite high potential of water resources, due to the intense growth of the population
(presently, 1,5 milliard people live in the region), the problems with the use of water resources have
deteriorated a lot, and the problems associated with the Climate Change are obvious evidenced by the
reduced volume of glaciers. Both, the frequency and scales of the natural calamities have increased a
lot. The given region is “distinguished for” extreme poverty in the world, high specific weight of per-
manently starving people and social unfairness.
In the mountainous regions of Central Asia (the Pamirs, Tian Shan), a swift shift to the transient econ-
omy has resulted in the destruction of more than one branches of mountain economy (particularly local
industry). The region is distinguished for extreme poverty and little attention to the environmental
problems. The infrastructure is outdated and fails to meet the modern requirements. The population
migration indices are high; the impact of the minerals industrial objects on the mountain eco-systems is
44
strong and demand for water resources is high (as a result of the development of agriculture and hydro-
power engineering).
In the mountainous regions of South-East Asia, the process of biodiversity degradation and destruction
takes place. The population lives in poverty what has a negative impact on the maintenance of cultur-
al heritage and prevention of migration processes. Natural exchange is well developed what hampers
reinvestments in the economy. The youths are deprived of the opportunity to gain education and thus,
they strive to the educational centers. Local business is of a great interest in respect of wood and timber
production associated with great resource and natural self-restoration potential. The specific weight of
illegal business is high hampering the mobilization of the funds in the local budget. The use of hydro-
power potential and development of mining industry have increased the people’s incomes; however, the
scales of impact on the mountain eco-systems also increased.
In the mountainous regions of Central, East and South-East Europe, the problems of sustainable de-
velopment are associated with the process of shifting from the Post-Soviet economy to the market
economy. Despite the difficulties, there were trans-boundary cooperation agreements concluded (e.g.
regarding the Carpathians) what virtually reiterates the principles of the cooperation and activities of
the Alpine countries. The low interest of the local people in the community and public use, privatization
and investment can be considered as another negative process. The development of the mountainous
areas in respect of integral exploitation is also slow reducing the efficiency of the activities of the gov-
ernment and various stakeholders. Introduction of the ecosystem service fees remains problematic what
is the hampering factor on the way to increase the incomes of the locals. The concepts and programs
related to the goals, indicators, evaluation criteria, financing, regulation and control of exploitation and
sustainable development of the mountainous regions are being formed. The actions and rights of the
local population in the regulation of the exploitation of the vitally important natural resources must be
identified what is also associated with the implementation of landscape management and landscape
service methodology. Poor information activity is another noteworthy problem, while the active infor-
mation campaigns are needed to give the local population an idea of the interrelations between the local,
regional and global processes. The processes of irreversible migration of population from mountains to
the plains, use and control of transboundary water resources, prevention of the outcomes of extracting
the mineral raw materials in the mountains, etc. remain problematic in the countries of the region. The
local people still experience discomfort because of low incomes, poor medical service, lack of vocation-
al training and unsatisfactory food diversity. In this connection, the main accents are made on the impact
of the climate change on the forests, coastline and waters; however, the same impact on the stability and
vulnerability of the mountain ecosystems is deemed desirable.
Thus, the problems of the sustainable development of the mountainous region greatly differ between
the economically developing and economically developed regions. The mountainous regions with de-
veloped economy are oriented on the recreationally sustainable use of forest resources resulting in the
great attractiveness of the mountain eco-systems. The mountainous regions with developing economy
are oriented on the maximum use of the land and forest resources, use of water resources with power
engineering purposes and intense use of pastures and mineral resources. Such state of affairs is the
precondition for the degradation of the mountain eco-systems and soils creating unbearable living con-
ditions and leading to the mass population migration.
45
davaleba – garemos analizi
1. mTebis aTviseba – dasaxleba da garemo
sof. ananuri da Jinvalis wyalsacavi
aletCis raioni, Sveicaria
46
mTis kurorti – baxmaro
2. mTis klimati
eqspozicia da Tovli – arsianis qedi
47
3. mTebi da gza
sabagiro gza, Sveicariis alpebi
4. mTis reliefis formebi
reliefis aTviseba, mTiuleTi

48
mTis reliefis formebi – xevi
5. ekologiuri problemebi
zvavdamWeri nagebobebi, Sveicariis alpebi
49
tyis xanZris Sedegebi, kurort waRveris midamoebi, TrialeTis qedi
saTibebi, xevsureTi
50
Tavi 2
mdgradi ganviTarebis Sefasebis indikatorebi
2.1. mdgradi ganviTarebis problemebi da indikatorebi
mdgradi ganviTarebis indikatorebad miCneulia is maCveneblebi, romelTa meSve-

obiT fasdeba da romlebic warmoaCenen rogorc adgilobrivi, ise erovnuli, re-
gionuli da globaluri ganviTarebis dones da ganviTarebis tendenciebs. amgvari
maCveneblebis analizis meSveobiT xorcieldeba sxvadasxvagvari geografiuli gare-
mos politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da ekologiuri ganviTarebis Tavisebure-
baTa prognozireba, mdgradi ganviTarebis Sedegebis Sefaseba.
mdgradi ganviTarebis indikatorebis Sedgenis da gansazRvris araerTi magaliTia

cnobili, romelTa aqtiuri ganxilva gaeros 1992 wlis rios konferenciis Semdeg
daiwyo. magaliTad, gaeros ganviTarebis programa mdgradi ganviTarebis socialur
indikatorad ganixilavs adamianuri potencialis ganviTarebis indeqss, romelic
moicavs iseT maCveneblebs, rogoricaa adamianis sicocxlis mosalodneli xangr-
Zlivoba (dabadebis momentisTvis), zrdasruli mosaxleobis ganaTlebis done da er-
Toblivi erovnuli produqtis moculoba erT mosaxleze gaangariSebiT.
amJamad mdgradi ganviTarebis ekologiur indikatorebad ganixileba:
9 miwis, wylis, atmosferuli haeris, mcenareTa da cxovelTa, ekosistemebis da

landSaftebis degradaciis done;
9 bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis masStabebi;
9 ekologiuri politikis da ekologiurad orientirebuli teritoriuli dageg-
marebis da gatarebis masStabebi;
9 adgilobrivi ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis da saerTaSoriso konvenciebis re-
alizaciis Sedegebi;
9 mecnierebis da ganaTlebis CarTulobis maCveneblebi ekologiuri problema-
tikis kvlevasa da misi Sedegebis realizaciaSi;
9 mosaxleobis ekologiuri cnobierebis da informirebulobis done.
mdgradi ganviTarebis indikatorebis klasifikacia SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes

sxvadasxva midgomis (sistemuri, kompleqsuri, miznobrivi) da qveynis strategiuli
politikis (xedvis) safuZvelze. saklasifikacio erTeulebi SesaZlebelia ukavSird-
ebodes:
• qveynis ganviTarebis dones da mdgomareobas (romelic axasiaTebs sazogadoe-

brivi saqmianobis procesebs, efeqturobas, usafrTxoebas, qmedebis Tavisuflebas,
pasuxismgeblobas da Sedegebs),
• dagegmarebis da marTvis perspeqtivebs (romelic axasiaTebs reagirebis da prog-
nozirebis SesaZleblobas).
mdgradi ganviTarebis indikatorebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc raodenobrivi, ise

xarisxobrivi. raodenobrivi indikatorebis meSveobiT fasdeba konkretul safrTx-
eze sistemis reagirebis siCqaris Tanafardoba misi gavrcelebis siCqaresTan. mag-
aliTad, mxolod ekonomikuri ganviTareba an erToblivi erovnuli produqtis
maCveneblebis zrda ver asaxavs socialur an ekologiur safrTxeebs. igi maSin xdeba
51
efeqturi, roca Sedarebis meSveobiT warmoCindeba dasaqmebis, garemos dacvaze gan-

kuTvnili xarjebis, resursebis gamoyenebis masStabebis da sxva ekologiuri prob-
lematikis prevenciaze gamoyofili saxsrebis moculoba erToblivi erovnuli pro-
duqtis saerTo raodenobaSi.
mdgradi ganviTarebis erovnuli indikatorebi sasurvelia efuZnebodes saerTaSo-

riso gamocdilebas, meTodologias da specifikas. amgvari midgoma warmatebuli
(efeqturi) SedarebiTi analizis winapirobaa. gansxvaveba SesaZlebelia warmoCindes
imgvar indikatorebSi, romlebis axasiaTebs adgilobriv eTnokulturas (Sexedule-
baTa faseulobebs), eTnikur da istoriul faseulobebs, samarTlebriv tradiciebs,
meurneobis calkeuli dargebis specifikas da a.S.
Tanamedrove ekologiuri problematika, romlis winaSec aRmoCnda kacobrioba, ar-

sebiTad aisaxeba mdgradi ganviTarebis socialur da ekonomikur Taviseburebebze.
igi imdenad mZafria, rom kiTxvis winaSe dadga kacobriobis momavali. sayovelTa-
odaa aRiarebuli, rom adgilobrivi (lokaluri) da Sesabamisad – regionuli da
globaluri ekologuri problemebis gadawyveta uSualod ukavSirdeba rogorc
garemosdacviTi teqnologiebis ganviTarebas, ise mosaxleobis ekologiuri ganaT-
lebis da kulturis dones. amitom, ekologiuri ganaTlebis done anu amgvari prob-
lematikis saswavlo processa da programebSi asaxva, mdgradi ganviTarebis erT-er-
Ti arsebiT ekologiur indikatorad miiCneva.
ekologiuri ganaTlebis ZiriTadi fokusi sazogadoebisa da bunebis urTierTdamok-

idebulebis istoriul-geografiuli Taviseburebebis swavleba, Tanamedrove viTare-
bis warmoCena da perspeqtivebis gansazRvraa. ekologiuri problematikis masStabu-
roba da mravalmxrivoba mis geografiul diferenciacias moiTxovs. am mimarTebiT,
yvelaze miRebulia ekologiuri problematikis sam doneze ganxilva. esenia:
• globaluri – ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba ekologiuri problematikis gadawyve-

tis rogorc planetarul Taviseburebebze, ise zogadsakacobrio mniSvnelobaze;
• regionuli – ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba imgvar ekologiur problematikaze,
romlis gadaWra SesaZlebelia erTi an ramdenime saxelmwifos erToblivi Zal-
isxmeviT;
• lokaluri (adgilobrivi) – ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba imgvar ekologiur prob-
lematikaze, romelic vlindeba calkeuli landSaftis an geografiuli obieqtis
farglebSi da romlis gadawyvetis saSualeba xelewifeba adgilobriv mosax-
leobas an administracias.
rogorc wesi, lokaluri ekologiuri Tu sxva saxis problemebi transformirdeba

regionul, xolo regionuli – globalur problematikaSi.
ekologiuri problematika aseve SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT geografiuli garsis

calkeuli komponentis (liTosfero, atmosfero, hidrosfero, biosfero, pedosfe-
ro) mixedviT. amgvari midgoma efeqturi maSinaa, roca bunebrivi komponentebis md-
gomareobis Sefaseba xorcieldeba maTi resursuli potencialis gaTvaliswinebiT.
magaliTad, liTosferos Sefaseba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes rogorc reliefis
formebis an adgilis simaRlis, ise sasargeblo wiaRiseulis an meurneobis sxvadasx-
va formis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobis mixedviT.
ekologiuri ganaTlebisTvis didi mniSvneloba aqavs saerTaSoriso TanamSrom-

lobas da gamocdilebas. samxreT kavkasiaSi Sveicariis TanamSromlobis ofisis
52
Tavi 2. mdgradi ganviTarebis Sefasebis indikatorebi
finansuri mxardaWeriT kavkasiis mTiani regionebis mdgradi ganviTarebis qseli

axorcielebs proeqts: samxreT kavkasiaSiklimatis cvlilebisadmi adaptaciis Ses-
aZleblobaTa gaZliereba. proeqti miznad isaxavs gaaZlieros dialogi da TanamS-
romloba sxvadasxva samizne jgufebs Soris – arasamTavrobo, samTavrobo, gad-
awyvetilebis mimReb da mecnierebs Soris. 2014 wlidan amave qselis, gaeros gare-
mosdacviTi programis, Jenevis universitetis da sxva mxareTa mxardaWeriT Seiqmna
codnis gacvlis onlain flatforma (www.caucasus-mt.net), sadac ganTavsebulia in-
formacia kavkasiis regionis garemosdacviTi problematikis Sesaxeb.
2018 wlis 10 aprils gaimarTa Sexvedra kavkasiis regionSi bunberiv katastrofebsa

da klimatis cvlilebaze mecnierebsa da praqtikosebs Soris regionuli dialogis
da TanamSromlobis ganviTarebisa da dagegmvisaTvis. Sexvedraze ganisazRvra im
qmedebaTa prioritetebi, romlebic zemoTaRniSnuli problemebis mimarT mosaxle-
obis mowyvladobis Semcirebas da saadaptacio gamowvevis dasaZlevad regionul Ta-
namSromlobas Seuwyobs xels. maT Sorisaa saqarTvelos umaRles saswavleblebSi
bunebriv katastrofebTan (mewyeri, Rvarcofi, zvavi, miwisZvra da sxv.) dakavSirebu-
li saswavlo disciplinebis efeturobis amaRleba da saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis
implementacia.
geografiuli garemo da masTan dakavSirebuli ekologiuri problematika mWidrod

ukavSirdeba im socialur viTarebas, romelic aisaxeba sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis
araerT sferoze. misi gavleniT formirdeba sazogadoebis sacxovrebeli garemo,
adamianis fsiqologiuri ganwyoba, sulieri, piradi da materialuri moTxovnebis
dakmayofilebis SesaZlebloba. amgvari kavSirebis Seswavla aucilebelia rogorc
sazogadoebis mdgradi socialuri ganviTarebis, ise misi socialur-ekonomikuri aq-
tiobis SesaZleblobaTa analizisTvis.
meores mxriv, TviT socialur Tu ekonomikur problemaTa garkveuli nawili (umu-

Sevroba, Semosavlebi, ganaTlebis SesaZlebloba, mosaxleobis dinamika da sxv.),
pirdapir Tu iribad aisaxeba nebismieri donis ekologiur problematikaze da gare-
mos mdgomareobaze. am mimarTulebiT garemoze zemoqmedebis arsebiT indikatorad
miiCneva urbanizaciis procesi da samxedro konfliqtebi.
ekologiur problematikas aseve amZafrebs is disbalansi, rac msoflios araerT

regionSi arsebobs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donesa da mosaxleobis zrdas (mate-
bas an klebas) Soris. gansxvavebulia maTi gamovlinebis formebic. ganviTareba-
di qveynebis garkveul nawilSi mosaxleobis Semcireba zrdis SromiTi migraciis
maSstabebs, rac dasaqmebulTa xvedriTi wilis garkveulwilad Sevsebas emsaxureba.
ganviTarebad qveynebSi ki mosaxlebis zrdas imdenad CemorCeba ekonomikuri ganvi-
Tareba, rom Warbi mosaxleoba socialuri da ekologiuri `keTidReobis~ Semaferx-
ebel faqtorad warmoCindeba. Warbi mosaxleoba zrdis sursaTis moxmarebasTan, sa-
sicocxlo sivrcis racionalur gamoyenebasTan da bunebrivi resursebis mopovebas-
Tan dakavSirebul problemebs. sursaTis nakleboba moiTxovs importis zrdas, rac
kidev ufro amcirebs janmrTelobis dacvaze da bunebrivi garemos gaumjobesebaze
gaweuli xarjebis moculobas. viTareba kidev ufro mwvavdeba klimatis globaluri
cvlilebis fonze anu maSin, roca Cveni planetis aridul, semiaridul da semihu-
midur regionebSi mcxovrebTaTvis kidev ufro gamwvavdeba wylis resursebis gamoy-
enebis da soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis problemebi.
ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis ekonomikuri problemebi socialuri da ekologiuri

viTarebis gamwvavebis mTavari mizezia. aq Zalze maRalia damokidebuleba bunebriv
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resursebze, didia ekologiurad safrTxis Semcveli warmoebebis (qimiuri mrewve-

loba, saTbobi energetika, eqstensiuri soflis meurneoba da sxv.) saqmianobis, sam-
rewvelo da toqsikuri narCenebis ganTavsebis masStabebi. msoflioSi muSaobs 200-ze
meti atomuri eleqtrosadguri da aTasobiT msxvili qimiuri sawarmo, romlebic
safrTxis Semcvelia. aseulobiT navTob da gazsadeniT, wiaRiseulis gadamzidi tan-
keriT da rkinigziT gadaadgildeba milionobiT tona ekologiuri safrTxis mqone
tvirTi. maTi udidesi nawili ganviTarebadi qveynebidan ganviTarebuli qveynebisken
miemarTeba.
urbanizaciis procesi araerTi ekologiuri problemis gamwvavebas uwyobs xels.

didi dasaxlebuli punqtebi bunebrivi garemos masStaburi transformaciis winap-
irobaa. qalaqebis farTobi umniSvneloa, Tumca maTi gavlena farTod vrceldeba
mimdebare teritoriebze. qalaqebSi dabinZurebuli wyali da atmosfero did man-
Zilze gadaitaneba. yovel qalaqs gaaCnia nagavsayreli, rekreaciuli da sagareubno
zona, sadac garemos transformacia maqsimalur maStabebs aRwevs. myari narCenebis
utilizacia ZviradRirebuli saqmianobaa, romlis saSualeba msoflios uamrav qvey-
anas ar gaaCnia.
2.2. mdgradi ganviTareba da urbanuli dagegmareba
me-20 saukuneSi ganviTarebulma demografiulma procesebma ganapiroba qalaqebis da

urbanizebuli teritoriebis arnaxuli zrda, ramac gansazRvra mdgradi ganviTare-
bis principebis SemuSavebis aucilebloba qalaqmSeneblobas, gansaxlebis strategia-
sa da teritoriul dagemarebaSi. urbanizebuli teritoriis mdgrad ganviTarebaSi
igulisxmeba rogorc qalaqmSeneblobaSi adamianisTvis usafrTxo da xelsayreli
sacxovrebeli garemos Seqmna, ise saqalaqo meurneobis garemoze negatiuri gavle-
nis Semcireba.
dasaxlebul punqtebSi mdgradi ganviTarebis principebis realizeba iTvaliswinebs:
sarTulianobis humanizacias (ara umetes 5 sarTulisa), xelsayreli da ekologiurad
sufTa satransporto infrastruqturis (eleqtrotransportis) formirebas, social-
uri, finansuri, savaWro da administraciuli obieqtebis xelmisawvdomobas, parkire-
bis usafrTxo arealebis gansazRvras, teritoriis funqciuri zonirebas (samrewve-
lo, satransporto, gansaxlebis, medicinis, ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, kulturis da
sportis infrastruqturis Tavmoyris arealebi), ganaxlebadi energiis gamoyenebis
SesaZleblobas, qaris moqmedebis mimarTulebebis gaTvaliswinebas, energodamzo-
gavi samSeneblo teqnologiebis gamoyenebas, wyalmomaragebis da kanalizaciis
sistemebis efeqturobas, samrewvelo da sayofacxovrebo narCenebis ekologiurad
mdgrad ganTavsebas (Tavmoyras) da Semdgom utilizacias, adgilobriv landSaftTan
arqiteqturis SeTanawyobas da erovnul arqiteqturul tradiciebs. sazogadoebrivi
ganaSenianebisas gamoiyeneba kvartluri principi, rac gulisxmobs mwvane ubnebis,
parkebis, xelovnuri wyalsatevebis da xeivnebis mowyobas.
qalaqebis geografiuli Taviseburebebis kvleva da “qalaquri” problemebis gad-
awyveta aqtualuri samecnier-praqtikuli amocanaa. amitom msoflioSi swrafad vi-
Tardeba landSafturi arqiteqturisa da dagegmarebis samecniero mimarTulebe-
bi, romlebic umeteswilad dasaxlebuli punqtebis da maTi mimdebare teritoriebis
bunebrivi da esteTikuri ier-saxis SenarCunebazea orientirebuli.
qalaqebSi klimaturi pirobebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba mimdebare terito-
riebis da sasoflo dasaxlebaTa klimaturi Taviseburebebisgan, kerZod: qalaqeb-
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Si maRalia haeris temperatura, gansxvavebulia atmosferos Sedgeniloba (maRalia

naxSirorJangisa da mtvris Semcveloba), didia Rrublian dReTa ricxvi, gazrdilia
elWeqian da setyvian dReTa ricxvi, Semcirebulia qaris siCqare, icis xangrZlivi
da mkvrivi nisli. rac ufro didia qalaqi, miT ufro TvalsaCinoa klimaturi gansx-
vavebani. magaliTad, Tbilisis centraluri nawilis haeris saSualowliuri tempera-
tura TiTqmis 20-iT gansxvavdeba gareubnebis analogiuri maCveneblisagan. haeris
temperatura qalaqis centralur nawilSi gansakuTrebiT maRalia zamTris TveebSi.
did qalaqebSi sagangaSo ekologiuri viTarebaa Seqmnili: aq 10-30 jer gazrdilia
haerSi mtvrisa da sxvadasxva minarevebis raodenoba; erT mcxovrebze gaangariSebiT
moixmareba da binZurdeba 10-jer meti wyali, vidre soflad; qalaqebSi mTlianadaa
degradirebuli mcenareuli da niadaguri safari. did qalaqebSi administraciuli,
saqmiani da finansuri organizaciebi ZiriTadad mis centralur nawilSia ganlage-
buli. miwis siZvire maT aiZulebs aaSenon maRalsarTuliani ofisebi, rac qalaqis
centrSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobisTvis praqtikulad gausaZlis ekologiur viTarebas
qmnis.
qalaqebis zrda gansakuTrebul safrTxes mis istoriul da kulturul faseulobebs
uqmnis. uZveles qalaqebSi mudmivad dgas quCebis gafarToebis, mcire zomis sacx-
ovrebeli kvartlebis ganaxlebis da qaoturi ganaSenianebis mowesrigebis proble-
mebi. arada qalaqis ier-saxe, misi rekreaciuli miziduloba umeteswilad istoriul
RirSesaniSnaobebs ukavSirdeba.
2.3. mdgradi ganviTareba da garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefaseba
garemoze zemoqmedebis jerovani Sefaseba mravalmxrivi samecniero saqmianobiTaa

SesaZlebeli. zemoqmedebis mravalferovneba ukavSirdeba rogorc bunebriv movle-
nebsa da procesebs, ise adamianis saqmianobis Sedegebs. garemoze zemoqmedeba regu-
lirdeba kanonmdeblobiT, rac garkveulwilad aiolebs amgvar saqmianobas. Tumca,
zemoqmedebis mravalferovneba, misi sivrcesa da droSi cvlilebis maRali xarisxi,
kvlevis ostatobas da Sefasebis maRal saimedoobas moiTxovs. mis obieqturobazea
damokidebuli mdgradi ganviTarebis araerTi da aramxolod ekologiuri, aspeqti.
Tanamedrove samyaroSi, garemoze zemoqmedebis ZiriTadi „wyaro“ adamiania. swo-
red adamianis sameurneo saqmianoba zrdis sazogadoebisTvis im safrTxes, rasac
gamousworebeli da sicocxlisTvis riskis Semcveli Sedegebic ki SeiZleba mohyves.
civilizebuli msoflio amgvar saqmianobas rogorc saxelmwifo, ise sazogadoebrivi
interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT aregulirebs. garemoze zemoqmedebis SefasebaSi sazo-
gadoebis CarTuloba misi efeqturi regulirebis mniSvnelovani garantiaa.
garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis ZiriTadi mizania:
1. adamianis janmrTelobis, bunebrivi garemos, aseve kulturuli da materialuri
faseulobebis dacva;
2. saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis ekologiuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri intere-
sebis gaTvaliswineba.
garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefaseba gulisxmobs dagegmili saqmianobis Seswavlis da
garemos elementebis reaqciis kvlevis proceduras. swored misi meSveobiT xorci-
eldeba saqmianobis pirdapiri da arapirdapiri zegavlenis Sefaseba garemos Semad-
genel komponentebze, landSaftze da ekosistemebze, bunebriv da kulturul memkvid-
reobaze, socialur da ekonomikur viTarebaze.
55
garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefaseba sajaro ganxilvis sagania. saqmianobis ganmaxorci-

elebeli valdebulia gamoaqveynos informacia dagegmili saqmianobis Sesaxeb, ro-
melic unda gamoqveyndes periodul beWdviT organoSi. amgvari saqmianobis Sesaxeb
informacia unda Seicavdes: dagegmili saqmianobis miznebs, dasaxelebasa da adgil-
mdebareobas; misamarTs, sadac sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebs SeeZlebaT dagegmil
saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli dokumentebis gacnoba; angariSis sajaro ganxilvis
mowyobis drosa da adgils.
2.3.1. zemoqmedebis formebi

bunebrivi garemos mdgomareoba mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebulia im procesebiT,
rac gamowveulia masze anTropogenuri Tu bunebrivi zemoqmedebiT. zemoqmedeba Zi-
riTadad SeiZleba iyos:
• geneturi (bunebrivi, anTropogenuri, bunebriv-anTropogenuri);

• droSi gansazRvruli (xanmokle, perioduli, mudmivi);
• dargobrivi (bunebis komponentze, meurneobis dargze);
• procesualuri (kompleqsebze, movlenaze, procesze);
• masStaburi (susti, saSualo, Zlieri) da sxv.
zemoqmedeba aseve SeiZleba ganixilebodes saxeobis, wyaros, intensiobis, perio-

dulobis, formebis, Sedegebis mixedviTac. yovelgvari saxis zemoqmedebisa da maTi
negatiuri Sedegebis analizi Sromatevadi samecniero-kvleviTi procesia, rac gan-
pirobebulia amgvar zemoqmedebaTa mravalferovnebiT, masStabebiTa da sirTuliT.
amgvari viTareba, upirveles yovlisa, moiTxovs zemoqmedebaTa gamovlenasa da kla-
sifikacias ara marto formebisa da saxeebis, aramed bunebis komponentebis (geolo-
giuri agebuleba, reliefi, hava, wylebi, cocxali samyaro, niadagebi), landSafturi
erTeulebis da meurneobis dargebis mixedviTac.
sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri aqtioba bunebaTsargeblobis sxvadasxva for-

mebsa da masStabebs gulisxmobs. es gansakuTrebiT exeba mTian teritoriebs. nebis-
mieri zemoqmedeba mTiani teritoriebis bunebriv garemoze moiTxovs teqnikur, eko-
nomikur, socialur SedegTa kompleqsur klvevas. am SemTxvevaSi mTavar amocanad
rCeba ekologiuri optimumis SenarCuneba, mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis gaumjobe-
seba, mosaxleobis dacva stiqiuri bunebrivi movlenebisagan da bunebriv landSaf-
tTa SenarCuneba.
bunebrivi zemoqmedebis formebi
bunebrivi zemoqmedeba ZiriTadad eqstremalur da katastroful bunebriv movleneb-

Tanaa dakavSirebuli. isini SeiZleba iyos egzogenuri da endogenuri. egzogenuria:
• klimatogenuri (grigali, setyva, gvalva, yinva, qari da sxv.);

• hidrogenuli (wyaldidoba, mewyeri, daWaobeba, wylismieri erozia, zvavi da sxv.);
• biogenuri (mavneblebis gamravleba, mcenareTa avadmyofoba, tyis xanZrebi da
sxv.);
• liTogenuri (gamofitva, gravigenuli nakadebi, qarismieri erozia da sxv.).
bunebrivi zemoqmedeba SeiZleba iyos kombinirebuli formis: hidrogenul-gravigenuli,

gravigenul-biogenuri, biogenur-hidrogenuli, liTogenur-klimatogenuri da sxv.
bunebrivi zemoqmedebis esa Tu is forma xSirad meore saxis movlenis ganviTarebas
uwyobs xels. miwisZvrebi, romlebic ZiriTadad saSualo da maRali mTebisTvisaa da-
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maxasiaTebeli, xSir SemTxvevaSi zogierTi hidrogenuli an gravigenuli movlenis

gaaqtiurebas uwyobs xels. amgvari jaWvuri reaqciebis gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia
rogorc garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebisas, ise landSaftTa socialur-ekonomiku-
ri funqciebis gansazRvrisas. im landSaftebisTvis, romlebic advilad „erTvebian“
aqtiur bunebriv movlenaTa mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebSi, garemosaRmdgeni an gare-
mosSemqmneli funqcia unda ganisazRvros.
eqstremaluri bunebrivi movlenebi xSirad iwvevs gaudabnoebas, damlaSebas, da-

Waobebas, fitogenur gaRaribebas da iseT uaryofiT movlenebs, romlebic myisie-
rad aisaxeba socialur-ekonomikur viTarebaze. amgvari movlenebi ganpirobebulia
rogorc regionuli (adgilobrivi), aseve globaluri, planetaruli da kosmosuri
procesebiT. maTgan umniSvnelovanesia klimatis globaluri daTboba, regionebis
aridizacia da Sesabamisad – gaudabnoeba.
eqstremalur bunebriv movlenaTa mimdinareoba mravalmxrivi, mravalferovani

da regionalurad gansxvavebulia. maTi Sedegebi pirdapir kavSirSia landSaftis
struqturul-funqcionalur, eTologiur TaviseburebebTan da mdgradobis xaris-
xTan. calkeul SemTxvevebSi isini mTlianad cvlian aRniSnul maxasiaTeblebs. Tum-
ca amgvari movlenebi (semiariduli mdgomareoba, didTovlianoba da zvavebi, gra-
vigenuli nakadebi, intensiuri naleqebi da Camonadeni) mTis landSaftTa araerTi
saxisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, rac unda ganixilebodes rogorc eTologiuri cvlis
meqanizmi.
zemoqmedebis ganxilvisas aseve mniSvnelovania misi zRvruli (maqsimaluri) nor-

mebis analizi, rac mis dadgenaSi, adamianis da garemos ekologiuri zRvris gaTva-
liswinebaSi mdgomareobs. adamianis janmrTelobaze, fsiqikaze, mis ekonomikur Tu
socialur aqtivobasa da mdgomareobaze (samedicino geografiuli TvalsazrisiT)
moqmedi garemo Tu anTropogenuri (teqnogenuri) zemoqmedeba mTeli rigi SemTxve-
vebis mimarT principialurad SemuSavebulia. igive ar SeiZleba iTqvas landSaftTa
da misi Semadgeneli komponentebis urTierTkavSiris meqanizmebze. landSaftebze bu-
nebrivi Tu anTropogenuri (teqnogenuri) zemoqmedebis zRvruli normebis dadgena
perspeqtiuli da saintereso samecniero problemaa.
zemoqmedebis xasiaTze SesaZlebelia vimsjeloT landSaftis struqturis TviTaR-

dgenis meqanizmebis mdgomareobis mixedviT. miCneulia, rom Tu zemoqmedeba exeba
mxolod biologiur komponents, landSafts unarCundeba TviTaRdgenis unari. Tvi-
TaRdgenis meqanizmis SenarCuneba SeuZlebelia, Tu:
1. zemoqmedeba emTxveva an xels uwyobs (aZlierebs) uaryofiT bunebriv procesebs

(daWaobeba, damlaSeba, daxramva, erozia da a.S.);
2. roca zemoqmedebas ganicdis ZiriTadi landSaftwarmomqmneli komponenti – re-
liefi da hava. amgvaria Ria karieruli wesiT wiaRiseulis mopoveba, dateraseba,
satransporto magistralebis mSenebloba da sxv.;
3. erTi biocenozi ivleba meore, eqvivalenturi biocenoziT.
2.3.2. anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis formebi

anTropogenuri zemoqmedeba gansxvavdeba meurneobis formebis mixedviT. amgvaria:
sasoflo-sameurneo, teqnogenuri (mrewveloba, mSenebloba, transporti da sxv.), teq-
noekologiuri (tyeebis eqspluatacia, xanZrebi da sxv.) rekreaciuli saqmianoba da
sxv.
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anTropogenuri zemoqmedeba SesaZlebelia iyos sinqronuli (erTdroulad ram-

denime saxis – teritoriis mravalmxrivi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi) an dublireba-
di (roca erTi zemoqmedeba icvleba meoreTi). sinqronuli zemoqmedeba ZiriTadad
warmodgenilia selitebur teritoriebze, iseT landSaftebSi, sadac erTdroulad
xorcieldeba sasoflo, satyeo da wylis meurneoba. dublirebadia zemoqmedeba im
regionebSi, sadac didia sezonuri sameurneo Tu rekreaciuli datvirTva. amgvari
landSaftebi ZiriTadad mTebSia warmodgenili.
bunebriv landSaftebze ama Tu im saxis anTropogenuri Semoqmedeba SesaZlebelia

ganvixiloT misi intensiobis, zemoqmedebis xarisxis mixedviT igi SeiZleba iyos in-
tensiuri, zomieri, eqstensiuri. intensiuri zemoqmedeba aRiniSneba im regionebSi,
sadac maqsimaluria mosaxleobis Tavmoyra, sameurneo Tu rekreaciuli saqmiano-
ba. intensiur zemoqmedebas ganicdian msxvili saqalaqo dasaxlebis, maT maqsimalur
miaxloebaze da rekreaciul zonebSi warmodgenili landSaftebi. intensiuria ze-
moqmedeba selitebur da samTamadno resursebis mopovebis adgilebSi. isini garkve-
ul landSaftis farglebSi viTardebian, warmoadgenen rTul socialur-ekonomikur
sistemebs, romelTa funqcionirebac mizanmimarTuli da mudmivi saqmianobiTaa gan-
pirobebuli.
intensiuria zemoqmedeba sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobisas, Tumca igi periodul xa-

siaTs atarebs. miuxedavad periodulobisa, agroteqnikuri zemoqmedeba imdenad ar-
sebiTia, rom agrarul landSaftTa struqtura da funqcionireba mTlianadaa damo-
kidebuli amgvar zemoqmedebaTa mizanmimarTulebaze. agrolandSaftebSi agroteqno-
genuri zemoqmedeba mimarTulia sasurveli agrokulturis mdgradi ganviTarebis da
funqciis SenarCunebisaTvis. rac ufro naklebad Seesabameba agrokultura landSaf-
tur-ekologiur pirobebs, rac ufro naklebadmdgradia igi garemo faqtorebisad-
mi, miT ufro intensiuria agroteqnikuri zemoqmedeba, miT ufro ararentabeluria
warmoeba. erTwliani an mravalwliani agrokulturebiT dakavebul bunebriv-agra-
rul teritoriul kompleqsTa landSaftur-geofizikuri mdgomareobebis dinamikis
SedarebiTi analizi gviCvenebs, rom miuxedavad zemoqmedebis xanmokle xasiaTisa,
maTi bunebrivi reJimi srul SesabamisobaSi sistematurad modis sawyisi landSaftis
bunebriv reJimTan.
intensiur anTropogenur zegavlenas aseve ganicdian seliteburi, samrewvelo, sat-

ransporto miznebiT gamoyenebuli landSaftebi.
eqstensiuri anTropogenuri zemoqmedeba dakavSirebulia garemoSi „energetikuli

narCenebis“ (xmauri, siTbo, radiaqtiuri narCenebi, „teqnogenuri narCenebis“ (Txeva-
di – samrewvelo, sayofacxovrebo da melioraciuli wylebi; gazobrivi – Wvartli,
mtveri, mZime metalebi), sayofacxovrebo narCenebis (nagavi, jarTi da sxv.) gabnevas-
Tan. anTropogenuri warmoSobis narCenebis bunebaSi gabneva xorcieldeba meqani-
kuri, bunebrivi an Sereuli formiT. narCenebis meqanikuri gadatana umeteswilad
mizanmimarTul, iSviaTad ki stiqiur xasiaTs atarebs. narCenebis bunebrivi meqaniz-
mebiT ganpirobebuli gabneva ZiriTadad qarebiT, mdinari wyliTa da geodinamiuri
procesebiTaa gamowveuli. Sereuli formis SemTxvevaSi narCenebis gadatanis meqani-
kuri meqanizmi icvleba bunebriviT.
garemoze anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis Sefaseba SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes bu-

nebriv procesebTan ama Tu im saqmianobis zemoqmedebis identifikaciiT, zemoqmede-
bis prognozirebis da Sedegebis raodenobriv-xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis gansaR-
58
zvris gziT. anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis Sefaseba unda uswrebdes sameurneo Tu

socialuri proeqtebis dagegmva-ganxorcielebas.
anTropogenur zemoqmedebas, iseve rogorc nebismier geografiul movlenas, kargad

gamoxatuli sivrce-droiTi Taviseburebani axasiaTebs. xanmokle xasiaTis zemoqme-
debas (mavne nivTierebebis gabneva garemoSi, mdinari wylebis dabinZureba da sxv.)
ukuqmedeba garkveuli drois Semdeg da sxva sivrciT ganzomilebaSi gaaCnia. amis
gamo, teqnogenuri naerTebis moxvedra niadagSi, cocxal organizmebSi da saboloo
jamSi, adamianis „kvebiT jaWvSi“, sivrce-droiTi cvalebadobis gamo xSirad nakle-
bad prognozirebadia. Tumca, amgvar movlenaTa landSafturi prognozirebis Ziri-
Tad kanonzomierebaTa dadgena SesaZlebelia.
2.3.3. zemoqmedebis Sedegebi da masStabebi
nebismieri xasiaTis zemoqmedebas SesaZlebelia mohyves rogorc dadebiTi, ise uar-

yofiTi Sedegebi. yoveli, bunebisaTvis eqstremaluri, zemoqmedeba iwvevs dinamiu-
ri wonasworobis darRvevas, komponentTa Soris sistemuri kavSirebis gardaqmnas,
struqturisa da funqcionirebis cvlas da a.S. zemoqmedebis Sedegebi, miuxedavad ze-
moTaRniSnulisa, or aspeqtSi unda ganixilebodes: pirveli – rogoraa SenarCunebu-
li zemoqmedebis Semdeg ama Tu im landSaftis struqturul-funqcionaluri Tavise-
burebani da meore – rogor asrulebs mocemuli landSafti socialur-ekonomikur
funqcias.
umetes SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba ar iTvalis-

winebs landSaftis potenciur SesaZleblobas (resursul potencials), aramed gan-
sazRvravs zemoqmedebis masStabebsa da formebs. amis gamo, zemoqmedebis formebi
ganpirobebulia: warmoebis interesebiT (roca araa gaTvaliswinebuli garemoze
zrunva), sameurneo an rekreaciuli miznebiT (iTvaliswinebs landSaftis calkeuli
elementebis dacvas), teqnikuri avariebiT, arasworad gaTvlili normebis mixedviT
saqmianobiT (satyeo meurneoba), gansazRvruli, normirebuli saqmianobTi (romelic
ar an ver iTvaliswinebs landSaftis fonur mdgomareobas), arasasurveli zemoqme-
debis aRkveTis dagvianebiT da sxv.
bunebrivi zemoqmedeba da misi Sedegebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT ori formiT: pirdapi-

riT da arapirdapiriT. pirveli SemTxveva eqstremaluri hidroTermuli pirobebis
SemTxvevaSi ganixileba (mag., gvalva, Warbi tenianoba), roca uSualod icvleba bi-
ogeohorizontebi, Tumca sxva geomasebi (hidromasebi, fitomasebi, pedomasebi) ara-
pirdapiri saxiT TandaTanobiT saxesxvaobas ganicdian. amis gamo, mniSvnelovania
landSaftebSi pasiuri da aqtiuri faqtorebis, struqturis mdgradobis ganmsazR-
vreli komponentebis gaTvaliswineba. landSaftebSi pasiuria reliefwarmomqmneli
procesebi, aqtiuri – tenbrunva, biogeocikli da mzis energiis transformacia da sxv.
aqtiuri procesebis SenarCuneba zemoqmedebis formebis ZiriTadi, ganmsazRvreli
kriteriumi unda iyos. anTropogenuri zemoqmedebisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iq-
nas isic, rom landSafts SeunarCundes TviTaRdgenis unari, raTa droulad aRdges
sawyisi mdgomareoba. es gansakuTrebiT exeba im landSaftebs, romlebic resurswar-
moebiTi da garemosaRmdgeni funqciiT gamoirCevian. mag. Tuki gvsurs gaCexili tyis
adgilze aRdges igive saxeobis mcenareuloba, saWiroa mizanmimarTulad vimoqme-
doT im axali saxeobebis mimarT, romlebic meoradi tyeebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli
da romlebic xels uSlian pirveladi mcenareulobis aRdgenas.
59
bunebrivi zemoqmedeba unda ganixilebodes im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki igi ganapirobebs

landSaftis struqturuli, funqcionaluri, geofizikuri an geoqimiuri maxasiaTeb-
lebis saxecvlilebas. bunebrivi Tu anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis ganxilvisas mxed-
velobaSi unda iqnas miRebuli landSaftis rogorc struqturul-funqcionaluri,
aseve komponentebis da komponentTSorisi urTierTkavSiris mdgomareoba. kompo-
nentebisa da maTi urTierTkavSirebis mdgomareoba mkafiod asaxavs landSaftze ama
Tu im zemoqmedebis Sedegebs, ris mixedviTac SesaZlebelia gakeTdes movlenis ganvi-
Tarebis prognozi. yoveli komponentis mdgomareoba, ganpirobebuli eqstremaluri
zemoqmedebiT, pirdapir kavSirSia nivTierebisa da energiis mudmivi cvlis proces-
Tan (funqcionirebasTan), romelTa xasiaTic, saboloo jamSi, ganapirobebs landSaf-
tis mdgomareobas. funqcionaluri TvalsazrisiT, reliefis zedapiri nivTierebisa
da energiis transformaciiT, biokomponenti da niadagi – akumulaciiT, haerisa da
wylis masebi – „transportirebiT“ gamoirCeva.
landSaftebze anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis xarisxis mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia

mosaxleobis simWidrovis ganawileba landSaftebis mixedviT. qalaqTa umravleso-
ba administraciuli funqciiT gamoirCeva, Tumca is qalaqebi, sadac saqalaqo mosax-
leobis udidesi nawili (75%) cxovrobs, polifunqciuri, an damuSavebiTi da satran-
sporto funqciis matarebelia. sasoflo gansaxlebas, miuxedavad misi dinamizmisa,
mkveTrad gamoxatuli mdgradi damokidebuleba gaaCnia teritoriis landSaftur
diferenciaciasTan. sasoflo gansaxlebis simWidrove mcirdeba simaRlebrivi zona-
lobis mixedviT, maqsimums ki qveda mTis tyisa da mTaTaSorisi baris landSaftTa
mijnaze aRwevs.
2.3.4. bunebis komponentebis da landSaftis Sefasebis indikatorebi

zemoqmedeba niadagze
niadagze zemoqmedebis Sefasebisas ganixileba: humusovani fenis moxsnis masStabebi

da misi Sedegebi, niadagis gadarecxvis an qarismieri eroziis SesaZlebloba, gamo-
fitvis produqtis gavlena mimdebare teritoriebsa da wylebze.
niadagis xarisxze da stabilurobaze zemoqmedeba ZiriTadad mosalodnelia miwis

samuSaoebis procesSi. misi dabinZurebis ZiriTadi wyaroebi SeiZleba iyos Sxamqi-
mikatebi, myari da Txevadi narCenebi, romelic ganibneva gamoyenebuli teqnikidan,
samarago rezervuarebidan, agreTve navTobproduqtebis da sxva damabinZureblebis
gaJonva. prevenciis mizniT sasurvelia amgvari wyaroebis swori marTva da gan-
Tavseba.
calkeuli sameurneo qmedebebis SemTxvevebSi saWiro xdeba humusovani fenis moxsna

da dasawyobeba, romelTa moculoba gansxvavdeba arsebuli niadagis tipebis mixed-
viT. niadagis nayofierebis da stabilurobis SenarCunebis mizniT, kanonis `niada-
gis dacvis Sesaxeb~ mixedviT, aucilebeli im adgilebis gansazRvra, sadac moxdeba
niadagis nayofieri fenis moxsna da dasawyobeba. amgvari adgilebSi minimalizebuli
unda iqnes dasawyobebuli fenis wylismieri da qarismieri erozia, an meqanikuri
zemoqmedeba. rogorc wesi, sameurneo saqmianobis dasrulebis Semdgom niadagis nay-
ofieri fena gamoyenebuli unda iqnes dazianebuli da erodirebuli ubnebis rekul-
tivaciisTvis.
niadagis/gruntis dabinZurebis prevenciis mizniT gasaTvaliswinebelia Sesa-

bamisi garemosdacviTi moTxovnebi, maT Soris: kontroli narCenebis saTanado
60
marTvaze, sameurneo-fekaluri wylebi Segrovdeba hermetul saasenizacio ormoeb-

Si, dabinZurebis maRali potencialis mqone stacionaluri obieqtebis (magaliTad
sawvavis samarago rezervuarebi) SemozRudva avariuli daRvris Semakavebeli bari-
erebiT, SemTxveviTi daRvris SemTxvevaSi dabinZurebuli fenis drouli moxsna da
gatana teritoriidan.
garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis Semdgom etapze zustdeba im saproeqto ubnebis

ekologiuri Taviseburebani da xarisxobriv-raodenobrivi maCveneblebi, sadac war-
modgenilia Sesabamisi tipis niadagis humusovani fena. amgvari kvlevis safuZvel-
ze ganisazRvreba mosaxsneli nayofieri fenis miaxloebiTi moculoba da droebiTi
dasawyobebis adgilebis saimedooba. garda amisa, ganisazRvreba niadagis zedapiru-
li fenis dabinZurebis maRali riskis mqone ubnebi da maTTvis damatebiT muSavdeba
Sesabamisi prevenciuli/Semarbilebeli RonisZiebebi da dagegmili sarekultivacio
RonisZiebebis programa.
zemoqmedeba mcenareul safarze
garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebisas, kvlevis pirvel etapze, xorcieldeba sakvlevi

regionis mcenareulobaze arsebuli botanikuri literatura, arsebuli monacemebis
damuSaveba, iSviaTi da endemuri saxeobebis inventarizacia, sameurneo saqmianobis
midamoebis mcenareuli safaris mravalferovnebis analizi, mcenareulobiT dasax-
lebuli sensituri habitatebisa da endemuri da reliqturi mcenareebis aRricxva.
kvlevis meore etapisTvis garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis saboloo daskvnasTan

dakavSirebiT igegmeba savele-botanikuri eqspedicia, romlis drosac mcenareulo-
bis Sefasebis meTodologia iTvaliswinebs:
1. „wiTeli nusxis” mcenareebis aRricxvas;

2. reliqturi da endemuri saxeobebis gamovlenas;
3. garemoze zemoqmedebis zogad Sefasebas;
4. mSeneblobisa da eqspluataciis ubnebze mcenareulobaze zemoqmedebis Sefasebas;
5. obieqtis eqspluataciis Sesvlis etapze mosalodneli uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis
Sefasebas.
6. goze mosalodneli uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis Semarbilebeli RonisZiebebis
dasaxvas da Sesabamis rekomendaciebs.
zemoqmedeba klimatur maxasiaTeblebze

klimatze zemoqmedebis Sefasebisas ganisazRvreba misi parametrebis geografiuli
ganawilebis Taviseburebani
sakvlev raionSi arsebuli meteorologiuri sadguris dakvirvebaTa monacemebis

analizis safuZvelze. klimaturi parametrebidan mniSvnelovania: haeris saSualo
temperatura (absoluturi maqsimumi, absoluturi minimumi), naleqebi (raodenoba,
wliuri jamebi), sinotive (absoluturi, SefardebiTi, deficiti), qari (mimarTuleba,
siCqare, Stili), Tovlis safaris simaRle da Tovlian dReTa ricxvi.
haeris xarisxze zemoqmedebis ZiriTad faqtors warmoadgens miwis samuSaoebi,

gruntis an sxva samSeneblo masalebis Senaxva da gadatana, satransporto nakadeb-
iT warmoqmnili mtveri, manqana-danadgarebisa da mZime satvirTo manqanebis gamon-
abolqvi. avtotransporti SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc haerze zemoqmedebis
61
umTavresi wyaro. Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom transporti iqneba

„saTburis gazebis“ erT-erTi mTavari wyaro.
atmosferuli haeris xarisxze zemoqmedebis Sesafaseblad gamoiyeneba is normati-

uli dokumentebi, romlebic adgens haeris xarisxis standarts. normativebi gansaz-
Rvrulia janmrTelobis dacvisTvis, radganac masze zemoqmedeba damokidebulia ro-
gorc mavne nivTierebaTa koncentraciaze, aseve zemoqmedebis xangrZlivobaze.
atmosferul haerSi mavne nivTierebaTa emisiebis Semarbilebeli RonisZiebebi Zir-

iTadad muSavdeba mosamzadebeli da mSeneblobis fazebisTvis. samuSaoTa mwarmoebe-
li valdebulia uzrunvelyos Semdegi saxis Semarbilebeli RonisZiebebis gatareba:
• teqnikis da satransporto saSualebebis teqnikuri gamarTulobis uzrunvelyofa;

• mSral da qarian amindSi oTx saaTSi erTxel araasfaltirebuli gzis an gaSiSv-
lebuli gruntis safariani teritoriebis morwyva;
• nayari samSeneblo masalebis da narCenebis Senaxvis wesebis dacva, raTa ar mox-
des maTi amtvereba;
• transportis moZraobis optimaluris siCqaris dacva.
landSaftebze zemoqmedebis Sefaseba
landSaftebze zemoqmedebis Sefasebisas ganixileba misi geografiuli Tavisebureba-

ni, bunebrivi da anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis masStabebi, mdgradobis maxasiaTeble-
bi da transformaciis parametrebi, kerZod:
• landSaftis tipi, qvetipi, gvari;

• geografiuli mdebareoba – geografiuli (mdinaris auzi, orografiuli er-
Teulebi), dasaxlebuli punqtebi, adgilis simaRle;
• reliefi – ferdobebis dominanturi daxriloba, reliefis formebi da tipebi
• geomorfologia – geomorfologiuri procesis dominanti tipi (ras ukavSirde-
ba), geologiuri agebuleba (ras uwyobs xels), geodinamiuri procesebis xasiaTi
da intensivoba;
• klimati – zogadi Tavisebureba, sezonuri saSualo temperaturebi, naleqebis sa-
Sualo wliuri raodenoba da sezonuri ganawileba, simSralis indeqsi, klimatu-
ri maxasiaTeblebis komfortulobis (diskomfortulobis) maCveneblebi;
• niadagi – tipi da simZlavre, vertikaluri da meqanikuri struqtura;
• mcenareuloba – tipi, simZlavre da sixSire, transformaciis xarisxi;
• sameurneo gamoyenebis forma
• mdgradobis xarisxi;
• landSaftis transformaciis xarisxi.
2.4. miwis resursebis mdgradi gamoyenebis problemebi da indikatorebi
miwis resursebis gamoyeneba aTaswleulebs iTvlis. misi mniSvneloba TvalsaCinoa

imiT, rom miwis resursebis meSveobiT kacobrioba TiTqmis mTlianad (95%-iT) ik-
mayofilebs sursaTze moTxovnas. miwis resursebis (129 mln km2 anu xmeleTis 86.6%)
mxolod 1/5 SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas saxnav-saTesad. igive maCvenebeli msoflios
qveynebis ZiriTadi nawilisTvis kidev ufro umniSvneloa. cnobilia, rom erTi ada-
mianis gamosakvebad saWiroa minimum 0.1 ha miwis damuSaveba. saxnavi miwis farTobis
xvedriTi wili swrafad mcirdeba – Tu ramdenime aTeuli wlis win (1960 w.) dedami-
62
wis erT mcxovrebze 0.5 ha saxnav-saTesi farTobi modioda, amJamad es maCvenebeli

(0.21 ha) mniSvnelovnadaa Secvlili. gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgas miwis resursebis
da misi gamoyenebis problemebi mTian da mosaxleobis raodenobiT “gamorCeul”
saxelmwifoebSi.
saukuneebis manZilze eqstensiuri soflis meurneoba XX saukunis dasawyisSi inten-
siurma Secvala, Tumca anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis masStabebze da mis uaryofiT
Sedegebze aqtiuri saubari mxolod gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebidan daiwyo. amJa-
mad niadaguri safaris struqturis da nayofierebis SenarCuneba msoflios araer-
Ti saxelmwifos umniSvnelovanesi problemaa. amgvari maxasiaTeblebis SenarCuneba
rogorc socialuri an ekonomikuri, ise ekologiuri aucileblobacaa. niadagebis
struqturis cvlaze ZiriTadad anTropogenuli faqtori moqmedebs, xolo nayofi-
erebaze anTropogenulic da bunebrivic.
msoflio miwis resursebi 130 mln km2-s aRwevs, rac xmeleTis 87%-ia. dedamiwaze sax-
nav teritoriebs da mravalwlian nargaobas 15 mln km2, xolo saTibebsa da saZovrebs
40 mln km2 ukavia. mosaxleobis zrdasTan erTad yovelwliurad mcirdeba miwis re-
sursebis da gansakuTrebiT, saxnavi teritoriebis xvedriTi wili. Tu gasuli sauku-
nis Sua xanebSi igi 0.5 ha-s Seadgenda, amJamad erT sul mosaxleze 0.2 ha saxnavad
gamoyenebuli farTobi modis. miwis resursebis aTvisebis masStabebi pirdapir ka-
vSirSia ara marto qveynis mosaxleobis raodenobasa da ganviTarebis donesTan,
aramed bunebriv pirobebTanac. magaliTad, Tu evropis teritoriis 1/3 ixvneba, igive
maCvenebeli afrikaSi 3-jer, xolo avstraliaSi 10-jer naklebia.
ganviTarebad qveynebSi kvebis produqtebis warmoebis zrda sasoflo-sameurneo dan-
iSnulebis miwis resursebis gafarToebiT miiRweva, rac meurneobis eqstensiuri ti-
pis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. miuxedavad zrdis masStabebisa, amgvar qveynebSi kvebis
produqtebis warmoebis moculoba da saheqtaro mosavlianoba 4-5 jer CamorCeba
ganviTarebuli samyaros analogiur maCveneblebs. Tu ganviTarebul qveynebSi miwis
resursebis gamoyenebis Sedegad Zalzed saSiS masStabebs maTi qimiuri dabinZureba
aRwevs, ganviTarebad qveynebSi ZiriTadi problema niadagebis degradacia (nayof-
ierebis Semcireba, erozia, damlaSeba) da gaudabnoebaa (bedlendebis farTobebis
zrdasTan erTad). ZiriTadad amis gamoa, rom ganviTarebad qveynebSi yovelwliurad
izrdeba damSeuli mosaxleobis raodenoba, ise importirebuli sursaTis moculoba
(magaliTad, aq marcvlis importi 1950 – 2010 wlebSi 12-jer gaizarda).
msoflioSi mimdinare demografiuli Tu ekologiuri procesebi miwis resursebis
degradaciis arsebiTi winapirobaa. msoflios araerT regionSi mosaxleobis sim-
Widrove aRemateba zRvrulad dasaSveb normebs, ris gamoc aq mwvaved dgas miwis
resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebis problema. amJamad gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria
miwis resursebis nayofierebis SenarCunebis da qimiuri sasuqebiT dabinZurebis
problema. miwaTsargebloba da miwis resursebis simcire araerTi konfliqtis wina-
piroba gaxda.
klimatis globaluri cvlileba, tyiani farTobebis Semcireba da miwis intensiuri
gamoyeneba eroziuli procesebis da gaudabnoebis xelSemwyobi faqtoria. gaudab-
noebam moicva semiariduli da semihumiduri havis gavrcelebis mniSvnelovani teri-
toriebi, sadac soflis meurneobis ganviTareba safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda. mosavlia-
nobis Semcireba kritikuls xdis adgilobrivi mosaxleobis sakvebiT uzrunvelyo-
fas, rasac afrikis, centraluri amerikis da centraluri aziis da sxva regionebis
qveynebidan mosaxleobis masiur migracias uwyobs xels.
63
gaeros mier miRebulia araerTi rekomendacia, romlebic iTvaliswinebs:

9 miwis degradaciis aRkveTas an Semcirebas;
9 miwis resursebis gamoyenebis samarTlebriv regulaciebs;
9 meurneobis sxvadasxva dargis da gansaxlebis formebis urTierTdamokidebule-
bas miwis resursebis gamoyenebasTan;
9 informaciisadmi xelmisawvdomobis zrdas; sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mopovebis
arealebSi degradirebuli miwebis rekultivacias;
9 biologiuri mravalferovnebis aRdgenas da SenarCunebas;
9 saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis xelSewyobas Tanamedrove teqnologiebis dan-
ergvis mizniT.
niadagebze adamianis zemoqmedeba ramdenime formiT vlindeba, romelTa Soris
mniSvnelovania: meqanikuri, agromelioraciuli, qimiuri, cocxali samyaros ga-
nadgurebiT da sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobiT ganpirobebuli zemoqmedeba. meqa-
nikuri zemoqmedeba xvna-Tesvas, sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mopovebas, mSeneblobas
da sabrZolo moqmedebebs ukavSirdeba. miwis resursebis mdgomareobaze garkveul-
wilad metyvelebs teritoriis moxvnis masStabebi, rac pirdapir kavSirSia bunebriv
pirobebTan da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donesTan. magaliTad, Tu evropaSi ixvneba
teritoriis 1/3, igive maCvenebeli afrikaSi 14%, xolo avstraliaSi 4% aRwevs. sa-
sargeblo wiaRiseulis Ria karieruli wesiT mopovebisas an mSeneblobisas mTli-
anad nadgurdeba niadagis fena.
agromelioraciul zemoqmedebaSi rwyva, daSroba da gruntis wylebis specialuri,
xelovnuri gadaadgileba (aweva an daweva) igulisxmeba. sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedebis
istoria 7 aTas wels iTvlis, Tumca ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis manZilze sarwy-
avi miwebis farTobi msoflioSi 25-jer gaizarda. gansakuTrebiT didia sarwyavi
miwebis xvedriTi wili CineTSi (45%), indoeTsa (21%) da aSS-Si (16.5%). daSroba te-
nian niadagebs esaWiroeba, rac ZiriTadad drenaJiT an gruntis wylebis daweviT
miiRweva. rogorc rwyvisas, ise daSrobisas mniSvnelovnad icvleba niadagis ro-
gorc sinotivis, ise siTburi maxasiaTeblebi. garda amisa, niadagSi didi raodeno-
biT Tavs iyris marilebi, rac mis gamkvrivebas da fizikuri Tvisebebis gauaresebas
ganapirobebs. cnobilia, rom msoflioSi sarwyavi miwebis TiTqmis naxevari ukve
damlaSebulia. amJamad niadagebis damlaSebis problema awuxebs sarwyavi miwaTmo-
qmedebiT “ganTqmul” axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebs, avRaneTsa da irans, erays da
egviptes, CineTs, meqsikasa da aSS, avstralias, indoeTs da sxv.
qimiuri zemoqmedeba mineralur sasuqebs da pesticidebis gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba,
romlis moxmarebis masStabebi yovelwliurad matulobs. amgvari qimiuri elemente-
bi rCeba da grovdeba niadagSi, xvdeba miwisqveSa wylebSi da atmosferoSi. niadagSi
dagrovili qimiuri elementebi anadgurebs mikroorganizmebs, cvlis nivTierebis
ganawilebisa da energiis gardaqmnis procesebs, amcirebs niadagis nayofierebas.
msxvili dasaxlebuli punqtebis, samrewvelo sawarmoebis da avtomagistralebis
gaswvriv niadagSi damatebiT xvdeba sxvadasxva qimiuri elementi (tyvia, kaliumi,
nikeli, vercxliswyali da sxv.). myari narCenebi auaresebs niadagebis aeracias da
spobs cocxal organizmebs, xolo qimiuri elementebi Warbi raodenobiT xvdeba kul-
turul mcenareebSi.
dedamiwaze mosaxleobis zrdasTan erTad matulobs eroziisadmi aramdgradi teri-

toriebis aTvisebis tempi, rac maTi degradaciis, gaudabnoebis da Semdgom – gauda-
burebis winapirobaa. gaudabnoebis procesi sxvadasxva bunebriv garemoSi sxvadasxva
64
faqtors ukavSirdeba. Tumca misi gamowvevi ZiriTadi mizezia niadagebis fizikuri

Tvisebebis gauareseba, mcenareulobis ganadgureba, gruntis wylebSi marilebis ra-
odenobis zrda, ekosistemebis TviTaRdgenis unaris Semcireba. gaudabnoebas gaer-
Tianebuli erebis organizaciis mixedviT landSaftis `sikvdili~ uwodes. gaeros
monacemebiT, msoflioSi gaudabnoebam ukve moicva 40 mln ha sarwyavi teritoriebi,
Tanac yovelwliurad 6 mln ha izrdeba misi masStabebi. gaudabnoeba emuqreba samx-
reT amerikis teritoriis 10%, aziis 19%, afrikis 23% da avstraliis 45%. magaliTad,
afrikaSi saharis udabno samreTis mimarTulebiT 6 km/weli siCqariT farTovdeba.
amJamad msoflio mosaxleobis 10% cxovrobs gaudabnoebis intensiuri procesebiT
cnobil regionebSi.
2.5. mdgradi ganviTarebis socialur-ekonomikuri indikatorebi
globaluri ekonomikuri procesebi mniSvnelovnad zRudavs ganviTarebadi qveynebis

mosaxleobis ekonomikur keTildReobas, adgilobriv warmoebas da vaWrobas, akni-
nebs mosaxleobis socialuri ganviTarebis da stabilurobis dones. ekonomikuri da
socialuri viTarebis SefasebisTvis aucilebelia Semdegi maCveneblebis ganxilva:
9 sasicocxlo garemos (sivrcis) arsebuli da perspeqtiuli aTviseba, gansaxlebis

da mosaxleobis Tavmoyris ZiriTadi arealebi;
9 wylis, miwis, wiaRiseulis da tyis resursebis ganawileba erT sul mosaxleze
gaangariSebiT;
9 meurneobis struqtura (mrewvelobis, soflis meurneobis, transportis, vaWro-
bis, momsaxurebis da mSeneblobis xvedriTi wili erTobliv erovnul produq-
tSi);
9 meurneobis da gansaxlebis ganviTarebisTvis xelsayreli arealebis arseboba;
9 erToblivi erovnuli produqtis raodenoba erT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT;
9 samedicino momsaxurebis done (maT Soris eqimebis raodenoba yovel 10 aTas
mcxovrebze gaangariSebiT);
9 ganaTlebis done (umaRlesi da saSualo ganaTlebulTa raodenoba yovel aTas
mcxovrebze gaangariSebiT);
9 sicocxlis arsebuli da mosalodneli xangrZlivoba;
9 mosaxleobis migracia (maT Soris ekologiuri migrantebis raodenoba);
9 mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis (klebis) tendenciebi;
9 sakvebi produqtebis moxmarebis raodenoba da xarisxi;
9 samomxmareblo kalaTis struqtura da saarsebo minimumis moculoba;
dedamiwaze warmoebuli sasoflo-sameurneo produqcia, Tanabari ganawilebis Sem-

TxvevaSi, mTlianad daakmayofilebda mosaxleobis moTxovnas kvebis produqtebze.
Tumca Tanamedrove mdgomareoba sxvagvaria – msoflioSi amJamad 600 mln adamia-
ni „zedmetad“ ikvebeba, maSin roca 800 mln adamiani SimSilobs an arasrulfasov-
nad ikvebeba. mosaxleobis keTildReobis erTerTi maCvenebeli moxmarebuli kvebis
produqtebis raodenoba da xarisxia. amisaTvis gamoiyeneba iseTi maCvenebeli, ro-
melic gviCvenebs dRis manZilze miRebuli kaloriebis raodenobas. kveba iTvleba
normalurad, Tu adamiani dReSi iRebs 2600-2800 kilokalorias (kkal). miRebuli ka-
loriebis mixedviT, zogadad msoflioSi mosaxleobis mdgomareoba, ukanasknel aT-
wleulSi gaumjobesda. Tumca gansxavebanic TvalsaCinoa. Tu ganviTarebul qveynebSi
erT sul mosaxleze 3400 kkal modis, igive maCvenebeli laTinur amerikaSi 2700-is,
xolo centralur afrikaSi 2000-s aRwevs. kvebis produqtebSi, ganviTarebul qveyneb-
Si, cxoveluri warmoSobisaa 1/3, xolo ganviTarebadSi 7%. cxoveluri warmoSobis
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produqtebs didi raodenobiT moixmaren laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi, rac mesaqon-

leobis ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayreli bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebiTaa ganpiro-
bebuli.
ama Tu im qveynis socialuri ganviTarebis doneze, sxva maCveneblebTan erTad,

TvalsaCinod metyvelebs saarsebo minimumis moculoba. igi gansxvavebulia qveyne-
bis mixedviT – ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi es maCvenebeli ramdenjer aRemateba
ganviTarebadisas. saarsebo minimumi gamoixateba im TanxiT, romelsac gamoiyenebs
adamiani kvebisa da sayofacxovrebo moTxovnebis minimaluri dakmayofilebisaTvis.
saarsebo minimumze dabali Semosavlis mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili umniSvneloa
dasavleT evropis, dabali CrdiloeT amerikis da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi,
saSualo samxreT amerikasa da CrdiloeT afrikaSi, maRali – centralur afrikaSi.
samomxmareblo kalaTis ganawilebis Taviseburebani naTlad warmoaCens mosaxleo-
bis cxovrebis dones da socialur interesebs. ganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleobis
samomxmareblo kalaTis ZiriTadi nawili momsaxurebis sferoze da rekreaciaze mo-
dis, maSin roca ganviTarebad qveynebSi mosaxleoba danaxarjebs sursaTis SesaZenad
iRebs.
mrewvelobis obieqtebis zegavlena bunebriv garemoze ganuzomlad didia. isini masze

zemoqmedeben gazobrivi airebiT, myari da Txevadi narCenebiT, rac zrdis anTropo-
genuli zemoqmedebis masStabebs. amgvari ekologiuri problema zemoqmedeba aisaxe-
ba ekonomikur efeqtianobasa da socialur mdgradobaze.
am mxriv gansakuTrebuli „efeqturobiT“ metalurgiuli, qimiuri da samTo-gada-

mamuSavebeli sawarmoebi gamoirCevian. amgvari sawarmoebis gavlenis arealSi mcx-
ovrebi mosaxleoba, Tu iq araa daculi warmoebis ekologiuri normebi, udidesi sa-
frTxis qveS imyofebian. gavlena imdenad didia, rom mas sruliad SeuZlia Secvalos
demografiuli viTareba, daavadebaTa geografia da struqtura, cocxali samyaro,
miwisqveSa da zedapiruli wylebis Sedgeniloba, niadagis nayofiereba, mikrokli-
mati da sxv. dabinZurebuli garemos TviTwmendis maCveneblebi sxvadasxva qimiuri
elementisTvis Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: cinki – 500 wlamde, kadmiumi – 110 wlamde,
spilenZi – 1500 wlamde, tyvia ki 6 aTas wlamde.
garemoSi gafrqveuli qimiuri nivTierebebis garkveuli nawili „Seiwoveba“ kul-

turuli mcenareebis mier an im sakvebidan, rasc moixmars Sinauri saqoneli. isini
saboloo jamSi xvdeba kvebiT jaWvSi, rac aisaxeba adamianis janmrTelobaze.
garemoze zemoqmedebis aranaklebi masStabebiT xasiaTdeba soflis meurneoba. igi

ramdenime aspeqtiT warmoCindeba.
• pirveli ukavSirdeba bunebrivi landSaftebis transformacias da aramdgradi ag-

rolandSaftebis formirebas. zogierTi kulturiT (magaliTad, vazi, bostneuli,
xexili da sxv.) warmodgenili agrolandSaftebi gamorCeulia anTropogenuli
zemoqmedebis sixSiriT da intensivobiT. isini mudmiv da mizanmimarTul fizikur
da qimiur zemoqmedebas saWiroeben, raTa SeinarCunon mdgradoba da miRweul
iqnas maTi daniSnulebis maqsimaluri Sedegi.
• meore aspeqti melioracias ukavSirdeba. sistematuri wyva, gansakuTrebiT semi-
aridul da aridul regionebSi, niadagebis damlaSebis winapirobaa. damlaSebu-
li niadagebi praqtikulad kargav sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebas, xolo maTi
nayofierebis aRdgenas ramdenime aTeuli weli esaWiroeba.
66
• mesame miwaTmoqmedebiT anu miwis meqanikuri damuSavebiTaa ganpirobebuli. mi-

wis damuSavebis Sedegebi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: bunebrivi mcenareulobis
sruli ganadgureba anu ekosistemuri ekocidi, niadagis struqturis cvla, mdgra-
dobis degradacia, niadagis meqanikuri daSla, qarismieri da wylismieri eziis
gaaqtiureba, qimiuri nivTierebebis Setana, bunebrivi nayofierebis degradacia.
miwis damuSavebas araerTi jaWvuri ekologiuri reaqcia mosdevs. mineraluri sa-

suqebi abinZurebs zedapirul da miwisqveSa wylebs, aRwevs sxvadasxva tipis wyalsat-
evSi da ganapirobebs evtrofikaciis intensivobas. xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca niadagis
damuSaveba, mcenareulobis ganadgureba da wylis reJimis cvla, iwvevs gaudabnoebis
process. miwaTmoqmedeba aseve damRupvelad moqmedebs cxovelTa samyaroze da maT
adgilsamyofelze. gacilebiT naklebi zemoqmedebiT xasiaTdeba mesaqonleoba, rac
Zovebas da sakvebis mopovebas ukavSirdeba.
mTebi garkveul rols TamaSoben sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoebaSi. mi-

uxedavad mTiani teritoriebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli „mkacri“ bunebrivi garemosi,
msoflios araerT regionSi Seiqmna tradiciuli soflis meurneobis tipebi, sadac
adamianis da bunebis Tanaarsebobis gamorCeuli formebia warmodgenili. es gansa-
kuTrebiT exeba mravalwlian nargaobas, romlebic araerTi funqciis Sesrulebasa
da ganxorcielebas uwyobs xels. maT Sorisaa: ekologiuri funqcia – nargaoba xels
uSlis eroziuli da denudaciuri procesebis ganviTarebas, amcirebs aorTqlebas da
zedapirul gadarecxvas; ekonomikuri (sasursaTo) funqcia – xexili, Tavisi qimiuri
SedgenilobiT, mTis mosaxleobisTvis kvebis racionSi vitaminebi miwodebis arse-
biTi wyaroa. aq moyvanili xili maRali kvebiTi TvisebebiT gamoirCeva da didi
mowonebiT sargeblobs sxva regionebSi mcxovreb mosaxleobaSi.
mTebSi mdgradi soflis meurneoba mxolod sworad gansazRvruli agroteqnikuri

RonisZiebebiT, kulturul mcenareTa ekologiuri maxasiaTeblebis bunebriv gare-
mos potencialTan maqsimaluri miaxloebiT, biologiuri sasuqis gamoyenebiT da
melioraciis Tanamedrove meTodebis sayovelTao gamoyenebiTaa SesaZlebeli.
mTebSi ekologiur arastabilurobas iwvevs saavtomobilo transporti da saavto-

mobilo gzebi. msoflioSi aqtiurad mimdinare procesi, rac eleqtro da hibriduli
transportis ganviTarebas ukavSirdeba, mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs garemoze negati-
uri zemoqmedebis masStabebs. saavtomobilo gzebis xarisxi, satransporto sainJin-
ro komunikaciebi da infrastruqtura, xSirad gamxdare anTropogenuli uaryofiTi
zemoqmedebis zrdis mizezi maT mimdebare teritoriebze. saavtomobilo gzebi, ekolo-
giuri usafrTxoebis mxriv, SeiZleba daiyos ekologiuri zemoqmedebis calkeuli
maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. maT mimdebare teritoriebze dabinZurebulia atmosferu-
li haeri, zedapiruli da miwisqveSa wylebi, niadagebi, mcenareuloba da saboloo
jamSi, adamianis sasicocxlo sivrce.
saavtomobilo gzebis garemoze zemoqmedeba ramdenime aspeqts ukavSirdeba, romel-

Ta Sorisaa:
• reliefi da geologiuri agebuleba – saavtomobilo gza praqtikulad mTlianad

cvlis egzogenuri zemoqmedebis formebsa da masStabebs, geidinamiur aqtivobas,
gamofitvis intensivobas da tipebs. igi aCqarebs an anelebs amgvar procesebs.
mTian teritoriebze gzebis mSenebloba xels uwyobs mewyruli da denudaciuri
procesebis gaaqtiurebas, rac droTa ganmavlobaSi cvlis reliefis formebs. sa-
67
siSroebas qmnis gzebis mSeneblobisas „moxsnili“ qanebic, romelTa dagrovebis

(dayris) arealebi didi raodenobiT Seiwovs tens, rac droTa ganmavlobaSi Sei-
Zleba gadaadgildes;
• zedapiruli wylebi – saavtomobilo gza garkveulwilad cvlis zedapiruli wy-
lebis mimarTulebas da intensivobas. es gansakuTrebiT saSiSi xdeba im SemTx-
vevaSi, Tu arasworadaa agebuli wyalgamtari nagebobebi. gzis mimdebare terito-
ria xSirad itboreba, rac ukavSirdeba mis SemaRlebul mdebareobas mimdebare
teritoriasTan. datborili adgilebi, rogorc wesi Waobdeba, tenis mateba ki
gavlenas axdens rogorc ekosistemebze da niadagis nayofier fenaze (Carecxvis
Sedegad), ise gzis infrastruqturasTan dakavSirebul sainJinro nagebobebs;
• cocxal samyaro – saavtomobilo gzis mSenebloba ganapirobebs cocxali sam-
yaros ekocids, maTi adgilsamyofelis degradacias, migraciis gzebis gadakveTas
da nivelirebas;
• landSaftis esTetikuri (bunebrivi) ier-saxe – saavtomobilo gza da misTvis saW-
iro infrastruqtura cvlis landSafts da „amdidrebs“ mas teqnogenuri elemen-
tebiT. amis gamoa, rom gzebis daproeqtebisas sasurvelia gaTvaliswineul iqnas
arsebuli landSaftis formirebis bunebrivi meqanizmebi, garemomcveli peiza-
Jebi, mosaxleobis interesebi da sxv. amave dros, saWiroa garemo dadebiT STabe-
Wdilebas axdendes da emociurad ganawyobdes rogorc mZRols, ise mgzavrebs;
• socialuri da ekonomikuri garemo – cnobilia, rom saavtomobilo gza social-
ur-ekonomikuri garemos ganviTarebis da gaumjobesebis arsebiTi winapirobaa,
Tumca garkveuli ekologiuri problemebi eqmnebaT gzebis siaxloves mcxovreb
mosaxleobas. saavtomobilo transportis moZraoba zrdis xmauris, vibraciis,
eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebis da mikroklimatis maCveneblebs da dones.
gaeros prognoziT, uaxloes aTwleulebSi gansakuTrebiT gaizrdeba satransporto

saSualebebiT energiis moxmarebis maCveneblebi, rac ganpirobebuli iqneba saerTa-
Soriso gadazidvebis moculobis matebiT. transporti msoflios qveynebis udides
nawilSi rCeba atmosferos da niadagis dabinZurebis ZiriTad wyarod, rac kidev uf-
ro intensiuri gaxdeba misi masStabebis mosalodneli zrdis fonze. amasTan dakavSi-
rebiT, gaero mouwodebs msoflio Tanamegobrobas, maqsimalurad ganviTardes eko-
logiurad usafrTxo transporti, Semcirdes tyviis Semcveli navTobproduqtebis
sawvavad gamoyeneba, gaizardos energiis alternatiuli wyaroebis (eleqtroener-
gia, biosawvavi, gazi) moxmareba, Seiqmnas sazogadoebrivi da satvirTo transportis
ekonomiurad xelmisawvdomi da ekologiurad efeqturi sistemebi.
ekologiurad usafrTxo energetika mdgradi ganviTarebis arsebiTi qvakuTxedia.

gaeros monacemebiT, msoflio mosaxleobis TiTqmis 1/3 ganicdis „energetikul Sim-
Sils“ anu ar miuwvdeba xeli energiis Tanamedrove wyaroebze (gansakuTrebiT eleq-
troenergiaze). cnobilia isic, rom energiaze moTxovna yovelwliurad izrdeba, rac
ukavSirdeba rogorc mosaxleobis matebas, ise mrewvelobasa da transportSi mox-
marebuli energiis mzard raodenobas. energetikis mdgradi ganviTarebis mizniT,
gaeros mier dasaxulia araerTi qmedeba, romelTagan mniSvnelovania:
• ekologiurad sufTa energetikis ganviTareba (aRdgenadi da alternatiuli ener-

giis wyaroebis – mzis, qaris, geoTermuli, miqceva-moqcevaTa);
• energodamzogavi teqnologiebis da wyaroebis ganviTareba.
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aRniSnuli qmedebebis xelSewyoba energetikis mdgradi ganviTarebis winapirobaa,

romlis masStabebi naTlad asaxavs ama Tu im qveynis wvlils zogadsakacobrio qme-
debebis ganxorcielebis saqmeSi.
energetikuli mrewveloba umeteswilad garemos degradacias ganapirobebs. nebismi-

eri sabado (navTobis, qvanaxSiris, gazis, torfis, sawvavi fiqlebis da sxv.) garemos
dabinZurebis wyaroa. es gansakuTrebiT exeba Ria karieruli wesiT qvanaxSiris mo-
povebas, rac mimdebare teritoriebis geocids ganapirobebs. gamoyenebuli saTbobi
energia atmosferos dabinZurebis wyarocaa, rac klimatis globaluri cvlilebis
xelSmwyobi faqtoria.
sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mopovebisas reliefis deformacia da moZraoba aRiniSneba
im regionSi, sadac qanebis zedapiruli fena 300-jer naklebia mis qveS gamomuSavebul
siRruvis sisqeze. amgvar procesebs xels aseve uwyobs mineraluri resursebis nar-
Cenebi, rac ZiriTadad sabados gavrcelebis arealSi iyris Tavs. reliefis defor-
macia ukve dadgenilia qvanaxSiris Saxturi wesiT mopovebis regionebSi germaniaSi,
iaponiaSi, did britaneTSi, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, ruseTSi da sxv. teqtoni-
kur aqtivobas aseve zrdis miwisqveSa samSeneblo, sameurneo da samxedro afeTqebe-
bic, romelTa raodenoba yoveldRiurad 5 aTas aRwevs. gansakuTrebiT ,,efeqturiakk
birTvuli afeTqebebi, romelTa magnitudam SeiZleba miaxwios 5-7 bals.
navTobisa da gazis mopovebisas miwisqveSa danaleq fenebSi did farTobebze ic-
vleba wneva, hidro da siTburi reJimi, aqtiuria reliefis saxecvlileba. amgvari
procesebi ukve dafiqsirebulia aSS-s araerT StatSi, venesuelaSi, italiaSi da sxv.
(magaliTad, qalaq longdbiCSi, los-anJelesTan, ,,daZirvis“ siCqarem miaRwia 30-50
sm/wl-Si. amJamad qalaqi TiTqmis 9 metriT dablaa im doneze, romelzec XX saukunis
Sua xanebSi mdebareobda. Sedegad, dazianda araerTi samrewvelo sawarmo, navsadgu-
ri, rkinigza, WaburRilebi da navTobsadenebi, xidebi da Senobebi. navTobisa da gazis
mopovebis regionebSi, miwisqveSa wnevis Semcirebis Sedegad ukve aRiniSna sakmaod
Zlieri miwisZvrebi (ruseTsa da aSS-Si – 3-jer, avRaneTSi – 2-jer, meqsikaSi da uk-
rainaSi TiTojer).
2.6. turizmis mdgradi ganviTarebis indikatorebi
turizmis mdgradi ganviTarebis aqtualuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb pirvelad aRiniS-

na 2000 wels gaeros mier miRebul im dokumentSi, romelic eZRvneba siRaribis
daZlevis strategiul miznebs da amocanebs. turizmis arsis da misi rolis Sesaxeb
saubaria aRniSnuli dokumentis im mimarTulebebSi, romelic eZRvneba SimSilisa da
siRatakis daZlevas, qalTa uflebebis dacvas da Tanasworuflebianobis xelSewyo-
bas, ekologiuri mdgradobis uzrunvelyofas da mdgrad ganviTarebaSi msoflio
TanamSromlobas. mogvianebiT (2004 wels) gaero-s msoflio turizmis organizaciam
(UNWTO) da amave organizaciis ganviTarebis programam (UNDP) gamosces turizmis
politikis ganmsazRvreli saxelmZRvanelo.
turizmis mzardi industria, romelic gamoirCeva Tavis kompleqsurobiT, popular-
obiT da garemosTan mravalmxrivi kavSirurTierTobiTaa cnobili. amis gamoa, rom
turizmis mdgradi ganviTarebis koncefcia iTvalswinebs:
1. turizmis ganviTarebis interesebis Tanxvedra momavali Taobebis moTxovnebTan;

2. turizmis, adgilobrivi biznesis, mosaxleobis, administraciis da sxva dainter-
esebuli mxareebis interesebs;
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3. turizmis ganviTarebis kavSirs garemos mdgrad ganviTarebasTan (misi Semadgene-

li nawilebis – bunebrivi, anTropogenuli da bunebriv-anTropogenuli – ganvi-
Tarebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT);
4. turizmis da garemos mdgradi ganviTarebis urTierTdakavSirebul sistemas (dar-
gis gavlena geografiul sistemebze da garemos gavlena turizmis ganviTarebaze).
turizmis da geografiuli garemos mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis ZiriTadi yuradReba

unda gamaxvildes ekologiur da SemecnebiT (saganmanaTleblo, samecniero, saTav-
gadasavlo, safexmavlo da sxv.) turizmze, rac bunebrivi Tu istoriul-kulturuli
faseulobebis SenarCunebis winapiroba gaxdeba. cnobilia, rom stiqiurad ganviTa-
rebuli turizmi bunebrivi garemos degradaciis erT-erTi gamomwvevi mizezia, rac
xSirad adgilobrivi mosaxleobis rekreantebTan dapirispirebis mizezic gamxdara.
2.7. mdgradi ganviTarebis landSafturi indikatorebi
mdgradi ganviTarebis landSafturi indikatorebi evropis landSafturi konven-

ciis ZiriTadi moTxovnebis realizacias ukavSirdeba. igi warmoaCens landSaftis
gansakuTrebul rols sazogadoebriv ganviTarebaSi. konvencias TiTqmis yvela
evropuli qveyana miuerTda, ris gamoc dRis wesrigSi dgeba erTiani meTodolo-
giis anu landSaftis Sefasebis, analizTan, sinTezTan, dagegmarebasTan, marTvasTan,
momsaxurebasTan da dacvasTan dakavSirebuli aqtualuri amocanebis ganxilvis da
gadaWris aucilebloba.
evropis ropis landSafturi konvenciis ZiriTad debulebebSi aRniSnulia, rom:
¾ landSaftze met-naklebi intensivobiT moqmedebs meurneobis TiTqmis yvela sfero;

¾ landSafti warmoadgens pirovnuli da socialuri keTildReobis ZiriTad ele-
ments;
¾ landSaftis dacva, marTva da dagegmareba TiToeuli adamianis ufleba da pasux-
ismgeblobaa.
konvenciis mixedviT, landSafti aris teritoria, romelic aRqmulia xalxis mier da

romlis xasiaTic ganpirobebulia bunebrivi da/an adamianuri faqtorebis qmedebis
da urTierTqmedebis DSedegad. amgvari urTierTqmedebis Sedegebis analizi warmod-
genas gvaZlevs landSaftis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb. maT srulyofil Se-
fasebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs landSaftis analizis, sinTezis da landSaftu-
ri dagegmarebisTvis.
Tanamedrove geografiul garsSi warmodgenili bunebrivi landSaftebis mniSvnelo-

vanma nawilma TiTqmis dakarga pirvandeli ier-saxe. cnobilia isic, rom TiTqmis
mTlianadaa gardaqmnili zomieri sartylis Sereuli, farTofoTlovani, tyestepi-
sa da stepis bunebrivi landSaftebi, subtropikuli da tropikuli sartylis tyis
landSaftebi, dabali da saSualo mTis landSaftebi. Tumca igives ver vityviT arq-
tikuli, subarqtikuli da zomieri sartylis taigis, tropikuli da ekvatoruli sar-
tylis Warbtenian da aridul ekosistemebze, mTis nivaluri da subnivaluri, alpuri
da subalpuri zonis landSaftebze.
amis gamo, landSaftis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba transformaciis masStabebis, zemo-

qmedebis intensivobis da gamoyenebis formebis mixedviT SeiZleba SevafasoT. imis
mixedviT, Tu romeli saxis zemoqmedeba (bunebrivi, anTropogenuri da Sereuli) aisax-
eba ZiriTadad landSaftze, SesaZloa ganisazRvros landSaftis Tanamedrove mdgo-
mareoba. bunebrivi zemoqmedebis upiratesobis SemTxvevaSi, landSaftis struqturisa
70
da funqcionirebis Taviseburebani mTlianad ganpirobebulia bunebrivi procesebiT.

aq SeiZleba Candes sameurneo saqmianobis garkveuli zegavlena, Tumca igi ver cvlis
landSaftis rogorc garegnul (indikaciur) iers, ise ekologiur (struqtura, fun-
qcionireba, mdgradoba da sxv.) da eTologiur (dinamika, ganviTareba, funqciebi da
sxv.) maxasiaTeblebs. anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis upiratesobis SemTxvevaSi lan-
dSaftis mdgomareoba umeteswilad ganpirobebulia sazogadoebis moTxovnebiT da
im socialur-ekonomikuri procesebiT, romlis xasiaTi da intensioba ukavSirdeba
sazogadoebis istoriuli ganviTarebis ama Tu im dones. rac ufro xangrZlivi da in-
tensiuria anTropogenuli zemoqmedeba, miT ufro naklebadaa damokidebuli amgvari
landSafti bunebriv procesebze. mesame anu Sereuli saxis (buneba, adamiani) zemoq-
medebisas landSaftis mdgomareobas gansazRvravs rogorc sazogadoebis moTxovnebi,
ise bunebrivi movlenebi da procesebi. amgvar landSaftebSi anTropogenuri zemoq-
medeba epizodur, xolo bunebrivi zemoqmedeba mudmiv xasiaTs atarebs.
2011 wlis ianvarSi saqarTvelos parlamentis gadawyvetilebiT ratifikacirebul

iqna „evropis landSafturi konvencia“, romlis mixedviTac, esTetikurad da funqci-
urad jansaRi landSaftis SenarCuneba saxelmwifos ekologiuri politikis erTer-
Ti prioritetuli mimarTuleba gaxda. konvenciis mixedviT, esTetikurad da funqci-
urad jansaRi landSaftis SenarCuneba landSafturi dagegmarebis meTodologiis
da principebis mixedviT unda ganxorcieldes. landSafturi dagegmareba miiCneva im
aucilebel instrumentad, romlis meSveobiTac jansaRi garemos SenarCuneba, gaum-
jobeseba da ganviTarebaa SesaZlebeli.
landSafturi dagegmareba uSualo kavSirSia gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis

mier SemuSavebul mdgradi ganviTarebis strategiasTan, rasac civilizebuli
msoflio XX saukunis bolodan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs. amgvari strate-
giis mixedviT kacobrioba valdebulia politikur, kulturul, socialur da ekono-
mikur sakiTxebTan erTad, uzrunvelyos mdgradi ekologiuri ganviTareba. amisTvis
erT-erT aucilebel qmedebad ganixileba nacionaluri (adgilobrivi) da regionu-
li ekologiuri politikis integracia, rasac aseve iTvaliswinebs „evropis land-
Safturi konvencia“.
landSafturi dagegmarebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia mdgradi ganvitare-

bisaTvis, radgan misi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia:
• bunebrivi garemos calkeuli komponentebis da kompleqsebis Tanamedrove md-

gomareobis, mniSvnelobis, potencialis, mdgradobis da socialur-ekonomikuri
funqciebis Sefaseba;
• teritoriis marTvis efeqturi meqanizmebis SemuSaveba, rac gulisxmobs sameur-
neo da saxelmwifo uwyebebis efeqtur da produqtiul TanamSromlobas;
• sazogadoebriobis farTod Cabma SemuSavebuli programebis informatiulobis
da xelmisawvdomobis principis gamoyenebiT.
landSafturi dagegmarebis procesi mimdinareobs rogorc dainterebuli organi-

zaciebis, ise adgilobrivi xelisuflebis da mosaxleobis monawileobiT. amgvari
midgoma xels uwyobs sazogadoebis demokratizacias, qveynis mdgrad ganviTarebas,
saerTaSoriso da regionuli garemosdacviTi programebis da proeqtebis harmoni-
zacias, sazogadoebis xangrZlivvadiani interesebis gaTvaliswinebas.
landSafturi dagegmarebis principebi da meTodebi ganixileba regionuli ekolo-

giuri politikis an zogadad teritoriuli dagegmarebis konteqstSi. regionulad
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iTvleba ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis saxelmwifo politikis iseTi mi-

marTuleba, romelic iTvaliswinebs calkeuli regionebis specifikas da orientire-
bulia maT interesebze. amgvari politika realizdeba regionuli dagegmarebis meS-
veobiT, romelic uSualo kavSirSia saerTo (qveynis) teritoriul dagegmarebasTan.
evropaSi regionuli politikis ZiriTad mimarTulebebad dasaxulia sxvadasxva

ganviTarebis mqone regionebis cxovrebis donis gaTanabreba, samarTlebrivi safuZv-
lebis harmonizacia, bunebriv resursebze da garemoze anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis
Semcireba. amgvari midgoma ar miiCneva universalurad, Tumca iZleva safuZvels sa-
momavlod Seiqmnas regionis da qveynis mdgradi ganviTarebis modeli. miiCneva, rom
landSafturma dagegmarebam mniSvnelovani roli SeiZleba Seasrulos regionebis
mdgradi ekologiurad ganviTarebis saqmeSi.
yvela evropuli qveyana da maTi dagegmarebis sistema, romelic grZnobs globali-

zaciis gavlenas da CarTulia saerTo evropul politikis formirebaSi, erTiania
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. amis gamo, evrokavSiris qveynebSi TvalsaCinoa tenden-
ciebi, rac ukavSirdeba imgvari instrumentebis SemuSavebas, romlebic uzrunvely-
ofen socialur-ekonomikur TviTorganizacias da mdgrad ganviTarebas. amgvari
miznebis misaRwevad saWiroa gaaqtiurdes swrafva teritoriul dagegmarebaSi eko-
logiuri da esTetikuri Rirebulebebis warmosaCenad.
landSafturi dagegmarebis procesSi adgilobrivi mosaxleoba da administraciuli

organizaciebi iReben mravalmxriv informacias landSaftTa Tanamedrove mdgoma-
reobis (struqturis) da bunebrivi procesebis TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb, bunebaTsar-
geblobis problemebze da maTi daZlevis gzebze. amgvarad, landSafturi dagegma-
reba iZleva codnas bunebisa da landSaftis Sesaxeb da amaRlebs kompetenturobas
moqmedebaTa programis gansazRvrisas. landSafturi dagegmareba, dargobrivi da-
gegmarebisTvis, warmoadgens fundamentur bazas maTi garemosdacviTi RonisZiebebis
damuSavebisa da SefasebisTvis. igi amave dros safuZvelia ekologiur eqspertizaSi
specialuri bunebisdacviTi instrumentebis gamoyenebisTvis, agreTve garemoze zemo-
qmedebis regulirebisa da SefasebisTvis.
landSafturi dagegmareba saSualebas aZlevs dargobriv (soflis meurneobis, mSe-

neblobis, infrastruqturis da sxv.) dagegmarebas dasawyisSive iqonios informacia
mosalodnel konfliqtebze da bunebisdacviT moTxovnebze, riTac potenciur mosa-
rgebles da dargobriv mgegmavs ezogeba saxsrebi da dro. amrigad, landSafturi
dagegmareba xels uwyobs ara marto bunebaTmosargebleTa qmedebebis kordinacias,
aramed amcirebs konfliqtebs bunebaTsargeblobisas da qmnis nayofier niadags md-
gradi ganviTarebisTvis.
landSafturi dagegmareba aanalizebs landSafts, rogorc adamianTa sacxovrebel

sivrces. amave sivrcis dagegmarebiTaa dakavebuli teritoriuli dagegmareba (sa-
xeldobr miwis), regionuli da samSeneblo dagegmareba (miwaTsargeblobis da mSe-
neblobaTa gegmis formiT), specialuri dargobrivi dagegmareba (magaliTad, sa-
transporto an tyeebis). TiToeuli maTgani xorcieldeba sxvadasxva masStabSi da
rogorc wesi – administraciul-teritoriuli dayofis doneze.
satyeo da gansakuTrebiT, soflis meurneoba ganicdis garemos degrdaciis da

dabinZurebis Zlier gavlenas. amgvar zemoqmedebas upirispireben sxvadasxvagvar
programebs, magaliTad iseTs, rogoricaa _ saerTo eqstensifikacia, saxnavebis
gadayvana arasamiwaTmoqmedo formebze, tyiani farTobebis zrda da sxv. landSaf-
72
turi dagegmareba warmoadgens mniSvnelovan safuZvels amgvari programebis real-

izaciisTvis. misi meSveobiT igegmeba da xorcieldeba konkretuli da ekologiurad
dasabuTebuli winadadebebi, magaliTad iseTi, rogoricaa: eroziis sawinaaRmdego
RonisZiebebi, rekomendaciebi tyispirebis da wyalsadinarebis renaturaciis Sesaxeb,
sasoflo-sameurneo savarguleeebisTvis buferuli da wyalSemkrebebze wyaldamcavi
zonebis Seqmna da a.S.
landSafturi dagegmarebis saboloo mizans warmoadgens im dargobrivi rekomenda-

ciebis SemuSaveba, romlis mixedviT Catardeba teritoriis zonireba: SesaZlebelia
gamoiyos miznebis sami ZiriTadi tipi: SenarCuneba, ganviTareba da gaumjobeseba. miz-
nebis pirveli tipi – SenarCuneba – orientirebulia bunebrivi garemos arsebuli
mdgomareobis SenarCunebaze, rac SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
Tuki teritoria an ar gamoiyeneba, an datvirTva atarebs eqstensiur xasiaTs. mizne-
bis meore tipi – ganviTareba – orientirebulia teritoriis ganviTarebaze. amasTan,
kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebulia misi rogorc eqstensiuri, ise intensiuri ganvi-
Tareba. miznis realizaciisas, teritoriis garemosdacviTi statusi an rCeba, an iwevs
erTi safexuriT. miznebis mesame tipi – gaumjobeseba – iTvaliswinebs mxolod Ronis-
ZiebaTa kompleqss, romelic emsaxureba landSaftis gaumjobesebas. es exeba im teri-
toriebs, romlebic ganicdidnen an axlac ganicdian Zlier (intensiur) zemoqmedebas.
nebismieri teritoriis mdgradi ganviTareba ukavSirdeba socialur-ekonomikur

da bunebriv-ekologiur faqtorebs. maTi gauTvaliswinebloba iwvevs disbalanss
da ganviTarebis procesis Seferxebas. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mdgradi sazo-
gadoebrivi da ekologiuri ganviTarebisTvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens
urTierTdakavSirebuli landSafturi da socialur-ekonomikuri teritoriuli da-
gegmarebis strategiuli koncefciis SemuSaveba. amgvari koncefcia mimarTuli unda
iqnes im konfliqtebis regulirebisaken, romelic arsebobs mosaxleobis socialur-
ekonomikur interesebsa da landSaftis ekologiur mdgradobas Soris.
2.8. mdgradi ganviTareba da sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis indikatorebi
mdgradi ganviTarebis da sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis saukeTeso indikatorad kul-

turuli landSaftis Seqmna, misi marTva da momsaxureba warmoadgens. kulturuli
landSafti adamianisa da bunebis xangrZlivi (istoriuli) urTierTdamokidebulebis
TvalsaCino Sedegi da kulturuli memkvidreobis nawilia. masSi mkafiod aisaxeba
aisaxeba adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ekologiuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri kul-
tura da identoba. igi ukavSirdeba rogorc istoriul process, ise tradiciul
sameurneo da sazogadoebriv saqmianobas.
kulturuli landSafti msoflio memkvidreobis nawilia, igi yvelas ekuTvnis. mas

SeiZleba ewodos Cveni da bunebis Tanacxovrebis sarke. misi meSveobiT SesaZlebe-
lia warmodgena viqonioT landSaftis potencialze da ekologiur Taviseburebebze,
ekonomikur da socialur Rirebulebebze. kulturuli landSaftis dacva nacionalu-
ri identurobis, erovnuli Rirsebis SenarCunebis winapirobaa. masze zrunva da misi
swori aRqma gaaumjobesebs momavali Taobebis cxovrebis xarisxs, gaaRrmavebs maT
patriotul gaTavisebas da jerovan safuZvels Seuqmnis mdgrad ganviTarebas.
kulturuli landSafti SeiZleba iyos: specialurad Seqmnili (arqiteqtoris an me-

baRis mier), xalxuri (ojaxis an soflis mcxovrebTa yoveldRiuri saqmianobis Sede-
gad), istoriuli (asaxavdes istoriul movlenas an saqmianobas), eTnografiuli (adgi-
73
li, romelic moicavs araerT istoriuli memkvidreobis bunebriv da kulturul ele-

ments). igi aseve SeiZleba iyos qalaqi an misi calkeuli ubani, calkeuli istoriuli
Zegli, ansamblebi, istoriuli ganaSenianeba, sainJinro komunikaciebi, arqeologiuri
Zeglebi, kunZulebi, arxebi, istoriul-geografiuli provinciebi, bunebis Zeglebi da
masTan dakavSirebuli kulturis obieqtebi da sxv. msoflio memkvidreobis konven-
ciis Tanaxmad, `kulturuli landSafti adamianisa da bunebis erToblivi qmedebis
produqtia~. igi, Tavisi statusiT, unda ganapirobebdes ara marto materialuri da
sulieri kulturis Zeglebis, aramed biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebasac.
lanSaftis marTva swrafad ganviTarebadi samecniero-praqtikuli mimarTulebaa,

romliTac dakavebuli arian geografebi, teritoriuli dagegmarebis da marTvis
specialistebi, sociologebi, urbanistebi, landSaftis arqiteqtorebi, ekonomistebi
da sxv. misi arsi, upirveles yovlisa, garemos ekologiuri mdgradobis SenarCunebas
da uzrunvelyofas ukavSirdeba. aq igulisxmeba im sivrciTi urTierTobebis poli-
tikis SemuSaveba da marTva, romelic warmoiqmneba adgilobriv, regionul, qveynis
an globalur doneze (arsebobs sivrciTi urTierTobebis sxva formebic: sasoflo
sivrce – urbanuli sivrce – nacionaluri sivrce).
landSaftis marTvis saboloo mizani bunebrivi da sazogadoebrivi garemos harmo-

niuli Tanaarsebobaa. amgvari miznis miRweva ki SeuZlebelia im bunebrivi meqanizme-
bis codnis gareSe, rac ganapirobebs bunebrivi garemos struqturisa da funqcioni-
rebis geografiul Taviseburebebs. meores mxriv, sazogadoebrivi procesebi da cno-
biereba arsebiTad gansazRvravs bunebrivi garemos ekologiur mdgomareobas, ris
gamoc ama Tu im adgilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli socialur-ekonomikuri viTarebis da
sazogadoebis qcevis kvleva landSaftis marTvis aucilebeli winapirobaa. amrigad,
landSaftis marTva mravalwaxnagovani saqmianobaa, romelSic Cabmulia samecniero,
praqtikuli (sameurneo) da administraciuli wreebi.
landSafti, am SemTxvevaSi, ganixileba rogorc geoekologiuri an socioekologi-

uri sistema, romelsac gaaCnia myari bunebrivi safuZveli da romelic warmoadgens
adgilobrivi marTvis obieqts. amgvari xedviT, nebismieri teritoria warmoadgens
sistemuri kavSirebis erTobas, sadac met-naklebi xarisxiT urTierTdakavSirebulia
bunebrivi da sazogadoebrivi procesebi. mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis landSafturi
„politikis“ SemuSaveba da landSafturi dagegmareba Tanamedrove qmedebaTa Semad-
geneli nawili gaxda, rac sivrciT mowyobaSi inovaciebis, adgilobrivi iniciative-
bis, sistemuri da decentralizebuli marTvis aucileblobas iTvaliswinebs.
landSaftis marTva ukavSirdeba rTul sistemebs, romlis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli

nawilebia buneba da sazogadoeba. isini am sistemaSi SeiZleba warmovidginoT sxva-
dasxva doneebis da „kerZo“ interesebis saxiT. doneebSi igulisxmeba rogorc sivr-
ciTi (magaliTad – lokaluri da regionuli, mTa da bari, sofeli da qalaqi, eTnosi
da xalxi), ise interesebiT (magaliTad – bunebrivi movlenebi da procesebi, reliefi
da hava, hava da wylebi, mcenareuloba da ekosistemebi, ekosistemebi da meurneoba,
resursebi da ekonomika, ekonomika da socialuri sfero, mosaxleoba da ekologi-
uri viTareba, socialuri sfero da ekologiuri procesebi, ekologiuri procesebi
da ekonomika) gansazRvruli urTierTobebi. gasagebia, rom amgvari urTierTobebi
usasrulod SeiZleba warmovaCinoT, Tumca landSafturi midgoma maT minimizaciis
da srulyofilebis saSualebas iZleva.
landSaftis marTvis inovaciuri formebi gulisxmobs administraciuli marTvis ver-

tikalze Zalauflebis gadanawilebas adgilobrivi mosaxleobis (samoqalaqo sazo-
74
gadoebis) da kerZo seqtoris iniciativebis sasargeblod. amgvari midgomisas marTva

(administrireba) efuZneba araerT princips, romelTagan ZiriTadia: adgilobrivi
problemebis kompleqsuri Seswavla (kvleva), maTze mosaxleobis maqsimaluri foku-
sireba, qmedebaTa adaptacia, erTianoba da moqniloba. gasagebia, marTvis rom in-
ovaciuri formebis realizacia mxolod centralur da adgilobriv xeliuflebas
Soris interesebis gadanawilebis, koordinaciis da TviTorganizaciis, konsensusis
da urTierTSeTanxmebis gziTaa SesaZlebeli.
landSaftis marTva ZiriTadad administraciul farglebSi xorcieldeba, rac na-

klebad iTvaliswinebs bunebriv garemos elementebis an ekosistemebis sazRvrebs.
amgvari midgoma kvlav adgilobrivi mosaxleobis socialur, ekonomikur, ekolo-
giur Tu gansaxlebis interesebs emsaxureba. amitom, arc Tu ise cotaa SemTxveva,
roca identur an msgavs bunebriv garemos sxvadasxva administraciul erTeulebSi
warmodgenili mosaxleoba gansxvavebul moTxovnas „uyenebs“.
gansakuTrebuli specifikurobiT gamoirCeva urbanuli teritoriebis landSaftis

marTva. aq yuradReba maxvildeba araerT faqtorze, romelTagan mniSvnelovania: ga-
naSenianebis formebi da sixSire, ekologiuri da rekreaciul sivrce, satransporto
da sayofacxovrebo infrastruqtura, mosaxleobis demografiuli da socialuri in-
teresebi, landSaftis transformaciis masStabebi, bunebrivi da infrastruqturuli
riskebi. misi efeqturoba damokidebulia eqspertuli Sefasebis da administraciuli
marTvis saimedoobaze.
landSaftis marTvisas arsebiTi yuradReba aseve maxvildeba im kanonmeblobaze,

riTac regulirdeba bunebrivi resursebis gamoyeneba an sxvadasxvagvari sivrciTi
urTierTobebi. mxolod misi gaTvaliswinebiTaa SesaZlebeli adgilobrivi kon-
fliqtebis minimizacia da landSaftis maqsimalurad optimaluri marTva. landSaf-
tis gamoyenebis da marTvis regionuli (evropuli) politikis miznebi detaluradaa
gawerili evropis landSaftur konvenciaSi, romelsac saqarTvelo 2011 wels mi-
uerTda.
rogorc wesi, adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan molaparakebis procesSi landSaftis

marTvis ramdenime varianti ganixileba. aq wina planze gamodis im obieqturi kri-
teriumebis warmoCenis aucilebloba, rac ganapirobebs adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
mdgrad socialur-ekonomikur da ekologiur mdgradobas. gansakuTrebuli yur-
adReba unda mieqces: 1. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri keTildRe-
obis SesaZleblobas; 2. bunebriv da sazogadoebriv procesebs, 3. saxelmwifos Sida
da sagareo politikis interesebs.
landSaftis marTvis strategiis SemuSaveba warmatebulad iTvleba, Tu igi:
1. xels uwyobs adgilobrivi mosaxleobis materialuri keTildReobis zrdas,

2. ganapirobebs maT maqsimalur da mizanmimarTul CarTulobas landSaftis mom-
saxurebaSi,
3. zrdis sainvesticio mimzidvelobas,
4. amcirebs bunebriv garemoze zemoqmedebis masStabebs,
5. xels uwyobs gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis decentralizascias,
6. iTvaliswinebs adgilobrivi mosaxleobis eTnokulturul Taviseburebebs,
7. itovebs SesaZleblobas (meqanizmebs) droulad da efeqtianad gadaixedos an
Seicvalos strategiis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebi.
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landSaftis momsaxurebaSi igulisxmeba im qmedebaTa erToblioba, romelsac adgi-

lobrivi mosaxleoba axorcielebs misi esTetikuri da erovnuli mniSvnelobis Se-
narCunebis mizniT. landSaftis ier-saxe mkafiod metyvelebs mosaxleobis sayofacx-
ovrebo da ekologiur kulturaze. dabinZurebuli da mouvleli, degradirebuli
da damTrgunveli landSafti ara marto adgilobriv mcxovrebTa, aramed mdgradi
ganviTarebis Semaferxebel faqtorad iTvleba.
saxelmwifo ZiriTadad zrunavs adgilobrivi infrastruqturis ganviTarebaze, ra-

Sic gzebis, arxebis, kavSirgabmulobis, socialuri da ekologiuri obieqtebis mSeneb-
lobis xelSewyoba da stimulireba igulisxmeba. mxolod adgilobriv mosaxleobas
SeuZlia aqcios landSafti mimzidvel da saintereso, jansaR da usafrTxo, dacul da
sufTa garemod, rac aseve aisaxeba maT fsiqologiur ganwyobasa da socialur-ekono-
mikur aqtivobaze. am mizniT, evropis qveynebis dasaxlebul punqtebSi Senobebis fa-
sadis, baRebis, ezoebisa da parkebis keTilmowyobas da mizanmimarTul regulirebas
udidesi yuradReba eqceva.
2.9. mdgradi ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi regulaciebi
sazogadoebis mdgrad ganviTarebas aregulirebs araerTi samarTlebrivi aqti, rom-

lebic miRebulia gaeros, evrokavSiris da sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier.
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa is konvenciebi da wesdebebi, sadac gawerilia adamian-
is sayovelTao ekonomikuri, socialuri, kulturuli da ekologiuri uflebebi da
movaleobebi. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania:
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia miRebulia 1948 wlis 10 dekembers
gaeros generaluri asambleis mier. masSi CamoTvlilia adamianis (pirovnebis)
ZiriTadi uflebebi: sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis, piradi xelSeuxeblobis, moqalaqeo-
bis, sacxovrebeli adgilis arCevisa da TavSesafris, demokratiuli arCevnebis meS-
veobiT saxelmwifos marTva-gamgeobaSi monawileobis, Sromis, Tanabari SromisaT-
vis Tanabari anazRaurebis miRebis, dasvenebis, ganaTlebis, kulturuli cxovrebisa
Tu mecnierul progresSi monawileobis da a. S. deklaraciiT aseve gamocxadebulia:
religiisa da mrwamsis, krebebisa da asociaciebis Tavisufleba; deklaraciiT akrZa-
lulia: monoba, monebiT vaWroba.
deklaracia 360 enazea Targmnili, rac adasturebs mis mniSvnelobas, univer-

salurobas da sayovelTao xelmisawvdomobas. adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia war-
moadgens Tavisuflebis, samarTlianobisa da sayovelTao mSvidobis safuZvels, rac
arsebiTad mniSvnelovania sazogadoebis mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis.
deklaraciis mixedviT dauSvebelia raime gansxvaveba im qveynis Tu teritoriis

politikuri, iurisdiqciasTan dakavSirebuli, an saerTaSoriso statusis safuZv-
elze, romelsac adamiani ekuTvnis, miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogoria es teritoria _
damoukidebeli, sameurveo, araTviTmmarTveli Tu sxvagvarad SezRuduli Tavis su-
verenitetSi. yvela adamians aqvs nebismieri saxelmwifos farglebSi Tavisufali mi-
mosvlisa da cxovrebis ufleba. yvela adamians aqvs ufleba datovos nebismieri qvey-
ana, maT Soris sakuTaric, da dabrundes Tavis qveyanaSi. yvelas aqvs moqalaqeobis
ufleba. yovel srulwlovan mamakacsa da qals rasis, erovnebis an religiis niSniT
raime SezRudvis gareSe, aqvs ufleba daqorwindes da Seqmnas ojaxi. isini Tanas-
wori uflebebiT sargebloben daqorwinebis dros, qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi da misi
76
Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi. ojaxi aris sazogadoebis bunebrivi da ZiriTadi ujredi da

mas ufleba aqvs daculi iyos sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos mxridan.
yvelas aqvs ufleba mSvidobiani Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis Tavisuflebisa, monaw-

ileoba miiRos Tavisi qveynis marTva-gamgeobaSi uSualod an mis mier Tavisuflad
arCeul warmomadgenelTa meSveobiT. saxelmwifo xelisuflebis wyaro xalxis nebaa.
igi unda gamoixatos periodul da samarTlian arCevnebSi sayovelTao da Tanas-
wori xmis micemis uflebiT, faruli kenWisyrisa Tu sxva TanabarmniSvnelovani Tav-
isufali xmis micemis procedurebis gamoyenebiT. yovel adamians, rogorc sazoga-
doebis wevrs, aqvs socialuri uzrunvelyofis ufleba da ufleba moaxdinos Tavisi
Rirsebis SenarCuneba da pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTareba ekonomikur, socialur
da kulturul uflebaTa ganxorcielebiT erovnuli Zalisxmevisa da saerTaSoriso
TanamSromlobis meSveobiT da TiToeuli saxelmwifos struqturisa da resursebis
Sesabamisad.
yvelas aqvs Sromis, samuSaos Tavisufali arCevis, samarTliani da xelsayreli sam-

uSao pirobebisa da umuSevrobisagan dacvis ufleba, hqondes cxovrebis iseTi done,
sakvebis, tansacmlis, sacxovreblis, samedicino da saWiro socialuri momsaxurebis
CaTvliT, romelic aucilebelia TviTon misi da misi ojaxis janmrTelobisa da keT-
ildReobis SesanarCuneblad, da ufleba uzrunvelyofili iyos umuSevrobis, avadmy-
ofobis, invalidobis, qvrivobis, moxucebulobis an misgan damoukidebel garemoeba-
Ta gamo arsebobis saSualebaTa dakargvis sxva SemTxvevaSi.
yvelas aqvs ganaTlebis ufleba. ganaTleba dawyebiTi da zogadi mainc, ufaso unda
iyos. dawyebiTi ganaTleba unda iyos savaldebulo. teqnikuri da profesiuli
ganaTleba unda iyos sayovelTaod xelmisawvdomi, umaRlesi ganaTleba ki _ erT-
nairad xelmisawvdomi yvelasaTvis unaris Sesabamisad. ganaTleba mimarTuli unda
iyos adamianis pirovnebis sruli ganviTarebisa da adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad
TavisuflebaTa pativiscemis ganmtkicebisaken. ganaTlebam xeli unda Seuwyos yvela
xalxis, rasobrivi Tu religiuri jgufebis urTierTgagebas, Semwynareblobasa da
megobrobas. yovel adamians aqvs movaleobani sazogadoebis winaSe, radgan mxolod
sazogadoebaSia SesaZlebeli misi pirovnebis Tavisufali da sruli ganviTareba.
dauSvebelia, rom am uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa ganxorcieleba ewinaaRmdegebodes
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis miznebsa da principebs.
evropis sabWos wesdeba miRebulia 1949 wlis 5 maiss. wesdebis mixedviT, evropis mTe-
li rigi qveynebi gamoxataven miswrafebas mSvidobisaken, romelic efuZneba samar-
Tlianobasa da saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas, rac aris sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis
kacobriobisa da civilizaciis gadarCenisaTvis.
evropis sabWos yovelma wevrma unda aRiaros kanonis uzenaesobisa da misi iuris-
diqciis farglebSi myofi yvela piris adamianis uflebebiT da ZiriTadi Tavisufle-
bebiT sargeblobis principebi da iTanamSromlos keTilsindisierad da nayofierad
sabWos pirvel TavSi aRniSnuli miznis ganxorcielebisaTvis.
saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb, miRebulia

gaeros generaluri asambleis 1966 wlis 16 dekembers, xolo ZalaSia 1976 wlis 23
martidan.
paqtis monawile saxelmwifoebi, aRiareben mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis mniSvnelovan

Semdeg principebs:
77
• yvela xalxs aqvs TviTgamorkvevis ufleba. am uflebis safuZvelze isini Tavi-

suflad gansazRvraven TavianT politikur statuss da Tavisuflad iswrafvian
ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri ganviTarebisken;
• yvela xalxs SeuZlia sakuTari miznebisTvis Tavisuflad gankargos Tavisi bune-
brivi simdidre da resursebi urTierT sargeblianobis principze dafuZnebuli
saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da saerTaSoriso samarTlidan
gamomdinare valdebulebebisadmi zianis miyenebis gareSe.
evropis kulturuli konvenciis monawile mxareebi, sxvadasxva sakiTxebs Soris, Se-

Tanxmdnen Semdegze: TiToeuli xelSemkvreli mxare iRebs saTanado zomebs evropis
saerTo kulturul memkvidreobaSi Tavisi erovnuli wvlilis ganviTarebis, dacvisa
da xelSewyobisaTvis.
garemos dacviTi sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis xelmisawvdomobis

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobisa da am sfero-
Si marTlmsajulebis sakiTxebze xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb (orhusis) konvenciis
(miRebulia 1998 wels) mxareebi adastureben da aRiareben:
• garemos mdgomareobis dacvis, SenarCunebis da gaumjobesebis aucileblobas,

agreTve mdgrad da garemos dacvis TvalsazrisiT gamarTlebul ganviTarebas;
• garemos adekvaturi dacva umniSvnelovanesia adamianis keTildReobisaTvis da
misi uflebebis, maT Soris, sicocxlis uflebis dacvisaTvis;
• yovel adamians aqvs misi janmrTelobisa da keTildReobis Sesabamis garemoSi
sicocxlis ufleba, agreTve yovel moqalaqes gaaCnia movaleoba rogorc indi-
vidualurad, ise sxvebTan erTad daicvas da gaaumjobesos garemo axlandeli da
momavali Taobebis sakeTildReod;
• am uflebebis dasacavad da movaleobebis Sesasruleblad moqalaqeebisaTvis xel-
misawvdomi unda iyos garemosdacviTi informacia, unda hqondeT gadawyvetileb-
is miRebis procesSi monawileobis ufleba, xeli unda miuwvdebodeT garemos-
dacviTi sferos kanonmdeblobaze da amasTan dakavSirebiT vaRiarebT ra, rom
moqalaqeebs SesaZloa dasWirdeT daxmareba TavianTi uflebebis cxovrebaSi ga-
tarebisas;
• garemos dacviT sferoSi informaciis xelmisawvdomobis gaumjobeseba da gad-
awyvetilebebis miRebisas sazogadoebis monawileobis procesis srulyofa am-
aRlebs gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da maTi ganxorcielebis xarisxs, agreTve
xels uwyobs sazogadoebis ekologiur sakiTxebSi gaTviTcnobierebas, saSuale-
bas aZlevs mosaxleobas gamoxatos SeSfoTeba ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,
xolo xelisuflebas aZlevs saSualebas gaiTvaliswinos maTi interesebi;
• am gziT uzrunvelyon gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesis kontrolirebadoba da
sajarooba da garemos dacvis sferoSi sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris gaZliereba,
• sasurvelia xelisuflebis struqturebis saqmianobis yvela sferos sajarooba,
sTavazoben sakanonmdeblo organoebs ganaxorcielon am konvenciis principebi
TavianT saqmianobebSi;
• calkeul moqalaqeebs, arasamTavrobo organizaciebs da kerZo seqtors SeuZli-
aT Seasrulon mniSvnelovani roli garemos dacvis sferoSi;
• xeli Seuwyon ekologiur ganaTlebas garemos dacvis da mdgradi ganviTarebis
sakiTxebis ukeT SemecnebisaTvis da xeli Seuwyon ra mosaxleobis sayovelTao
gacnobierebas da mis monawileobas im gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesSi,
romelic zemoqmedebas axdens garemoze da mdgrad ganviTarebaze.
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CHAPTER 2
INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Problems and indicators of sustainable development
The indicators of sustainable development are the indices used to evaluate and show the levels and
trends of national, regional and global development. The analysis of such indicators is used to forecast
the peculiarities of political, economic, social and ecological development of the geographical environ-
ment.
There are many examples of designing and determining the indicators of sustainable development
known today, which have been actively considered since Rio Conference of 1992. For example, under
the UNO Development Programme, the social indicator of sustainable development is the human
potential development index, which incorporates such indices, as a person’s expected lifetime (by the
moment of his birth), level of education of the adult population and size of the gross domestic product
per capita.
Presently, the environmental indicators of sustainable development are considered to be:
9 Level of degradation of land, water, atmospheric air, plants and animals, eco-systems and land-
scapes.
9 Scales of using the natural resources.
9 Scales of ecological policy and ecology-oriented territorial planning and realization.
9 Outcomes of realization of the national environmental legislation and international conventions.
9 Indicators of the science and education involvement in the study of the environmental problems and
realization of the study outcomes.
9 Level of the population’s environmental consciousness and awareness.
The indicators of sustainable development can be classified based on various approaches (systemic,
complex, target) and country’s strategic policy (view). The classification units may be associated with:
• The level and state of development (characterizing the processes, efficiency, safety, freedom of
action, responsibility and outcomes of the public activities).
• The planning and management perspectives (characterizing the opportunity to respond and fore-
cast).
The indicators of sustainable development may be both, quantitative and qualitative. The quantitative
indicators are used to assess the ratio of the speed of the system responding to a specific threat with the
speed of its spreading. For example, only economic development or growing indicators of gross domes-
tic product fails to show social or ecological threats. It is efficient only when by means of comparison,
the size of expenses borne on the employment and environmental protection and funds assigned to pre-
vent the resource overuse and other environmental problems is shown in the total volume of the gross
domestic product.
The national indicators of sustainable development are desirable to be based on the international ex-
perience, methodology and specifics. Such an approach is the precondition for the successful (efficient)
comparative analysis. The difference may be seen in such indicators, which characterize the local ethnic
culture (values of views), ethnic and historical values, legal traditions, specifics of individual branches
of economy, etc.
79
Present-day environmental problems of the humankind have a crucial impact on the social and econom-
ic peculiarities of sustainable development. They are so severe that the future of the humankind has been
questioned. It is universally recognized that the solution of local and consequently, regional and global
environmental problems is immediately associated both, with the development of environmental tech-
nologies and the level of environmental education and culture of the population. Therefore, the level
of environmental education, or incorporating such problems in the educational process and curricula, is
one of the essential environmental indicators of sustainable development.
The main focus of the environmental education is the study of the historical-geographical peculiari-
ties of the relationship between the society and the nature, demonstration of the existing situation and
identification of opportunities. The large scales and diversified nature of the environmental problems
necessitates its geographical differentiation. In this respect, it is most appropriate to consider the envi-
ronmental problems at three levels:
• Global: the major accent is made both, on the planetary peculiarities and universal significance to
solve the environmental problems.
• Regional: the major accent is made on the kinds of environmental problems, which are possible to
solve by a single state or joint efforts of several states.
• Local: the major accent is made on the kinds of environmental problems, which occur within the
limits of individual landscapes or geographical objects and which can be solved by the efforts of the
local population or administration.
As a rule, local environmental or other kinds of problems are transformed into the regional problems,
while the regional problems are usually transformed into the global problems.
The environmental problems may also be viewed depending on the individual components of the geo-
graphical layer (lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, pedosphere). Such an approach is
efficient when the natural components are evaluated by considering their resource potential. For in-
stance, the lithosphere may be assessed according to the relief forms or site altitude and opportunities to
develop ore deposits or various branches of economy.
International cooperation and experience are very important for the environmental education. With
the financial assistance of the Swiss Cooperation Office South Caucasus, the Caucasus Network for
the Sustainable Development of Mountain Regions realizes a project “Strengthening the Climate Ad-
aptation Capacities in the South Caucasus”. The project seeks to enhance the dialogue and cooperation
between different target groups: non-governmental and governmental bodies, decision-makers and sci-
entists. Since 2014, with support from the same Network, UN Environment, University of Geneva and
others, an online knowledge exchange platform was created (www.caucasus-mt.net), where the infor-
mation about the environmental problems of the Caucasian Region can be found.
On April 10, 2018, a meeting with the aim to develop and plan the regional dialogue and cooperation be-
tween the scientists and practitioners regarding natural calamities and climate change in the Caucasian
Region was held. The meeting identified the priorities of the actions, which will diminish the popula-
tion’s vulnerability to the above-mentioned problems and support the regional cooperation to overcome
the challenges of adaptation. Among them are the improvement of the efficiency of the educational
disciplines associated with the natural calamities (landslide, mudflow, avalanche, earthquake, etc.) and
implementation of the international experience in this field at higher educational establishments.
The geographical environment and associated environmental problems are closely associated with the
social surroundings, which has its effect on a number of different public activities. Under its impact,
the living environment of the society, human’s psychological approach and opportunities to meet one’s
spiritual, personal and material demands are formed. The study of such associations is necessary both,
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Chapter 2. Indicators of Sustainable Development
for the sustainable social development of the society and analysis of the opportunities of the public so-
cial-economic activities.
On the other hand, a certain portion of the social and economic problems (unemployment, incomes,
educational opportunities, population dynamics, etc.) have either direct, or indirect effect on the envi-
ronmental problems of any level and state of environment. In this respect, an essential indicator of the
environmental impact is the process of urbanization and military conflicts.
The environmental problems are further exacerbated by the misbalance seen in a number of regions of
the world between the level of economic development and the population growth (increase or de-
crease). The forms of their manifestation are also different. The decrease of the population in some part
of a developing country leads to the increased scales of labor migration what more or less contributes to
an increased specific weight of the employees. In the developing counties, the economic development
falls so much back the population growth that the excess population is seen as the factor hampering the
social and ecological “wellbeing”. In terms of excess population, the consumption rates of products
increases and the problems of the rational use of the living environment and extracting the natural re-
sources worsen. The lack of products necessitates import growth what further lessens the costs borne
to improve healthcare and environment. The situation is further aggravated on the background of the
global climate change, i.e. when the problems of using water resources or agricultural development for
the people living in the arid, semi-arid and semi-humid regions of our Planet worsen further.
The economic problems in the developing countries are the major cause of exacerbated social and
environmental problems. In such countries, the dependence on the natural resources is very strong and
the scales of ecologically hazardous production (chemical industry, fuel energy sector, extensive agri-
culture, etc.) and disposal of hazardous industrial and toxic waste are high. There are over 200 nuclear
power plants and thousands of large chemical plants operating in the world, which are hazardous. Mil-
lions of tons of ecologically hazardous shipments are transported via oil and gas pipelines, ore deposit
tankers and railway lines. Most of them are transported from the developing countries to the developed
countries.
The process of urbanization exacerbates a number of the environmental problems. Large settled areas
are the precondition for a large-scale transformation of the natural environment. The areas of the towns
may not be big, but they influence large areas around them. The polluted water and atmosphere in the
towns and cities are spread to long distances. Every city has a landfill, recreational and suburban area,
where the environment is transformed drastically. The utilization of solid waste is an expensive activity
and is not affordable for many countries of the world.
Sustainable development and environmental impact assessment
The environmental impact can be duly assessed by using versatile scientific activities. The diversified
nature of impacts is associated both, with the natural events and processes and outcomes of the human
activities. The environmental impact is regulated by means of legislation, what more or less facilitates
the process of assessment. However, the versatile nature of impacts and its intense variation in space and
time needs skilled studies and highly reliable assessment. A number of factors and not only ecological
ones, depend on the impartial assessment of the environmental impact.
In modern world, the major “source” of environmental impact is a man. It is human’s economic ac-
tivity increasing the threats to the society, which may sometimes yield irreparable and life-threatening
outcomes. The civilized world regulates such activities by considering both, state and pubic interests.
The engagement of the society in the process of the environmental impact assessment is a solid guaran-
tee for the efficient regulation of the process of assessment.
81
The main goals of the environmental impact assessment are:
1. Protection of human health, natural environment, as well as cultural and material values, and
2. Consideration of the ecological, social and economic interests of the state and public.
Environmental impact assessment envisages the procedure of studying the planned activity and re-
sponses of the environmental elements. It is used to make direct and indirect assessments of the impacts
of the activity on the environmental components, landscape and eco-systems, natural and cultural heri-
tage and social and economic development.
The environmental impact assessment is the subject of public consideration. The implementer of the
activity is obliged to publish the information about the planned activity in periodic printed media. The
information about such an activity must provide such details, as the goals, name (description) and lo-
cation of the planned activity; address where the members of the society can get acquainted with the
documents related to the planned activity; and time and venue of the public discussion of the report.
Impact on soil
In evaluating the impact on soil, the following factors are taken into account: scales of stripping the
humus topsoil layer and its outcomes, likelihood of soil washout or erosion, impact of the weathering
products on the adjoining areas and waters.
An impact on the soil quality and stability is mainly expected during the earthworks. The major sources of
soil pollution may be weed and pest-killer chemicals and solid and liquid waste, which emit from the used
techniques, supply reservoirs, as well as following the leakages or spills of oil products or other pollutants.
For the prevention purposes, it is necessary to manage and dispose such sources in the right manner.
In case of individual economic activities, it becomes necessary to strip and store the topsoil, with its
volume varying depending on the type of soil. With the aim to maintain the soil fertility and stability,
under the Law “On Soil Protection”, it is necessary to identify the locations where the stripped fertile
topsoil will be stored. At such locations, the impact of water and wind erosion and mechanical impact
on the stored soil layers must be minimized. As a rule, after the economic activities are over, the topsoil
must be used to recultivate the damaged or eroded sites.
For the purpose of preventing the soil/ground pollution, the relevant environmental requirements must
be taken into account, including: appropriate control of waste management, collection of economic and
fecal waters in the vacuum-sealed cesspits, fencing the stationary objects with high polluting potential
(e.g. fuel supply reservoirs) with the barriers against the emergency spills; in case of accidental spills,
the polluted layer must be stripped and removed from the site in a timely manner.
At the stage following the environmental impact assessment, the ecological peculiarities and quantita-
tive and qualitative properties of the project sites containing the humus layer of the relevant soil type
are specified. Based on such a study, an approximate volume of the soil to strip and reliability of the
temporal storage sites are identified. Besides, the sites with high risk of soil surface layer pollution are
identified and a program of additional preventive/mitigation measures and planned recultivation mea-
sures is developed for them.
Impact on the vegetation cover
At the first stage of the environmental impact assessment, the following steps are undertaken: explora-
tion of the botanic literary sources and available data about the vegetation in the study region, inventory
of the rare and endemic species, analysis of the diversity of the vegetation cover near the economic
activity sites and registration of sensitive habitats of the vegetation and endemic and relict plant species.
82
At the second stage of the environmental impact assessment, regarding the final conclusion, a field
botanical expedition is planned, and the methods to assess the vegetation envisage:
1. The registration of the Red-Listed plants.

2. The identification of the relict and endemic species.
3. The general environmental impact assessment.
4. The assessment of the impact on the vegetation in the construction and exploitation sites.
5. The assessment of the expected negative impact in the object exploitation phase.
6. Planning the measures to mitigate the expected negative environmental impacts and developing
relevant recommendations.
Impact on the climate indicators
In assessing the impact on the climate, the peculiarities of the geographical distribution of its parame-
ters are identified based on the analysis of the data of the weather station located in the study region.
Important climatic parameters are: average air temperature (absolute maximum, absolute minimum),
precipitations (amount, annual sums), humidity (absolute, relative, deficit), wind (direction, velocity,
still), height of the snow cover and number of snowy days.
The main factor of impact on air quality is earthworks, storage or transportation of ground or construc-
tion materials, dust from the traffic flows and emissions from the machines and equipment and heavy
vehicles. The vehicles can be considered as the major source of air impact. However, it also should be
considered that the transport will be one of the major sources of “greenhouse gases”.
The impact on the atmospheric air quality is assessed by using the normative documents setting the air
quality standards. There are healthcare standards set as well, as the impact on public health depends
both, on the concentration of the harmful substances and the duration of impact.
The measures mitigating the emissions of harmful substances into the atmospheric air are mostly desig-
nated for the preparation and construction phases. The contractor is obliged to accomplish the following
mitigation measures:
• Operating technically non-faulty techniques and vehicles.

• Watering non-asphalted roads and bare ground surfaces once in every four hours in dry or windy
weather.
• Observing the rules for fill and waste storage to avoid their dusting.
• Operating vehicles at optimal speeds.
Landscape impact assessment
In assessing the impacts on the landscape, the geographical peculiarities of the landscapes, scales of
natural and anthropogenic impacts, sustainability features and transformation parameters are taken
into account, in particular:
• Type, sub-type and genera of the landscape.

• Geographical location: geographical units (river basin, orographic units), settled areas, altitude of
the site.
• Relief: dominant slope gradients, forms and types of the relief.
• Geomorphology: dominant type of a geomorphological process (what is it associated with), geolo-
gy (what does it support), nature and intensity of the geodynamic processes.
• Climate: general features, average seasonal temperatures, average annual amounts and seasonal dis-
tribution of precipitations, dryness index, comfort/discomfort indices of the climatic characteristics.
83
• Soil: type and strength, vertical and mechanical structure.

• Vegetation: type, strength and frequency, degree of transformation.
• Type of economic use.
• Degree of stability.
• Degree of the landscape transformation.
Social-economic indicators of sustainable development
Global economic processes significantly limit the economic welfare of the population in the developing
countries, local industry and trade and hamper social development and stability of the population. In or-
der to evaluate the economic and social situation, the following indicators must be taken into account:
9 The existing and perspective management of the living environment (space), major areas of settle-
ments and population concentration.
9 Distribution of land, water, mineral and forest resources per capita.
9 Structure of economy (specific weights of industry, agriculture, transport, trade, service and con-
struction in gross domestic product).
9 Availability of the areas favorable to develop economy or settlements.
9 The size of gross domestic product per capita.
9 Medical service quality (including the number of doctors per 10 thousand residents).
9 Level of education (number of people with high or secondary education per thousand residents).
9 Actual and expected lifetime.
9 Population migration (including the number of ecological migrants)/
9 Trends of the population’s natural increase/decrease.
9 Amount of quality of foodstuff consumption.
9 Structure of the basket of goods and size of subsistence minimum.
The impact of the industrial objects on the natural environment is extremely strong. These objects exert
such impacts as: gaseous airs and solid and liquid waste, contributing to the increased anthropogenic
scales. Such an environmental problem, the impact, influences the economic efficiency and social sta-
bility.
In this respect, particularly “effective” are metallurgical, chemical and mining plants. The people liv-
ing in the areas under the impact of such plants, unless the production ecological standards are observed,
are badly threatened. The impact is so strong that it can totally change the demographic situation, ge-
ography and structure of diseases, living world, composition of underground and surface waters, soil
fertility, microclimate, etc. The self-purification indicators of the polluted environment for the different
chemical elements are as follows: up to 500 years for zinc, up to 110 years for cadmium, up to 1500
years for copper and up to 6 thousand years for lead.
A certain proportion of the chemical substances disseminated in the environment is “absorbed” by the
cultural crops, or get in the food chain through the food eaten by the domestic animals and influence
the human health.
The scales of impact of agriculture on the environment are not a bit less. Such an impact is demonstrat-
ed in several aspects:
• The first aspect is associated with the transformation of natural landscapes and formation of
non-sustainable agricultural landscapes. The agricultural landscapes with certain crops on them
(e.g. vine, vegetable gardens, orchards, etc.) are under a frequent and intense anthropogenic impact.
They need permanent and purposeful physical and chemical impact to sustain sustainability and to
receive maximum outcome of their purpose.
84
• The second aspect is associated with melioration. Regular irrigation, particularly in semi-arid and
arid regions leads to the soil salination. The salt soils virtually lose their agricultural designation
and their fertility takes several tens of years to restore.
• The third aspect is caused by mechanical land cultivation. The outcomes of the land cultivation are:
total destruction of the natural vegetation, i.e. eco-system ecocide, changed soil structure, sustain-
ability degradation, mechanical decomposition of soil, activated wind and water erosion, introduc-
tion of chemical substances and degradation of natural fertility.
Land cultivation is followed by a number of chain ecological reactions. Mineral fertilizers pollute sur-
face and underground waters, penetrate in different kinds of water bodies and contribute to the intense
eutrophication. Quite often, the land cultivation, vegetation destruction and change in the water regime
entail the process of desertification. Land cultivation is also devastating for the animals and their habi-
tats. The impact of cattle-breeding associated with grazing and food production is much less.
Mountains play a certain role in agricultural production. Despite the “severe” natural environment of
the mountain areas, traditional types of agriculture are used in many regions of the world presenting the
forms of harmonious co-existence of the human and the nature. This is particularly true with perennial
plants supporting a number of essential functions, including ecological function: the plantings inhibit
erosive and denudation processes, reduce the evaporation and surface washout; economic (food) func-
tion: the orchards, with their chemical composition, are the major source of vitamins of the diet of the
mountain dwellers. Fruit growing in the mountains has favorable nutrient properties and is much liked
by the population of other regions.
Sustainable agriculture in the mountains can be developed only by employing the right agricultural
techniques, ensuring maximum approximation of the ecological properties of the cultural crops to the
natural environment potential, using biological fertilizers and universally applying the modern melio-
ration methods.
Environmental instability in the mountains is caused by vehicles and motor roads. The active global
process of the development of electrical and hybrid vehicles will significantly reduce the scales of nega-
tive impacts on the environment. The quality of the motor roads, transport and engineering communica-
tions and infrastructure is often the cause of a negative anthropogenic impact in the adjacent areas. The
motor roads, in respect of environmental safety, can be classified depending on the individual properties
of the environmental impact. In the final run, the atmospheric air, surface and underground waters, soils,
vegetation and man’s living environment in their adjoining areas get polluted.
Fast-growing tourism industry is complex and popular and is known for its versatile associations. This
is why the concept of the sustainable development of tourism considers:
1. The compliance of the tourism development interests with the demands of the future generation.
2. The interests of tourism, local businesses, population, administration and other stakeholders.
3. Association of tourism development with the sustainable environmental development (by consider-
ing the interests of developing its components, such as natural, anthropogenic and natural-anthro-
pogenic).
4. An interwoven system of tourism and sustainable environmental development (impact of the branch
on the geographical systems and impact of the environment on the tourism development).
Sustainable development and public activity indicators
The best indicator of sustainable development and public activity is the establishment of a cultural
landscape, its management and service. A cultural landscape is a visible outcome of a long (historical)
relation between the man and the nature and is a part of cultural heritage. It clearly shows the ecological,
85
economic and social culture and identity of the local population. It is associated both, with the historical
process and traditional economic and public activities.
The cultural landscape is a part of the world heritage; it belongs to everyone. It can be called a mirror
of our and nature’s co-existence. It can give an idea about the landscape potential and ecological prop-
erties, and economic and social values. The conservation of the cultural landscape is the precondition
for maintaining the national identity and national dignity. The care and correct comprehension of the
cultural landscape will improve the quality of life of the future generations, will make their patriotic
feelings stronger and will create the appropriate basis for the sustainable development.
A cultural landscape may be: established on purpose (by an architect or gardener), folk (created as a
result of the daily activities of a family or rural dwellers), historical (depicting some historical event
or activity), ethnographic (presenting a site incorporating a number of natural and cultural elements of
the historical heritage). It may also be a town or its district, individual historical monument, ensembles,
historical accommodation, engineering communications, archeological monuments, islands, channels,
historical-geographical provinces, monuments of nature or associated cultural objects, etc. Under the
World Heritage Convention, cultural landscapes represent the “combined works of nature and of man”,
and with its status, a cultural landscape must support the conservation of not only the monuments of the
material and spiritual culture, but also of biodiversity.
The development of the landscape management strategy is considered a success if:
1. It improves material well-being of the local population.

2. Ensures maximum and purposeful engagement of the population in the landscape services.
3. Increases the investment attractiveness.
4. Reduces the scales of impact on the natural environment.
5. Supports decentralized decision-making.
6. Considers the ethno-cultural peculiarities of the local population, and
7. Maintains the opportunities (mechanisms) for considering and changing the different trends of strat-
egy on time and efficiently.
International legal regulations of sustainable development
The sustainable development of the society is regulated by a number of legal acts, which are adopted
by the United National organization, European Union and other international organizations. Particularly
noteworthy are the conventions and charters giving the universal human economic, social, cultural and
ecological rights and obligations.
86
Tavi 3
mdgradi ganviTarebis globaluri problemebi
mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis arsebiTi gamowveva globaluri problemebia. isini

iyofa ekonomikur, socialur, ekologiur da politikur problemebad. globalur
problemebs sayovelTao xasiaTi aqvs da aisaxeba yvela regionsa da saxelmwifoze.
isini urTierTdakavSirebulia da aisaxeba nebismieri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
tendenciebze. geografiuli garsi sazogadoebisa da bunebis urTierTdakavSirebu-
li sistemaa, ris gamoc bunebrivi movlenebi da procesebi myisierad aisaxeba sa-
zogadoebriv aqtivobaze da piriqiT. igive SeiZleba iTqvas sazogadoebriv procese-
bzec. ekonomikuri viTareba aisaxeba mosaxleobis Semosavlebze, maT migraciaze,
janmrTelobaze, saxelmwifoTa TanamSromlobaze da sxv. globaluri problemebis
gadaWra msoflio sazogadoebis upirvelesi amocanaa, rac mdgradi ganviTarebis re-
alizebis saSualebas iZleva. globaluri problemebis kvleviT araerTi samecnie-
ro mimarTulebaa dakavebuli, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili geografias
ekuTvnis. ekonomikuri, socialuri, ekologiuri Tu politikuri movlenebisa da
procesebis sivrce - droiTi Taviseburebebis kvleva geografiis ZiriTadi amocanaa.
amis gamoa, rom swored geografias SeuZlia yvelaze ukeT warmoaCinos mdgradi gan-
viTarebis rogorc globaluri, ise regionuli da lokaluri problematika.
globalur ekonomikur problemebs miekuTvneba: regionebis Tanabari ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis, decentralizaciis, resursebis ganawilebis da moxmarebis, Semosavle-
bis, sameurneo specializaciis, vaWrobis, komunikaciebis da sxva problemebi.
globalur socialur problemebs miekuTvneba: demografiuli, ganaTlebis, janmrTe-

lobis dacvis, dasaqmebis, religiebis, eTnikuri, danaSaulis da sxva problemebi.
globalur ekologiur problemebs miekuTvneba: bunebrivi garemos dacvis, resurse-

bis racionaluri gamoyenebis, biomravalferovnebis dacvis, klimatis globaluri
cvlilebis, gaudabnoebis, tyeebis SenarCunebis da aRdgenis, miwis degradaciis, bune-
brivi riskebis, teqnogenuri katastrofebis da sxva problemebi.
globalur politikur problemebs miekuTvneba: konfqliqtebis da saomari mo-

qmedebebis prevenciis, terorizmTan, demokratiis amaRlebasTan, mSvidobis
SenarCunebasTan, ganiaraRebasTan, adamianis uflebebTan, samxedro blokebis da-
pirispirebasTan, okupaciasTan, devnilebTan da sxva sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli
problemebi.
globaluri problemebi aisaxeba saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis tendencieb-

ze da SesaZleblobebze. maT Soris romelimes gamoyofa Znelia, Tumca qveynis su-
verenitetisa da damoukideblobisTvis gadamwyveti politikuri problemebia. amg-
var problemaTa Soris safrTxisSemcvelia regionuli konfliqtebi kavkasiasa da
axlo aRmosavleTSi, samxedro dapirispirebebi natosa da dsT-s qveynebs Soris,
Cveni qveynis okupaciis Seuqcevadi procesi, afxazTa da osTa separatizmi, ltolv-
ilTa nakadebi da sxv. amJamad qveynis umTavresi problema teritoriuli mTlias-
nobis aRdgenaa. aranakleb mniSvnelovania demokratiis ganviTarebasTan, adamianis
uflebebTan, samarTlianobis dacvasTan, energetikul usafrTxoebasTan, socialur
87
uTanabrobasTan, narkomaniasTan, demografiul viTarebasTan, bunebrivi da kul-

turuli memkvidreobis dacvasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi.
3.1. globaluri ekonomikuri problemebi
3.1.1. ekonomikuri xasiaTis problemaTa Soris upirvelesi energetikuli proble-

mebia. isini amJamad globalur xasiaTs iRebs da arsebiTad ukavSirdeba mdgradi
ganviTarebis yvela mimarTulebas. mudmivad izrdeba energiis wyaroebis rogorc
mopovebis masStabebi, ise aTeulobiT saxelmwifos damokidebuleba energetikuli
resursebis realizaciidan miRebul Semosavlebze, ganviTarebuli qveynebis ltolva
importirebul resursebze da sxv. energetikuli resursebis ZiriTadi nawili (nav-
Tobi, gazi, torfi, qvanaxSiri) amowurvadia da arsebuli masStabebiT misi mopovebis
gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi, maragebi ramdenime aTwleulSi amoiwureba an ukiduresad
gaZvirdeba. viTarebis garkveulwilad gamosworeba axal teqnologiebs, aratradi-
ciuli energiis saxeebis gamoyenebis xelSewyobas da maTi racionaluri sargeblo-
bis gziTaa SesaZlebeli.
navTobis gamovlenili maragi msoflioSi, Tanamedrove moxmarebis SemTxvevaSi,

kacobriobas 40 wels eyofa. Tumca arsebobs prognozuli maragi da navTobis mop-
ovebis axali teqnologiebi, romlis mixedviTac, SesaZlebelia misi mopoveba kidev
30 wliT gaxangrZlivdes. navTobis mopovebasTan da gamoyenebasTan ramdenime prob-
lemaa dakavSirebuli: ZiriTadi maragebis erTgvarovani geografiuli areali
(axlo aRmosavleTi, arabuli qveynebi, ruseTi, venesuela da sxv.), qimiuri mrewv-
elobis TiTqmis sruli damokidebuleba navTobproduqtebze, navTobis momxmare-
belTa tradiciuli bazrebi (CrdiloeTi amerika, evropa, CineTi, indoeTi), mudmivi
dapirispirebebi da konfliqtebi navTobis mompovebel qveynebsa da mimdebare re-
gionebSi. msoflios mosaxleobis zrdasTan erTad, navTobze moTxovnac matulobs,
rac axlo momavalSi globalur problemad iqceva.
moTxovna bunebrivi airze ramdenime faqtors ukavSirdeba: maRal energetikul dan-

iSnulebas (siTbotevadobas), SedarebiT did maragebs, moxerxebul transportireba
(milsadenebiT), sasuqebis warmoebas, ekologiur usafrTxoebas da mopovebis simar-
tives. miuxedavad amisa, bunebrivi airis dazverili maragi ar iZleva misi usasru-
lod gamoyenebis imeds, rac ganapirobebs amgvari energiis wyaros adre Tu gvian
Canacvlebis aucileblobas.
naxSiris dazverili maragi da moxmarebis masStabebi misi 2 aseuli wliT gamoyenebis

saSualebas iZleva. masze didia moTxovna rogorc energiis wyaroze, ise nedleulze
metalurgiasa da qimiur mrewvelobaSi. naxSiris gamoyenebis zrda aseve ukavSirdeba
navTobze fasebis matebas da SedarebiT did maragebs. misi gamoyeneba qmnis ekologi-
ur problemebs rogorc warmoebis, ise gadamuSavebis arealebSi.
kvlav aqtualuria hidroenergetikuli (mdinari da Termuli wylis) resursebis

gamoyeneba da misgan iafi energiis miReba. garda imisa, rom maTi miReba sakmaod
Zviria, igi aseve ukavSirdeba didi teritoriebis datborvas da biologiuri mraval-
ferovnebis degradacias. popularuli xdeba hesebis mier pirdapiri CamonadeniT
energiis miReba, rac ekologiurad misaRebia, Tumca misi meSveobiT SedarebiT umniS-
vnelo energiis gamomuSavebaa SesaZlebeli. araerT seismurad aqtiur saxelmwifoSi
energiis misaRebad Termul wylebs iyeneben, rac Zalze efeqturi da perspeqtiuli
mimarTulebaa.
88
Tavi 3. mdgradi ganviTarebis globaluri problemebi
mTel msoflioSi intensiurad ganixileba da teqnologiurad ixveweba zRvis miqceva

- moqceviT, qarisa da mzisgan energiis miRebis SesaZleblobebi. mudmivad izrde-
ba ganviTarebul qveynebSi amgvari energiis miRebis da moxmarebis xvedriTi wili.
Tumca aseve miiCneva, rom maTi meSveobiT SeuZlebeli iqneba energetikuli proble-
mebis gadaWra.
3.1.2. nedleulis problema, ukanasknel saukuneebSi, mudmivad awuxebs kacobriobas,

Tumca globaluri xasiaTi ukanasknel aTwleulebSi SeiZina. igi ukavSirdeba ro-
gorc energetikul, ise liTonur da araliTonur wiaRiseuls, xe-tyes, sxvadasxva
qimiur nedleuls da sxv. maTi udidesi nawili amowurvadi da Zvirad mopovebadia,
rac axlo momavalSi globalur problemad SeiZleba iqces. mopovebiTi mrewvelo-
ba dakavSirebulia mTel rig ekologiur problemebTan, radgan araerTi maTgani
Ria karieruli wesiT moipoveba. marTalia, nedleulis Ria wesiT mopoveba amcirebs
TviTRirebulebas, magram iwvevs srul ekocids.
moxmarebis arsebuli masStabebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mosalodnelia zogierTi wiaRi-

seulis maragi uaxloes momavalSi amoiwuros. kerZod, dadgenilia, rom kalis mad-
nis arsebuli maragi amoiwureba 2020 wlamde, volframis, vercxliswylis, surmis,
tyviis da TuTiis - 2030 wlisTvis, kobaltis, molibdenis, spilenZis da nikelis - 2040
wlisTvis, aluminis (boqsitebis) da rkinis - 2060 wlisTvis, xolo 2080 wlisTvis _
marganecis. SedarebiT ukeTesi mdgomreobaa qimiur da sxva araliTonur wiaRise-
ulTan dakavSirebiT. fosforitebis, apatitebis, kaliumis marilebis, gogirdis da
saSeni masalebis maragi ramdenime saukune iqneba SenarCunebuli.
nedleulTan dakavSirebululi problemebis prevenciad axali bunebrivi wyaroebis

moZieba, teqnologiuri gadaiaraReba, misi moxmarebis SezRudva, meoradi gadamuSaveba
da qimiuri nedleuliT Canacvleba miiCneva. amjamad mrewvelobis, soflis meurneobis
da transportis araerTi mimarTuleba cdilobs nedleuldamzogavi teqnologiebis
da saSualebebis danergvas, rac mxolod mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis ganviTarebiTaa
SesaZlebeli. kargi Sedegebia dasavleTis da aRmosavleTis (iaponia, samxreTi korea
da sxv.) ganviTarebul qveynebSi, sadac ukanasknel aTwleulebSi warmatebiT moxerxda
energiis da nedleulis moxmarebis arsebiTi Semcireba da Canacvleba.
3.1.3. ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikuri CamorCenilobis daZleva Tanamedrove

msoflios erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi gamowvevaa. igi exeba msoflios qveynebis
did umravlesobas da dedamiwis mosaxleobis udides nawils, ris gamoc proble-
mebi eqmneba ganviTarebul qveynebsa da mTel msofliosac. ganviTarebadia 150-mde
qveyana (anu msoflios saxelmwifoebis saerTo raodenobis 3/4-ze meti). am qveynebis
absoluturi umravlesoba warsulSi koloniebi iyo, rac maTi CamorCenis da cal-
mxrivi ganviTarebis erT-erTi mizezia. maT aseve miekuTvneba aziisa da afrikis is
qveynebic, romlebic koloniebi ar yofilan, magram ekonomikuri ganviTarebis do-
niT aranakleb (Tu ufro metad ara) CamorCenilebi arian, vidre yofili koloniebi.
amJamad gamoyofen birTvis, periferiul da naxevrad periferiul qveynebs. birTvs
miakuTvneben ganviTarebul anu pirveli samyaros qveynebs, agreTve zogierT yo-
fil socialistur qveyanas, periferias ki ganviTarebad (mesame samyaros) qveynebs.
naxevrad periferiaSi gaerTianebuli arian is ganviTarebadi qveynebi, romlebic
TavianTi ganviTarebis doniT da erT sulze erToblivi Sida produqtis warmoebiT
sagrZnoblad dawinaurdnen da TiTqmis daewivnen ganviTarebul qveynebs (e. w. axali
industriuli qveynebi da navTobmompovebeli arabuli saxelmwifoebi). amave jgufs
miekuTvneba postsocialisturi da postsabWoTa qveynebis mniSvnelovani nawili. sa-
89
varaudoa, rom maTi nawili birTvis kategoriaSi gadainacvlebs, umravlesoba ki

periferiul qveynebs Seemateba. bolo wlebSi ganviTarebadi (igive mesame samyaros
an periferiis) qveynebis aRsaniSnavad sul ufro xSirad iyeneben termins `globa-
luri samxreTi~. amiT xazi esmeva im faqts, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis absolutu-
ri umravlesoba samxreT naxevarsferoSi mdebareobs, gansxvavebiT ganviTarebuli
(birTvis anu pirveli samyaros) qveynebisa, romlebic ZiriTadad CrdiloeT naxe-
varsferoSi mdebareoben da maTi erToblioba `globaluri CrdiloeTis~ saxeliT
aris cnobili.
ganviTarebad qveynebs msoflios xmeleTis 2/3 ukaviaT da aq msoflios mosaxleo-

bis 75%-ze meti cxovrobs. maT wilad msoflioSi warmoebuli erToblivi produq-
tis 20%-ze naklebi modis. kidev ufro didi sxvaobaa erT sulze erToblivi Sida
produqtis moculobiT. es maCvenebeli ganviTarebul qveynebSi saSualod 15-20-jer
metia, vidre ganviTarebadSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom calkeul ganviTarebad qveynebSi
(mag., navTobiT mdidar patara saxelmwifoebSi) erT sulze eSp Zalian maRalia.
ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikuri CamorCeniloba istoriul-politikuri da so-

cialur-kulturuli ganviTarebis TaviseburebebiT aris gamowveuli. amasTan, buneb-
riv-resursuli potencialiT ganv iTarebadi qveynebi bevrad ukeTes mdgomareobaSi
arian ganviTarebul qveynebTan SedarebiT. kerZod, ganviTarebad qveynebSia Tavmoy-
rili msoflio navTobis maragis 90%-ze da bunebrivi gazis 70%-ze meti, feradi li-
Tonebis 70%-ze, Savi liTonebis 60%-ze da qimiuri nedleulis 2/3-ze meti. maT wilad
aseve modis wylis resursebis daaxloebiT 60% da tyis resursebis naxevarze meti
(maT Soris TiTqmis mTlianad tropikuli da ekvatoruli tyeebi, Zvirfasmerqniani
xeebis mravali saxeobiT). ganviTarebadi qveynebi naklebad iyeneben am upiratesobas,
xolo bunebriv-resursuli potencialis racionaluri aTviseba erT-erTi umwvavesi
problemaa. es qveynebi msoflio meurneobaSi, ZiriTadad, nedleulis mwarmoeble-
bad da eqsportiorebad gvevlinebian. Sesabamisad, nedleulis gamoleva an xarisxis
gauareseba ukve TavisTavad Zalze uaryofiT gavlenas axdens aseT qveynebze. magram
ufro mniSvnelovania, rom msoflio bazarze nedleulze fasebis mudmivi cvla Zalze
arastabilurs xdis qveynis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebs. rogorc wesi, mza produqci-
aze (romlis mwarmoeblebic, ZiriTadad, ganviTarebuli qveynebi arian) fasebi ufro
metad izrdeba, vidre nedleulze. es ki zrdis da aRrmavebs im ekonomikur dispro-
porcias, rac ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris arsebobs.
gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaa yvelaze ufro CamorCenil qveynebSi, romlebic

gaeros klasifikaciiT uRatakesi qveynebis kategorias Seadgenen (sul 40 saxelmwi-
fo, maTgan 28 tropikul afrikaSi). ganviTarebadi samyaros did nawilSi arsebuli
autaneli gaWirveba ubiZgebs milionobiT adamians, aralegaluri migraciis gziT
xsna mdidar CrdiloeTSi eZebon, rac ukiduresad Zabavs mdgomareobas.
globalizaciis procesma didi gavlena moaxdina msoflio ekonomikaze da Tvisob-

rivad Secvala igi. marTalia, erovnuli ekonomikebi kvlavac did rols TamaSoben
msoflio ekonomikaSi, magram faqtia, rom saxelmwifoTa roli sustdeba, izrdeba
transnacionaluri korporaciebis gavlena da warmoiqmneba mTeli rigi adre ucno-
bi winaaRmdegobebi. kerZod, globalizaciis mTavari problema aris ara warmoebis,
finansebis da vaWrobis intensiuri, sazRvrebgareSe mimoqceva, aramed is sruli Seu-
Tavsebloba, rac warmoiSva saxelmwifoTa (rogorc teritoriul principze dafuZ-
nebul) da ekonomikur (rogorc arateritoriul, globalur principze Camoyalibe-
bul) sistemebs Soris.
90
msoflio vaWrobis moculoba orjer ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre warmoeba. ucxo-
uri saqoneli sul ufro did adgils ikavebs nebismieri qveynis bazarze da es eko-
nomikuri globalizaciis Sedegia. msoflio bazarze gansakuTrebiT didia msxvili
kompaniebis roli. ucxouri saqonliT bazris dapyroba mZime dartymas ayenebs erov-
nul warmoebas. es ki adgilobriv mewarmeTa mZafr protests da winaaRmdegobas
iwvevs. vaWrobis globalizaciis kidev erTi maxasiaTebelia eleqtronuli vaWroba.
dRevandel globalur momxmarebels sakredito baraTiT, telefoniT an internetiT
SeuZlia saxlidan gausvlelad iyidos yvelaferi. misi moculoba yovelwliurad
izrdeba.
TvalsaCinoa warmoebis globalizaciis zrdis masStabebic, rac transnacionaluri

korporaciebis (tnk) rolis swraf zrdas ukavSirdeba. maT wilad modis msoflioSi
warmoebuli qimiuri mrewvelobis produqciis 82%, manqanaTmSeneblobis _ 79% da
farmacevtuli mrewvelobis 90%-ze meti. Tu msoflios saxelmwifoebs da tnk-ebs maTi
wliuri Semosavlebis mixedviT davalagebT, pirvel aseulSi 53 tnk da mxolod 47
saxelmwifo moxvdeba. transnacionalur kompaniebSi dasaqmebulTa saerTo raode-
noba ramdenime aTeul milion kacs aRwevs, anu gacilebiT metia, vidre safrangeTis,
italiis an didi britaneTis mosaxleoba. transnacionaluri kompaniebis udidesi
nawili evropuli, amerikuli da iaponuria
3.2. globaluri socialuri problemebi
3.2.1. globalur socialur problemaTa Soris upirvelesi SimSilisa da arasrul-

fasovani kvebis problemaa. SimSili, ori ZiriTadi formiT vlindeba: pirvelia
qronikuli SimSili anu arasakmarisi kveba (roca organizmi ver iRebs saWiro ra-
odenobis nivTierebebs, ifiteba, sustdeba da advilad xdeba sxvadasxva avadmyofo-
bebis msxverpli), xolo meore formaa sruli SimSili, rac eqstremalur movlenebs
ukavSirdeba (mousavlianoba, gvalva, wyaldidoba, omi da a.S.) da mosaxleobis masob-
riv sikvdils iwvevs.
janmrTelobis msoflio organizaciis SefasebiT, adamianis kvebis saSualo dRiurma

normam unda Seadginos aranakleb 2400-2500 kilokaloria. Tu dRiurma normam Sead-
gina 1800 kilokaloriaze naklebi, es ukve arasrulfasovani kvebis anu naxevradSim-
Silis maCvenebelia, xolo 1000 kilokaloria kritikuli zRvaria da srul SimSilze
migvaniSnebs. garda kilokaloriebis raodenobisa, srulfasovani kvebis aucilebe-
li pirobaa kvebis racionis normaluri struqtura. kerZod, adamianma dReSi unda
miiRos aranakleb 100 grami cila (pirvel rigSi, cxoveluri warmoSobis), agreTve
cximebis, naxSirwylebis da vitaminebis gansazRvruli odenoba. Tu romelime maTga-
nis raodenoba naklebia normaze, kveba arasrulfasovnad iTvleba.
gaeros sursaTisa da soflis meurneobis organizaciis monacemebiT, XXI saukunis

dasawyisisTvis msoflio mosaxleobis 30%-is kvebis dRiuri norma 1800 kilokalo-
riaze naklebi iyo. kidev 20% iRebda kaloriebis sakmaris raodenobas, magram ganic-
dida cilebis deficits. amgvarad, msoflios mosaxleobis naxevari arasrulfasov-
nad ikvebeba, xolo maTi ricxvi, vinc srul SimSils ganicdis an mis zRvarzea.
sasursaTo problema ZiriTadad ganviTarebad qveynebSia, Tumca calkeulma saxel-

mwifoebma did warmatebas miaRwies soflis meurneobis ganviTarebasa da sursaTiT
momaragebaSi. bevrma ganviTarebadma qveyanam e.w. `mwvane revoluciis~ wyalobiT
SeZlo mTlianad, an TiTqmis mTlianad daekmayofilebina sakuTari moTxovnilebebi
91
sursaTze. Tumca, kvebis produqtebSi kvlav dabalia cxoveluri produqtebis xved-

riTi wili, xolo mcenareul sakvebSic dominirebs erTi an ori saxeobis produqti
(mag., samxreT aziaSi brinjis wilad modis kvebis racionis 70-80%). miuxedavad gark-
veuli warmatebisa, mosaxleobis sursaTiT uzrunvelyofa rCeba ganviTarebadi qvey-
nebis (da mTlianad msoflios) erT-erT umwvaves globalur problemad.
SimSilis geografia zogadad sakmaod kanonzomieri suraTis saxiT warmogvidge-

ba. arasakmarisi kvebis `sartyeli~ ganviTarebadi qveynebis farTo speqtrs moicavs,
romelSic ori polusi gamoiyofa – tropikuli afrika da samxreTi azia. absolu-
turi ricxvis mixedviT samxreTi azia liderobs, sadac arasrulfasovnad ikvebe-
ba daaxloebiT 300 milioni kaci (regionis mosaxleobis 20%-ze meti). moSimSileTa
xvedriTi wili ki yvelaze maRalia tropikul afrikaSi, sadac es maCvenebeli mTeli
mosaxleobis mesameds aWarbebs.
sasursaTo problemis sasursaTo produqciis mudmivi zrdiTaa Sesazlebeli, rac

eqstensiur da intensiur soflis meurneobas ukavSirdeba. msoflioSi Tavisufali
miwis rezervi, romelTa aTvisebac SeiZleba mcire danaxarjebiT, praqtikulad amo-
wurulia. eqstremalur pirobebSi sasursaTo produqciis moyvana ki uzarmazar
xarjebTan aris dakavSirebuli da mxolod SedarebiT ganviTarebul qveynebSia
SesaZlebeli. intensiuri gulisxmobs sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis zrdas damuSa-
vebuli miwebis farTobis Tu pirutyvis suladobis zrdis gareSe. miwaTmoqmedebaSi
es miwis imave farTobidan meti mosavlis miRebas niSnavs, rac meqanizaciis, qimiza-
ciis, irigaciis, maRalmosavliani saxeobebis danergvis xarjze miiRweva, mecxove-
leobaSi ki jiSobriv gaumjobesebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. intensiuri gza Ziri-
Tadad ganviTarebuli qveynebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, magram ukanasknel xans
igi mTel rig ganviTarebad qveynebSic sasursaTo produqciis zrdis ZiriTad saSu-
alebad iqca. pirvel rigSi es dakavSirebulia sarwyavi miwebis farTobis zrdasTan,
ramac saSualeba misca mTel rig qveynebs, sagrZnoblad gaezardaT mosavlianoba.
aranaklebi wvlili miuZRvis ganviTarebadi qveynebis sasursaTo produqciis zrda-
Si soflis meurneobis meqanizacias da qimizacias, Tumca es ukanaskneli arcTu dade-
biTad aisaxeba produqtis ekologiur xarisxze.
3.2.2. siRaribe, umuSevroba da usaxlkaroba globalur problemaTa Soris ganix-

ileba. Tanamedrove msofliosTvis damaxasiaTebelia mkveTri uTanabroba materia-
luri simdidrisa da keTildReobis maCveneblebis mixedviT. mosaxleobis siRaribes
gansazRvravs iseTi faqtorebi, rogoric aris umuSevrobis done, sabinao pirobebi,
samomxmareblo kalaTis Semadgenloba da a. S. sainteresoa isic, rom siRaribe Se-
fardebiTi cnebaa da erTi da igive Semosavali da sayofacxovrebo pirobebi Tu erT
qveyanaSi aSkara siRaribeze migviTiTebs, meore qveyanaSi SesaZlebelia, savsebiT
sakmarisad CaiTvalos normaluri cxovrebisTvis.
umuSevroba uaRresad seriozuli globaluri problemaa, romelic met-naklebad

awuxebs praqtikulad yvela qveyanas. umuSevrad iTvleba nebismieri piri, romelsac
ar aqvs anazRaurebadi samuSao miuxedavad imisa, rom aqvs muSaobis survili da Se-
saZlebloba. umuSevarTa kategorias xSirad miakuTvneben e. w. naxevrad umuSevrebs
anu muSaxelis im nawils, romelTac ara aqvT mudmivi Semosavlis wyaro da maTi
dasaqmeba droebiT, sezonur an SemTxveviT xasiaTs atarebs. ganviTarebad qveynebSi
umuSevroba gamowveulia saerTo socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli CamorCe-
nilobiT. amas emateba mosaxleobis Zalian swrafi zrda, rac yovelwliurad zrdis
92
umuSevarTa rigebs. soflis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan nawils saerTod ar gaaCnia

miwa. SimSilis safrTxe aiZulebs maT, datovon sofeli da miaSuron qalaqs, sadac
isedac uamravi umuSevaria. profesiis uqonlobis gamo, aseTma muSaxelma mxolod
e. w. `Savi samuSao~ (mtvirTavi, arakvalificiuri muSa, damlagebeli, mrecxavi da
a. S.) SeiZleba Seasrulos. am samuSaoebze ki sakmarisze meti xalxia dasaqmebuli.
umuSevrad darCenili, saarsebo wyaros moklebuli mosaxleobis nawili cdilobs,
SeaRwios ganviTarebul qveynebSi da iq eZebos xsna, rac kidev ufro amwvavebs ara-
legaluri migraciisa da qsenofobiis problemas. adgilze darCenili umuSevrebis
mniSvnelovani nawilisTvis ki gadarCenis erTaderT saSualebad maTxovroba an da-
naSaulebriv samyarosTan dakavSireba rCeba.
ganviTarebul samyaroSi umuSevroba sxvagvar formas iZens. arakvalificiuri sa-

muSaos povna aq gacilebiT iolia. piriqiT, aseT samuSaoze moTxovnileba didia da
aucilebeli xdeba damxmare muSaxeli, romelTa umravlesobas ganviTarebadi da yo-
fili socialisturi qveynebidan Camosulebi (maT Soris aralegaluri migrantebi)
Seadgenen. adgilobriv mosaxleobas ufro awuxebs e. w. funqciuri umuSevrobis prob-
lema, roca maRali kvalifikaciis specialisti (inJineri, eqimi, pedagogi, ekonomisti,
iuristi) ver Soulobs samuSaos Tavisi profesiis mixedviT. aseT SemTxvevaSi igi
uars ambobs arakvalificiur da misTvis araprestiJul saqmianobaze da umuSevrad
rCeba, sanam Sesafer samsaxurs iSovis. umuSevrobis done ganisazRvreba umuSevar-
Ta procentiT ekonomikurad aqtiur mosaxleobaSi. umuSevarTa raodenobis dadgena
sakmaod Znelia. ganviTarebuli qveynebis umravlesobaSi mas gansazRvraven Sromis
birJaze registrirebul umuSevarTa ricxviT, rac, ra Tqma unda, ar emTxveva umuSe-
varTa realur raodenobas, magram arc didad gansxvavdeba. sul sxva mdgomareobaa
ganviTarebad samyarosa da postsabWoTa qveynebSi, sadac Sromis birJebze umuSevar-
Ta mxolod umniSvnelo raodenobaa registrirebuli. es imiT aixsneba, rom mosax-
leobas naklebi imedi aqvs, Sromis birJis saSualebiT SeZlos dasaqmeba. zogierTi
qveynis statistika ki Segnebulad malavs umuSevarTa raodenobas da aSkarad Semci-
rebul monacemebs aqveynebs. amis gamo umuSevrobis done msoflios qveynebSi did
farglebSi meryeobs da xSirad realur suraTs sakmaod scildeba. gasaTvaliswine-
belia is faqtic, rom ganviTarebuli qveynebis moqalaqeebi umuSevrobis SemTxvevaSi,
rogorc wesi, saxelmwifosgan iReben fulad kompensacias, romelic sagrZnoblad
aRemateba saarsebo minimums. Sesabamisad, aq umuSevroba iseTi mtkivneuli problema
ar aris da arc iseT mZime Sedegebs ar iwvevs, rogorc ganviTarebad samyaroSi.
usaxlkaroba anu ubinaoba seriozuli socialuri problemaa. usaxlkarod iTvleba

piri, romelsac mudmivi sacxovrebeli saxli ar aqvs. farTo gagebiT, usaxlkarod
SeiZleba miviCnioT msoflios mosaxleobis is nawili, romelic momTabare cxov-
rebas eweva (daaxloebiT 120 milioni kaci anu dedamiwis mosaxleobis 2%), agreTve
boSebis umravlesoba. xSirad amave kategorias miakuTvneben ltolvilebsa da iZu-
lebiT gadaadgilebul pirebsac. magram gacilebiT xSirad usaxlkarobas am sityvis
viwro mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneben da masSi igulisxmeba ara mosaxleobis zemoaRniS-
nuli jgufebi, aramed qveynis is moqalaqeebi da ucxoeli (ZiriTadad, aralegali)
imigrantebi, romlebic ukiduresi gaWirvebis gamo moklebuli arian mudmiv sacxov-
rebels. usaxlkarobas sayovelTao xasiaTi aqvs da igi praqtikulad yvela qveya-
naSi gvxvdeba, Tumca gansakuTrebiT mwvaved ganviTarebad qveynebSi vlindeba. usax-
lkarobas arcTu iSviaTad sofladac vawydebiT, magram es, ZiriTadad, mainc didi
qalaqebis problemaa. umuSevarTa da umiwawylod darCenili glexebis masa qalaqs
awydeba da kidev ufro amZimebs isedac umwvaves situacias.
93
siRaribis erT-erTi maCvenebeli im mosaxleobis xvedriTi wilia, romelTa Semosa-

vali saarsebo minimumze naklebia. saarsebo minimumi aris is aucilebeli minimaluri
Tanxa, rom adamianma iarsebos, anu ar iSimSilos da elementaruli yofiTi moTxov-
nilebebi daikmayofilos. saarsebo minimumi sxvadasxva qveynebSi gansxvavebulia. Tu
CrdiloeT amerikasa da dasavleT evropaSi es maCvenebeli sakmaod maRalia, gan-
viTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobaSi, piriqiT, imdenad mcirea, rom ganviTarebuli
samyaros mkvidrisTvis am TanxiT cxovreba sruliad warmoudgenelia. miuxedavad
imisa, rom aziis, afrikisa da laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi saarsebo minimumis saSu-
alo maCvenebeli bevrad naklebia evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikasTan SedarebiT,
im mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili, visi Semosavalic saarsebo minimumis zRvars qvemoT
aris, ganviTarebad samyaroSi gacilebiT metia, vidre ganviTarebul qveynebSi.
3.2.3. sarwmunoebasTan (religiasTan) dakavSirebuli problemebi yvelaze mtkivneu-

li da mZafria. nebismieri religia rwmenas erovnebaze da saxelmwifoze maRla aye-
nebs da yovelgvar ideas, qmedebas Tu Rirebulebas, rac mas ewinaaRmdegeba, miuReb-
lad miiCnevs. roca qristianoba, budizmi an islami vrceldeboda ama Tu im xalxSi,
aucilebeli iyo mosaxleobas uari eTqva im wes-Cveulebebsa da ideebze, romlebic
maTTvis axlobeli da tradiciuli iyo, magram axal sarwmunoebas ar Seesabameboda.
xalxi uars ambobda erovnuli kulturis did nawilze da mis nacvlad axal, religi-
ur kulturas iTvisebda. magaliTad, muslimanebs ekrZalebaT sakuTar enebze locva
da RvTismsaxurebisTvis mxolod arabuli ena gamoiyeneba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas ka-
Tolicizmze, romlis mimdevrebic wirva-locvas mxolod laTinur enaze aRavlenen.
kacobriobis istoriam religiuri omebis araerTi magaliTi icis. Sua saukuneebis

evropaSi es Cveulebrivi movlena iyo (mag., jvarosnuli omebi an reformacia). re-
ligiur saburvelSi iyo gaxveuli mravali dapyrobiTi omic. cxadia, dRes aSkara
religiuri xasiaTis konfliqtebi iSviaTobaa, magram is, rom sxvadasxva politiku-
ri Tu ekonomikuri xasiaTis dapirispireba zogjer garegnulad religiur formas
iRebs, udavoa. XX saukunis meore naxevris mniSvnelovani religiuri dapirispi-
rebis magaliTebia indusebisa da muslimanebis konfliqti mas mere, rac indoeTi
religiuri principiT or saxelmwifod gaiyo. religiuri forma SeiZina israelisa
da arabuli qveynebis dapirispirebam, roca muslimanma religiurma liderebma is-
raels saRvTo omi – jihadi (RazavaTi) gamoucxades. religiuri winaaRmdegoba edo
safuZvlad samoqlaqo oms libanSi, romelic dRemde ar dasrulebula. islamis lo-
zungebiT cdiloben samxreT filipinebis muslimani separatistebi, miaRwion gamo-
yofas qristianuli saxelmwifos Semadgenlobidan. religiurma propagandam didi
roli iTamaSa CeCneTis konfliqtSi. TviT did britaneTSic ki CrdiloeT irlandiis
konfliqts safuZvlad udevs winaaRmdegoba kaTolikeebsa da protestantebs Soris.
globalizaciis epoqaSi gansakuTrebul masStabebs miaRwia religiurma fundamen-

talizmma. es, pirvel rigSi, exeba islamur fundamentalizms (islamizms), romelic
globalizaciaSi dasavleTis, kerZod, aSS-is politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul
batonobas xedavs. islamistebis azriT, amerikuli cxovrebis wesisa da Rirebuleba-
Ta sistemis damkvidreba Zireulad ewinaaRmdegeba islamis normebs da sasikvdilo
safrTxes uqmnis islamur samyaros. amitom dasavleTsa da mis mTavar burjs – aSS-s,
rogorc did satanas, jihadi unda gamoecxados. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT islamuri fana-
tizmis masStabebsa da rwmenas, rom jihadSi daRupuli muslimi pirdapir samoTxeSi
xvdeba, advili gasagebi xdeba is globaluri safrTxe, rasac islamuri fundamenta-
lizmi Seicavs. miT ufro, rom misi samoqmedo gza terorizmia. swored islamuri fun-
damentalizmis teroristuli jgufebi qmnian mTavar safrTxes.
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sakmaod xSiria religiuri aratolerantobisa da dapirispirebis gamovlinebebi.

bevr qveyanaSi irRveva sindisis Tavisuflebis principi – adamianis ufleba, TviTon
airCios sakuTari religia an iyos religiis gareSe. sxvadasxva ucxourma religi-
urma organizaciebi da seqtebi cdiloben maT aqtiuri misioneruli da propagandis-
tuli kampania gaaCaRon mosaxleobaSi. bunebrivia, aman didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia
adgilobriv samRvdeloebasa da, zogadad, sazogadoebaSi. problemas is arTulebs,
rom axali religiuri mimdinareobebis damkvidreba TavisTavad cvlis tradiciul
Rirebulebebs da safrTxes uqmnis eTnikur TviTmyofadobas, rac Zalze mtkivneulad
aRiqmeba. meore mxriv, demokratiul saxelmwifoSi nebismier adamians ufleba aqvs,
TviTon airCios is religia, romlis mimdevaric surs gaxdes. es winaaRmdegoba ki
advili dasaZlevi ar aris, radgan erTmaneTs ejaxeba adamianis ufleba da tradici-
uli eTnikur-religiuri identoba.
3.2.4. janmrTelobis problema erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi da uZvelesi globaluri

socialuri problemaa. medicinis ganviTarebis dabali done, mZime sanitarul-higi-
enuri pirobebi, ekonomikuri da socialur-kulturuli CamorCeniloba is mizeze-
bi iyo, romlebic sikvdilianobis maRal maCvenebelsa da daavadebebis masobriobas
gansazRvravda. ukanasknel aTwleulebSi mTlianad msoflioSi sagrZnoblad gaum-
jobesda socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da sanitarul-higienuri pirobebi, di-
di progresi aRiniSneba medicinis ganviTarebaSic. Sesabamisad, garkveuli warmate-
bebi udavod SeimCneva: Semcirda sikvdilianobis koeficienti, gaizarda sicocxlis
saSualo xangrZlivoba, mkveTrad iklo epidemiebis safrTxem, xolo mTeli rigi
daavadebebis SemTxvevebi minimumamde davida. miuxedavad amisa, msoflios mraval
regionSi am mimarTulebiT ramdenadme sagrZnobi winsvla jer ar SeimCneva, xolo
sxva regionebSi, sadac aSkara progresia da mravali daavadeba praqtikulad likvi-
direbulia, sxva daavadebebis zrdis tendenciam iCina Tavi. amdenad, janmrTelobis
dacvis problema uaRresad seriozul, globalur problemad rCeba.
janmrTelobis dacvis mdgomareobaze garkveul warmodgenas iZleva sicocxlis sa-

Sualo xangrZlivobis maCvenebeli. yvelaze xSirad iyeneben sicocxlis saSualo
xangrZlivobis maCvenebels. igi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba regionebisa da qveynebis mi-
xedviT. mTlianad msoflioSi sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobis maCvenebeli 65,8
welia (mamakacebi – 63,7 weli, qalebi – 67,8). iaponiaSi es maCvenebeli 84 wels aRema-
teba, xolo andoraSi, san-marinoSi, singapurSi, hongkongSi, SvedeTSi, SveicariaSi,
avstraliaSi, safrangeTSi, islandiasa da kanadaSi 80 welze metia. igive maCvenebeli
svazilendSi 32,2 welia (mamakacebi – 31,8, qalebi – 32,6). 40 welze naklebia sicocxlis
xangrZlivobis saSualo maCvenebeli angolaSi, lesotoSi, zambiaSi, zimbabveSi, siera
leonesa da liberiaSi.
daavadebebis gavrceleba erT-erTi mniSvnelovani globaluri problemaa, romlis

winaaRmdeg brZola kacobriobis erTobliv Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. saukuneebis man-
Zilze mosaxleobas Tavzars scemda iseTi infeqciuri da parazituli daavadebebi,
rogoric aris malaria, yvavili, qolera, keTri, Savi Wiri, difteria, dizenteria
da sxv. am daavadebebs milionobiT adamiani Seewira, radgan medicinis arasakmarisi
ganviTarebisa da mZime sanitarul-higienuri pirobebis gamo, maTi damarcxeba SeuZ-
lebeli iyo. XIV saukunis 40-ian wlebSi Savi Wiris pandemiam evropis mosaxleoba
gaanaxevra, xolo 1918-1919 wlebSi e. w. espanurma gripma 20 milionze meti adamiani
imsxverpla. dRes aRniSnuli daavadebebis epidemiebi sakmaod iSviaTia da maTgan
momdinare safrTxec mniSvnelovnad aris Semcirebuli. arc is optimisturi warmod-
95
genaa gamarTlebuli, romelic amtkicebs, rom es daavadebebi sabolood aris damar-

cxebuli da araviTar saSiSroebas aRar qmnis. jerjerobiT arc erTi daavadeba ar
gamqrala da ama Tu im siZlieriT drodadro Tavs iCens xolme.
3.2.5. ganaTlebis problema araerT socialur da ekonomikur mimarTulebaze aisax-

eba. mosaxleobis ganaTlebis done qveynis ganviTarebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maCve-
nebelia da erTobliv Sida produqtTan da sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobasTan
erTad, humanuri ganviTarebis indeqsis Semadgeneli komponentia. ganaTlebuli, ma-
Ralkvalificiuri kadrebis gareSe raime progresze laparaki zedmetia. swored ami-
tom, nebismieri saxelmwifo da, pirvel rigSi, maRalganviTarebuli qveynebi uzarma-
zar Tanxebs xarjaven ganaTlebaze. ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesoba ki sul sxva
problemis winaSe dgas: aq laparaki ar aris srulfasovan da safuZvlian ganaTle-
baze, ZiriTad problemad wera-kiTxvis ucodinroba (uwignuroba) da elementaruli
dawyebiTi ganaTlebis ararseboba rCeba. ganaTlebis dabali done ki am qveynebis
CamorCenilobisa da siRaribis erT-erTi mTavari mizezia.
uwignuroba anu wera-kiTxvis ucodinroba ganviTarebad samyaroSi dResac serio-

zuli socialuri problemaa, zogierT qveyanaSi ki – namdvili erovnuli ubedure-
ba. rodesac mosaxleobis uwignurobis donezea laparaki, bavSvebs ar gulisxmoben.
igulisxmeba mxolod mozrdili mosaxleobis (15 welze zeviT) is nawili, romelsac
wera-kiTxva ar SeuZlia da aranairi ganaTleba ar miuRia. wera-kiTxvis ucodinarTa
da ganaTlebis armqoneTa raodenoba erTmaneTs ar emTxveva, radgan mosaxleobis
garkveulma nawilma wera da kiTxva damoukideblad, skolis gareSe SeiZleba iswav-
los. magram mTlianad msoflioSi es sxvaoba didi ar aris da, rogorc wesi, maT
cal-calke ar ganixilaven. miuxedavad garkveuli winsvlisa uwignuroba mainc seri-
ozul problemad rCeba. msoflioSi erT miliardze metma mozrdilma adamianma ar
icis wera-kiTxva, rac imis maniSnebelia, rom isini realurad ar monawileoben Ta-
namedrove cxovrebaSi. uwignurTa gansakuTrebiT maRali xvedriTi wili aRiniSneba
samxreT aziasa da tropikul afrikaSi, sadac wera-kiTxva mozrdili mosaxleobis
naxevarze metma ar icis.
msoflioSi sul 4 qveyanaa, sadac mozrdil mosaxleobaSi wera-kiTxvis codnis as-

procentiani maCvenebelia miRweuli. es qveynebia norvegia, luqsemburgi, fineTi da
saqarTvelo. kidev 30 qveyanaSi wera-kiTxvis mcodneTa xvedriTi wili 99%-dan 100%-
mdea. xolo 85 saxelmwifoSi wera-kiTxvis mcodneTa xvedriTi wili 90%-s aWarbebs.
mosaxleobis ganaTlebis donis erT-erTi maCvenebelia im mosaxleobis xvedriTi wi-

li, romelsac dawyebiTi, saSualo da umaRlesi ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli. dawyebi-
Ti ganaTleba savaldebulo da ufasoa, magram ganviTarebad qveynebSi milionobiT
bavSvi skolaSi siarulis SesaZleblobas moklebulia. aqedan gamomdinare, tropi-
kul afrikasa da samxreT aziaSi im bavSvebis xvedriTi wili, romlebic dawyebiT
skolaSi siarulsac ki ver axerxeben, Sesabamisi asakis bavSvebis mesamedidan naxe-
vramde meryeobs, maSin roca ganviTarebul qveynebSi ama Tu im tipis dawyebiT sko-
laSi Sesatyvisi asakis TiTqmis yvela bavSvi dadis.
umaRlesi ganaTlebis problemebs Soris mTavari ganaTlebis xarisxi da praqtikul

moTxovnilebebTan misi Sesabamisobaa. amJamad mimdinareobs umaRlesi ganaTlebis
safuZvliani reforma (e. w. boloniis procesi), romelic gulisxmobs, rom mTeli
evropis masStabiT umaRlesi ganaTlebis erTiani sistema Camoyalibdes, reformis
mizania, am procesSi CarTuli nebismieri qveynis universitetis studentma daubr-
96
koleblad ganagrZos swavla sxva qveynis universitetSi, xolo diplomi evropis

nebismieri qveynisTvis vargisi iyos. mokled rom vTqvaT, boloniis procesi iTva-
liswinebs umaRlesi ganaTlebis sayovelTao maRal dones evropis yvela saxelm-
wifosTvis. reformis ganxorcielebas araerTi winaaRmdegoba xvdeboda da xvdeba.
magram reformis bolomde miyvana da sauniversiteto swavlebis britanul-amerikul
modelze gadasvla gardauvalia. praqtikam aCvena, rom yvelaze efeqtiani swored es
modeli aRmoCnda. maRali donis umaRlesi ganaTleba did xarjebTan aris dakavSi-
rebuli. amitom fundamenturi mecnierebebis is dargebi, romlebic Zvirad Rirebul
eqsperimentebs da Zlier materialur-teqnikur bazas saWiroeben, ZiriTadad did,
Zlier saxelmwifoebSia ganviTarebuli.
3.2.6. globalur socialur problemebs Soris kriminaluri problemebi ukanasknel

wlebSi uaRresad aqtualuri gaxda. globalizaciis eraSi mdgomareoba ramdenadme
Seicvala. saSinao kriminalur problemebs daemata saerTaSoriso organizebuli da-
naSauli, romelmac gansakuTrebuli simwvave SeiZina. Camoyalibda kriminaluri or-
ganizaciebis msoflio qseli, moxda danaSaulis internacionalizacia. es safrTxe im-
denad seriozuli aRmoCnda, rom mis winaaRmdeg brZolam mTeli msoflios erTiani
Zalisxmeva moiTxova. wminda kriminalur danaSaulad iTvleba mkvleloba, sxeulis
ganzrax dazianeba, fizikuri Seuracxyofa, yaCaRoba, adamianis gataceba, gaupatiureba
da a. S. mkvlelobebis statistika garkveuli kanonzomierebiT xasiaTdeba. gansakuT-
rebiT maRalia mkvlelobaTa raodenoba laTinuri amerikis (gansakuTrebiT karibis
auzis) qveynebSi. kerZod, salvadorSi, gvatemalaSi, hondurasSi, kolumbiaSi, vene-
suelasa da iamaikaSi weliwadSi yovel 100 aTas mcxovrebze 40-ze meti mkvleloba
xdeba. mkvlelobaTa maRali procentiT gamoirCeva samxreT afrikis qveynebic (samx-
reT afrikis respublikaSi, svazilendsa da lesotoSi es maCvenebeli 30-s aRemateba).
evropis qveynebidan pirvel adgilzea ruseTi (19,8). saqarTveloSi es maCvenebeli
ruseTTan SedarebiT samjer naklebia (6,2). ganviTarebuli qveynebidan yvelaze me-
ti mkvleloba aSS-Si xdeba (5,9), rac iaraRis SeZenaze liberaluri kanonmdeblobiT
aixsneba. evropis ganviTarebuli qveynebis umravlesobaSi mkvlelobaTa ricxvi yo-
vel 100 aTas kacze erTze naklebia. yvelaze dabali maCvenebeli ki aRiniSneba iapo-
niaSi, singapurSi, honkongsa da sparseTis ubis arabul qveynebSi (0,5-ze naklebi).
sakuTrebis xelyofis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxeobebia qurdoba, Zarcva, avtomobi-

lebis gataceba, qonebis TaRliTuri gziT miTviseba da a. S. danaSaulis es saxeobebi
yvelgan aris gavrcelebuli, magram gansakuTrebiT xSiria yofil socialistur qvey-
nebSi, agreTve ganviTarebadi qveynebis mniSvnelovan nawilSi.
Tanamedroveobis erT-erT seriozuli globaluri problemaa narkotikebiT ara-

legaluri vaWroba, romelmac sayovelTao xasiaTi miiRo, narkomania ki bevri qvey-
nisTvis namdvil erovnul ubedurebad iqca. narkomania ufro avadmyofobaa, vidre
danaSauli, magram es iseTi avadmyofobaa, romelic Zalian saSiSia sazogadoebisT-
vis, miT ufro, rom narkomaniiT daavadebuli adamiani advilad SeiZleba, damnaSaved
Camoyalibdes. narkotikebis moxmarebisgan gansxvavebiT, narkotikebiT vaWroba um-
Zimesi danaSaulia da nebismieri qveynis kanonmdebloba narkotikebis realizators
sastikad sjis. mTel rig qveynebSi es danaSauli sikvdiliT dasjas iTvaliswinebs.
miuxedavad amisa, narkobiznesi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli danaSaulia, xo-
lo narkotikebiT saerTaSoriso aralegaluri vaWrobis winaaRmdeg brZola mTeli
msoflios saerTo sazrunavia. msoflioSi narkotikebis warmoebis ramdenime mTava-
ri centri gamoiyofa: heroinis mTavari mwarmoeblebi arian avRaneTi da pakistani
97
(e. w. oqros naxevarmTvare) da birma, tailandi da laosi (oqros samkuTxedi). haSiSi

da marixuana, ZiriTadad, afrikasa da meqsikaSi iwarmoeba, xolo kokainis warmoe-
biT kolumbia, ekvadori, peru da bolivia gamoirCevian.
trefikingi erT-erTi mZime saerTaSoriso danaSaulia, romelic gansakuTrebiT aq-

tualuri gaxda ukanasknel wlebSi da globalur problemad iqca. trefikingi adami-
anebiT ukanono saerTaSoriso vaWrobaa da monobis Tanamedrove saxeobad SeiZleba
miviCnioT. trefikingi, ZiriTadad, gamoixateba adamianTa motyuebiT gayvanaSi sxva
qveynebSi, viTomda maRalanazRaurebad samuSaoze mowyobis dapirebiT da Semdeg maT
sastik eqspluataciaSi. trefikingis msxverplni gansakuTrebiT xSirad xdebian axal-
gazrda qalebi, roca Sepirebuli samuSaos nacvlad, maT iZulebiT rTaven prosti-
tuciaSi da amaSi TiTqmis araviTar gasamrjelos ar uxdian. saSiS zRvars miaRwia
bavSvTa trefikingis masStabebmac.
korufciis cnebaSi, upirveles yovlisa, politikuri korufcia igulisxmeba. igi ga-

moixateba saxelmwifo moxelis mier Tavisi Tanamdebobis piradi, ukanono sargeb-
lis misaRebad gamoyenebaSi. mTel rig qveynebSi korufcia imdenad aris fesvgadgmu-
li sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi, rom Cveulebriv yofiT movlenad miiCneva da danaSa-
ulad arc ki aRiqmeba. yvelaze naklebad korumpirebuli qveynebis pirvel aTeuls
qmnian islandia, dania, norvegia, fineTi, SvedeTi, axali zelandia, singapuri, nider-
landebi, Sveicaria da kanada. es is qveynebia, sadac erT sulze eSp-is maCvenebeli
da humanuri ganviTarebis indeqsi yvelaze maRalia. yvelaze ufro korumpirebuli
qveynebis aTeulSi Sedian somali, birma (mianma), erayi, haiti, uzbekeTi, tonga, suda-
ni, Cadi, avRaneTi da laosi. TiTqmis yvela maTgani miekuTvneba im qveynebs, sadac
ekonomikur siduxWires Tan erTvis politikuri arastabiluroba an avtoritaruli
mmarTveloba, dabalia samarTlebrivi kultura da aSkarad igrZnoba saxelmwifoeb-
rivi azrovnebis deficiti.
3.2.7. globalur problemebs Soris erT-erTi umTavresia demografiuli proble-

mebi, kerZod, mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraoba. mosaxleobis raodenobis cvlileba
sruliad gansxvavebul problemebs qmnis sxvadasxva qveynebSi. evropasa da Crdilo-
eT amerikaSi mTavari demografiuli problema Sobadobis uaRresad dabali donea,
es ki mosaxleobis bunebriv klebas (depopulacia), xandazmulTa xvedriTi wilis
zrdasa (demografiuli dabereba) da samuSao Zalis deficits iwvevs, risi kompensi-
rebac imigraciis (xSir SemTxvevaSi, aralegalur imigrantTa) xarjze xdeba. aziis,
afrikisa da laTinuri amerikis qveynebis umravlesobaSi ki gadauWrel problemad
iqca Sobadobis ukiduresad maRali maCvenebeli, rac mosaxleobis ukontrolo zrdis
ganmsazRvreli faqtoria. am qveynebSi mosaxleobis gaorkecebas 20-25 weli sWirdeba.
aseTi demografiuli qcevis Sedegad mosaxleobaSi mkveTrad izrdeba axalgazrda
asakis xvedriTi wili, iqmneba sirTuleebi maTi ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis kuTxiT.
umuSevroba da siRaribe iwvevs masobriv migracias, rogorc qveynis SigniT (sofle-
bidan qalaqebSi), ise sazRvargareT da SimSilis safrTxe realuri xdeba.
aRniSnuli demografiuli situacia Zireulad cvlis msoflio mosaxleobis geogra-

fiis zogad suraTs. Tu XX saukunis dasawyisisTvis msoflios 10 yvelaze xalxmrava-
li qveynidan 8 ganviTarebul qveynebs miekuTvneboda, XXI saukunis dasawyisisTvis
am aTeuls mxolod 3 aseTi qveyana (aSS, ruseTi, iaponia) SemorCa. 2050 wlisTvis ki
pirvel aTeulSi adgils ganviTarebuli qveynebidan mxolod aSS SeinarCunebs. da-
narCeni 9 qveyana iqnebian indoeTi, CineTi, pakistani, nigeria, indonezia, brazilia,
bangladeSi, eTiopia da kongo (zairi).
98
depopulaciis problema seriozul safrTxes uqmnis mTeli rigi qveynebis ekono-

mikur keTildReobas, politikur stabilurobasa da eTnikur-kulturuli TviTmyo-
fadobis SenarCunebas. savaraudod, arsebuli tendenciebis SenarCunebis pirobebSi,
XXI saukunis bolosTvis dasavleT da centraluri evropis mTeli rigi qveynebis
mosaxleobis raodenoba gacilebiT naklebi iqneba dRevandelTan SedarebiT, xolo
eTnikuri struqtura Zireulad Seicvleba da adgilobrivi mosaxleoba SesaZloa,
umciresobad iqces.
migracia erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi globaluri da imavdroulad, kompleqsuri

problemaa, radgan igi ara mxolod demografiuli, aramed seriozuli socialuri,
ekonomikuri da politikuri problemac aris da araerT sirTules qmnis msoflios
mTel rig qveynebSi. Tanamedrove migraciebis mTavari mizezebi socialur-ekonomi-
kuri problemebia. es Tanabrad exeba rogorc Sida, ise gare migraciebs. Sida migra-
ciebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxea migracia `sofeli-qalaqi~. ganviTarebul qvey-
nebSi igi ukve ramdenime saukunea, mimdinareobs da, praqtikulad, Tavis maqsimalur
maCvenebels ukve miaRwia. dasavleT evropis qveynebSi mosaxleobis 80-90% qalaqad
cxovrobs, soflis meurneobaSi ki soflad mcxovrebi mosaxleobis mxolod mcire
nawilia Cabmuli da umravlesoba qalaqad saqmianobs. aq ukve daiwyo sapirispiro
procesi: mosaxleobis migracia qalaqidan sofelSi. SedarebiT uzrunvelyofili fe-
nebi amjobineben, qalaqis mtversa da xmaurs gaeridon da qalaqTan axlos, soflad,
bunebaSi dasaxldnen.
amJamad saerTaSoriso migrantTa mizidvis sami mTavari centria gamokveTili: dasav-

leTi evropa, CrdiloeTi amerika da sparseTis ubis navTobmompovebeli arabuli
saxelmwifoebi. imigrantebi seriozul problemas qmnian praqtikulad yvela qveya-
naSi, sadac maTi raodenoba met-naklebad mniSvnelovania. dasavleT evropaSi imig-
rantebi umetesad axlo aRmosavleTidan da afrikidan arian Casulebi. rasobrivi
da kulturul-religiuri gansxvaveba ukve TavisTavad arTulebs adaptacias, xolo
enobrivi barieri, ganaTlebisa da kvalifikaciis dabali done da cxovrebis gansx-
vavebuli stili viTarebas kidev ufro Zabavs. Sedegad, imigrantebsa da adgilobriv
mosaxleobas Soris warmoiqmneba dapirispireba. zogjer imigrantebs konkurente-
bad miiCneven Sromis bazarze, gacilebiT xSirad ki isini mawanwalebisa da krimina-
lebis rigebs avseben. yovelive aman gamoacocxla dasavleT evropisTvis TiTqmis
ukve miviwyebuli eTnikuri nacionalizmi da gaaZliera qsenofobia.
migraciis problemebis calke, Zalian mwvave gamovlinebaa ltolvilTa da devnil-

Ta (iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa) problemebi. ltolvilad miiCneva piri, ro-
melic saomari moqmedebebis, politikuri represiebis, eTnikuri, rasobrivi, reli-
giuri devnis, stiqiuri ubedurebebis an sxva raime eqstremaluri mizezebis gamo,
iZulebulia, datovos sakuTari qveyana da TavSesafari sxva saxelmwifoSi eZebos. is
pirebi, romlebmac imave mizezebis gamo datoves sakuTari saxl-kari, magram qveyana-
Si darCnen, devnilebad an iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebad iwodebian. ltolvil-
Ta da devnilTa raodenoba gansakuTrebiT swrafad bolo aTwleulebSi gaizarda,
rac, pirvel rigSi, yofil ganviTarebad da socialistur qveynebSi momxdari kon-
fliqtebis `damsaxurebaa~. ltolvilTa yvelaze meti raodenoba im qveynebidanaa,
sadac samoqalaqo omi da SeiaraRebuli konfliqti ukve mravali welia grZeldeba.
am mxriv gansakuTrebiT `gamoirCevian~ palestina, avRaneTi, erayi, mianma (birma) da
sudani. daaxloebiT aseTive suraTia iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa raodenobis
mixedviT. am TvalsazrisiT `Cempionebi~ qveynebi arian sudani (5 milionze meti dev-
nili) da erayi (4,2 milioni kaci).
99
globalur demografiul problemebs Soris mosaxleobis teritoriuli ganlageba

yvelaze ufro `geografiulia~. mosaxleobis araTanabari ganlageba, misi maRali
simWidrove calkeul qveynebsa da regionebSi da piriqiT, ukiduresad meCxrad da-
saxlebuli an saerTod dausaxlebeli vrceli teritoriebi TavisTavad seriozuli
problemaa, romelsac uamravi Tanmdevi garTuleba axlavs. mosaxleobis araTana-
bar ganlagebas bevri faqtori ganapirobebs, romlebic 4 ZiriTad jgufad SeiZleba
daiyos: bunebriv-geografiuli, istoriuli, socialur-ekonomikuri da demografiu-
li. maTi roli da mniSvneloba sxvadasxva istoriul epoqasa da sxvadasxva region-
Si gansxvavebuli iyo. dedamiwaze mosaxleobis araTanabari ganawilebis mkafio da-
dasturebaa ramdenime ricxobrivi monacemi: aRmosavleT naxevarsferoSi dedamiwis
mosaxleobis 80% cxovrobs, xolo dasavleTSi – 20%, CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi
Tavmoyrilia msoflio mosaxleobis 90%, samxreTSi ki mxolod 10%. zRvis donidan
200 metr simaRlemde cxovrobs dedamiwis mosaxleobis TiTqmis 60%, 500 metramde –
85%, maSin roca 2000 m-ze maRla Tavmoyrilia mosaxleobis mxolod 1,5%. msoflio
mosaxleobis naxevarze meti gansaxlebulia zRvis sanapiro zolSi (araumetes 200 ki-
lometris daSorebiT) da mudmivi zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba. dabolos, xmeleTis
7%-ze Tavmoyrilia msoflio mosaxleobis 70%-ze meti.
teritoriis datvirTulobisa da gadametsaxlebis problema seriozuli globa-

luri problemaa. Warbi mosaxleoba iZulebulia, datovos sacxovrebeli adgili da
bedi sxva regionebSi eZios, rac mZime problemebs qmnis maTi imigraciis adgileb-
Si. garda amisa, gadametsaxlebam SeiZleba, sursaTiT uzrunvelyofisa da SimSilis
problema Seqmnas. zogierT qveyanaSi scades, mWidrod dasaxlebuli regionebidan
mosaxleobis gegmiuri, organizebuli migracia ganexorcielebinaT naklebad dasax-
lebul regionebSi, magram efeqti umniSvnelo aRmoCnda. rogorc Cans, am problemis
mogvarebis erTaderTi gza mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis SezRudva da socialur-
ekonomikuri progresia.
globalur problemebs Soris urbanizaciisa da qalaqebis problemebi sul ufro

da ufro aqtualuri xdeba. Tavisi SinaarsiT es problemebi kompleqsuria da mxo-
lod demografiuli problemebis CarCoebSi ar eteva. igi xSir SemTxvevaSi `gadaW-
dobilia~ socialur, ekonomikur, eTnokulturul da politikur problemebTanac
ki. amasTanave, urbanizaciisa da qalaqebis problemebi globaluri problemaa da
praqtikulad yvela qveyanaSi iCens Tavs, Tumca gansxvavebulad vlindeba imisda mi-
xedviT, Tu socialur-ekonomikuri da istoriul-kulturuli ganviTarebis ra done-
zea mocemuli saxelmwifo.
urbanizacia gansxvavebulad vlindeba ganviTarebad da ganviTarebul qveynebSi. azi-

is, afrikisa da laTinuri amerikis qveynebis umravlesobaSi qalaqis mosaxleobis
rogorc absoluturi raodenoba, ise xvedriTi wili Zalian swrafad izrdeba. azia-
Si, magaliTad, qalaqis mosaxleobis saSualowliuri zrdis tempi 3,3%-ia, afrikaSi
– 4,9%, xolo laTinur amerikaSi – 2,7%. es maSin, roca evropasa da CrdiloeT ame-
rikaSi 0,7%-s ar aRemateba. 1975 wels ganviTarebadi qveynebis saqalaqo mosaxleobis
raodenobam ganviTarebuli qveynebis analogiur maCvenebels gadaaWarba.
qalaqebis problemebis absoluturi umravlesoba didi qalaqebis wilad modis. swo-

red did qalaqebSia Tavmoyrili saqalaqo mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili, mTavari
samrewvelo sawarmoebi da savaWro-safinanso, administraciuli Tu kulturul-sa-
ganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi. garemos dabinZurebis ZiriTadi kerebic didi qa-
laqebia. mosaxleobis maRali koncentraciis pirobebSi ukiduresad garTulebulia
100
transportis moZraoba, kritikul zRvars aRwevs haeris dabinZureba, seriozuli siZ-

neleebi iqmneba wyalmomaragebasa da komunaluri meurneobis sxva dargebSi, Zalze
mwvaved dgas sabinao problema (gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebadi qveynebis didi qala-
qebis gareubnebSi, e. w. bidonvilebSi). maRalia umuSevrobis done. imavdroulad, di-
di qalaqebi danaSaulebrivi samyaros centrebad iqca da kriminaluri problemebi
ukiduresad awuxebs mosaxleobas.
ganviTarebul qveynebSi, rogorc wesi, patara qalaqebi iTvleba yvelaze prestiJul

da komfortul sacxovreblad. sakuTari saxlebi da mwvaneSi Cafluli ezoebi aseTi
qalaqebis ier-saxis ganmsazRvreli faqtoria. SedarebiT sufTa ekologiuri garemo,
siwynare da usafrTxo kriminaluri viTareba kidev ufro zrdis patara qalaqebis
mimzidvelobas. amitomac aris, rom ganviTarebul qveynebSi patara qalaqebSi mcxov-
rebTa xvedriTi wili izrdeba da mravali axali patara qalaqis dabadebis mowmeni
vxdebiT.
3.2.8. Tanamedrove msoflios erT-erTi seriozuli, globaluri problema gaxda eT-

nikuri daZabuloba da eTnokonfliqtebi, romelmac msoflios mravali qveyana mo-
icva. maTi didi nawili Sida konfliqtebidan internacionalur konfliqtebad gar-
daiqmna da globaluri xasiaTi miiRo. eTnikuri konfliqtis yvelaze gavrcelebuli
formaa winaaRmdegoba eTnikur umravlesobasa da eTnikur umciresobas Soris. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, eTnikuri umciresoba ibrZvis Tavisi uflebebisTvis, xo-
lo eTnikuri umravlesoba (da, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo) ewinaaRmdegeba maTTvis
am uflebebis miniWebas. moTxovnebi eTnikuri umciresobis mxridan SeiZleba iyos
kulturuli (mSobliur enaze wignebisa da Jurnal-gazeTebis gamocemis, tele da ra-
diogadacemebis, Teatris, muzeumebis, folkloruli ansamblebis daarsebis, agreTve
erovnul skolebSi swavlis ufleba); ekonomikuri (sxvadasxva sagadasaxado SeRa-
vaTebi, meurneobis calkeuli dargebis ganviTarebaSi saxelmwifos xelSewyoba, in-
frastruqturis ganviTareba da a. S.); politikuri (teritoriul-politikuri avto-
nomiis moTxovna, eTnikuri niSniT kvotebis daweseba mTavrobasa da parlamentSi,
erovnuli politikuri partiebis daarseba da zogjer iredentistuli da separatis-
tul-secesionisturi moTxovnebi). swored politikuri moTxovnebi iwvevs did wina-
aRmdegobas umravlesobis mxridan da konfliqtis mizezi xdeba.
eTnikur umciresobebs or ZiriTad jgufad yofen: imigrantTa STamomavlebi da

mkvidri, avtoqtonuri mosaxleoba. pirvel maTganSi igulisxmeba is eTnikuri umci-
resobebi, romlebsac aqvT istoriuli samSoblo (xSir SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifoc) da
mocemul qveyanaSi imigraciis Sedegad moxvdnen (mag., rusebi saqarTveloSi, Turqebi
germaniaSi an marokoelebi safrangeTSi). aseT eTnikur umciresobebs, ZiriTadad,
eTnikuri identurobis SenarCunebisken mimarTuli kulturuli moTxovnebi aqvT da
politikuri (miT ufro separatistuli da secesionisturi) moTxovnebiT ar gamodi-
an. Tumca zogjer aseTi SemTxvevebic gvxvdeba.
eTnikuri umciresobebis meore jgufia avtoqtonuri, mkvidri mcirericxovani xal-

xebi, romlebic kompaqturad arian gansaxlebuli TavianT teritoriaze da sxva sam-
Soblo ar gaaCniaT (afxazebi saqarTveloSi, baskebi espaneTSi, qurTebi TurqeTSi,
bretonelebi safrangeTSi da a. S.). sul aseTi eTnikuri umciresobebis saerTo rao-
denoba 300 milion kacs aRemateba, rac msoflios mosaxleobis 5%-ze metia (specia-
lur literaturaSi isini meoTxe samyaros saxelwodebiT arian cnobili). am katego-
riis umciresobebis moTxovnaTa umetesoba politikuri xasiaTisaa, rac saxelmwifos
mxridan winaaRmdegobas awydeba da xSir SemTxvevaSi SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis mi-
zezi xdeba.
101
eTnikuri dapirispirebis mizezebi da xasiaTi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba msoflios

calkeuli regionebis mixedviT. es istoriuli ganviTarebis Taviseburebebisa da gan-
sxvavebuli socialur-ekonomikuri Tu kulturul-religiuri faqtorebiT aixsneba.
dasavleTis demokratiul qveynebSi arc erTi SeiaraRebuli eTnikuri konfliqti ar
aRiniSneba, magram miCneulia, rom ramdenime eTnikuri jgufi saSualo riskis pirobeb-
Si imyofeba. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia baskebi da katalonielebi espaneTSi, CrdiloeT
irlandielebi – did britaneTSi, kvebekelebi – kanadaSi, valonebi da flamandielebi
– belgiaSi. yvela am SemTxvevaSi kulturuli da politikuri avtonomiis moTxovnebi
mTlianad aris dakmayofilebuli, magram adgilobriv nacionalistTa moTxovna sru-
li damoukideblobaa, rac bunebrivia, sruliad miuRebelia saxelmwifosTvis. Tumca,
socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebis gaumjobesebasTan erTad, radikaluri moTxovnebi
mosaxleobis mxardaWeriT sul ufro da ufro naklebad sargeblobs.
3.3. globaluri ekologiuri problemebi
bunebrivi garemosa da sazogadoebis urTierTdamokidebulebis mTeli rigi uaryof-

iTi Sedegi gangaSis sagani XX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan gaxda. 1992 wels rio-de-
JaneiroSi Catarebuli gaeros ekologiuri samitis Semdgom mTeli msoflios yur-
adReba mieqca bunebrivi garemos globalur cvlilebebs, adamianis gansakuTrebul
rols bunebrivi komponentis da mTeli geografiuli garsis degradaciis saqmeSi,
stiqiur movlenebsa da procesebs, mdgradi ekologiuri ganviTarebis aucileblo-
bas da aqtualur sakiTxebs. amrigad mdgradi ganviTareba, romlis erT-erTi Ziri-
Tadi nawilia garemos dacva da racionaluri bunebaTsargebloba, kacobriobis um-
niSvnelovanesi problemaa.
adamiani da buneba ganuyofelia da mWidrodaa urTierTdakavSirebuli. buneba sazo-

gadoebisTvis ara marto erTaderTi sacxovrebeli garemoa, aramed arsebobisTvis
saWiro resursebis ZiriTadi wyaro. bunebrivi garemo da bunebrivi resursebi is
aucilebeli pirobaa, romlis gareSec warmoudgenelia kacobriobis materialuri
da sulieri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba.
sazogadoebis da bunebis urTierTdamokidebuleba sxvadasxva doneze (masStabSi)

sxvadasxvagvarad vlindeba. geografiuli garsis da misi elementebis degradacia
TvalsaCinoa rogorc lokalur, ise regionul da globalur doneze. lokalur do-
neze bunebrivi garemos cvlileba kargad Cans mineraluri nedleulis mopovebisas,
teqnogenuri katastrofebisas an socialur-ekonomikuri infrastruqturis mSeneb-
lobisas; regionul doneze – wylis balansisa da biociklis darRvevisas, haeris, ni-
adagisa da wylebis dabinZurebisas, gaudabnoebisa da gaudaburebisas, miwis fondis
struqturis da landSaftis saxecvlilebisas, biomravalferovnebis gaRaribebisas,
tyiani teritoriis degradaciisas da sxv. es yvelaferi globalur doneze atmosfe-
ros da msoflio okeanis Sedgenilobis cvliT gamoixateba da warmoCindeba.
bunebrivi garemos da misi Semadgeneli komponentebis nebismieri arasasurveli cv-

lileba myisierad aisaxeba sazogadoebis cxovrebis ritmze, adamianebis janmrTe-
lobasa da socialur-ekonomikur procesebze. ufro metic, bunebrivi garemos ne-
bismieri – lokaluri Tu regionuli cvlileba saboloo jamSi globaluri xdeba.
gansakuTrebiT didia zegavlena bunebriv garemoze soflis meurneobaSi (saxnavi da
damuSavebadi miwebis farTobebis zrdisas), hidroenergetikaSi (wyalsacavebis mSe-
neblobisas), tyeebis (gansakuTrebiT mTis) masiuri eqsploataciisas da a.S.. amJamad
adamiani swrafad ikavebs eqstremaluri bunebrivi pirobebiT gamorCeul teritori-
102
ebs, izrdeba sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis xvedriTi wili teniani Tu ariduli buneb-

rivi zonebis mijnaze – preriebsa da stepebSi, mTebsa da Warbtenian teritoriebze.
magaliTad, samxreT amerikis pampasebSi da teniani tropikuli tyeebis arealebSi,
saxnavi teritoriebi, bolo saukunis manZilze 20-jer gaizarda.
sazogadoebisa da bunebis urTierTdamokidebulebis masStabebi gansxvavdeba ro-

gorc sivrceSi, ise droSi. bunebriv garemoSi adamianis sameurneo saqmianoba sxva-
dasxvagvaria: mudmivi, perioduli an xanmokle xasiaTis. mudmiv sameurneo saqmi-
anobad iTvleba: sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mopoveba, tyeebis eqspluatacia, wylis
resursebis gamoyeneba, urbanizacia da sxv., periodulia: sasoflo-sameurneo saqmia-
noba, TevzWera, rekreacia da sxv.; xanmoklea: monadireoba, samkurnalo mcenareebis
Segroveba da sxv.
bunebriv garemoze ama Tu im saxis anTropogenuri Semoqmedeba SesaZlebelia gan-

vixiloT misi intensivobis anu zemoqmedebis xarisxis mixedviT. intensiuri zemoq-
medeba aRiniSneba im regionebSi, sadac maqsimaluria mosaxleobis Tavmoyra da aq-
tiuria sameurneo saqmianoba. sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis umetesoba Sereuli
tipis (intensiur-eqstensiuri) zemoqmedebas ganicdis, romlis xarisxic pirdapir kav-
SirSia kulturuli mcenaris SesabamisobasTan sawyisi bunebriv landSaftis bunebriv
maxasiaTeblebTan. rac ufro Seusabamoa kulturuli mcenare bunebriv garemosTan,
miT ufro intensiuri anTropogenuri zemoqmedebiT xorcieldeba misi mosavliano-
bis uzrunvelyofa. eqstensiuri anTropogenuri zemoqmedeba dakavSirebulia rekre-
aciul saqmianobaTan, garemoSi ènergetikuli narCenebis~ (xmauri, sayofacxovrebo
da samrewvelo danadgarebiT miRebuli siTbo, radiaqtiuri narCenebi da sxv.), `teq-
nogenuri narCenebis~ (Txevadi – samrewvelo, sayofacxovrebo da melioraciuli
wylebi; airadi – Wvartli, mtveri, mZime metalebi) da sayofacxovrebo narCenebis
(nagavi, jarTi da sxv.) gabnevasTan.
amJamad sul ufro da ufro xSirad saubroben mosalodnel globalur ekologiur

krizisze, romelSic, sxvadasxva prognoziT, kacobrioba aRmoCndeba XXI saukunis Sua
xanebSi. globalur ekologiur kriziss aucileblad mohyveba ekonomikis krizisi,
epidemiebis da onkologiuri daavadebebis farTod gavrceleba, kvebis produqte-
bis da sasmeli wylis xarisxis gauareseba, mosaxleobis raodenobis swrafi kleba.
TandaTan iwureba araerTi saxis mineraluri resursi, romlis racionaluri da
alternatiuli gamoyenebis gareSe, msoflio calkeuli nedleulis deficitis wina-
Se Cveni saukunis 30-ian wlebSi dadgeba. amis gamo, msoflioSi swrafad izrdeba mzis
Termuli da qaris energiis moxmarebis masStabebi, iqmneba axali qimiuri naerTebi,
axali mowyobilobebi da danadgarebi. amgvari midgoma mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs
bunebrivi garemos dabinZurebis da degradaciis masStabebs.
globaluri da regionuli ekologiuri problemebis sivrcesa da droSi cvlile-

bis TaviseburebaTa gamovlenis SesaZlebloba geografiul mecnierebas gansakuT-
rebiT aqtualurs xdis. geografiis meSveobiT, romelic iyenebs sivrciTi kvlevis
TiTqmis yvela meTods (kartografirebis, daraionebis, SedarebiTs, paleogeogra-
fiuls da istoriul-geografiuls, saveles da kosmosurs, geoinformaciuls da sxv.),
SesaZlebelia warmoCindes bunebrivi da socialur-ekonomikuri garemos transpor-
maciis masStabebi, maTze zemoqmedebis formebi da mdgradobis xarisxi.
3.3.1. sainteresoa adamianis da bunebis urTierTdamokidebulebis istoriul-geogra-

fiuli Taviseburebebis ganxilva. adamianis bunebaze gavlenis masStabebi izrdeboda
da izrdeba mosaxleobis matebasTan, Sromisa da Tavdacvis iaraRebis gaumjobesebas-
103
Tan erTad. pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi, roca arsebobis wyaros monadireoba da

meTevzeoba warmoadgenda, adamiani ZiriTadad damokidebuli iyo bunebriv pirobeb-
ze. Tumca, mis mier bunebrivi resursebis gamoyeneba bunebrivi garemosTvis araar-
sebiTi iyo. Tanamedrove adamianis uZveles kulturad zeda paleoliTi miiCneva. am
periodis adamianis ZiriTadi saqmianoba nadiroba, nawilobriv ki Semgrovebloba
warmoadgenda. zeda paleoliTis bolos evraziisa da amerikis zomier subtropikul
da tropikul sartyelSi aRiniSna pirveli ekologiuri krizisi kacobriobis isto-
riaSi, rac nadirobiT SesaZlebeli sakvebis mopovebis (aTeulobiT saxeobis msxvili
cxovelis ganadgurebas) da mosaxleobis zrdis SemcirebiT gamoixata. am droisTvis,
nadirobis Sedegad, ganadgurda mamonti, zubri, giganturi iremi, gamoqvabulis lo-
mi, gamoqvabulis daTvi da sxv. mniSvnelovnad Semcirda CrdiloeTis iremis, aqlemis
da cxenis rogorc raodenoba, ise gavrcelebis areali. nadirobisas aqtiurad gamoi-
yeneboda cecxli, rasac tyisa da stepis mcenareulobis masiuri ganadgureba, Savmiwa
niadagebis nayofierebis degradacia mohyva. pirvel ekologiur kriziss dadebiTi
Sedegic hqonda – kacobriobam moiSinaura ramdenime saxeobis cxoveli da daiwyo
miwaTmoqmedeba.
mecxoveleobis da miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebasTan erTad gaZlierda garemoze ze-

moqmedebis masStabebi. Sinaur cxovelTa Tavmoyra da gamravleba, erTi mxriv, sa-
Zovrebis da tyeebis degradacias, xolo meore mxriv, cxovelTa veluri saxeobebis
ganadgurebas da maTi gavrcelebis arealebis Semcirebas ganapirobebda. mecxove-
leobis ganviTarebis Sedegad, msoflios araerT regionSi, gansakuTrebiT subtro-
pikul da tropikul sartyelSi, tyeebma tyestepisa da savanis saxe miiRo, stepisa
(preriebis) da savanebis bunebrivma zonam ki – naxevradudabnoebis. aRniSnul sar-
tylebSi mcenareulobis ganadgurebam pirdapiri radiaciis gazrda, niadagis gadax-
ureba, haeris temperaturis zrda da sinotivis Semcireba, qarismieri da wylismieri
eroziis gaaqtiureba ganapiroba. swored amgvari procesebi gaxda mizezi CrdiloeT
indoeTsa da centralur amerikaSi uZvelesi civilizaciebis gaqroba, xolo xmelTa-
SuazRvispireTis, CrdiloeT afrikis da mesopotamiis calkeuli regionidan mosax-
leobis migraciisa.
bunebrivi garemosTvis gansakuTrebulad uaryofiTi iyo miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTa-

rebis Sedegebi. misis ganviTarebisTvis gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli garemo iyo ste-
pebSi da savanebSi, tyestepebSi, farTofoTlovani tyeebis da subtropikuli sarty-
lis bunebriv zonebsa da mdinareTa xeobebis gaswvriv (aluviuri niadagebis gavr-
celebis arealebSi). stepebis masStaburma xvnam, tyeebis gadawvam (mcenareulobis
cecxliT ganadgureba ara marto soflis meurneobisTvis teritoriis gamonTavi-
suflebas isaxavda miznad, aramed niadagebis nayofierebis àmaRlebasac~) da Cexvam,
sairigacio sistemebis mSeneblobam aridul regionebSi mkveTrad Secvala adamianis
sacxovrebeli garemo da bunebrivi procesebis mimdinareobis xasiaTi.
swored am periodidan iwyeba mdinareebSi wylis xarjis Semcirebis, niadagebis dam-

laSebis, eroziuli procesebis gaaqtiurebis, bunebrivi mcenareulobis gavrcelebis
SezRudvisa da cxovelTa samyaros faseuli saxeobebis ganadgurebis Seuqcevadi
procesi. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom amave dros xelsayreli garemo iqmneboda araerTi
saxeobis mwerebisa Tu mRrnelebis gamravlebisTvis, romlebic dRemde qmnian prob-
lemebs rogorc yofa-cxovrebaSi, ise soflis meurneobaSi (gansakuTrebiT miwaTmoq-
medebaSi).
gansakuTrebiT maStaburi bunebaTsargebloba XVIII-XIX saukuneebidan iwyeba. mrew-

velobis da transportis ganviTarebas bunebrivi resursebis didi raodenobiT ga-
104
moyeneba mohyva. daiwyo miwis, tyis, mineraluri da wylis resursebis masStaburi

aTviseba. tyeebis masiurma ganadgurebam xmeleTis wylebis da niadagebis hidrolo-
giuri maxasiaTeblebis mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganapiroba. gaZlierda eroziuli
procesebi, gaxSirda wyaldidobebi da wyalmovardnebi, dadga sasmeli wylis da
udabnoebis zrdis, cxovelTa samyaros araerTi saxeobis gadaSenebis problema. sam-
rewvelo narCenebiT dabinZurda wyalsatevebi, atmosferuli haeri, niadagi. samrew-
velo narCenebma safrTxe Seuqmna ara marto niadagis an kulturuli mcenareulobis
nayofierebas, aramed adamianebis janmrTelobasac. amave periodidan, garda buneb-
rivi resursebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebisa, aqtualuri gaxda bu-
nebrivi garemos SenarCunebis da garemos dabinZurebis problemac.
bunebaTsargeblobam arnaxul masStabebs miaRwia XX saukuneSi, samecniero-teqni-

kuri progresis pirobebSi. mosaxleobis swrafma zrdam, urbanizebuli da sameur-
neo daniSnulebis teritoriis gafarToebam ukiduresad Seamcira bunebrivi garemo,
arnaxulad masStaburi da mravalferovani gaxda bunebrivi resursebis gamoyeneba.
TiTqmis mTlianad iqna aTvisebuli zomieri, subtropikuli da tropikuli sartyle-
bi, vake-dablobebi, dabali da saSualo mTis landSaftTa ZiriTadi nawili. amJamad
sameurneo daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba aRniSnuli teritoriebis miwis da wylis re-
sursebis ZiriTadi nawili. garemoSi moxvda didi raodenobiT radiaqtiuli narCen-
ebi, pesticidebi da qimiuri sasuqebi, gaxSirda teqnogenuri da bunebrivi katastro-
febi, Tavi iCina klimatis globaluri cvlilebis, gaudabnoebis da gaudaburebis
problemebma. Tu wina periodebSi adamianis zemoqmedeba ganapirobebda bunebrivi
movlenebis da procesebis, bunebaSi arsebuli kavSirurTierTobebis da wonasworo-
bis droebiT darRvevas, XX saukunis meore naxevridan anTropogenuri zemoqmedeba
mudmivi da Seuqcevadi gaxda. amrigad, Tanamedrove kacobrioba bunebaSi arsebuli
wonasworobis rRvevis anu globaluri ekologiuri krizisis winaSe aRmoCnda.
bunebrivi garemos gamoyenebis masStabebis kidev ufro zrdam sam ZiriTad uaryofiT
Sedegamde SeiZleba migviyvanos: 1. gamoilios bunebrivi resursebi, 2. gauaresdes
adamianis sacxovrebeli garemo da 3. dairRves ekologiuri wonasworoba da bune-
brivi garemos TviTaRdgenis meqanizmebi.
3.3.2. kacobriobas ramdenime saukunis manZilze awuxebs araerTi bunebrivi resursis

mopovebis da amowurvis problema. Sua saukuneebSi adamiani gamoiyenebda 19 qimiur
elements, XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi 50-s, xolo XX saukuneSi – dedamiwaze da peri-
odul sistemaSi arsebul yvela elements. bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis isto-
ria gviCvenebs, rom maT adamiani ZiriTadad sami umTavresi produqtis – sursaTis,
nedleulisa da energiis misaRebad moipovebda. dRemde kacobrioba jer kidev axerx-
ebs samive sferoSi mniSvnelovanwilad daikmayofilos moTxovnebi.
nebismieri resursis an energiis mopovebis da gamoyenebis Taviseburebani da masS-

tabebi ukavSirdeba mis marags, mopovebis Rirebulebas, garemoze zemoqmedebas, so-
cialur-ekonomikur Sedegebs da saxelmwifos usafrTxoebas. am faqtorebis mixedviT
bunebrivi resursis mopovebas da gamoyenebas gaaCnia rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryof-
iTi mxareebi.
sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad icvleboda bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis

ara marto masStabebi, aramed formebic. Tu Sua saukuneebSi energiis ZiriTad wy-
aros SeSa warmoadgenda, XIX saukuneSi ZiriTad saTbob-energetikul resursad
qvanaxSiri iTvleboda. mogvianebiT, XX saukunidan igi jer navTobma, Semdgom ki
bunebrivma airma da eleqtroenergiam Secvala. Tu Sua saukuneebSi tyis resursebs
105
ZiriTadad sasoflo-sameurneo savarguleebis gazrdis mizniT, naxSiris misaRebad da

gemebis asagebad anadgurebdnen, XIX saukunidan mas qaRaldis, xolo XX saukunidan
xelovnuri boWkos da spirtis misaRebad gamoiyeneben. ufro metic, gasuli saukunis
bolodan moyolebuli tyis resursebi, zemoTaRniSnulTan erTad, qimiuri mrewve-
lobis erT-erT ZiriTad nedleulad iqca. Tu XX saukunis Sua xanebamde Tevzis rew-
va ZiriTadad okeaneebisa da zRvebis sanapiro zolSi xorcieldeboda, mogvianebiT,
naosnobis ganviTarebasa da TevzsaWeri flotiliis teqnikur ganaxlebasTan erTad,
am procesma Ria zRvaSi gadainacvla.
tyis resursis gamoyenebis istoria aTaswleulebs iTvlis. msoflioSi, kacobriobis

istoriis manZilze, tyiT dafaruli teritoriebi 2-jer Semcirda (amJamad 40 mln km2),
maT Soris subtropikul sartyelSi 3/4-iT, zomierSi 1/2-iT, xolo tropikulSi 1/3-
iT. praqtikulad aTvisebulia am zonebis saxnavad vargisi miwis da wylis resursebi.
Sesabamisad – aq TiTqmis ganadgurda gareul cxovelTa Tavmoyrisa da migraciis ar-
ealebi. tyis resursebze dResac didi moTxovnilebaa mSeneblobaSi, qimiur mrewve-
lobaSi, transportSi, parfiumeriis warmoebaSi da sxv. amis gamo, mas xSirad `mwvane
oqrod~ moixseneben. arada, maTi ekologiuri mniSvneloba ganuzomelia – tyes
udidesi garemosdacviTi (gansakuTrebiT wyaldacviTi) da garemosaRmdgeni funqcia
gaaCnia. misi meSveobiT msoflios araerT regionSi regulirdeba siTbocvla da
tenbrunva, ferxdeba eroziuli da aridizaciis procesebi, daculia niadagis nayofi-
ereba da sxv. tyeebi rekreaciuli meurneobis ganviTarebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi re-
sursicaa. tyeebs farTo ekologiuri diapazoni gaaCnia da hidroTermuli pirobebi-
sadmi mdgradobiT xasiaTdeba. maTi ganviTareba SesaZlebelia 300 – 4000 mm naleqis
da +500C-dan -500C haeris temperaturis pirobebSi. amis gamo, gansakuTrebiT saxifa-
Toa tyis eqsploatacia iseT garemoSi, romelic maTi bunebrivi “SesaZleblobebis”
ekologiur zRvarze imyofeba.
wylis resursebis araracionalur gamoyenebas, mtknari wylis moculobis (raode-

nobis) SemcirebasTan erTad, misi xarisxis da qimiuri Sedgenilobis cvla mohyve-
ba. wylis xarisxis gauareseba ganpirobebulia rogorc misi samrewvelo, sasof-
lo-sameurneo da sayofacxovrebo miznebiT moxmarebiT, ise gamwmendi mowyobi-
lobebis da meTodebis gaumjobesebis neli tempiT. cobilia, rom sazogadoebisTvis
gansakuTrebiT faseulia xmeleTis mtknari wylebi, romlis xvedriTi wili hidros-
feroSi 0.4%-s ar aRemateba. mtknari wylis ZiriTadi maragi myinvarebisa (3/4) da
miwisqveSa wylebis (24,6%) saxiTaa warmodgenili. miuxedavad imsa, rom mtknari wya-
li mudmivad ganaxlebadi resursia, mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofis maCvenebeli msof-
lioSi, erT mcxovrebze gaangariSebiT, 2.5-jer Semcirda. msoflioSi mtknari wylis
moxmarebis maCveneblebi yovelwliurad izrdeba – Tu igi gasuli saukunis 80-ian
wlebSi 4.6 aTas km3-s aRwevda, amJamad 6 aTas km3-s gadaaWarba (anu moicva mtknari
wylis brunvis 1/6). gansakuTrebiT swrafad matulobs misi moxmarebis masStabebi
mrewvelobasa da soflis meurneobaSi, saidanac igi ZiriTadad dabinZurebuli saxiT
ubrundeba garemos. mtknari wylis xarisxis SenarCuneba msoflios erT-erTi udide-
si problemaa.
msoflio miwis resursi 130 mln km2-s aRwevs, rac xmeleTis 87%-ia. dedamiwaze saxnav
teritoriebs da mravalwlian nargaobas 15 mln km2 ukavia, saTibebsa da saZovrebs ki
– 40 mln km2. mosaxleobis zrdasTan erTad yovelwliurad mcirdeba miwis resurse-
bis da gansakuTrebiT, saxnavi teritoriebis xvedriTi wili. Tu gasuli saukunis Sua
xanebSi igi erT sul mosaxleze 0.5 ha-s Seadgenda, amJamad masze 0.2 ha saxnavad gam-
oyenebuli farTobi modis. miwis resursis aTvisebis masStabebi pirdapir kavSirSia
106
ara marto qveynis mosaxleobis raodenobasa da ganviTarebis donesTan, aramed bune-

briv pirobebTanac. magaliTad, Tu evropis teritoriis 1/3 ixvneba, igive maCvenebeli
afrikaSi 3-jer, xolo avstraliaSi 10-jer naklebia. ganviTarebad qveynebSi kvebis
produqtebis warmoebis zrda sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis resursebis
gafarToebiT miiRweva, rac meurneobis eqstensiuri tipis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.
miuxedavad zrdis masStabebisa, amgvar qveynebSi kvebis produqtebis warmoebis mocu-
loba da saheqtaro mosavlianoba 4-5 jer CamorCeba ganviTarebuli samyaros maCven-
eblebs. Tu ganviTarebul qveynebSi miwis resursis gamoyenebis Sedegad misi qimiuri
dabinZureba Zalzed saSiS masStabebs aRwevs, ganviTarebad qveynebSi ZiriTadi prob-
lema niadagebis degradacia (nayofierebis Semcireba, erozia, damlaSeba) da gaud-
abnoebaa (bedlendebis farTobebis zrdasTan erTad). ZiriTadad amis gamoa, rom
ganviTarebad qveynebSi yovelwliurad izrdeba damSeuli mosaxleobis raodenoba.
ganuzomelia mineraluri resursis mniSvneloba Tanamedrove sazogadoebisT-

vis. misi meSveobiT mosaxleoba ikmayofilebs moTxovnas energiaze, mrewvelo-
ba uzrunvelyofilia nedleuliT, soflis meurneoba sasuqiT, xolo transporti
sawvaviT. amis gamoa, rom swrafi tempebiT mimdinareobs mineraluri resursebis
mopovebis, transportirebis da gamoyenebis maCveneblebis zrda. marto gasuli
saukunis manZilze msoflioSi mopovebul da gadamuSavebul iqna 200 mlrd tonamde
mineraluri nedleuli. resursebisadmi interesi ar neldeba – marto ukanaskneli
aTwleulebis manZilze mineraluri nedleulis mopovebis maCveneblebi gaizarda
2-jer, maT Soris navTobis da bunebrivi airis 5-jer, boqsitebis 9-jer, qvanaxSiris
3-jer da a.S. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom swored mineraluri resursebis mopovebas da
gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba iseTi globaluri ekologiuri problemebi, rogoricaa
garemos dabinZureba, teritoriis niadagur-mcenareuli safaris mospoba (ekocidi),
okeaneebis gaWuWyianeba, klimatis globaluri cvlileba da sxv.
saTbob-energetikuli resursebis mopovebis problema kacobriobisTvis XX sauku-

nis 70-iani wlebidan gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT dadga. meore msoflio omisSemdgom
aTwleulebSi mopovebul da moxmarebul iqna ufro meti saTbobi wiaRiseuli, vidre
kacobriobis mTeli istoriis manZilze. misi mopoveba daiwyes Zalzed araxelsayrel
garemoSic – kontinentur meCeCze, taigasa da tundraSi, udabnosa da tropikul tyeeb-
Si. amgvari masStabebi da geografiuli Taviseburebani TvalsaCinos xdis mis mniSvn-
elobas da fasebis zrdas, rac provocirebas ukeTebs saTbob-energetikuli resurse-
bisadmi politikuri interesebis gamwvavebasac.
amJamad energiis erT-erT pespeqtiul wyarod atomuri energia miiCneva. misi meS-
veobiT mxolod garkveuli raodenobis eleqtroenergiis miRebaa SesaZlebeli. en-
ergiis gamomuSavebis procesSi ar gamoiyofa naxSirorJangi da sxva nivTierebebi,
dasaSveb farglebSi binZurdeba wyali da niadagi. Tumca, atomur energetikas ar-
aerTi uaryofiTi mxare gaaCnia. igi yvelaze ZviradRirebuli dargia, did danax-
arjebs moiTxovs misi warmoebis momsaxurebac. aseve didia avariis riskic, rasac
katastrofuli Sedegebi mosdevs. riskis faqtori gansakuTrebiT izrdeba seismurad
aqtiur regionebSi.
3.3.3. qalaqebi umniSvnelovanes rols asruleben rogorc calkeuli qveynebis, ise

regionebisa Tu mTeli msoflios socialur-ekonomikur da politikur cxovrebaSi.
isini gansazRvraven nebismieri qveynis samecniero, saganmanaTleblo da kulturu-
li cxovrebis Taviseburebebs. aq warmodgenilia udidesi materialuri resursebi,
maRakvalificiuri specialistebi, samecniero da SemoqmedebiTi inteligencia, kul-
107
turuli da istoriuli faseulobebi, sawarmoo da satransporto infastruqtura.

qalaqebSi gadamuSavdeba mineraluri, sasoflo da arasasoflo-sameurneo nedleu-
li, iqmneba samrewvelo produqcia da moixmareba didi raodenobiT energetiku-
li resursebi. qalaqis normaluri funqcionirebisTvis mravalferovani bunebrivi
resursi, nedleuli da produqtia saWiro, romelTagan umniSvnelovanesia wyali.
dadgenilia, rom saSualod, milioniani qalaqi yovelwliurad naxevar milionamde
tona wyals moixmars. wylis udidesi nawili, dabinZurebuli sxvadasxva minarevebiT,
ubrundeba bunebriv garemos – ZiriTadad mdinarees. aseve dadgenilia, rom saTbobi
wiaRiseulis da navTobproduqtebis gamoyenebisas (wvisas), amave sididis qalaqisT-
vis yovelwliurad 50 mln t Jangbadia saWiro.
wlis manZilze milioniani qalaqi 300-400 mln t dabinZurebul wyals uSvebs ka-
nalizaciaSi. wylis dabinZurebis xarisxi ZiriTadad damokidebulia qalaqis
sameurneo saqmianobis profilze da intensivobaze. dadgenilia, rom amgvar wyalSi
Setivnarebuli qimiuri, fizikuri Tu biologiuri nivTierebebi saerTo moculobis
1-2%-s Seadgens. amgvari wylebi aqtiurad ebmeba wylis brunvaSi da xSir SemTxvevaSi,
gansakuTrebiT ki aridul regionebSi, sarwyavadac gamoiyeneba. qalaqis mier mox-
marebul wylebSi Setivnarebul qimiur nivTierebebs mdinareebi ramdenime aTeul
kilometrze gadaitanen, ris gamoc SeiZleba advilad moxvdnen sxva dasaxlebuli
punqtebis wyalmomaragebis sistemaSi.
atmosferoSi moxvedrili samrewvelo da sayofacxovrebo gamonabolqvi mraval-

gvaria. maT Soris raodenobiT wylis orTqli, gogirdis anhidridi, mtveri da nax-
SirJangi gamoirCeva. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom milionian qalaqSi erT kvadratul ki-
lometrze yovelwliurad 1500 tonaze meti damabinZurebeli nivTiereba ileqeba, maT
Soris: gogirdis anhidridi da naxSirJangi – 800 tona, mtveri – 500 tona, azotis
Jangi – 165 tona, naxSirwyalbadi – 100 tona. gansxvavebulia dabinZurebis sezonuri
ganawilebac. misi maqsimumi zamTris Tveebze – saTbob-energetikuli wiaRiseulis da
energiis maqsimaluri gamoyenebis periodze – modis. atmosferoSi, SedarebiT mcire
raodenobiT (ramdenime aTeuli tona), magram mainc xvdeba adamianisa da saerTod
cocxali organizmisaTvis Zalze saSiSi tyvia, vercxliswyali, dariSxani, kadmiumi
da sxv. nivTierebebi.
atmosferoSi mimdinare procesebis Sedegad, milioniani qalaqis mier (Tu misi saSu-
alo farTobi 200 km2-ia) mavne minarevebiT binZurdeba masze 15-jer meti farTobis
mqone mimdebare teritoria (am SemTxvevaSi 3 000 km2). dabinZurebuli haeri amgvari
qalaqisgan saSualod 30-35 km radiusze vrceldeba. es maCveneblebi SedarebiT umniS-
vneloa (gavrcelebis manZili – 15 km-iani radiusi) patara qalaqebisTvis.
qalaqis atmosferos mdgomareoba da dabinZurebis xarisxi garkveulwilad damok-

idebulia imaze, Tu rogoria misi geografiuli mdebareoba, reliefis formebi
da qaris mimarTuleba. am mxriv yvelaze xelsayrel garemoSi – vakebze, mdinare-
Ta xeobebsa da mniSvnelovan wyalsatevebTan warmodgenili dasaxlebebia. yvelaze
araxelsayreli viTareba iqmneba im qalaqebSi, romlebic qvabulebSi mdebareobs.
qalaqis, atmosferoSi gafrqveuli aerozolebis da maTi minarevebis gamo, gakveul-
wilad mcirdeba ultraiisferi da pirdapiri radiaciis maCveneblebi. uqaro amindis
SemTxvevaSi aerozolebis maRali koncentracia ganapirobebs Rrublebis warmoqm-
nas, rac smogis saxelwoebiTaa cnobili.
yovelwliurad milioniani qalaqi saSualod „awarmoebs` da mis farglebSi ukeTebs

akumulirebas 3-4 mln t myar narCens. maT Sorisaa (daaxloebiT 1/3) xe-tyis, sayo-
108
facxovrebo (qaRaldi, kvebis produqtebi, mina, qsovili, plastmasi, rezina da sxv.),

samSeneblo narCenebi da avtosaburavebi anu iseTi narCenebi, romlebic SedarebiT
advilad emorCileba meorad gadamuSavebas.
qalaqebSi didi raodenobiT moixmareba siTburi energia, romlis nawili mimde-

bare teritoriebzec vrceldeba. qalaqis centralur nawilSi haeris temperatura
gacilebiT maRalia, vidre mis periferiebze. haeris temperaturaze myari safari,
mWidrod ganlagebuli nagebobebi da intensiuri satransporto nakadebic moqmedebs.
zamTarSi Zlieri yinvebisas, an RamiT susti qarisas, qalaqis centralur nawilSi
haeris temperaturam 7-80-iTac ki SeiZleba gadaaWarbos gareubnebisas.
did qalaqebSi uamravi transporti iyris Tavs, ris gamoc mcirdeba maTi gadaadg-
ilebis siCqare, izrdeba gamonabolqvis raodenoba da xmauri. mosaxleoba mtkivneu-
lad ganicdis transportTan dakavSirebul problemebs. amitom, evropaSi ZiriTadad
miwisqveSa eleqtrotransportis, xolo amerikaSi farTo saavtomobilo trasebis
mSeneblobasa da ganviTarebaze akeTeben aqcents.
qalaqis ekologiuri usafrTxoebis done pirdapir kavSirSia mosaxleobis janmr-

Telobis mdgomareobasTan. atmosferos dabinZureba uSualod aisaxeba gul-sisxl-
ZarRvTa da sasunTqi gzebis, xolo wylis dabinZureba kuW-nawlavisa da sxvadasx-
va infeqciuri daavadebebis raodenobaze. amJamad qalaqad mcxovrebi mosaxleobis
keTildReobis Sefasebis mizniT, garda wminda ekonomikuri an socialuri maCvene-
blebisa (biniT uzrunvelyofa, sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebis, ganaTlebis, sportis,
jandacvis done da sxv.), sul ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba iseTi maCvenebeli, romelic
TvalsaCinos xdis aq mcxovrebTa ekologiur usafrTxoebas. amgvar maCvenebels mia-
kuTvneben qalaqis atmosferos da sasmeli wylis dabinZurebis xarisxs, gamwvanebis,
tye-parkebis da rekreaciuli teritoriebis xvedriT wils qalaqis saerTo farTob-
Si da sxv.
3.3.4. reliefTan dakavSirebuli problemebi liTosferos agebulebas da ganviTare-

bis Taviseburebebs ukavSirdeba. liTosferoSi mudmivad mimdinareobs ramdenime
saxis procesi, romelTagan mniSvnelovania:
danaleqi qanebis warmoqmna – ukavSirdeba bunebrivi da anTropogenuli zemoq-

medebis Sedegad moZravi, Setivnarebuli Tu gaxsnili naSali masalis daleqvas. es
procesi mimdinareobs rogorc xmeleTze, ise wyalsatevebis (okeaneebis, zRvebis,
tbebis, mdinareebis) fskerze. daleqvis procesis Sedegad formirdeba danaleqi qane-
bi, romliTac dafarulia msoflio xmeleTis 3/4.
endogenuri procesebi – ganpirobebuli dedamiwis Sinagani energiiT, mizidulobis

da dedamiwis brunvis Sedegad warmoqmnili ZalebiT. amgvari procesebis gamovlenaa
sxvadasxva saxis teqtonikuri moZraoba, mTaTawarmoSoba, miwisZvrebi, vulkanizmi
da sxv. dedamiwis qerqis teqtonikuri moZraoba gamoixateba rogorc xmeleTis
azevebiT, ise daZirviT. amgvari procesebi mudmivad mimdinareobs mTel dedamiwaze,
rac ganapirobebs wylisa da xmeleTis ganawilebis Taviseburebebs. xmeleTis vrceli
ubnebis azevebisas (transgresia) ukan ixevs okeanuri wyali, xolo daZirvisas (re-
gresia) piriqiT – wyali ikavebs xmeleTis vrcel ubnebs. umeteswilad transgresia
da regresia periodulad monacvleobs, rasac 200-300 milioni weliwadi esaWiroeba.
gacilebiT swrafad mimdinareobs mTaTawarmoSobis procesebi, romelic reliefis
danaoWebas ganapirobebs.
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egzogenuri procesebi – mimdinareobs xmeleTis zedapirze da ganpirobebulia

garegani faqtorebiT. garegani faqtorebidan ZiriTadia: mzis energia, mizidulobis
Zala, wylisa da yinulis gadaadgileba, cocxali organizmebis cxovelmyofeloba.
garegani faqtorebis Sedegad dedamiwis zedapirze mudmivi xasiaTi aqvs gamofitvas,
denudacias, eolur (qarismier) procesebs, erozias, nivacias da akumulacias.
adamiani Tavisi saqmianobiT xSirad xels uwyobs stiqiuri geodinamiuri procesebis

ganviTarebas, rac garkveulwilad reliefis saxecvlilebas iwvevs. es gansakuTrebiT
aqtualuria mTian regionebSi, sadac gzebis an dasaxlebuli punqtebis mSenebloba
xels uwyobs mewyrebis ganviTarebas. eroziisa da Rvarcofebis gaaqtiurebis mizezi
ZiriTadad mTis tyeebis Cexva da alpuri saZovrebis intensiuri gamoyenebaa. maradi
mzralobis gavrcelebis regionebSi (taigisa da tyetundris bunebrivi zonebi) nav-
Tobsadenebis Tu sarkinigzo magistralebis gaswvriv aRiniSneba gruntis wylebis
da niadagis simkvrivis maxasiaTebelTa cvlileba. amgvari procesebi reliefis ram-
denime santimetriT dawevas ganapirobebs, rasac amgvari transportisTvisxSirad
katasrofuli Sedegi mosdevs.
adamiani aqtiurad ereva reliefwarmomqmnel procesebSi – xels uSlis danaleqi

qanebis formirebas da Setivnarebuli masalis akumulacias, xels uwyobs teqton-
ikuri procesebis gaaqtiurebas da stiqiuri bunebrivi procesebis ganviTarebas,
wiaRiseulis mopovebiT dedamiwis qerqSi qmnis xelovnur siRruveebs, gardaqmnis
reliefs da sxv. masStaburi xasiaTis sameurneo saqmianoba reliefis gardaqmnis six-
SiriT, siCqariTa da negatiuri SedegebiT ukve aRemateba teqtonikur moZraobas. amg-
var saqmianobaTa Soris ZiriTadia wiaRiseulis mopoveba rogorc Ria, ise Saxturi
wesiT, navTobisa da gazis mopoveba, miwisqveSa wylebis gamoyeneba, wyalsacavebis da
qalaqebSi maRalsarTuliani saxlebis mSenebloba. marto ukanaskneli saukunis man-
Zilze wiaRiseulis mopovebis moculoba gaizarda 7-jer, xolo bunebrivi garemos
gardaqmnis masStabebi – 3-jer.
Saxturi wesiT wiaRiseulis mopovebisas reliefis deformacia da moZraoba aRiniS-

neba im regionebSi, sadac amgebeli qanebis zedapiruli fena mniSnelovnad naklebia
mis qveS gamomuSavebul siRruis sisqeze. amgvar procesebs xels aseve uwyobs min-
eraluri resursebis narCenebi, rac ZiriTadad sabados gavrcelebis arealSi gro-
vdeba. reliefis deformacia ukve dadgenilia qvanaxSiris Saxturi wesiT mopovebis
regionebSi: germaniaSi, iaponiaSi, did britaneTSi, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi,
ruseTsa da sxva qveynebSi. teqtonikur aqtivobas aseve zrdis miwisqveSa samSeneblo,
sameurneo da samxedro afeTqebebic, romelTa raodenoba yoveldRiurad 5 aTass
aRwevs. gansakuTrebiT èfeqturia~ birTvuli afeTqebebi, romelTa magnitudam
SeiZleba 5-7 bals miaRwios.
navTobisa da gazis mopovebisas miwisqveSa danaleq fenebSi did farTobebze icv-

leba wneva, hidro da siTburi reJimi, ris gamoc aqtiuria reliefis saxecvlileba.
amgvari procesebi ukve dafiqsirda aSS-s araerT StatSi, venesuelaSi, italiaSi da
sxv. magaliTad, qalaq long-biCis (los-anJelesTan) `daZirvis~ siCqarem miaRwia 30-
50 sm/weliwadSi. amJamad qalaqi TiTqmis 9 metriT dablaa im doneze, romelzec XX
saukunis Sua xanebSi mdebareobda. Sedegad, dazianda araerTi samrewvelo sawarmo,
navsadguri, rkinigza, WaburRilebi da navTobsadenebi, xidebi da Senobebi. navTobisa
da gazis mopovebis regionebSi, miwisqveSa wnevis Semcirebis Sedegad ukve aRiniSna
(ruseTsa da aSS-Si – 3-jer, avRaneTSi – 2-jer, meqsikaSi da ukrainaSi TiTojer)
sakmaod Zlieri miwisZvrebi.
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reliefis deformacias didi wyalsacavebic ùwyobs~ xels. 1-2 sm/wl-Si siCqariT

iZireba md.koloradoze, zambezze, lenaze, eniseize da sxv. ganlagebuli wyalsacave-
bis fskeri. didi wyalsacavebis farglebSi, gansakuTrebiT seismurad aqtiur re-
gionebSi, izrdeba miwisZvrebis albaToba. maqsimaluri simZlavris miwisZvra (8-9
bali), romelic ukavSirdeba wyalsacavs, dafiqsirda 1967 wels indoeTSi, md. koinas
auzSi. miwisZvris Sedegad, romelic gavrcelda 700 km-ian radiusSi, daiRupa 200-mde
da daSavda 2500 adamiani. SedarebiT naklebi simZlavris miwisZvrebi wyalsacavebis
mier provocirda CineTSi, zambiaSi, saberZneTSi, safrangeTSi, espaneTSi, kanadaSi,
ruseTSi da sxv.
im qalaqebSi, sadac mcire teritoriaze Tavmoyrilia maRlivi Senobebi, miwis zeda-

pirTan axlosaa metros sadgurebi da gvirabebi, aqtiuria reliefis deformacia.
magaliTad, moskovSi metros sadgurebisa da gvirabebis gaswvriv gruntis daZirvis
siCqare 20-jer aRemateba sacxovrebeli kvartlebis an qalaqis centraluri nawilis
analogiur maCvenebels.
amJamad xmeleTis TiTqmis 1/10 ukavia did qalaqebs, wyalsacavebs, wiaRiseulis mop-
ovebis arealebs, rac orjer aRemateba avstraliis farTobs. amgvari teritoriebi
swrafad izrdeba, rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs reliefis gardaqmnis globalur
procesze.
3.3.5. atmosferosTan dakavSirebuli problemebi ukavSirdeba: havis cvlilebas, ro-

melic uSualo kavSirSia adamianis sameurneo saqmianobasTan da garkveulwilad
ganapirobebs sazogadoebis ekonomikuri aqtivobis formebsa da masStabebs; haeris
xarisxs, romelic moqmedebs cocxal organizmebze; ozonis sferos mdgomareobas,
romelic icavs cocxal organizmebs ultraiisferi radiaciisgan.
atmosferos moqmedeba liTosferoze, kerZod reliefis formirebaze, araerTi

procesis saxiT vlindeba. maTgan umniSvnelovanesi fizikuri gamofitvaa. am pro-
cess haeris temperaturis ryeva, atmosferuli naleqebis da qaris Taviseburebebi
ganapirobebs. reliefis formirebaze qimiuri gamofitvac moqmedebs, raSic aqtiurad
monawileobs atmosferoSi arsebuli Jangbadi.
atmosfero uSualo, mWidro urTierTkavSirSia hidrosferosTan, ufro swored msof-

lio okeanis Termul reJimTan da xmeleTze wylis ganawilebis TaviseburebebTan.
isini ganapirobeben atmosferoSi wylis orTqlis raodenobas, da Sesabamisad nale-
qebis da haeris sinotivis maCveneblebs.
atmosferos gavlena biosferoze ganuzomlad didia, radgan cocxali organizmebis

arseboba pirdapir kavSirSia havis (siTbosa da tenis ganawilebis) TaviseburebebTan,
agreTve atmosferoSi naxSirJangis raodenobasTan. maTi maxasiaTeblebi mudmivad
icleboda atmosferos evoluciis manZilze, rac ganapirobebda mcenareulobis, da
Sesabamisad cxovelTa samyaros Sedgenilobis da ganviTarebis Taviseburebebs. havis
cvalebadoba biosferos evoluciis mTavari faqtoria.
atmosferos formireba da ganviTareba ukavSirdeba dedamiwaze mimdinare geologi-

ur da geoqimiur procesebs, kerZod vulkanebis (gamoiyofoda azoti, wylis orTqli
da naxSirJangi) da mcenareebis (gamoiyofoda Jangbadi) moqmedebas. havis maxasiaTe-
blebi da geografiuli Taviseburebani icleboda dedamiwis geologiuri istoriis
manZilze. dadgenilia, rom paleozour eraSi Tbili, Tumca sinotivis mxriv sakmaod
mravalferovani hava iyo gabatonebuli. am eris dasasruls aRiniSna gamyinvareba,
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romlis gavrcelebis areali savaraudod subtropikul sartyelsac moicavda. mezo-

zourSi hava erTgvarovani, ZiriTadad tropikulis msgavsi, Tbili da teniani iyo. am
eris bolos hava SedarebiT naklebteniani gaxda, ramac TiTqmis kainozouri eris Sua
xanebamde gastana. amave periodSi kontinentebze izrdeba okeaneebis wylis tempera-
turis gavlena. dedamiwaze TandaTanobiT aciveba iwyeba, ramac gamoiwvia arqtikuli
da subarqtikuli sartyelis gamyinvareba, zomier sartyelSi Tovlis perioduli
safaris gaCena da misi farTobis zrda. maRal ganedebSi gamyinvarebis procesi pli-
ocenSi kidev ufro ganviTarda da myinvarebi antarqtidaze im saxiT Camoyalibda,
rogoric amJamadaa. SemdgomSi, pleistocenSi anu 1.5-2 mln wlis win, rogorc konti-
nentebze, ise okeaneebSi gamyinvarebis masStabebi zomier sartyelSi gaizarda, rac
periodulobiT da sinqronulobiT (daTbobasTan monacvleobiT) xasiaTdeboda. Tu
acivebisas myinvarebi C.g. 40-500-mde vrceldeboda da srulad faravda CrdiloeT
naxevarsferos okeaneebs da mTian masivebs, daTbobisas isini mxolod maRalmTian
teritoriebze da maRal ganedebSi iyo SemorCenili. Tu yinulis sisqe kontinentebis
centralur arealebSi ramdenime aseul metrs aRwevda, mis periferiebze (zRvebis
gavlenis Sedegad) mxolod ramdenime aTeuli metri iyo.
gamyinvarebis periodSi Camoyalibda da evraziisa da CrdiloeT amerikis sakmaod

vrceli teritoriebi moicva niadagebis maradma mzralobam. amave dros, amJamind-
elTan SedarebiT, 100-150 metriT Semcirebuli iyo msoflio okeanis wylis done.
havis daTbobisas, amJamindelTan SedarebiT, wylis done ramdenime aTeuli metriT
matulobda. kacobriobis istoriis ukanasknel aTaswleulebSi, CrdiloeT naxevars-
feroSi gamyinvarebisa da daTbobis monacvleoba ramdenjerme aRiniSna. gamyinvare-
ba sxvadasxva masStabebiT C.w-mde meSvide da pirvel aTaswleulSi, C.w.-is X da XIII-
XVII saukuneebSi fiqsirdeba. Semdgom xanebSi, XX saukunis dasawyisamde, dedamiwis
havis maxasiaTeblebi mniSvnelovnad ar Secvlila.
atmosferos dabinZurebaSi adamiani Tavis sameurneo saqmianobiT monawileobs,

riTic arRvevs atmosferos qimiur Sedgenilobas, Jangbadisa da naxSirorJangis
Tanafardobas. amJamad troposferoSi mimdinareobs Jangbadis raodenobis Semcirebis
procesi, rasac xels uwyobs: saTbobis wva (yovelwliurad iwveba 9 mlrd t saTbobi,
rasac 16 mlrd t Jangbadi `xmardeba~), aviacia (erTi reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavi saSua-
lod 25-35 t Jangbads moixmars), avtotransporti (yovelwliurad moixmars 5 mlrd t
Jangbads), samrewvelo sawarmoebi da JangviTi procesebi. amrigad, atmosferos qveda
fenebSi yovelwliurad 20-30 mlrd t Jangbadi ìwvis~, anu adamiani moixmars 1/5-iT met
Jangbads, vidre igi mcenareulobis mier gamomuSavdeba mTel msoflioSi. amas emate-
ba isic, rom intensiuri eqspluataciis Sedegad yovelwliurad mcirdeba Jangbadis
Sevsebis yvelaze mZlavri bunebrivi wyaro – tyeebiT dafaruli teritoriebi.
cnobilia, rom adamianis normaluri cxovelmyofelobiTvis, haerSi Jangbadis min-

imaluri raodenoba ar unda iyos 17%-ze naklebi. msoflios araerTi maRalganvi-
Tarebuli da ariduli (utyeo) qveyana Jangbadis ukmarisobis zRvarzea. TviT tyiano-
biT gamorCeul qveynebSic (brazilia, kanada, ruseTi) gaCnda iseTi arealebi, sadac
mosaxleoba mwvaved ganicdis Jangbadis naklebobas. Jangbadis globaluri naklebo-
bis problemas naxSirorJangis mudmivi matebis tendenciac emateba. naxSirorJangi
atmosferoSi xvdeba: saTbobi wiaRiseulis wvis, tyis xanZrebis da vulkanuri moq-
medebis Sedegad. swored misi matebis Sedegad yvelaze mwvaved Tanamedrove msofli-
oSi `saTburi efeqtis~ saSiSroeba ganixileba, rasac aucileblad mohyveba global-
uri daTboba.
112
atmosfero mzis radiacias Tavisuflad atarebs dedamiwis zedapiramde, Tumca

STanTqavs misgan momaval grZeltalRovani gamosxivebas. atmosferoSi arsebuli
orTqli akavebs dedamiwis siTburi gamosxivebis 2/3-s da naxSirorJangis 1/5-s. amg-
varad, atmosfero dedamiwas unarCunebs da ukan ubrunebs dakargul siTbos. amJamad
dedamiwis zedapiris saSualo temperaturaa +150C. rom ara atmosferos `saTburis
efeqti~, misi temperatura 400-iT naklebi anu -250 iqneboda.
ukanaskneli naxevari saukunis manZilze atmosferoSi naxSirorJangis Semcveloba

0.027%-dan 0.036%-mde gaizarda, ris gamoc dedamiwaze haeris saSualo wliurma tem-
peraturam 0.60C-iT moimata. haeris temperaturis mateba ukve aisaxa rogorc arqtiki-
sa da antarqtidis, ise mTiani regionebis myinvarul safarze. amgvari tendenciis
gagrZelebis da msoflio okeanis donis matebis SemTxvevaSi, datborva emuqreba xme-
leTis 3%-s, sadac aseulobiT milioni mcxovrebia.
adamianis sameurneo saqmianoba atmosferoSi sxva mavne gazebis koncentraciis zrda-

sac uwyobs xels. amJamad troposfero binZurdeba Wvartlisa da kvamlis nawilake-
biT, mJavebiTa da radiaqtiuli narCenebiT. amgvari nivTierebebiT gajerebulia
didi dasaxlebuli punqtebis haeri. ukeTesi viTarebaa sasoflo dasaxlebaTa.
zogierTi mecnieri atmosferos Sedgenilobis anTropogenuli mizezebiT SecvlaSi

an globaluri daTbobis saSiSroebaSi sagangaSos verafers xedavs. isini amgvar
movlenas (gansakuTrebiT naxSirorJangis raodenobis zrdas da maRal koncentra-
cias) calkeuli bunebrivi movlenebis da procesebis (mag. vulkanebis moqmedeba, bios-
feruli narCenebis gaxrwna, msoflio okeanis wylis temperaturis mateba) masStabebs
adareben. magaliTad, erTi vulkani amofrqvevisas imden naxSirorJangs gamoyofs,
ramdensac msoflios yvela samrewvelo sawarmo 100 wlis manZilze. argumentad mo-
hyavT isic, rom klimatis cvlilebas geografiuli garsis formirebis istoriaSi
araerTxel hqonia adgili. klimatis daTboba gansakuTrebiT TvasaCino Sua sauku-
neebSi iyo – maSin inglisSi mevenaxeobac ki ganviTarda. amgvar mosazrebebs myari
safuZveli aqvs, Tumca mxolod bunebrivi procesebis moSveliebiT verafriT ver
aixseba globalur doneze atmosferos temperaturis da naxSirorJangis raodenobis
matebis tempebi ukanaskneli saukunis manZilze.
havis cvalebadoba CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi SesamCnevi XX saukunis dasawyisidan

gaxda. gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi daTbobas (haeris saSualo temperaturam 0.60-iT
moimata) amave saukunis 50-iani wlebidan jer araarsebiTi aciveba, xolo Semdeg (60-
iani wlebi) kvlav daTboba mohyva. globaluri daTbobis orgvari axsna arsebobs.
pirveli saTburis efeqts ukavSirdeba, xolo meore mzis aqtiurobis 11 da 80 wlian
ciklebs.
globaluri daTbobis niSnebma XX sakunis 80-iani wlebidan sagangaSo xasiaTi miiRo.

dafiqsirda, rom Crdilo yinulovani okeanis mTel rig kunZulebze (grenlandia,
Spicbergeni, axali miwa) da sanapiro zolSi haeris saSualowliurma temperaturam
erTi saukunis manZilze 2-30-iT aiwia. islandiaSi yinulisgan gamonTavisuflda is
teritoriebi, romlebic 600 wlis win erTwliani kulturebis mosayvanad gamoi-
yeneboda. yinulis safaris swrafi Semcireba aRiniSna aliaskasa da grenlandiaze,
agreTve zomieri sartylis yvela mTian sistemaSi. garda yinuliT dafaruli farTo-
bis Semcirebisa, CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi SeiniSneba maradi mzralobis, taigisa da
tundris qveda sazRvris CrdiloeTiT gadaadgilebis procesi.
CrdiloeT naxevarsferos aridul regionebSi kidev ufro Semcirda atmosferuli

naleqebis raodenoba, gansakuTrebiT wlis civ periodSi. amgvar movlenas mdinare-
113
Ta xarjis Semcireba da Sida wyalsatevebSi wylis donis dakleba mohyva. gaizarda

gvalvebis masStabebi, intensivoba da raodenobac, rac araerT regionSi sasicocxlo
garemos da ekonomikuri aqtivobis degradaciis mizezi garda.
msoflios TiTqmis yvela regionis Termuli reJimis analizi gviCvenebs, rom amJa-
mad klimatis globaluri cvlileba fiqsirdeba yvelgan, Tumca sxvadasxva xarisx-
iT. havis maqsimaluri cvlilebebi aRiniSna xmeleTze, CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi,
C.g.40-700 Soris. aq haeris saSualowliuri temperaturebis matebasTan erTad aRin-
iSneba eqstremaluri maCveneblebis gaxSirebac. magaliTad, skandinaviis qveynebSi,
sadac TiTqmis mTeli XX saukunis manZilze ar dafiqsirebula temperaturis ryeva,
ukve SeiniSneba zamTris temperaturis zrda.
okeaneebze klimaturi maxasiaTeblebis cvalebadoba SedarebiT naklebia, Tanac zo-

gierT akvatoriaSi uaryofiTi anomaliebic ki SeimCneva. Tumca daTbobis Sedegebi
TvalsaCinoa mTel msoflio okeaneze – misma donem ukanaskneli 100 wlis manZilze
10-25 sm-iT moimata. amgvari viTareba, upirveles yovlisa, ukavSirdeba yinulis dno-
bis globalur tendenciebs.
globalurma daTbobam naleqebis ganawilebaSic Seitana koreqtivebi. ukanask-

nel aTwleulebSi naleqebis raodenobis Semcireba yvelaze TvalsaCinoa (10%-iT)
CrdiloeT afrikis da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis tropikul sartyelSi. fiqsirdeba
anomaliebic – Tu avstraliis dasavleT sanapiroebze naleqebis raodenoba izr-
deba, aRmosavleT sanapiroebze sapirispiro movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme. naleqebis
raodenobis cvalebadobaze mdinaris Camonadenis, miwisqveSa wylebis da niadaguri
tenis maxasiaTebelTa Secvlac metyvelebs. aRmosavleT evropaSi TiTqmis yvelgan
aRiniSneba niadaguri sinotivis, wyalSemcveli fenebis da miwisqveSa wylis resursis
(maragis) mateba.
ozonis fenis da Sesabamisad, misi damcavi Tvisebebis degradacia bunebriv garemos

da kacobriobas mraval safrTxes uqadis. kacobriobas imunuri sistemis daqveiTeba,
kanisa da Tvalis daavadebebis gaxSireba da garTuleba, infeqciuri daavadebebi-
sadmi organizmis mdgradobis daqveiTeba da fsiqiuri ganwyobis gauareseba emuqre-
ba. ozonis fenis degradacia da ultraiisferi gamosxivebis gazrda mniSvnelovnad
Seamcirebs gogrisebrTa da bardisebrTa mcenareulobis mosavlianobas. gacilebiT
gamZlea mzesumzira, bamba da zogierTi saxeobis marcvleuli (simindi da brinji),
romelTa mosavlianobac mxolod 5%-iT Semcirdeba. ozonis fenis cvalebadoba
niadagis nayofierebazec aisaxeba. baqteriebi, romlebic axerxeben atmosferodan
azotis utilizacias (gamoyenebas) da romelsac Semdgom mcenareebis zrda-ganviTare-
bas xmardeba, niadagis zeda fenaSi cxovroben. cnobilia, rom amgvari baqteriebis
mier gadamuSavdeba imdenive azoti (35 mln t), ramdenic iwarmoeba msoflioSi azoto-
vani sasuqebis saxiT. ultraiisferi gamosxivebis zrdis SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovnad
Semcirdeba rogorc mikroorganizmebis cxovelmyofeloba da Sesabamisad, niadagis
nayofiereba.
3.3.6. wyali monawileobas iRebda da iRebs yvela im procesSi, romelic mimdinare-

obs rogorc dedamiwis zedapirze, ise mis wiaRSi. dedamiwaze praqtikulad ar aris
iseTi nivTiereba, romlis SedgenilobaSi ar iyos wyali. misi meSveobiT formirde-
ba bunebrivi garemos qimiuri da fizikuri ier-saxe, hava da amindi. wyalSi Caisaxa da
ganviTarda sicocxlec. igi amJamadac udides rols asrulebs adamianis yofa-cxovre-
baSi – gamoiyeneba sasmelad, energetikuli, satransporto, sarewao, sairigacio, sam-
kurnalo da sxv. miznebiT.
114
mtknari wylis ZiriTadi nawili myinvarebSi (2/3-ze meti) da miwisqveSaa (1/3-ze nakle-
bi) war modgenili. mtknari wyali aseve gvxvdeba maradi mzralobis, niadaguri tenis,
atmosferuli orTqlis saxiT, WaobebSi, mtknar tbebsa da mdinareebSi. mdinareebSi
arsebuli mtknari wylebi yvelaze xelmisawvdomia kacobriobisaTvis. arada, mdina-
reebSi warmodgenilia msoflio mtknari wylis resursebis mxolod 0.006%. mtknari
wylis resursebi aRdgenadia.
evropis qveynebis umravlesoba ganicdis mtknari wylis resursis deficits. erT sul
mosaxleze gaangariSebiT misi mniSvnelovani maragiT mxolod islandia, norvegia,
fineTi da avstria gamoirCeva. aziaSi mtknari wylis resursiT laosis mosaxleobaa
yvelaze ukeT uzrunvelyofili, maSin roca kontinentis centraluri regionebi, sa-
dac 2.5 mlrd mcxovrebia, mudmivad ganicdis sasmeli wylis naklebobas. afrikis da
amerikis kontinentebze mxolod ekvatoruli da arqtikuli sartylis qveynebSia mt-
knari wylis resursis siWarbe. avstraliisa da okeaneTis regionSi am maCvenebliT
axali zelandia gamoirCeva.
msoflio mosaxleobis zrda, mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis ganviTareba ga-

napirobebs wylis moxmarebis masStabebis zrdas. amJamad yovelwliurad 6 aTasi
km3 wyali zedapiruli da 20 aTasi km3 miwisqveSa wyali moixmareba, romlis 80%
soflis meurneobaze modis. garda amisa, sasmeli wylis resursebiT uzrunvelyofa,
rac mosaxleobis zrdas da wylis xarisxis gauaresebas ukavSirdeba, XIX saukunis
Sua xanebidan mudmivad uaresdeba. klebis tendencia gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa
XX saukunis Sua xanebidan, ramac ukve globaluri xasiaTi SeiZina. mtknari wylis
dabinZurebis Sedegad ikargeba misi yofa-cxovrebaSi, soflis meurneobasa da mrewv-
elobaSi gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. amJamad yvelaze aqtualuri sasmeli wylis
xarisxis SenarCunebis da miwodebis problemaa.
xarisxiani sasmeli wyliT vaWroba aTeulobiT msxvili kompaniis Semosavlis wy-

aro gaxda. evropisa da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebs didi raodenobiT miewodeba
alpebsa da skandinaviis mTebSi mopovebuli sasmeli wyali, muSavdeba proeqtebi avs-
traliaSi, afrikasa da samxreT amerikaSi antarqtidis aisbergebis transportirebi-
saTvis.
bunebriv wyalSi mudmivadaa minarevebi – masSi gaxsnilia sxvadasxva airi, marilebi,

myari nawilakebi da liTonebi. wyals TviTwmendis unaric gaaCnia, Tumca garkveul
zRvramde. garemoSi anTropogenuli narCenebis gabneva da zrda amcirebs wylis
xarisxs, gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas da TviTwmendis unars. nebismieri Camdinare
wyali garkveuli doziT abinZurebs mdinareebsa da wyalsatevebs. rac ufro metia
amgvar wylebSi Setivnarebuli mavne nivTierebebi, miT ufro uaresdeba bunebrivi
wylis fizikuri, qimiuri da biologiuri maxasiaTeblebi. Camdinare wylebi cvlis
wyalsatevis temperaturas, ganapirobebs florisa da faunis ganadgurebas, safrTxes
uqmis adamianis janmrTelobas. cnobilia, rom 1 m3 dabinZurebuli wylis CaRvrisas
ekologiurad uaresdeba 60-jer meti wyali.
msoflios mWidrod dasaxlebul regionebSi mdinareebi ukve gamousadegaria say-

ofacxovrebo miznebisaTvis. magaliTad, mdinare reini, romelsac XX saukunis da-
sawyisSi sarewao mniSvneloba hqonda, dabinZurebulia rogorc SesarTavSi, ise zemo
dinebaSi. Tu SveicariaSi mdinaris ganivkveTSi 4 kilogramamde qrolidebi fiqsir-
deba, igive maCvenebeli mis SesarTavSi 50-jer metia. asevea mdinare dunaic, rome-
lic evropis rva saxelmwifos teritoriaze miedineba. mdinare volgaSi, romlis
115
Camonadenis 10%-s Camdinare wylebi Seadgens, yovelwliurad xvdeba 400 aTasi t

mJava, 200 aTasi t navTobproduqti, 6 aTasi t fenoli da sxv. amJamad msoflio saqa-
laqo mosaxleobis 1/4 da soflis mosaxleobis 3/4 mudmivad ganicdis sufTa wylis
deficits.
miwisqveSa wyals aridul regionebSi sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs. misi dabinZure-

bis wyaro SeiZleba iyos: samrewvelo produqciis transportirebis da Senaxvis
adgilebi; komunaluri da sayofacxovrebo narCenebis Tavmoyris arealebi; saso-
flo-sameurneo savarguleebi, sadac didi raodenobiT moixmareba Sxamqimikatebi
da mineraluri sasuqebi; sxvadasxva saxis wiaRiseulis mompovebeli sabadoebi da
sxv. dabinZureba SeiZleba iyos baqteriuli (mikrobuli) da qimiuri. baqteriul
dabinZurebas ZiriTadad ganicdis yvelaze zeda wyalSemcveli fena, sadac baqter-
iebi sakmaod didxans (100 dReze mets) inarCuneben cxovelmyofelobas. baqteriuli
dabinZurebis SesaZlebloba maRalia nagavsayrelebis, cxovelTa sadgomebis, xe-
lovnuri Txrilebis da danapralebuli amgebi qanebis gavrcelebis arealebSi.
msoflio okeane udides rols asrulebs dedamiwis geografiuli garsis komponent-

Soris kavSirsa da havis formirebaSi. igi aqtiurad monawileobs siTbocvlaSi da
tenbrunvaSi. msoflio okeane yovelwliurad orjer met siTbos STanTqavs, vidre
xmeleTi. siTbos ZiriTadi nawili (80%) aorTqlebaze ixarjeba, riTac msoflio
okeane monawileobs globalur tenbrunvaSi. globaluri daTboba mkafiod aisax-
eba msoflio okeanis wylis balansze, rasac Sida zRvebis wylis reJimis cvlileba
mohyveba. magaliTad, dadgenilia, rom xmelTaSua zRvis, Savi da azovis zRvebis wy-
lis done amJamad yovelwliurad 2 mm-iT matulobs. amgvari matebis Sedegebi ukve
TvalsaCinoa mdinare nilosis deltasa da egviptis sanapiro zolSi. aq zRvis erozi-
uli moqmedebis Sedegad sanapiro weliwadSi 20 metriT ixevs ukan, rasac dasaxlebu-
li punqtebis da sameurneo dawesebulebebis evakuacia mohyveba xolme.
msoflio okeanis araerTi regioni da sanapiro zoli binZurdeba navTobiT da nav-

TobproduqtebiT, qimiuri da biologiuri nivTierebebiT, samrewvelo da sayofacx-
ovrebo nagviT. msoflios okeaneSi dabinZurebuli wyali ganicdis migracias ro-
gorc horizontulad, ise vertikalurad. okeaneebis dabinZurebis Sedegad ferxdeba
Jangbadis miwodeba da ganaxleba, rasac ewireba zRvis organizmTa sicocxlisunaria-
noba. qimiuri nivTierebebi xvdeba wylis faunis kvebiT jaWvSi, rasac saboloo jamSi
adamiani gamoiyenebs.
msoflio okeaneSi qariT da mdinareebiT didi raodenobiT xvdeba pesticidebi. isi-

ni aRmoCenilia arqtikisa da antarqtidis faunis warmomadgenelTa RviZlSi da kan-
qveSa cximSi, tropikuli moluskebis organizmSi, anu iq, sadac amgvari nivTierebebi
arasodes gamoyenebula. amgvarad, soflis meurneobaSi gamoyenebuli Sxamqimikatebi
garemoSi mravalferovan da rTul migracias ganicdis. garemoSi qimiuri nivTier-
ebebi sayofacxovrebo narCenebis saxiTac gaibneva. maT Sorisaa sakvebis narCenebi,
maTeTrebeli da sarecxi saSualebebi. sayofacxovrebo narCenebiT da navTobpro-
duqtebiT `mdidaria~ didi qalaqebis mimdebare sanapiro zoli. aRniSnuli nivTier-
ebebi Tavsxma wvimebis, Tovlis dnobis an quCebis morwyvis Sedegadac ki xvdeba msof-
lio okeaneSi. mZime metalebiT dabinZurebam globaluri xasiaTi miiRo. amJamad ver-
cxliswyali, tyvia da kadmiumi okeanur wyalSi yvelganaa, radgan isini aq rogorc
atmosferodan, ise mdinareebiT xvdeba. amgvari liTonebi, baqteriebis meSveobiT,
didi raodenobiT xvdeba okeanis cocxal organizmebSi, romelsac adamiani sakve-
bad gamoiyenebs. msoflios araerT dasaxlebul punqtSi, sadac didi raodenobiT
116
moixmaren zRvis produqtebs, ukve aRiniSneba e.w. minamatis (igive saxelobis yurea
iaponiaSi) daavadeba (intoqsikacia, rasac axlavs fsiqiuri aSliloba, halucinaciebi
da nervozi).
globalur formas iRebs msoflio okeanis myari narCenebiTa da nagviT dabinZure-

ba. cnobilia, rom gemebidan okeaneSi yovelwliurad 2 mln t-mde rkinis, qaRaldis,
SuSis da platsmasis nivTi xvdeba. amgvarad, msoflio okeanis dabinZurebis Sedegad
nadgurdeba da iwamleba wylis organizmebi, mcirdeba sarewao mniSvnelobis
Tevzis raodenoba, safrTxe emuqreba adamianis janmrTelobas, daniSnulebas kar-
gaven kurortebi da plaJebi. msoflio okeanis ekologiurad sufTa mdgomareobaSi
SenarCuneba globaluri problema gaxda.
3.3.7. miwis resursebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi ukavSirdeba rogorc niadag-

warmomqnel faqtorebs, ise adamianis sameurneo saqmianobas. niadagwarmomqneli
faqtorebida mniSvnelovania hava, reliefi da dro.
hava ganapirobebs niadagwarmomqmneli procesebis intensivobas. masTan uSualo

kavSirSia niadagSi siTbos ganawilebis Taviseburebani, rac gansazRvravs masSi
fizikur-qimiuri da biologiuri procesebis intensivobas, agreTve mcenareebis mier
sakvebi nivTierebebis SeTvisebis unars. hava aseve ganapirobebs naleqebis raodeno-
bisa da ganawilebis, aorTqlebisa da aorTqlebadobis da saboloo jamSi – niada-
gis wylis reJims.
reliefic SeiZleba CaiTvalos niadagwarmomqmnel faqtorad imis gaviTvaliswinebT,

rom adgilis simaRlesTan, eqspoziciasTan, saqare ferdobebTan da daxrilobasTan
dakavSirebulia niadagSi siTbosa da tenis ganawilebis Taviseburebani.
dro – niadagis srulyofili struqturis Camosayalibeblad aTeul aTasobiT welia

saWiro, amitomac igi (dro) mniSvnelovan niadagwarmomqmnel faqtorad ganixileba.
niadagi genetikuradaa dakavSirebuli geografiuli garsis sxva komponentebTan. mas-

Si atmosferodan haeria warmodgenili, hidrosferodan – wyali, liTosferodan –
mineraluri nivTierebebi, xolo biosferodan cocxali organizmebi da biologiuri
naerTebi. niadagi moqmedebs atmosferos airad Sedgenilobaze. humusi, mcenareulo-
bis mkvdari nafeni da torfi warmoadgens naxSirbadis iseT marags, romelic 3-jer
aRemateba mis erTobliv marags biosferosa da atmosferoSi. niadagis funqcioni-
rebis Sedegad regulirdeba ara marto naxSirbadis, aramed azotis da Jangbadis
miwodeba. garda aRniSnulisa, niadagi STanTqavs da ireklavs mzis radiacias da
aregulirebs tenbrunvas atmosferoSi. niadagi aqtiurad moqmedebs hidrosferoze,
gansakuTrebiT xmeleTis wylebze. igi mudmivad monawileobs mdinaris Camonadenis
da wylis balansis formirebaSi. niadagi, ise rogorc mcenareuloba, mniSvnelo-
vanwilad gansazRvravs zedapiruli da miwisqveSa wylebis Tanafardobas. cnobilia,
rom niadaguri tenis saxiT warmodgenilia xmeleTis wylebis saerTo maragis 1/3.
igi uzrunvelyofs mdinareTa Camonadens, mcenareulobas da wylis orTqls atmos-
feroSi.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania pedosferosa da biosferos urTierTdamokidebule-

ba. niadagi warmoadgens xmeleTis cocxali organizmebis saarsebo da evoluciur
garemos. xmeleTze arsebuli mcenareuli safari 700-jer aRemateba okeanis bioma-
sas. niadagSi baqteriebis saxiT yvelaze `mWidrod~ da yvelaze mravalferovnadaa
warmodgenili cocxali organizmebi dedamiwaze. cnobilia, rom erT gram niadagSi
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Tavmoyrilia erTi trilioni baqteriis ujredi. niadagis yoveli fena mniSvnelovnad

gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan cocxali organizmebis raodenobiT da maTi cxovelmy-
ofelobiT. maT Soris aqtiurobiT gamoirCeva misi zeda, humusovani fena, rac siT-
bos, tenis da biologiuri komponentis maqsimaluri TavmoyriTaa ganpirobebuli.
niadagi uSualo kavSirSia liTosferosTan. masSi xorcieldeba 65 qimiuri naerTis

gardaqmna, raSic ZiriTadad 23 qimiuri elementi monawileobs. niadagis meSveobiT
xorcieldeba mzis akumulirebuli energiis gadacema, liTosferos dacva eroziuli
procesebisa da gamofitvisgan.
miwis resursebis gamoyeneba aTaswleulebs iTvlis. misi mniSvneloba TvalsaCinoa

imiT, rom miwis resursebis meSveobiT kacobrioba TiTqmis mTlianad (95%-iT) ik-
mayofilebs sursaTze moTxovnas. miwis resursebis (129 mln km2 anu xmeleTis 86.6%)
mxolod 1/5 SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas saxnav-saTesad. igive maCvenebeli msoflios
qveynebis ZiriTadi nawilisTvis kidev ufro umniSvneloa. cnobilia, rom erTi ada-
mianis gamosakvebad saWiroa minimum 0.1 ha miwis damuSaveba. saxnavi miwis farTobis
xvedriTi wili swrafad mcirdeba – Tu ramdenime aTeuli wlis win (1960 w.) dedami-
wis erT mcxovrebze 0.5 ha saxnav-saTesi farTobi modioda, amJamad es maCvenebeli
(0.21 ha) mniSvnelovnadaa Secvlili. gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgas miwis resursebis da
misi gamoyenebis problemebi bunebrivad aramdgrad (mowyvlad) da mTian regioneb-
Si, agreTve mosaxleobis didi raodenobiT `gamorCeul~ saxelmwifoebSi.
saukuneebis manZilze eqstensiuri soflis meurneoba XX saukunis dasawyisSi inten-

siurma Secvala, Tumca anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis masStabebsa da mis uaryofiT
Sedegebze aqtiuri saubari mxolod gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebidan daiwyo. amJa-
mad niadagis safaris struqturis da nayofierebis SenarCuneba msoflios araerTi
saxelmwifos umniSvnelovanesi problemaa. amgvari maxasiaTeblebis SenarCuneba ro-
gorc socialuri an ekonomikuri, ise ekologiuri aucileblobacaa.
niadagis struqturis cvlaze ZiriTadad anTropogenuli faqtori moqmedebs, xolo

nayofierebaze anTropogenulic da bunebrivic. niadagis struqturis cvlaze gansa-
kuTrebiT moqmedebs sasoflo-sameurneo teqnika da agrowesebi. sasoflo-sameur-
neo teqnikis zegavleniT da intensiuri ZovebiT aRiniSneba niadagis gamkvriveba,
xvniTa da kultivaciiT – gafxviereba da niadagis horizontebis aRreva. xSir rwyvas
niadagis tenianobis da forianobis cvla mosdevs (rac xSirad gruntis wylis donis
cvalebadobas an damlaSebas iwvevs), qimiuri sasuqebis gamoyenebas – niadagis cocx-
ali samyaros ganadgureba da a.S.
adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis Sedegad intensiurad icvleba niadagwarmomqmne-

li faqtorebi – reliefi, mikroklimati, mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaro, Sendeba
dasaxlebuli punqtebi, wyalsacavebi da a.S. gaaqtiurda eroziuli da geodinamiuri
procesebic, rasac saboloo jamSi niadagis nayofierebis dakargvamde mivyavarT.
nayofierebis dakargva kulturuli mcenareebis mosavlianobis Semcirebas ganap-
irobebs, rasac socialuri problemebis gamwvaveba da migraciuli procesebis gaaq-
tiureba mosdevs. Tanamedrove msoflioSi niadagis struqturisa da nayofierebis
SenarCuneba globaluri problema gaxda.
niadagebze adamianis zemoqmedeba ramdenime formiT vlindeba, romelTa Soris

mniSvnelovania: meqanikuri, agromelioraciuli, qimiuri, cocxali samyaros ga-
nadgurebiT da sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobiT ganpirobebuli zemoqmedeba. meqa-
nikuri zemoqmedeba xvna-Tesvas, sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mopovebas, mSeneblobas
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da sabrZolo moqmedebebs ukavSirdeba. miwis resursebis mdgomareobaze garkveul-

wilad metyvelebs teritoriis moxvnis masStabebi, rac pirdapir kavSirSia bunebriv
pirobebTan da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donesTan. magaliTad, Tu evropaSi ixvneba
teritoriis 1/3, igive maCvenebeli afrikaSi 14%, xolo avstraliaSi 4% aRwevs. sa-
sargeblo wiaRiseulis Ria karieruli wesiT mopovebisas an mSeneblobisas mTli-
anad nadgurdeba niadagis fena. agromelioraciul zemoqmedebaSi rwyva, daSroba
da gruntis wylebis specialuri, xelovnuri gadaadgileba (aweva an daweva) igulisx-
meba. sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedebis istoria 7 aTas wels iTvlis, Tumca ukanaskneli ori
aTwleulis manZilze sarwyavi miwis farTobi msoflioSi 25-jer gaizarda. gansa-
kuTrebiT didia sarwyavi miwis xvedriTi wili CineTSi (45%), indoeTsa (21%) da aSS-
Si (16.5%). daSroba tenian niadagebs esaWiroeba, rac ZiriTadad drenaJiT an gruntis
wylebis daweviT miiRweva. rogorc rwyvisas, ise daSrobisas mniSvnelovnad icvleba
niadagis rogorc sinotivis, ise siTburi maxasiaTeblebi. garda amisa, niadagSi didi
raodenobiT Tavs iyris marilebi, rac mis gamkvrivebas da fizikuri Tvisebebis gaua-
resebas ganapirobebs. cnobilia, rom msoflioSi sarwyavi miwis TiTqmis naxevari
ukve damlaSebulia. amJamad niadagis damlaSebis problema awuxebs sarwyavi miwaT-
moqmedebiT `ganTqmul~ axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebs, avRaneTsa da irans, erays da
egviptes, CineTs, meqsikasa da aSS, avstralias, indoeTs da sxv.
qimiuri zemoqmedeba mineralur sasuqebs da pesticidebis gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba,

romlis moxmarebis masStabebi yovelwliurad matulobs. amgvari qimiuri elemente-
bi rCeba da grovdeba niadagSi, saidanac xvdeba miwisqveSa wylebSi da atmosferoSi.
niadagSi dagrovili qimiuri elementebi anadgurebs mikroorganizmebs, cvlis niv-
Tierebis ganawilebisa da energiis gardaqmnis procesebs, amcirebs niadagis nayo-
fierebas. msxvili dasaxlebuli punqtebis, samrewvelo sawarmoebis da avtomagis-
tralebis gaswvriv niadagSi damatebiT xvdeba sxvadasxva qimiuri elementi (tyvia,
kaliumi, nikeli, vercxliswyali da sxv.). myari narCenebi auaresebs niadagis aera-
cias da spobs cocxal organizmebs, xolo qimiuri elementebi Warbi raodenobiT
xvdeba kulturul mcenareebSi.
gansakuTrebiT swrafad icvleba niadagis fizikuri Tvisebebi da qimiuri Sedgeniloba

mcenareulobis, kerZod tyeebis ganadgurebisas. mcenareulobis gareSe niadagis
zedapirze izrdeba Camonadenis siCqare, icvleba niadagis wylis balansi, Termuli re-
Jimi da nivTierebis gardaqmnis procesi. amgvari niadagi swrafad kargavs mcenareu-
lobis TviTaRdgenis unars da viTardeba bedlendebi. niadagebis nayofierebas da
TviTwmedis unars aseve swrafad amcirebs cxovelTa samyaros cvla an ganadgureba.
niadagis mikroorganizmebis Secvlas xSirad paTogenuri baqteriebis gamravleba
mosdevs, rac infeqciuri daavadebebis gavrcelebas uwyobs xels.
mosavlis aRebis Semdeg niadagi ifiteba (kargavs qimiuri nivTierebebis – azotis,

fosforis, kaliumis, kalciumis naerTebs). gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT azoti
esaWiroeba bostneul, marcvleul, teqnikur da baRCeul kulturebs. mosavliano-
bis asamaRleblad an SesanarCuneblad adamiani iZulebulia xelovnurad aRadginos
niadagis qimiuri Sedgeniloba. cnobilia, rom yovel heqtar saxnavze wliurad 50 kg
azoti SeaqvT, romlis TiTqmis naxevari garemoSi gaibneva.
amJamad, adamianis sameurneo saqmianobiT degradirebul miwebTan erTad, swrafad

izrdeba eroziis Sedegad saxecvlili da nayofierebadakarguli niadagebiT war-
modgenili teritoriebis farTobi. ukanaskneli aswleulis manZilze wylismierma da
qarismierma (defliaciam) eroziam moicva 2 ml ha anu msoflios sasoflo-sameurneo
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savargulis 1/4-ze meti. erozia globalur problemad iqca. msoflioSi masStabebiT

wylismieri erozia gamoirCeva, rasac defliaciasTan SedarebiT niadagis arsebiTi
degradaciac SeuZlia.
eroziis masStabebiT gamoirCeva ariduli da mTiani regionebi, stepisa da tyestepis

bunebrivi zonebi. aq eroziis Sedegad gaudabnoebis procesebi ganviTarda, ramac
ukve moicva msoflios mSrali regionebis nayofieri miwebis 60%. gaudabnoebis pro-
cesi aqtiuria centralur amerikaSi, samxreT afrikaSi, dasavleT, samxreT da cen-
tralur aziaSi. am regionebSi yovlwliurad milionobiT heqtari sasoflo-sameur-
neo savarguli nayofierebadakargul teritoriad iqceva. dedamiwaze mosaxleobis
zrdasTan erTad matulobs eroziisadmi aramdgradi teritoriebis aTvisebis
tempebi, rac maTi degradaciisa, gaudabnoebis da Sedegad - gaudaburebis winap-
irobaa.
gaudabnoebaSi igulisxmeba eqstremalur garemoSi niadagis da mcenareulobis
Seuqcevadi transformacia da teritoriis udabnod gadaqcevis procesi. igi istori-
uli procesia, romlis drosac bunebis araxelsayreli movlenebi da damianis saqmi-
anoba xels uwyobs ekologiuri viTarebis gauaresebas. gaudabnoebas xels uwyobs
primitiuli da eqstensiuri miwaTmoqmedeba, saZovrebis gadaWarbebuli eqsploata-
cia da sxv. gaudabnoebis procesi sxvadasxva bunebriv garemoSi sxvadasxva faqtors
ukavSirdeba. Tumca misi gamowvevi ZiriTadi mizezia niadagebis fizikuri Tvisebebis
gauareseba, mcenareulobis ganadgureba, gruntis wylebSi marilebis raodenobis
zrda, ekosistemebis TviTaRdgenis unaris Semcireba. gaudabnoebas civilizebulma
msofliom landSaftis `sikvdili~ uwoda. gaeros monacemebiT, msoflioSi gaudab-
noebam ukve moicva 40 mln ha sarwyavi teritoria, Tanac yovelwliurad 6 mln ha-Ti
izrdeba misi masStabebi. gaudabnoeba emuqreba samxreT amerikis teritoriis 10%-s,
aziis 19%, afrikis 23% da avstraliis 45%-s. magaliTad, afrikaSi saharis udabno
samxreTis mimarTulebiT 6 km/weli siCqariT farTovdeba. amJamad msoflio mosax-
leobis 10% cxovrobs gaudabnoebis intensiuri procesebiT cnobil regionebSi.
3.3.7. cocxali samyaros SenarCunebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi ukavSirdeba

ekologiuri viTarebis gauaresebas. amJamad TiTqmis mTlianadaa aTvisebuli zo-
mieri sartylis stepebis, tyestepebisa da farTofoTlovani tyis bunebrivi zonebi,
subtropikuli sartyeli, sagangaSoa tropikuli tyeebis mdgomareoba.
tye inarCunebs msoflio biomravalferovnebis mniSvnelovan nawils. bunebriv tyes,

sxva ekosistemebTan SedarebiT, SeuZlia SeinarCunos saxeobaTa maqsimaluri rao-
denoba. msoflioSi yovelwliurad izrdeba tyis resursebis mopovebis da gamoy-
enebis masStabebi. marto afrikaSi, ukanasknel saukuneSi, teniani tropikuli tyiT
dakavebuli farTobi samjer Semcirda. teniani tropikuli tye msoflios 70 qveyana-
Si gvxvdeba, Tumca misi udidesi nawili samxreT amerikis, afrikisa da samxreT-aRmo-
savleT aziis ganviTarebad qveynebSia warmodgenili. ganviTarebad qveynebSi tyiani
teritoriebis aTvisebis masStabebma biomravalferovnebis gaRaribebas Seuwyo xeli.
tyis Cexvas gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTi Sedegebi mosdevs mTian regionebSi. didi

daxrilobis ferdobebxe tyeebis Cexvas geodinamikuri procesebis gaaqtiureba mohy-
veba, ris gamoc qveynis meurneobis didi danakargebi aqvs. adgilobrivi mosaxleba
saTbobis, samSeneblo masalebis, tyis nobaTisa da samkurnalo saSualebaTa gareSe
rCeba. utyeo teritoriebze izrdeba zedapiruli Camonadeni da aorTqleba, viTar-
deba eroziuli procesebi, Sreba wyaroebi. utyeo teritoriebze swrafad icvleba
bunebrivi garemo, nadgurdeba cxovelTa samyaro, iwyeba maTi masiuri migracia.
120
tyis mcenareulobas did safrTxes uqmnis saZovrebis siaxlove, gansakuTrebiT sub-

alpuri mdeloebis gavrcelebis arealebSi. intensiuri Zoveba, droebiT sadgomTa
masStabebi da saqonlis dauSvebeli raodenoba pirdapir kavSirSia isedac ekolo-
giuri ganviTarebis zRvarze myofi zeda mTis tyeebis mdgomareobasTan. miuxedavad
imisa, rom msoflios umravlesi qveynis kanonmdebloba icavs mas, maRali mTis tyis
SenarCuneba kvlav globalur ekologiur problemad rCeba.
mniSvnelovan anTropogenur zegavlenas sagareubno tyeebi ganicdian, romlebic

msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi faqtobrvad masiuri dasvenebis kerad iqca. gansa-
kuTrebiT izrdeba anTropogenuri datvirTva SabaT-kviras da zafxulis TveebSi,
maSin roca milionobiT adamiani sagareubno tyeebs rekreaciuli mizniT iyenebs. tyian
teritoriebze masiuri rekreaciuli meurneobis ganviTarebas ukeTes SemTxvevaSi
mcenareulobis xarisxobrivi maxasiaTeblebis da esTetikuri faseulobis Secvla,
uares SemTxvevaSi ki sruli degradacia mosdevs.
tyeebi izidavs didi raodenobiT damsvenebels, xil-kenkris, sokos da samkurnalo

mcenareebis Semgrovebels, monadires Tu mogzaurs. milionobiT turisti tyeebSi
gakvaluli erTi da imave marSrutiT, bilikiT da sadgomiT sargeblobs, rac mim-
debare tyiani masivebis dabinZurebas da degradacias ganapirobebs. mavne praqtikad
iqca zomieri sartylis da mTiani masivebis wiwvovan tyeebSi saaxalwlod naZvis Wra,
rasac civilizebuli samyaro mkacri sakanonmdeblo da samarTlebrivi saSualebe-
biT ebrZvis.
dedamiwaze gansakuTrebul degradacias (gardaqmnas) ariduli, mSrali regionebi

ganicdis. amgvari teritoriebi ki xmeleTis 1/3-zea warmodgenili. aq mimdinareobs
`gaudabnoebis~ procesebi, anu udabno ùtevs~ da ikavebs cocxali organizmebis ad-
gilsamyofels. es procesebi intensiuria afrikis, centraluri da wina aziis araerT
qveyanaSi. mcenareTa da cxovelTa mravali saxeobis adgilsamyofelia wyal-Wao-
biani teritoriebi. maT miekuTvneba Waobebi, wyalmarCxi da gatorfebuli adgilebi.
garda adgilobrivi saxeobebisa, amgvar teritoriebze Tavs iyrian da isveneben ga-
damfren frinvelTa gundebi. garda amisa, maT udidesi mniSvneloba aqvT mikrokli-
matis da tenbrunvis regulirebaSi. msoflioSi swrafad mimdinareobs Warbteniani
teritoriebis aTviseba, rasac Zalze uaryofiTi ekologiuri Sedegebi mosdevs.
biomravalferovnebis Semcireba aseve ukavSirdeba garemos ekologiur mdgomareo-

bas, gansakuTrebiT atmosferuli haerisa da wylis dabinZurebas. mcenareebsa da
cxovelebs ar SeuZliaT icxovron dabinZurebul garemoSi. biomravalferovnebaze
moqmedebs iseTi saxeobebis introduqciac, romlebic ucxoa adgilobrivi sasicocx-
lo garemosTvis, mcenareebisa da cxovelebisaTvis. teritoriis sasoflo-sameur-
neo aTvisebis SemTxvevaSi, mcenareTa adgilobrivi saxeobrivi mravalferovnebis
nacvlad monokulturul teritorias vRebulobT, rasac saboloo jamSi bunebrivi
pirobebis srul degradaciamde mivyavarT. aseve saxifaToa cxovelebis introduq-
ciac, radgan SesaZlebelia maT gamoavlinon agresiuli damockidebuleba cxovelTa
samyaros adgilobrivi saxeobebis mimarT. cnobilia, rom bunebaSi zogierTi saxeoba
gansakuTrebul, sakvanZo rols asrulebs. maTi ganadgureba myisierad moqmedebs
mTeli ekosistemis mdgomareobaze, iwvevs mis `ngrevas~. SedarebiT `myifea~ ariduli
da arqtikuli regionebis buneba, sadac mxolod ramdenime sakvanZo saxeobaa. amis
gamo, aq bunebaTsargebloba gansakuTrebul sifrTxiles moiTxovs.
msoflio okeanis biologiuri resursebi, rogorc tipobrivi Sedgenilobis, ise

raodenobis mxriv, ramdenjerme aRemateba xmeleTisas. msoflio okeaneSi binad-
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robs 150 aTasi saxeobis cxoveli da 10 aTasi saxeobis mcenare. saxeobebis mixedviT
cxovelebidan yvelaze bevria moluskebi (40%), kibosnairebi (15%) da Tevzebi (10%).
cocxali organizmebis nawili gadaadgildeba wyalTan erTad (planqtoni), damou-
kideblad (neqtoni) an cxovrobs okeanis fskerze da gruntSi (benTosi). planqto-
ni msoflio okenis binadarTa ZiriTadi sakvebia, romelic xelsayrel garemoSi
swrafad mravldeba. msoflio okeaneSi biologiuri resursebi araTanabradaa gana-
wilebuli. misi saxeobrivi Sedgenilobis ZiriTadi nawili gvxdeba ekvatoruli da
tropikuli sartylis Selfur zolSi. polaruli wreebis mimarTulebiT saxeobrivi
mravalferovneba mcirdeba. cnobilia isic, rom biologiuri resursebiT gamoirCeva
msoflio okeanis mxolod 1/4. misi mopovebiT da gadamuSavebiT dakavebulia 10 mln
adamiani da 2 mln gemi.
miuxedavad msoflio okeanis biologiuri resursebis umniSvnelo raodenobisa, ka-

cobrioba jer kidev araarsebiTad gamoiyenebs mis ZiriTad nawils. amJamad msoflio
okeanidan yovelwliurad moipoveba 100 mln tonamde sakvebi, saidanac Tevzebze 85%,
xolo uxerxemloebze 8% modis. msoflioSi TevzWeriT gamoirCeva iaponia, peru,
aSS, CineTi, norvegia, indoeTi, espaneTi da sxva sazRvao saxelmwifoebi. marto uka-
naskneli aTwleulebis manZilze msoflio okeaneSi TevzWera TiTqmis 1/3-iT gaizar-
da. amJamad msoflio okeaneSi Tevzis rewva xorcieldeba biologiuri resursebiT
gamoirCeul yvela akvatoriaSi, Tumca TevzWeris ZiriTadi raionebi msoflio okea-
nis mxolod 5% moicavs. Tevzis resursebiT gansakuTrebiT mdidaria atlantisa
da wynari okeanis zomieri sartylis akvatoria. Tevzis raodenoba ekvatoris da
polusebis mimarTulebiT mcirdeba. sarewao mniSvnelobisaa aTeulze meti saxis
Tevzi, romelTagan raodenobiT da kvebiTi TvisebebiT gamoirCeva qaSayi, skumbria,
stavrida, kambala, xeki da sxv.
msoflio okeanis bunebrivi resursebidan aseve didi moTxovnilebiT sargeblobs

wyalmcenareebi, romlebsac swrafad gamravlebis unari da didi produqtiulo-
ba gaaCniaT. magaliTad, mikroskopuli qlorela, romelic erT dReSi sakuTar
wonasTan SedarebiT 3000-jer izrdeba da 200-jer met Jangbads gamoyofs, floris
warmomadgenlebs Soris upirvelesia cximebisa da cilebis SemcvelobiT. zRvis
wyalmcenareebi uZvelesi droidan farTod gamoiyeneba rogorc sakvebad, ise sam-
kurnalod da samrewvelo daniSnulebiT. amgvari tradiciebiT msoflioSi CineTi da
indoeTi gamoirCeva. aq saukuneebis manZilze rogorc wyalmcenareebidan, ise plan-
qtonidan aTeulobiT dasaxelebis kerZs amzadeben.
ukanasknel aTwleulebSi SeiniSneba araerTi saxeobis Tevzis resursis Semcirebis

tendencia. msoflioSi yovelwliurad, saSualod 1-2 mln toniT, mcirdeba TevzWeris
maCveneblebi. gansakuTrebiT sagangaSo viTarebaa im sazRvao akvatoriebSi, sadac
didi raodenobiT moipoveben neqtons da fiqsirdeba sanapiro zolis dabinZureba.
dabinZurebiT, garda dasaxlebuli punqtebisa, msxvili portebi da sanaosno arter-

iebi gamoirCeva. cnobilia, rom yovelwliurad msoflio okeaneSi saSualod 600
aTasi tona navTobi xvdeba, rac iRvreba misi transportirebis, tankerebis avariebis
da gadatvirTvisas. okeanes masSi moxvedrili navTobi sanapiro zolSi gamoaqvs,
riTac katastrofulad uaresdeba cocxali organizmebis ekologiuri garemo, ga-
mousadegari xdeba plaJi. sanapiro zolSi moxvedrili sayofacxovrebo Tu sam-
rewvelo narCenebi anadgurebs aTeulobiT saxeobis wyalmcenares, romlebsac zRvis
binadarni sakvebad iyeneben. saSiSroeba daemuqra im Tevzebis ganayofierebis da
qviriTobis arealebsac, romlebic STamomavlobis Sesaqmnelad xmeleTis wylebs an
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sanapiro plaJebs iyeneben. wyalSi didi raodenobiT Setivnarebuli qimiuri elemen-

tebi xvdeba Tevzis organizmSi, romelTac sakvebad xSiri gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba adamianis mowamvlac gamoiwvios. cnobilia, rom baltiis, iaponiis, aRmo-
savleT CineTis da sxv. zRvebSi araerTi saxeobis TevzSi aRmoCenilia qimiuri niv-
Tierebis maRali koncentracia, xolo iaponiaSi ukve dafiqsirda zRvis produqtebiT
adamianebis mowamvlis 15 aTasi SemTxveva.
3.3.8. bunebrivi movlena zogjer katastrofuli xasiaTis procesad gadaiqceva. mag-

aliTad, didi raodenobiT naleqma SesaZlebelia wyaldidoba gamoiwvios, uecar-
ma daTbobam - zvavebis gaaqtiureba, wnevis ryevam – damangreveli siZlieris qari
da a.S. nebismieri bunebrivi movlena da procesi geografiul sivrceSi viTardeba.
amitom katastrofuli xasiaTis bunebrivi movlenebis geografiuli Taviseburebis
Seswavlasa da prognozirebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs.
bunebrivi movlenebidan da procesebidan katastrofulia miwisZvra, vulkanis

amofrqveva, mewyeri, zvavi, taifuni, wyaldidoba da sxv. TiToeuli maTgani sxvadasx-
va geografiul pirobebSi viTardeba da sxvadasxvagvari saSiSroebiT xasiaTdeba.
maT erTi ram aerTianebs – isini gansakuTrebiT saSiSia adamianis sicocxlisaTvis.
dedamiwaze yovelwliurad fiqsirdeba milionze meti miwisqveSa biZgi. maTgan mniS-
vnelovani siZlierisaa 20. miwisZvrebis Sedegad dedamiwaze yovelwliurad iRupeba
10 aTasamde adamiani. miwisZvra katastrofuli xasiaTis bunebrivi movlenaa, romel-
sac SeuZlia gamoiwvios vulkanis amofrqveva, reliefis deformacia, zvavi, mewyeri
da cunami. miwisZvra adamianis fsiqikaze damTrgunvelad moqmedebs, rac xSirad misi
fsiqikuri aSlilobis (avadmyofobis) mizezic ki xdeba. miwisZvra garkveulwilad
socialuri movlenacaa, radgan igi xSiria dedamiwis 1/10-ze, anu iq, sadac cxovrobs
msoflio mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevari.
miwisZvris kera ZiriTadad bunebrivi warmoSobisaa – igi dedamiwis siRrmeSi yalib-

deba, rac ganpirobebulia mantiisa da dedamiwis qerqis urTierTdamokidebulebiT
(teqtonikuri moZraobiT), maTi drekadobiT. dedamiwis siRrmeSi nebismieri moZrao-
ba dedamiwis qerqSi vertikaluri da horizontuli talRebis saxiT vrceldeba. es
talRebi dedamiwis zedapiramde aRweven, rasac xSirad ngreva da msxverpli mosdevs.
miwisZvras, garda miwisqveSa moZraobisa, sxva movlenebic (maT Soris adamianis
saqmianobac) iwvevs. magaliTad, miwisZvra SeiZleba gamoiwvios vulkanis amofrqve-
vam, atomuri iaraRis gamocdam (birTvulma afeTqebam), mTebSi didi wyalsacavebis
Seqmnam, miwisqveSa bunebrivi resursebis (wiaRiseulis) mopovebam da sxv. adamianis
saqmianobiT gamowveuli miwisZvrebi nakleb katastrofulia. miwisZvris siZliereze
garkveul gavlenas aseve axdens (amcirebs an zrdis mas) reliefis amgebi qanebis
xasiaTi da gruntis wylis donis siaxlove niadagis zedapirTan. adviladSladi qa-
nebis gavrcelebis raionebSi miwisZvris siZliere matulobs da piriqiT, kristalu-
ri qanebis SemTxvevaSi – klebulobs. dedamiwaze miwisZvrebis geografia garkveuli
kanonzomierebiT xasiaTdeba. isini xSiria axalgazrda mTebis gavrcelebis arealSi
anu iq, sadac mTaTawarmoSobis procesebi kvlav aqtiurad mimdinareobs.
dedamiwaze gamoyofen miwisZvrebis gavrcelebis ramdenime sartyels, romelTagan

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania: wynarokeanuri, alpur-himalaiuri, aRmosavleT af-
rikis, indoeTisa da atlantis Suaokeanuri qedebis sartylebi. miwisZvrebs gansa-
kuTrebiT katastrofuli xasiaTi aqvs wynari da indoeTis okeaneebis periferiebze,
swored im adgilebSi, sadac didia mosaxleobis simWidrove da dabalia cxovrebis
done. miwisZvris prognozireba anu misi gamovlenis adgilis, droisa da intensivobis
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gansazRvra, urTulesi samecniero amocanaa. SedarebiT iolia momavali miwisZvris

adgilis garkveva, radgan igi ZiriTadad aqtiuri teqtonikuri moZraobis are-alebi-
sTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli (Tumca konkretuli adgilis dadgena SeuZlebelia). miwisZ-
vris prognozisaTvis mis periodulobas (ganmeorebadobas) akvirdebian. Tu aqtiuri
miwisZvrebis raionSi igi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ar dafiqsirebula, misi albaToba
izrdeba. miwisZvris momaswavebelia Sinaur cxovelTa Taviseburi qcevac (ZaRlebi
ucnaurad ymuian, katebi garbian saxlidan). miwisZvris intensivobis winaswari gan-
sazRvra ki praqtikulad SeuZlebelia.
bunebrivi katastrofebidan vulkanuri movlenebi da procesebi yvelaze saSineli

SedegebiT gamoirCeva. aTeulobiT qalaqi, araerTi kultura Tu civilizacia gaunad-
gurebia mas. magaliTad sami romauli qalaqis – pompeis, herkulanumisa da stabias is-
toriac kmara. isini vulkan vezuvis ferflSi `cocxlad~ Caimarxnen I saukuneSi, 79 wels.
Zalze masStaburi iyo vulkan krakataus (zondis kunZulebi) 1883 wlis amofrqvevac.
misi afeTqebis xma aTasobiT kilometrze ismoda, amotyorcnili ferfli ki, romel-
ic atmosferoSi 100 kilometramde avida, ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi gars uvlida
dedamiwas. miwisqveSa biZgebis Sedegad ganviTarda cunami, romelmac kunZul iavasa da
sumatraze 30 aTasze meti adamianis sicocxle imsxverpla. afeTqebis siZlieris mixed-
viT vulkani sami saxisaa: SedarebiT mSvidi (havais, islandiisa da sxv.), Zlieri (vezuvi,
etna, stromboli da sxv.) da Zalian Zlieri (mon-pele, krakatau da sxv.).
dedamiwaze aseulobiT (1300-ze meti) moqmedi vulkania, romelTa umetesoba msof-

lio okeanis wyalqveSaa. xmeleTze vulkanebis raodenobiT gamoirCeva indoneziis
kunZulebi. aq 200 vulkania, romelTa 2/3 moqmedebs kacobriobis mTeli istoriis gan-
mavlobaSi. dedamiwaze vulkanebis ramdenime sartyelia, romlebic ZiriTadad emTx-
veva miwisZvrebis gavrcelebis arealebs. maT Soris mniSvnelovania: wynarokeanuri,
Suaatlanturi, havais kunZulebis, CrdiloeT xmelTaSuazRviur – mcire aziur – hi-
malaiuri, kordilierebisa da andebis. wynarokeanur sartyelSi moqmed vulkanTa
umravlesobaa Tavmoyrili. vulkanis amofrqvevis prognozireba, iseve rogorc mi-
wisZvrisa, Zalze rTulia. amofrqvevas xSirad aswrebs miwisZvra, Tumca cnobilia
SemTxvevebic, roca vulkanis moqmedeba uecrad dawyebula.
vulkanebis moqmedeba marto katastrofuli xasiaTis araa. maTi moqmedebis Sedegia

dedamiwaze arsebuli liTonuri, agreTve Zvirfasi da naxevradZvirfasi qvebis saba-
doebi. liTonuri wiaRiseuli ki Seucvleli nedleulia metalurgiisTvis, romlis
produqciac gamoiyeneba meurneobis yvela dargSi. vulkanuri procesebiT gamor-
Ceuli raionebi aseve mdidaria Termuli wylebiT, rasac efeqturad iyeneben sa-
yofacxovrebo an samkurnalo miznebisaTvis. garda amisa, araerT qveyanaSi cxel
wylebze amuSaveben Tboeleqtrosadgurebs, romlebic iaf eleqtroenergias gamo-
imuSaveben. vulkanuri ferfli didi raodenobiT Seicavs mineralur nivTierebebs.
amis gamo, vulkanis mimdebare teritoriis niadagebi didi nayofierebiT gamoirCeva.
adamiani yovelTvis cdilobda maqsimalurad gamoeyenebina aseTi adgilebi, ris ga-
moc igi vulkanis siaxloves saxldeboda (nax. 5.2.2). amgvari siTamame xSirad tragi-
kulad sruldeba – vulkani adre Tu gvian ~iRviZebs~ da ayvavebul garemos udabur
adgilad aqcevs.
wyaldidoba mdinareTa xeobebSi, tbebisa Tu zRvebis sanapiroebTan mcxovrebTaTvis

kargad nacnobi da xSirad ganmeorebadi bunebrivi procesia. igi xSirad stiqiur
ubedurebad gadaiqceva xolme. wyaldidoba anu wylis donis momateba gansakuTre-
biT saSiSia mdinaris an zRvis wylis doneze mdebare an mis siaxloves ganlagebuli
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dasaxlebebisTvis. gansakuTrebiT saSiSia mTis mdinareebis adideba, rac mis wyal-

Semkreb auzSi Tovlis intensiur dnobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. 2005 wlis gazafxulze
mdinare aragvisa da misi auzis zogierTi mdinaris adidebam ramdenime adamianis si-
cocxle Seiwira, gaanadgura aTobiT heqtari sasoflo-sameurneo savarguli, waleka
xidebi, saqarTvelos samxedro gzis araerTi monakveTi, kavSirgabmulobis da ele-
qtrogadamcemi xazebi.
wyaldidoba erT-erTi udidesi katastrofuli bunebrivi movlenaa. dedamiwaze,

bolo 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi, wyaldidobebis Sedegad 9 milioni adamiani daiRupa.
es maCvenebeli yovelwliurad 7-8 aTasiT izrdeba. gansakuTrebiT katastrofulia
es movlena CineTisTvis, romlis teritoriazec intensiuri wvimebiT gamowveuli wy-
aldidobebi TiTqmis or weliwadSi erTxel aRiniSneba. mdinareebis – xuanxesa da
ianZis wyaldidobisas wyliT ifareba aseulobiT kvadratuli kilometri terito-
ria, TavSesafris gareSe rCeba milionobiT adamiani. yvelaze gamanadgurebeli wy-
aldidoba mdinare xuanxeze aRiniSna 1887 wels, roca TiTqmis erTi milioni adami-
ani daiRupa, daitbora 11 qalaqi da 300 sofeli. wyaldidoba Cveulebrivi movlenaa
msoflios TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovani mdinarisTvis, Tumca isini gansxvavdebian
rogorc masStabis, ise sezonebis mixedviT.
dedamiwaze wylis katastroful matebasTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi da procesebi

araerTi geografiuli movleniTa Tu faqtoriTaa ganpirobebuli. maT Soris gan-
sakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs meteorologiur movlenebs – ciklons, qariSxals,
uecar daTbobas, Tavsxma wvimebsa da sxv. isini myisierad moqmedeben wylis balansze.
amitom, rac ar unda wynar, mdore mdinaresTan vcxovrobdeT, garkveuli sixSiriT
mainc mosalodnelia misi adideba. wyaldidobebis erT-erT xelSemwyob faqtorad
mdinareTa xeobebSi mcenareulobis, gansakuTrebiT mTis tyeebis ganadgureba iTvle-
ba. Sedegad icvleba wylis balansi, izrdeba zedapiruli Camo-nadeni. wylis zedapir-
uli Camonadenebis Taviseburebebs aseve ganapirobebs niadagis Sedgeniloba, dasax-
lebul punqtSi dabetonebuli Tu moasfaltebuli teritoriis masStabebi, saniaRvre
koleqtorebis mdgomareoba da sxv.
katastrofuli xasiaTis wylis Semoteva, garda mdinareTa xeobebisa, damaxasiaTebe-

lia okeaneebis, zRvebisa da didi farTobis mqone tbebisTvis. igi ZiriTadad grigal-
iseburi qarebiT viTardeba. XX saukuneSi, msoflioSi wylis udidesi Semoteva 1970
wels mdinare gangis deltaSi moxda – 10 metris simaRlis talRam ukan Semoabruna
aziis erT-erTi udidesi mdinaris wylebi, daiRupa 1.5 milioni adamiani, daitbora
20 aTasi kv km teritoria, gadairecxa aseulobiT dasaxleba. wyaldidobis Semdeg
aseul aTasobiT adamiani SimSiliTa da sxvadasxva infeqciiT daiRupa. imave mize-
zebiT, araerTi katastrofa momxdara evropis sanapiro zolSic (holandiaSi, did
britaneTSi, germaniaSi) Tumca isini gacilebiT mcire masStabebis iyo.
wyalqveSa okeanuri miwisZvrebi iwvevs cunams, rasac katastrofuli Sedegebi mos-

devs. marto wynar okeaneSi, qristes Sobidan dRemde, 1000-ze meti cunamia aRwerili,
rasac 100 aTasobiT adamianis sicocxle Seewira. miwisqveSa biZgebis Sedegebi ar-
aerTxel (saSualod 7-8 weliwadSi erTxel) igrZnes xmelTaSuazRvis sanapiro zolis
mcxovreblebmac, romelTagan uZlieresi (10 balis siZlieris) 1693 wlis 9 ianvars
dafiqsirda kunZul siciliis aRmosavleT sanapiros midamoebSi. cunamis Sedegad ga-
nadgurda ramdenime sofeli, Seicvala sanapiro zoli, xmeleTze aRmoCnda meTevze-
TaTvis ucnobi cxovelebi da Tevzebi. cunamis Sedegad: 1. xmeleTis zedapirze gamodis
zRvis (okeanis) fskeruli naleqebi da sila; 2. icvleba wylis temperatura, rasac
125
mosdevs klimaturi anomaliebi (normidan gadaxra); 3. wyalSi fenobrivad gadaadg-

ildeba cocxali samyaro; 4. warmoiqmneba Tanamdevi talRebi, rasac xSirad aseve
katasrofuli xasiaTi aqvs. cunamis prognozireba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. igi
kvlav rCeba msoflios araerTi regionis problemad.
3.3.9. teqnogenuri katastrofebi kacobriobis istoriaSi araerTxel aRniSnula,
Tumca maTi sixSire gansakuTrebiT gaizarda ukanasknel wlebSi. aRsaniSnavia isic,
rom momravlda iseTi teqnogenuri katastrofebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT bunebriv
garemoSi Seuqcevadi procesebis ganviTareba, adamianis janmrTelobisTvis ga-
mousworebeli zianis miyeneba.
yvelaze saSiS teqnogenur katastrofas atomur eleqtrosadgurebze momxdari

afeTqeba da mis Sedegad garemoSi radioaqtiuri elementebis gafrqveva miekuTvneba.
msoflioSi yvelaze masStaburad 1986 wlis 26 aprilis Cernobilis (ukraina) da 2011
wels fukuSimas (iaponia) atomuri eleqtrosadguris avaria iTvleba, Tumca manamde
msgavsi katastrofa ruseTsa (1957 w.) da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSic (1979 w.) mox-
da. atomur eleqtrosadgurebze momxdari sxva iseTi avariebicaa cnobili, romlebic
zemoaRniSnuls mniSvnelovnad Camouvardeba. garemoSi radioaqtiuri elementebis
moxvedra SesaZlebelia e.w. radioaqtiuri narCenebis ~samarxebidanac~. bunebrivi
garemo aseve Zlier dabinZurebulia im raionebSi, sadac xSirad tardeboda atomuri
iaraRis gamocda.
bunebrivi garemosTvis katastrofulia navTobmzid tankerebze momxdari avaria. zR-

vaSi CaRvrili navTobi faravs uzarmazar sivrces, anadgurebs yovelive cocxals,
gamousworebel zians ayenebs sanapiro zols. 1978 wels atlantis okeaneSi, safran-
geTis sanapiroebTan, kldesTan Sejaxebis Sedegad, Suaze gaipo tankeri àmoko ka-
disi~. 230 aTasi tona navTobis CaRvras 2 aTas kv2-ze giganturi apkis formireba mo-
hyva, ramac evropis istoriaSi udidesi ekologiuri katastrofa ga-moiwvia. msgavsi
ekologiuri katastrofebi dafiqsirda sparseTisa da meqsikis yureebSi, kali-
forniis sanapiroebTan da sxv.
amrigad, mdgradi ekologiuri ganviTarebis problematika sxvadasxvagvari safrTx-
eebis Tanadroulad icvleba. agvari problematikidan da safrTxeebidan gansa-
kuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia:
1. msoflio ekonomikis swrafi zrda da samecniero-teqnikuri progresi (rac ganap-

irobebs bunebrivi resursebis da garemos masStabur gamoyenebas);
2. garemos dabinZureba da xSirad, Seuqcevadi degradacia;
3. demografiuli procesebi (msoflio mosaxleobis swrafi zrda, gansakuTrebiT
ganviTarebad samyaroSi xels uwyobs mosaxleobis maRal koncentracias);
4. siRaribis zRvars miRma arsebuli mosaxleobis xvedriTi wilis da raodenobis
zrda (rac xels uwyobs bunebrivi resursebis ararcionalur da mtaceblur gam-
oyenebas, qmnis socialur da ekonomikur daZabulobas);
5. samxedro da politikuri dapirispireba (cxeli wertilebis raodenobis da sao-
mari moqmedebebis sivrcis zrda);
6. msoflio gadanawilebis tendenciebi (dapirispirebis axali arealebis gaCena da
interesebis sferoebis cvlileba);
7. klimatis cvlilebis TvalsaCino tendenciebi (temperaturis da naleqebis cvli-
lebis Seuqcevadi xasiaTi);
8. sasicocxlo sivrcis Semcireba (saxnavi miwis da soflis meurneobaSi gamoyenebu-
li wylis resursebis Semcirebisa da degradaciis fonze);
126
9. mavne nivTierebebis raodenobis da dagrovebis arealebis zrda (garemos

dabinZurebis masStabebis zrda, rac safrTxes uqmnis bunebrivi landSaftebis
ekologiuri wonasworobis SenarCunebas);
10. sasmeli wylis xarisxis gauareseba (rac ganapirobebs mosaxleobis janmrTelo-
bis da sicocxlis xangrZlivobis gauaresebas);
11. gaudabnoebis Seuqcevadi procesebi (rac ZiriTadad ukavSirdeba mcenareuli sa-
faris degradacias);
12. msoflio biomravalferovnebis degradacia (florisa da faunis araerTi sax-
eobis gadaSenebis safrTxis zrda, bunebrivi landSaftebis xvedriTi wilis
Semcireba - msoflioSi degradirebuli da aTvisebulia xmeleTis 2/3. regionebis
da qveynebis mixedviT suraTi amgvaria: evropaSi pirvandeli bunebrivi garemo
SenarCunebulia saerTo farTobis 4%-ze, iaponiaSi - 0%-ze, aSS-Si - 5%-ze, indoeT-
Si - 1%-ze da a.S.);
13. qimiurad dabinZurebuli da genetikurad modificirebuli sakvebi produqtebis
gamoyenebis swrafi zrda (iwvevs adamianis imunuri sistemis da janmrTelobis
gauaresebas);
14. bunebrivi da teqnogenuri katastrofebis raodenobis da masStabebis zrda (rac
ganapirobebs arnaxul adamianur da materialur zarals);
15. ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi samyaros TvalsaCino disproporcia da da-
pirispirebis zrda (CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis, dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis
socialur-ekonomikuri disproporcia. amJamad ganviTarebul, e.w. CrdiloeTis
da dasavleTis saxelmwifoebSi cxovrobs msoflio mosaxleobis 1/5, romelic
moixmars mopovebuli bunebrivi resursebis 4/5-ze mets).
3.4. globaluri politikuri problemebi
Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi umTavresi globaluri problemaa birTvuli omis Tavi-

dan acileba da sayovelTao mSvidobis uzrunvelyofa. es nomer pirvel globalur
problemad moiazreboda civi omis periodSi da yvela sxva problema masTan mimar-
TebaSi ganixileboda. bipolaruli sistemis rRvevasa da civi omis dasrulebasTan
erTad, msoflio birTvuli omis saSiSroeba mkveTrad Sesustda da misi albaToba
axla gacilebiT naklebia. magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom sayovelTao mSvidoba ga-
rantirebulia da atomuri omis saSiSroeba saerTod aRar arsebobs. birTvuli ka-
tastrofis safrTxe kvlav mniSvnelovania da brZola birTvuli ganiaraRebisTvis
kacobriobis erT-erT umTavres amocanad rCeba.
birTvuli da Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebis Semcireba kvlav gadauWrel problemad

rCeba. am mimarTulebiT progresi ar SeimCneva da arc axali xelSekrulebebi dade-
bula. metic, ukanasknel dros saxifaTo tendencia gamoikveTa: kerZod, ruseTma zo-
gierT adre nakisri xelSekrulebis Sesrulebaze uari Tqva da calmxrivad SeaCera
samxedro bazebis likvidaciisa da Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebis Semcirebis programa.
paralelurad mimdinareobs atomuri SeiaraRebis zrda da modernizacia, rac seri-
ozul SeSfoTebas iwvevs.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg sagrZnoblad gaizarda SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis

ricxvi. es TviT saxelmwifoTa raodenobis zrdasTan aris dakavSirebuli. axali,
damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis absoluturi umravlesoba yofili koloniuri qvey-
nebi (aziisa da afrikis saxelmwifoebi) an totalitaruli imperiebisa da avtorita-
ruli saxelmwifoebis (sabWoTa kavSiri, iugoslavia) nawili iyo. maT Soris sazRv-
rebi TviTneburad, metropoliebis mier gaivlo, ramac uamravi problema warmoS-
127
va. mezobeli qveynebis umravlesobas erTmaneTis mimarT teritoriuli pretenziebi

aqvs, bevri qveynis SigniT ki sakmaod Zlieria separatistuli ganwyoba. yovelive es
konfliqtebis warmoqmnisa da gaRrmavebisTvis noyier niadags qmnis.
konfliqtebis umravlesobas lokaluri xasiaTi aqvs da farTomasStabian samxedro

operaciebs ar iTvaliswinebs. umravles SemTxvevaSi igi adgilobrivi mniSvnelobi-
saa, sadac partizanul brZolas da terorizms sakmaod didi adgili uWiravs;
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi konfliqti ufro Zneli gadasawyvetia, vidre saerTaSoriso

konfliqti. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom XX saukunis meore naxevarSi mimdinare saer-
TaSoriso konfliqtebis 55% mogvarda molaparakebis magidasTan, maSin, roca Sida
konfliqtebis SemTxvevaSi es maCvenebeli 20%-s ar aRemateba. amitomacaa, rom konf-
liqtSi monawile mxareebi xSir SemTxvevaSi cdiloben moaxdinon konfliqtis inter-
nacionalizacia. zogadad, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi konfliqtebis mizezebi sam jgufad
SeiZleba daiyos:
• konfliqti eTnikur an religiur umravlesobasa da umciresobas Soris, roca um-

ciresoba iTxovs met avtonomias an srul damoukideblobas;
• samoqalaqo omi, romelic provocirebulia gare Zalebis mier, raTa xelisufle-
baSi moiyvanos maTTvis misaRebi mTavroba;
• uunaro xelisuflebis pirobebSi e.w. arSemdgari saxelmwifoebisTvis damaxasi-
aTebeli SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba sxvadasxva klanur-mafiozur da danaSau-
lebriv jgufebs Soris calkeuli regionebze Tu ekonomikis dargze (maT Soris,
narkotikebis warmoebaze da gatanaze) kontrolis mosapoveblad.
samoqalaqo omi yvelaze sastiki da amoraluri omia, romelsac uamravi msxver-

pli mohyveba da romelmac SeiZleba erTmaneTs samkvdro-sasicocxlod daapirispi-
ros ojaxis wevrebic ki.
saerTaSoriso terorizmi Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi uaRresad seriozuli da

mwvave globaluri problemaa, romlis winaaRmdeg brZola sayovelTao amocanad
iqca. teroris ganxorcieleba sxvadasxva meTodiT xdeba da teroristebis miznebic
SeiZleba mkveTrad gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisgan. magram yvela SemTxvevaSi te-
rorizmi aris sakuTari miznis misaRwevad gamoyenebuli Zaladoba, romelic xorci-
eldeba ukiduresi formiT (mkvleloba, daWra, afeTqeba, gataceba, mZevlebis ayvana
da a.S.). es aris uaRresad mZime danaSauli, romelic mudmiv SiSSi amyofebs rogorc
mosaxleobas, ise xelisuflebas da kritikul mdgomareobaSi ayenebs qveyanas. tero-
rizmi sayovelTao, globalur safrTxed iqca ukanasknel aTwleulebSi, roca man
saerTaSoriso terorizmis forma miiRo da mTel msoflios daemuqra. amitom mis
winaaRmdeg brZola SeuZlebelia erTi romelime qveynis an qveyanaTa jgufis farg-
lebSi da mTeli kacobriobis erTian Zalisxmevas moiTxovs.
saerTaSoriso terorizmi Tanamedrove formiT XX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi Ca-

moyalibda, xolo 90-ian – 2000-ian wlebSi sayovelTao, globalur safrTxed iqca.
miuxedavad imisa, rom 80-iani wlebis meore naxevridan terorizmis SemTxvevebis sa-
erTo raodenobam iklo, TviTon teroristuli aqtebi ufro masStaburi da sastiki
gaxda. marto niu-iorkis `tyupebze~ 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers ganxorcielebulma te-
roristulma aqtma 3500-ze meti adamianis sicocxle Seiwira. manamde yvelaze msxver-
plianad iTvleboda 1999 weli, roca 400-mde teroristuli aqtis Sedegad 939 kaci
daiRupa.
128
Tanamedrove terorizmi ZiriTadad warmodgenilia religiur-fundamentalisturi

da eTnikur-tomobrivi politikuri organizaciebis samxedro jgufebis saxiT. zogi-
erT regionSi (ZiriTadad samxreT amerikaSi) kvlav mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs
memarcxene teroristuli jgufebi, agreTve narkotikebis warmoebasTan da gasaRebas-
Tan dakavSirebuli kriminaluri teroristuli organizaciebi. gansakuTrebul saf-
rTxed msofliosaTvis da, kerZod, dasavleTis qveynebisaTvis (pirvel rigSi, aSS-
Tvis) iqcnen islamisturi teroristuli organizaciebi.
3.4.1. adamianis uflebebi oTx ZiriTadad kategoriad iyofa: pirovnuli, politiku-

ri, socialur-ekonomikuri, kulturuli.
pirovnul uflebebs miekuTvneba: sicocxlis ufleba, Tavisuflebisa da xelSeuxeblo-

bis ufleba, pirad cxovrebaSi Caurevlobis ufleba, pirovnuli Rirsebis dacvis ufle-
ba, Tavdacvis ufleba, sacxovreblis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba, sindisis Tavisufleba,
rwmenis Tavisufleba, erovnebisa da enis arCevis Tavisufleba, gadaadgilebisa da
sacxovrebeli adgilis arCevis Tavisufleba, kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba.
politikuri uflebebia: sityvis Tavisufleba, informaciis miRebis Tavisufleba,

gaerTianebebis Seqmnis da masSi monawileobis ufleba, krebisa da mitingebis
Tavisufleba, demostraciisa da msvlelobebis Tavisufleba, sajaro samsaxuris
ufleba, moqalaqeobis ufleba, saarCevno ufleba.
socialur-ekonomikuri uflebebi: mewarmeobis ufleba, Sromis ufleba, ojaxis

ufleba, socialuri uzrunvelyofis ufleba, janmrTelobis dacvis ufleba, rvasaa-
Tiani samuSao dRis ufleba, binis ufleba, dasvenebis ufleba.
kulturul uflebebs miekuTvneba ganaTlebis ufleba, Semoqmedebis Tavisufleba,

kulturul cxovrebaSi monawileobis ufleba, akademiuri Tavisufleba, ekologi-
urad jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba.
adamianis uflebebTan dakavSirebuli bevri sakvanZo cneba gansxvavebulad aRiqme-

ba sxvadasxva civilizaciebis mier. magaliTad, Tavisufleba aradasavlur civili-
zaciebSi niSnavs Tavis nebaze yofnas: `vakeTeb imas, rac minda da es aravis saqme ar
aris~. igi aRiqmeba, rogorc saSualeba, Tavi aarido pasuxismgeblobas Sens namoqm-
edarze. Tavisuflebis aseTi gageba dasavleTSi warmoudgenelia. aq TavisuflebaSi
igulsxmeba arCevanis Tavisufleba, àucileblobis gacnobiereba~, romelic gulisx-
mobs urTierTkavSirs: rac ufro Tavisufali xar _ miT meti pasuxismgebloba geki-
sreba. rac Seexeba Tanasworobas, igi TviT dasavleTSic ki sakmaod pirobiTi cne-
baa. formalurad, kanonis ZaliT miliardelisa da maTxovris Svilebi Tanasworni
arian, magram realurad maT sruliad gansxvavebuli uflebebi aqvT. bevri ufleba,
romelic adamians konstituciiT aqvs miniWebuli, xorcieldeba im xarisxiT, risi
ekonomikuri SesaZleblobac moqalaqes aqvs.
gansakuTrebiT seriozul, globalur problemas warmoadgens adamianis ufle-

bebis uxeSi darRveva xelisuflebis mier. qveynebi, sadac ilaxeba moqalaqeebis kon-
stituciuri uflebebi, miiCneva arademokratiul saxelmwifoebad da maT SeiZleba
garkveuli sanqciebi dauwesdeT. dasavleTis qveynebi amtkiceben, rom aziis, afrikis
da laTinuri amerikis mraval qveyanaSi uxeSad irRveva adamianis uflebebi, maSin,
roca TviT am qveynebSi mtkiced swamT, rom araviTari darRveva ar xdeba da is, rac
dasavleTs miuReblad miaCnia, savsebiT Cveulebrivi da tradiciulia adgilobrivi
mosaxleobisaTvis.
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CHAPTER 3
GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT
An essential challenge for sustainable development is global problems. They are divided into econom-
ic, social, environmental and political problems. The global problems have a universal nature and they
have an impact on all regions and states of the world. They are mutually connected and influence the
trends of the societal development. A geographical layer is an interconnected system of the society and
the nature. As a result, the natural phenomena and processes have an immediate impact on the societal
activities and vice versa. The same is true with the public processes as well. The economic situation in-
fluences the incomes, migration and health of the population, cooperation between the states, etc. Solu-
tion of the global problems is the primary objective of the world society allowing reaching sustainable
development. A number of scientific branches study the global problems, with geography playing the
decisive role among them. The study of the spatial and time peculiarities of economic, social, ecologi-
cal and political processes is the main objective of geography. This is why geography can reveal both,
global and regional and local problems of sustainable development best of all.
The global economic problems are: the problems of smooth economic development of the regions,
decentralization, distribution and consumption, incomes, economic specialization, trade, communica-
tions, etc.
The global social problems are: demographic, educational, ethnic, health and employment problems,
as well as the problems of religions, crime, etc.
The global environmental problems are: problems of environmental protection, rational use of re-
sources, protection of biodiversity, global climate change, desertification, maintenance and restoration
of forests, land degradation, natural risks, technogenic catastrophes, etc.
The global political problems are: problems of conflicts and prevention of military actions, fight
against terrorism, improving democracy and maintaining peace, disarmament, human rights, opposition
between the military blocks, occupation, refugees and other issues.
The global problems influence the trends and opportunities of the sustainable development of Georgia.
It is hard to single out any of them, although theyare decisive political problems for the country’s sov-
ereignty and independence. Threatening among such problems are regional conflicts in the Caucasia
and Near East, military oppositions between the NATO and the CIS countries, irreversible process of
occupation of our country, separatism of the Abkhazians and Osetians, flows of refugees, etc. Presently,
the main problem of the country is the restoration of the territorial integrity. The problems related to
democracy, human rights, defense of equity, power security, social inequality, drug use, demography,
protection of natural and cultural problems are no less important.
3.1. Global economic problems
The most important economic problem is the energy problems. At present, they acquire a global na-
ture and are essentially associated with all branches of sustainable development. Both, the scales of
obtaining power sources and the dependence of dozens of countries on the incomes gained from the
realization of power resources, aspiration of the developed countries to imported resources, etc. increase
permanently. The main part of the power resources (oil, gas, peat, coal) are exhaustible and unless the
scales of their exploitation are not changed in the future, the supplies will be exhausted, or will be made
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Chapter 3. Global problems of Development
extremely expensive after some decades. The situation can be partly rescued by using new technologies,
supporting the non-traditional types of energy and their rational use.
The problem of raw materials is a permanent concern of the humankind, although it acquired a global
nature in the last decades. It is associated both, with power and metal and non-metal resources, timber,
various chemical raw materials, etc. Most of them are exhaustible and expensive to obtain what may
become a global problem in the near future. Mining industry is associated with a number of ecological
problems, as many kinds of resources are subject to open-pit mining. It is true that open-pit mining re-
duces the prime cost of the production, but it leads to the total ecocide.
Overcoming the economic backwardness of the developing countries is one of the important challenges
of the modern world. This is a problem for most countries of the world and the majority of the world
population. As a result, the developed countries and the whole world also have problems. There are
approximately 150 developing countries in the world (what is over ¾ of the world states). The ab-
solute majority of these countries were colonies in the past what is one of the reasons for their back-
wardness and on-sided development. The Asian and African countries, which were not colonies in the
past, but show no less (if not a greater) economic backwardness than the former colonies, are among
them. Presently, they distinguish between the core, peripheral and semi-peripheral countries. Developed
countries, i.e. the First World countries, as well as some former Socialist countries are core countries,
while developing countries (Third World countries) are peripheral countries. Semi-peripheral are the
developing countries, which, with their level of development and GDP per capita, have advanced a lot
almost keeping up with the developed countries (so called new industrial countries and oil-mining Arab
states). A great number of Post-Socialist and Post-Soviet countries also belong to this category. Some
of them are expected to shift to the core category, while most of them are expected to be a part of the
peripheral countries. In recent years, term “global south” is increasingly used to denote the developing
countries (the Third World or peripheral countries), thus underlying the fact that the absolute majority of
the developing countries are located in the southern hemisphere, unlike the developed countries (core,
or the First World countries), which are mostly found in the northern hemisphere and their set is known
as “the Global North”.
3.2. Global social problems
The most important of the global social problems is the hunger and malnutrition. Famine has two
forms: chronic hunger or poor nutrition (when a human organism does not receive the sufficient amount
of substances, it exhausts, weakens and often ails with different deceases) and another form is total
hunger associated with extreme events (crop failure, drought, flood, war, etc.) and results in the mass
population death.
As the World Health Organization estimates, an average daily ration must be no less than 2400-2500
kilocalories. The daily ration less than 1800 kilocalories is an indicator of a poor nutrition or half-hunger
and the daily ration of 1000 Kcal is a critical limit indicating a total hunger. In addition to the number of
kilocalories, the necessary condition for the adequate nutrition is the adequate structure of the ration. In
particular, a man must receive at least 100 gr of proteins (of animal origin first of all) and fixed amount
of fats, carbons and vitamins. If any of these are less than the fixed standard, the nutrition is considered
as malnutrition.
As per the data of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, at the beginning of the
XXI century, the average daily ration of 30% of the world population was less than 1800 kilocalories;
additional 20% received the sufficient amount of calories, but suffered from the lack of proteins. Thus,
half of the world population suffers from malnutrition, while the specific weight of those suffering from
total hunger or being at the critical limit, is 1/10 of the world population.
131
Food problem is mainly seen in the developing countries. However, some states have had great success
in the agricultural development and food provision. Many developing countries, owing to so called
“Green Revolution”, could satisfy their own needs for food either totally, or almost totally. However,
the specific weight of the products of animal origin is still low in their rations, and their vegetable diet is
mostly presented by some two kinds of food (e.g. 70-80% of the ration is made up of rice in South Asia).
Despite certain success, the population’s food provision is still one of the severest global problems in
the developing countries (and worldwide).
Geography of famine in general, presents quite a logical picture. The “zone” of poor nutrition covers
quite a wide spectrum of the developing countries, with two poles identified in it: Tropic Africa and
South Asia. With the absolute number, South Asia is a leader, where approximately 300 million people
(over 20% of the region) are victims of malnutrition. Specific weight of the starving people is highest in
Tropical Africa, where this indicator is more than one-third of the population.
Poverty, unemployment and homelessness are among the global problems. The modern world is
characterized by a great unequality in the material wealth and wellbeing of the citizens. The population
poverty is determined by such factors, as the level of unemployment, living conditions, basket of goods,
etc. It is also interesting that poverty is a relative concept and if a certain level of income or living con-
ditions in one country is a sign of obvious poverty, they may be considered as a norm in another country.
Health problem is one of the most important and oldest global social problems in the world. Low level
of development of medicine, poor sanitary and hygienic conditions, economic and social backwardness
were the reasons contributing to the high mortality rate and mass diseases. In recent decades, the so-
cial-economic situation and sanitary and hygienic conditions in the world have improved a lot and there
has been a significant progress in the development of medicine. Consequently, certain achievements
are clearly seen: rate of mortality has decreased, average life expectancy has increased, the threat of
epidemics has decreased significantly and the cases of a number of diseases have been minimized. De-
spite this, in many regions of the world no significant progress is seen in this direction, while in other
regions showing an obvious progress with many diseases virtually liquidated, a trend of an increase of
other diseases has occurred. Thus, a problem of healthcare is still an extremely serious global problem.
3.3. Global Ecological problems
A number of negative results of the relationship between the nature and the society have been made
asubject of alarm since the 1980s. Following the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development, also known as the Rio de Janeiro Summit of 1992, the world paid attention to the global
environmental changes, man’s special role in the degradation of the natural component and the whole
geographical layer, natural calamities and disastrous processes, need for sustainable environmental de-
velopment and topical issues. Thus, sustainable development, with environmental protection and ratio-
nal nature use as one of its main parts, is an extremely important problem of the humankind.
At present, they talk more often about the expected global ecological crisis, which the mankind will face
in the mid-XXI century. The global economic crisis will be inevitably followed by the economic crisis,
wide spread of epidemics and oncologic diseases, deterioration of the foodstuff and drinking water qual-
ity and rapid population growth. A number of mineral resources are being exhausted gradually, without
the rational and alternative use of which, the world will face the raw material deficit in the 2030s. Due
to this, the scales of using thermal and wind energy increase rapidly, new chemical compounds are re-
ceived and new plants and equipment are designed. This approach will reduce the scales of the pollution
and degradation of the natural environment a lot.
For centuries, the mankind has been concerned with the problem of mining and exhaustion of a number
of natural resources. In the middle centuries, a man used 19 chemical elements, in the 1850s, 50 chem-
132
Chapter 3. Global problems of Development
ical elements were used, and in the XX century, people used all the elements found on the Earth and
given in the periodic table. The history of using the natural resources shows that people obtained them to
receive mainly three products: foodstuff, raw materials and energy. To date, the mankind still manages
to meet its needs in all three fields to a great extent.
The peculiarities and scales of obtaining any resource or energy are associated with their reserves, cost
of mining, environmental impact, social-economic outcomes and state security. In respect of these fac-
tors, the mining and use of the natural resources has both, advantages and disadvantages.
As the society developed, both, the scales and types of the natural resource use changed. If in the middle
centuries, the main source of energy was firewood, the main fuel and energy resource in the XIX century
was charcoal, which, in the XX century, was replaced first, by oil and then, by natural gas and electri-
cal power. If in the middle centuries, the forest resources were mostly destroyed to extend the areas of
the agricultural plots, obtain coal or build the ships, in the XIX century, forest resources were used to
make paper and in the XX century, they were used to make artificial fiber and alcohol. Moreover, since
the end of the last century, the forest resources, in addition to the above-mentioned, became one of the
major raw materials of the chemical industry. If until the mid-XX century, fishing industry was mainly
spread in the coastal line of seas and oceans, later, as the navigation developed and fishing flotilla was
technically renewed, this process was transferred to the open sea.
Thus, the problems of sustainable development change together with the environmental threats. Partic-
ularly important of these problems and threats are:
1. Swift growth of the world economy and scientific-technical progress (resulting in the extensive
exploitation of natural resources and environment).
2. Environmental pollution and often, irreversible degradation.
3. Demographic processes (swift growth of the world population, particularly in the developing world
contributes to the high population concentration).
4. Growing specific weight and number of the population beyond the poverty line (contributing to the
irrational and rapacious use of natural resources and causing the social and economic stress).
5. Military and political opposition (an increasing number of hot points and expanding military action
areas).
6. Trends of world distribution (occurrence of the new areas of opposition and change of the fields of
interests).
7. Obvious trends of the climate change (irreversible nature of the change in temperature and precip-
itations).
8. Decreased living area (on the background of the decreased and degraded arable lands and water
resources used in agriculture).
9. Increasing amounts and gathering areas of harmful substances (increasing scales of environmental
pollution, threatening the maintenance of the ecological balance of the natural landscapes).
10. Deterioration of the drinking water quality (resulting in the deterioration of the population heath
and life expectancy).
11. Irreversible processes of desertification (mostly associated with the degradation of the vegetation
cover).
12. Degradation of world biodiversity (increasing threat of extinction of flora or fauna species, re-
duction of the specific weight of natural landscapes, 2/3 of the degraded and exploited land in the
world. The picture according to the regions and countries is as follows: 4% of the total area of the
original natural environment is preserved in Europe; 0% is preserved in Japan, 5% is preserved in
the USA, 1% is preserved in India, etc.).
13. Rapidly increasing use of chemically polluted and genetically modified foodstuff (leading to the
deterioration of a human’s immune system and health).
133
14. Increasing numbers and scales of natural and technogenic catastrophes (resulting in unimaginable
human and material losses).
15. Disproportion and increasing opposition between the developed and the developing countries (so-
cial-economic disproportion between the North and the South, the West and the East. At present, in
the developed, so called Northern and Western states, there lives 1/5 of the world population using
over 4/5 of the obtained natural resources).
3.4. Global political problems
One of the main global problems of the modern times is the prevention of the nuclear war and making
universal peace in the world. This was considered a number one global problem during the Cold War
with all other problems considered in relation to it. Following the collapse of the bipolar system and end
of the Cold War, the threat of the world nuclear war decreased a lot and its probability is even less now.
However, this does not mean that the universal peace is guaranteed and there is no threat of nuclear war
at all. The threat of nuclear catastrophe is still great, and the fight for nuclear disarmament is still one of
the main objectives of the mankind.
Since the Second World War, the number of armed conflicts decreased a lot. This is associated with
the increasing number of states. The absolute majority of the new independent states were colonial
countries (Asian and African countries) or a part of totalitarian empires and authoritarian states (the
Soviet Union, Yugoslavia). The borders between them were drawn by the metropolitan countries in a
self-willed manner causing in a number of problems. The majority of the neighboring countries have
territorial claims to one another and the separatism is quite strong in some countries. All these form a
good basis for the conflict origination and deepening.
International terrorism is one of the most serious and severest global problems of present and fighting
against it has become a universal objective. Terror is realized by various methods and the goals of ter-
rorists may also differ a lot, but in any case, terrorism is the violence used to achieve one’s goal taking
its extreme forms (murder, wounding, explosion, kidnapping, taking hostages, etc.). It is an extremely
grave crime bringing permanent fear to the people and country authorities and putting the country in an
extreme situation. Terrorism has become a universal global threat in recent decades when it acquired
a form of international terrorism and threatened the whole world. Therefore, it is impossible to fight
against it within the limits of some or other country or group of countries and needs the combined efforts
of the whole mankind.
Human rights are divided into four categories: personal, political, social-economic and cultural.
Personal rights are: right to life, right to liberty and immunity, right to respect for private life, right
for the protection of personal dignity, right of self-defense, right for the immunity of the living area,
freedom of conscience, freedom of religion, freedom of nationality and language, freedom of movement
and to choose living place, right to private property.
Political rights are:freedom of speech, freedom to receive information, right to establish associations
and participate in them, freedom of gatherings and meetings, freedom of demonstrations and manifes-
tations, right to public service, right of citizenship, electoral right.
Social-cultural rights are: right to production, right to work, right to family, right to social security,
right to health, right to eight-hour working day, right to apartment, right to rest.
Cultural rights are: right to education, freedom of creation, right to participate in cultural life, academ-
ic freedom, right to a healthy environment.
134
davaleba – geografiuli da problemuri analizi
mosaxleobis adgilobrivi energiiT uzunvelyofis xarisxi
navTobis transportirebis mimarTulebebi
135
eqsportis saxeebi
humanuri ganviTarebis indeqsi
136
erToblivi erovnuli produqti, 2017 weli
degradaciis xarisxi (landSaftis cvlileba)
137
wylis resursebis ganawileba
mosaxleobis raodenobis anamorfoza, 2050 wlisTvis
138
mSvidobismoyvareobis globaluri indeqsi (wiTeli feri – Zalian dabali)
daZabulobis krebi (maqsimaluri – wiTeli feri)
139
Tavi 4
kavkasiis mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi
4.1. kavkasia: mcire istoriul – geografiuli eqskursi
kavkasia msoflios erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi bunebrivi, ekologiuri, geopoli-

tikuri, religiuri, eTnikuri, satranspotro da sxv. gzajvaredinia. igi mdebareobs
aRmosavleT evropas, axlo aRmosavleTs, centralur aziasa da CrdiloeT afrikas
Soris. tradiciulad, kavkasiis CrdiloeT sazRvars atareben yuma-maniCis Rrmulze
(depresiaze), dasavleT sazRvars – Sav da azovis zRvebze, samxreTs – TurqeTis
da iranis administraciul sazRvarze, aRmosavleTs ki kaspiis zRvaze. amgvari
TvalsazrisiT kavkasiis SedgenilobaSia oTxi saxelmwifo, regionis farTobi 440
aTas km2, mosaxleoba 35 mln kacs, xolo mosaxleobis simWidrove TiTqmis 80 kaci/
km2-ze Seadgens. amJamad, saerTaSoriso ekologiuri organizaciebis mier, kavkasia
ganixileba rogorc msoflios erT-erTi da mniSvnelovani ekoregioni, geografi-
uli warmonaqmni da sivrce, romelic moicavs 6 saxelmwifos teritorias: ruseTis
samxreT-dasavleT nawils (CrdiloeT kavkasia), samxreT kavkasiis qveynebs – saqarT-
velos, azerbaijans da somxeTs, TurqeTis CrdiloeT-aRmosavleT nawils da iranis
CrdiloeT-dasavleT nawils. amgvari TvalsazrisiT, kavkasiis farTobi 580 aTas km2
Seadgens.
kavkasiis bunebrivi garemos da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis istoriul-geografi-

uli ganviTarebis Taviseburebani rTuli, mravalmxrivi da saintereso procesia.
gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavi iyo sabWoTa periodi, rodesac erTis mxriv – SeCerda
eTnikuri dapirispirebebi da teritoriuli pretenziebi, meores mxriv ki kavkasiis
qveynebis damoukidebeli ganviTarebis da maTi erovnuli interesebis gatarebis sa-
Sualeba. am periodSi izrdeboda mosaxleobis raodenoba, viTardeboda mrewveloba
da transporti, soflis meurneoba da kultura, Tumca sruliad uyuradRebod rCe-
boda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis interesebi, moTxovnebi da iniciativebi, sagareo da
regionuli vaWroba, saerTaSoriso socialuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebi da
sxv. kavkasiis saxelmwifoebis meurneoba erTmaneTze iyo damokidebuli nedleulis
da warmoubuli produqciis gadanawilebiT.
kavkasiis regionis ekonomika orientirebuli iyo rogorc energetikul, ise sof-

lis meurneobis, metalurgiis, manqanaTmSeneblobis da sakurorto meurneobis up-
irates ganviTarebaze. sabWoTa periodis dasasrulisTvis miRweuli iyo warmoebis
da cxovrebis donis sakmaod maRali maCveneblebi, rac garkveuli periodis man-
Zilze (sabWoTa sistemis Secvlis Semdeg), mosaxleobis Semosavlebis da meurneo-
bis SenarCunebis garkveul winapirobas warmoadgenda. amgvari viTareba swrafad
Seicvala kavkasiis qveynebis damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg, rasac eTnikuri
dapirispireba, samxedro konfliqtebi, pirveladi moxmarebis produqciis mkveTri
Semcireba, sawarmoo kavSirebis Sewyveta, mrewvelobis sruli degradacia da impor-
tze damokidebulebis masStaburi zrda mohyva.
analogiur viTarebaSi aRmoCnda soflis meurneoba, romelmac dakarga gasaRebis

bazrebi da warmoebuli produqciis kvebis mrewvelobaSi gadamuSavebis saSualeba.
gadaiketa ZiriTadi satransporto arteriebi, Cveulebriv movlenad iqca bunebrivi
140
Tavi 4. kavkasiis mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi
resursebis dataceba, mosaxleobis iZulebiTi migracia, socialuri siduxWire, in-

flacia da sxva msgavsi procesebi, ramac mkveTrad Seamcira regionis mdgradi gan-
viTarebis perspeqtivebi. mxolod gasuli saukunis bolodan SeimCneoda garkveuli
winsvla meurneobi calkeuli dargebis ganviTarebaSi, rac daukavSirda maTi sawar-
moo specializaciis cvlas da axali ekonomikuri kavSirebis damyarebas. miuxedavad
imisa, rom regioni mdidaria bunebrivi resursebiT, gamoirCeva xelsayreli niada-
gur-klimaturi pirobebiT, bunebrivi da istoriul-kulturuli memkvidreobiT, ka-
vkasiis qveynebi neli tempebiT viTardeba da problemebi eqmneba mdgradi ganviTare-
bis principebis droul realizacias.
regionis qveynebis mdgradi socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba garkveuli istori-

uli problematikiT xasiaTdeba. magaliTad, saqarTvelosa da somxeTisTvis prob-
lemad rCeba mciremiwianoba da energetikuli resursebis arqona, CrdiloeT kavka-
siisTvis – eTnokulturuli siWrele, azerbaijanisTvis – wylis resursebis defici-
ti da a.S. amave dros, saqarTvelo gamoirCeva tyis da wylis resursebiT, somxeTi –
sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT, azerbaijani – navTobisa da gazis maragebiT, CrdiloeTi
kavkasia ki yvela zemoTaRniSnuli sikeTeebiT da nayofieri miwis resursebiT.
kavkasiis xelsayreli satransporto-geografiuli mdebareoba warmoaCens mis

strategiul mniSvnelobas rogorc regionis, ise axlo da Soreuli mezoblebisT-
vis. igi did potencials qmnis sarkinigzo, milsadeni, saaviacio, sazRvao da saavto-
mobilo gadazidvebisTvis. Tumca aris transportis ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli
faqtorebic: mTiani reliefis maRali xvedriTi wili, katastrofuli xasiaTis bune-
brivi movlenebis da procesebis masStabebi, SeiaRaRebuli konfliqtebis ganaxlebis
maRali albaToba, sakomunikacio sistemebis ganviTarebis arasasurveli done da sxv.
kavkasiaSi, romelic yofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriis 2%-ze iyo warmodgenili,

iwarmoeboda soflis meurneobis produqciis 1/5. aq iqmneboda Caisa da citruse-
bis mTliani mosavali, marcleulisa da bambis arsebiTi nawili, yurZnis, teqnikuri
kulturebis da xilis araerTi saxeobis mosavlis mniSvnelovani nawili. soflis
meurneobis amgvari specializacia dadebiTad aisaxa kvebis mrewvelobis ganviTare-
baze, Tumca postsabWoTa periodSi deficiti Seiqmna mTeli rigi pirveladi moTxov-
nilebis kvebis produqtebze (brinji, Saqari, kartofili, bostneuli, mecxoveleobis
produqcia da sxv.).
arsebiTad Seicvala sagareo vaWrobis masStabebi da geografia. Tu sabWoTa period-

Si igi ZiriTadad saerTo qveynis masStabiT xorcieldeboda, amJamad ZiriTad savaW-
ro partniorad ruseTi da mezobeli qveynebi rCeba. SeimCneva vaWrobis moculobis
zrdis tendencia Savi zRvis auzis, amerikis da aziis qveynebis momarTulebiTac.
sabWoTa periodSi praqtikulad iyo uzrunvelyofili mosaxleobis socialuri sta-

biluroba, gansakuTrebiT dasaqmebis, ganaTlebisa da janrTelobis dacvis, minimal-
uri komunaluri gadasaxadebisa da iafi transportis mxriv. mTel qveyanaSi ar ar-
sebobda socialurad daucvelTa fena. postsabWoTa periodSi gaCnda Rarib-RatakTa,
socialurad daucvelTa, umuSevarTa da droebiT dasaqmebulTa, sabanko daval-
ianebis mqoneTa da ubinaod darCenilTa fena. mosaxleobaSi maRalia daucvelobis
gancda, rac xels uSlis socialur stabilurobas da SromiT migracias. gansakuTre-
biT rTul viTarebaSi aRmoCnda mTian teritoriebze mcxovrebi mosaxleba, ramac
mTis soflebis masiuri dacla ganapiroba. mamJamad kavkasiis saxelmwifoebis mier
socialur daxmarebaTa moculoba qveynebis biujetis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgens.
141
sabWoTa periodSi bunebis dacva saxelmwifo politikis rangSi iqna ayvanili. igi
kavkasiis qveynebSi erTgvarovani kanonmdeblobiT imarTeboda, rac aregulirebda
resursebis gamoyenebis standartebs, daculi teritoriebis tipebsa da regulirebis
formabs, ekologiuri mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis tendenciebs. Tumca iyo uaryofiTi
procesebic – bunebrivi resursebis marTvis maRali centralizacia, garemos dacvis
deklaraciuli xasiaTi, orientacia bunebrivi resursebis masStabur gamoyenebaze,
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis interesebis ignorireba, garemos sawarmoo narCenebiT
dabinZurebis maRali done, daculi teritoriebis sanakrZalo reJimis upiratesi
ganviTareba da sxv. kavkasiis respublikebis damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdgom
mTlianad Seicvala damokidebuleba bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebasa da garemos
dacvaze. regionis qveynebi aqtiurad Caebnen globaluri ekologiuri problemebis
gadaWris saqmeSi, rac ZiriTadad sakanonmdeblo bazis (dasavleTis gamocdileba-
ze dayrdnobiT) da sazogadoebis gaaqtiurebaSi gamoixateba. postsabWoTa periodSi
Seiqmna kavkasiis yvela qveynis garemos dacvis moqmedebaTa erovnuli programebi,
axali sakanonmdeblo baza, SemuSavda bunebrivi resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebi-
sa da garemos dacvis prioritetuli mimarTulebebi. kavkasiis qveynebi SeuerTdnen
araerT mniSvnelovan saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas Tu konvencias garemos dacvis
saqmeSi, ris safuZvelze maT arsebiTi da jerovani valdebulebebi ikisres bunebis
dacvis sferoSi. garemos dabinZurebis wyarod kvlav rCeba avtotransporti, wiaR-
iseulis Ria karieruli wesiT mopoveba. dabalia transformirebuli da ekocidi-
rebuli teritoriebis rekultivaciis maCveneblebi, rac geodinamiuri procesebis
gaaqtiurebas uwyobs xels.
sabWoTa periodSi gacilebiT meti samrewvelo da sayofacxovrebo narCeni war-

moiqmneboda, vidre dRes, magram arc maSin da arc dRes ar arsebobs maTi damuSave-
bis საშუალებები. SedarebiT ukeT iyo organizebuli sayofacxovrebo narCenebis
Segrovebis sistema, Tumca TviT nagavsayrelebze ar iyo daculi aranairi sanita-
rul-higienuri normebi, ar xorcieldeboda narCenebis sistematizacia samrewvelo,
sayofacxovrebo, samedicino kriteriumebiT. narCenebis Segrovebisa da ganviTare-
bis aRniSnuli struqtura dResac analogiuria, Tumca problema mwvave ekologiur
da socialur xasiaTs iRebs.
tyeebis masStaburi gamoyenebis istoria aswleulebs iTvlis, Tumca maTi masiuri

eqspluatacia me-19 saukunis meore naxevridan iwyeba. tyis resursebi aqtiurad ga-
moiyeneboda mrewvelobaSi, transportSi da sagareo vaWrobaSi. misi moculoba ar-
sebiTad Semcirda sabWoTa periodSi, roca tyis resursebi Ziritadad ruseTidan
Semodioda (rasac tyeebis aRdgenac mohyva). viTareba garkveulwilad gamoaswora
kavkasiis (mTis) tyeebis sakanonmdeblo regulaciam, ris mixedviTac isini pirvel kat-
egorias ganekuTvnebodnen anu isini niadagdamcavi da wyalSemqmneli funqciis mqone
gaxdnen. viTareba diametralurad Seicala postsabWoTa periodis pirvelive wleb-
Si, roca kavkasiis tyeebi mosaxleobis gaTbobis, saWmlis momzadebis da Semosavlis
arsebiTi wyaro gaxda. ganskuTrebiT dazaralda tyis resursebze maRali moTxovnis
mqone qveynebis, msxvili dasaxlebuli punqtebis da saavtomobilo gzebis mimdebare
tyis koromebi.
kavkasiis mosaxleoba izrdeba. igi 1980 wels 25 milions, 1995 wels 30 milions,
amJamad ki 35 milions aRwevs. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva azerbaijanis da
CrdiloeT kavkasiis muslimanuri mosaxleoba, romlis xvedriTma wilma kavkasiaSi
ukanasknel aTwleulebSi 40-dan 50%-mde moimata. rTuli demografiuli viTarebaa
142
Seqmnili somxeTsa da saqarTveloSi, rac Sobadobis Semcirebas, mosaxleobis da-

berebas da migraciul procesebs ukavSirdeba. Seicvala mosaxleobis simWidrovi-
sa da geografiuli ganlagebis maCveneblebic, rac uaryofiTad aisaxa vake da go-
rak-borcvian nawilze. kavkasiaSi mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili yubanis vakesa da
CrdiloeT kavkasionis mTiswineTSi, samxreT kavkasiis mTaTaSoris barSi, kaspiis
da Savi zRvis sanapiro zolSi da erevnis qvabulSia Tavmoyrili. izrdeba saqalaqo
aglomeraciebSi mcxovrebTa xvedriTi wilic. mosaxleobis raodenobiT gamoirCeva
kavkasiis Semdegi qalaqebi: baqo, Tbilisi, erevani, soWi, maxaCyala, stavropoli da
vladikavkazi.
4.2. kavkasiis mdgradi ganviTarebis Tanamedrove problematika
kavkasiis regionis mcxovrebTa mdgradi ganviTarebis Tanamedrove problematika

ramdenime ZiriTad sakiTxs ukavSirdeba, romelTa Sorisaa: konfliqtebis preven-
cia, kulturuli memkvidreobis SenarCuneba, infrastruqturis da komunikaciebis
ganviTareba, energo da ekologiuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa da sxv.
kavkasia umniSvnelovanes geopolitikur rols TamaSobs Tanamedrove msoflio-

Si, gansakuTrebiT axlo aRmosavleTsa da wina aziaSi. aseve arsebiTia misi roli
ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobebSic, rasac garkveulad akninebs regionis qveynebis
meurneobis sxvadasxvagvari ganviTarebis tendenciebi. kvlav maRalia bunebrivi re-
surebis gamoyenebis masStabebi, garemos dabinZurebis da landSaftis transformaci-
is formebi, miwis resursebsa da tyeebze anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis uaryofiTi
Sedegebi. kavkasiis mdgradi ganviTarebis problematika mxolod regionis saxelm-
wifoTa TanamSromlobis Sedegad SeiZleba gadaiWras. magaliTad gamodgeba alpuri
da karpatebis regioni, romelic SesaZloa garkveulwilad SevadaroT kavkasias.
rogorc alpebis, ise karpatebis saxelmwifoTa transasazRvro TanamSromlobis
Sedegebi TvalnaTliv aisaxa am regionebis mdgrad ganviTarebaze, garemos dacvaze
da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebaze. aq transasazRvro
Tematikidan gansakuTrebiT intensiurad da prioritetulad viTardeba daculi ter-
itoriebis, satransporto da kavSirgabmulobis komunikaciebis, satyeo da wylis
meurneobis, soflis meurneobis, bunebrivi karastrofebis da riskebis monitoringis
mimarTulebebi.
am mimarTulebebidan ramdenime gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria kavkasiisTvis. miiCne-

va, rom am etapze efeqturi iqneba TanamSromloba garemos dacvis, wylis resurse-
bis, rekreaciuli meurneobis da transportis ganviTarebisTvis. kavkasiaSi, rogorc
erTiani kulturuli da bunebrivi sivrcis dezintegraciuli procesebis prevenci-
isTvis, Zalze mniSvnelovania TanamSromloba klimatis cvlilebis Semarbilebeli
RonisZiebebis, biomravalferovnebis degradaciis, transasazRvro daculi terito-
riebis, ekologiuri da satransporto koridorebis Seqmnis mimarTulebiT. alpebis
da karpatebis qveynebis TanamSromlobis gamocdilebis gaziareba xelsayreli iqne-
ba kavkasiis regionisTvis, gansakuTrebiT informaciis gacvlis da gaziarebis sawy-
isi etapisTvis.
am mimarTebiT pirveli nabiji gadaidga 2005 wlis dekemberSi, roca kavkasiis re-
gionis qveynebis erTobliv Sexvedraze mxareebi informirebuli iyvnen alpuri da
karpatebis konvenciis Sedegad ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis da Sedegebis Sesaxeb.
Sexvedrisas aRiarebul iqna: kavkasiis regionis geografiuli, ekologiuri, ekonomi-
143
kuri da socialuri erTianoba; rom regionis qveynebi miznad isaxaven dainteresebul

qveynebTan da saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan erTad, Seqmnan iuridiuli dokumenti
da xeli Seuwyon TanamSromlobas mTis ekosistemebis dacvis da miwaTsargeblobis
mdgradi ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT. aRniSnuli programa, igive SemadgenlobiT,
aseve ganxilul iqna 2007 wlis noembris Sexvedraze, romelic moewyo lixtenSteinis
garemos dacvis ministris iniciativiT. samwuxarod, dawyebuli proeqtebi neli tem-
pebiT, da umetes SemTxvevaSi, ZiriTadad ormxrivi TanamSromlobis doneze viTar-
deba. kavkasiis qveynebis samecniero, sazogadoebrivi da arasamTavrobo organi-
zaciebis warmomadgenelTa Sexvedrebi sistematurad da yovelwliurad imarTeba
rogorc regionis, ise evropis sxvadasxva qveynebSi, calkeuli samecniero-praqtiku-
li proeqtis da programis farglebSi.
kavkasiis, rogorc mTiani regionis, bunebrivi garemos da bunebrivi resursebis gam-

oyenebis marTva da regulireba, ukavSirdeba saerTaSoriso, adgilobriv (naciona-
lur), sabazro da tradiciul samarTlebriv meqanizmebs. gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom
mxolod maTi harmonizacia da optimizacia iZleva xangrZliv da sasurvel Sedegs.
kavkasiis istoriul-geografiuli specifikidan gamomdinare, alpebisa da karpatebis
regionis qveynebis gamocdileba ar gamodgeba pirdapiri kopirebisTvis. garda
saxelmwifoTa doneze SesaZlo samarTlebrivi SeTanxmebisa, garemos da resursebis
regionuli marTvisa da regulirebisTvis, efeqturad SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli
sivrciTi (ruseTis gamocdileba), ladSafturi (rogorc aucilebeli instrumenti,
germanuli gamocdileba) da regionuli (evropis mTeli rigi qveynebis gamocdileba)
dagegmarebis meTodologia, miwis resursebis gamoyenebis erToblivi monitoringi
da sxv.
kavkasiaSi, mdgradi ganviTarebis mimarTulebaTa TvalsazrisiT, arsebiTi sirTu-

leebia biologiuri da landSafturi mravalferovnebis SenarCunebis, wylis re-
sursebis optimaluri marTvis, tyis resursebis gamoyenebis da soflis meurneo-
bis jerovani ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. biologiuri da landSafturi mraval-
ferovnebis invetarizaciis, samecniero kvlevis da dacvis mimarTulebiT, xelis-
SemSlel faqtorad permanentuli politikuri dapirispireba gvevlineba. igive
SeZleba iTqvas wylis resursebis marTvis problematikazec, riTac mudmivadaa daka-
vebuli rogorc saerTaSoriso, ise arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. tyis resursebis
gamoyenebis problematika mwvavdeba klimatis cvlilebasTan erTad, rac region-
Si gaudabnoebis procesis Tanxvedrilia. misi gamoyenebis efeqturoba damokidebu-
lia transasazRvro TanamSromlobaze, gansakuTrebiT semiaridul da semihumidur
klimatur arealebSi tyiani landSaftebis transasazRvro daculi teritoriebis
SeqmniT. kavkasiaSi soflis meurneoba efuZneba agrarul mravalferovnebas, mdi-
dar memkvidreobas da tradiciebs, romlis transformaciis safrTxe sxvadasxva saxis
genomodificirebuli da invaziuri saxeobebis intervencias ukavSirdeba. erTi ro-
melime, calke aRebuli qveyana ver gaumklavdeba kulturul mcenareTa transfor-
maciis masStabebs, ris gamoc problema regionul xasiaTs iRebs. arada, soflis meur-
neoba kvlav warmoadgens kavkasiis qveynebis ekonomikis da mosaxleobis socialuri
keTildReobis safuZvels.
kavkasiaSi ekologiur problemaTa arsebiTi nawili sameurneo saqmianobas, kerZod

ki wiaRiseulis mopovebas da gadamuSavebas ukavSirdeba. maT Sorisaa saTbob-energe-
tikuli mrewveloba (navTobis, gazis, qvanaxSiris mopoveba), eleqtro energiis war-
moeba, qimiuri, metalurgiuli da saSen-masalaTa mrewveloba. navTobgadamamuSave-
144
beli qarxnebi mdebareobs Savi da kaspiis zRvebis sanapiroebze, rac kidev ufro ar-
Tulebs ekologiur viTarebas. xSirad navTobi da navTobproduqtebi xvdeba wyalSi
da mniSvnelovnad abinZurebs aRniSnuli zRvebis akvatorias.
dabinZurebis mniSvnelovan faqtors qmnis sxva wiaRiseulis (feradi da Savi li-

Tonebis, manganumis da sxv.) Ria karieruli wesiT mopoveba, rac srulad anadgurebs
bunebriv garemos. amgvar adgilebSi rekultivaciis samuSaoebi an saerTod ar tar-
deba, an imdenad dabali maStabebiT, rom wiaRiseulis narCenebi Tavisuflad ganibne-
va garemoSi, abinZurebs zedapirul wylebs da atmosferos.
gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebi gansakuTrebiT saziano aRmoCnda kavkasiis tyeebi-

sTvis. TiTqmis mTlianad ganadgurda tyis mcenareuloba msxvili dasaxlebuli pun-
qtebis mimdebare teritoriebze, gzebis siaxloves da advilad misawvdom adgilebSi.
tyeebis ganadgurebas da degradacia mohyva geodinamiuri procesebis (Rvarcofuli
nakadebis, mewyerebis, Tovlis zvavebis, eroziis da sxv.) gaaqtiureba, wylis resurse-
bis kleba, atmosferul haerSi mtvrisa da Wvartlis mateba da sxv.
kavkasiaSi safrTxis Semcvelia radiaqtiuri dabinZurebis ori ZiriTad wyaros fun-

qcionireba atomuri sadgurebis (somxeTSi, ruseTSi) saxiT. analogiur problemas
warmoadgens mitovebuli samxedro bazebis teritoriebze SemorCenili samxedro te-
qnika da masalebi, rac araerTxel gamxdara mosaxleobis radiaciuli dasxivebis
SemTxvevaTa mizezi.
kavkasiaSi aqtiurdeba energomatareblebis satranzito gadazidvebis masStabebi. iz-

rdeba mompovebel regionebsa (centraluri azia, azerbaijani, irani, CrdiloeTi ka-
vkasia) da Semsyidvel evropas Soris vaWroba, rac zrdis teqnogenur katastrofaTa
risks rogorc xmeleTze, ise Savi da kaspiis zRvebis akvatoriaSi.
kavkasiaSi garemos dabinZurebis mniSvnelovani wyaroa saavtomobilo da sar-

kinigzo transporti. miuxedavad imisa, rom am SemTxvevaSi garemos dabinZurebas
SedarebiT lokaluri xasiaTi, misi masStabebi Zalze negatiurad moqmedebs msxvil
dasaxlebul puntebsa da satransporto kvanZebis siaxloves mcxovreb mosaxleobaze.
saavtomobilo transportis arsebiTi nawili moZvelebuli da teqnikurad gaumar-
Tavia, gamoyenebuli saburavebis udidesi nawili – meoradi da advilad cveTadi,
saavtomobilo benzini ki dabali xarisxis.
kavkasiaSi ekologiur gamowvevaTa Soris aqtualobiT gaxSirebuli gvalvianoba

da klimatis cvlilebasTan dakavSirebuli naleqebis raodenobis kleba miiCneva.
gvalvebis gaxSireba gansakuTrebiT saxifaToa kavkasiis aRmosavleT nawilis vakeeb-
sa da gorak-borcvian nawilSi, javaxeTis da somxeTis vulkanuri mTianeTze. am re-
gionebSi aorTqleba TiTqmis 2-jer aRemateba atmosferul naleqebs, rac kidev ufro
gamwvavdeba klimatis cvlilebis fonze. qserofitizaciis procesi ukve aqtualuria
kaspiispira dablobze, samxreT kavkasiis mTaTaSorisi baris aRmosavleT nawilSi,
centralur da samxreT somxeTSi. am regionebSi aqtiurad saqmianoben gaudabnoebis
procesis winaaRmdeg. aridizaciis procesi ukve aisaxa erTwliani da mravalwliani
kulturebis mosavlianobaze, zamTris saZovrebis fitomasis formirebaze, wylis re-
sursebis ganawilebaze, gruntis wylebis doneze da sxv.
ukanasknel wlebSi kavkasiis regionisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli mosaxleobis

raodenobis zrdis iseTi maRali tempebi, rogoric aziis, afrikisa da laTinuri
amerikis qveynebSi. mosaxleobis simWidroviT ganpirobebuli garemoze zemoqmedebis
145
zrda aRiniSneba mTaTaSoris barSi, qvabulebSi da gorak-borcvian nawilSi. mTiani

teritoriebis depopulacia aRsaniSnavia samxreT kavkasiis yvela qveyanaSi, rasac
ver vityviT CrdiloeT kavkasiis analogiur teritoriebze. aq mosaxleoba neli tem-
pebiT, Tumca mainc izrdeba. kavkasiaSi gansakuTrebiT mWidrodaa dasaxlebuli sam-
rewvelo centrebi da satransporto kvanZebi, Savi da kaspiis zRvis sanapiro zoli,
maRalSemosavliani sasoflo-sameurneo savarguleebis gavrcelebis arealebi. ka-
vkasiis mosaxleobis didi nawili (60%-me) qalaqebSi cxovrobs, urbanizaciis maCven-
ebeli ki sistematurad izrdeba. mosaxleobis dabali simWidrovea mTian da aridul
regionebSi, daWaobebul adgilebSi da degradirebul teritoriebze.
qveyana raodenoba, 2013 w. raodenoba, 2050 w. dinamika, %

TurqeTi 80 94 +9
ruseTi 143 133 -10
• Cr. kavkasiis respublikebi 5.3 5.5 +9
irani 81 95 +8.5
azerbaijani 10 11 +9
somxeTi 3.0 2.7 - 11
saqarTvelo 3.7 3.0 -12
mosaxleobis raodenoba da misi prognozi kavkasiis qveynebSi, mln kaci
kavkasiis mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis umniSvnelovanesi gamowveva samxedro-politi-

kuri konfliqtebia. istoriulad kavkasia sakvanZo rols TamaSobda qristianul da
musulmanur, iranul-osmalur, rusul – Turqul, Siitur-sunitur dapirispirebaSi.
amJamad kavkasia urTulesi geopolitikuri kvanZia, sadac Tavs iyris sami didi
saxelmwifos: ruseTis, TurqeTis da iranis interesebi. iranisaTvis, misi nedleulis
eqsportisaTvis evropaSi, kavkasias didi mniSvneloba aqvs, rogorc satranzito
magistrals. TurqeTs, saqarTvelos saSualebiT, SeuZlia daukavSirdes azerbaijans,
xolo Semdeg CrdiloeT kavkasias, volgispireTisa da Sua aziis Turqulenovan
mosaxleobas. ruseTis interesebi ukavSirdeba kontrols kavkasiaze, rogorc wina
aziis da axlo aRmosavleTis placdarmze, rogorc buferul zolze TurqeTsa da
CrdiloeT kavkasias Soris.
4.3. CrdiloeT kavkasiis geografiuli Taviseburebani da problemebi
CrdiloeT kavkasiis geografiuli mdebareoba ganapirobebs mis unikalur bunebriv

maxasiaTeblebs, biologiur da kulturul mravalferovnebas. amave mravalferovne-
basTanaa dakavSirebuli araerTi problema (bunebrivi katastrofebi da riskebi, so-
cialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Taviseburebani), romelTac xSirad transasazRv-
ro xasiaTi aqvs. maTi gadaWra regionuli TanamSromlobis ZiriTadi mizania, rac
kavkasiis qveynebis saerTo ZalisxmeviT unda gadaiWras.
CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiani teritoriebi mudmivad ganicdis sxvadasxva saxis bune-

briv da anTropogenul zemoqmedebas (miwisZvrebi, klimaturi, hidrogenuli da sxv.),
rac aisaxeba regionis socialur-ekonomikur mdgradobaze. saxezea rogorc migraci-
uli procesebi, umuSevrobis da siRaribis maRali done, ise unikaluri kulturu-
li da bunebrivi memkvidreobis degradacia. prevenciis mimarTulebiT, CrdiloeT
kavkasiis samecniero wreebSi miiCneva, rom aucilebelia: bunebrivi resursebis
Tanamedrove mdgomareobis Sefaseba, bunebrivi katastrofebis da riskebis progno-
zireba da prevencia, meurneobis calkeuli dargebis efeqturobis analizi, teqno-
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genuri narCenebis utilizacia, biomravalferovnebis SenarCuneba daculi terito-

riebis gafarToebis gziT da sxv.
CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiani nawili xasiaTdeba aqtiuri seismuri (9-10 baliani zona)
moqmedebebiT, rasac Tan axlavs intensiuri geodinamiuri procesebi da myinvare-
bis pulsacia. riskis zonaSi warmodgenilia dasaxlebuli punqtebis udidesi nawili,
ris gamoc yovelwliuri materialuri zarali aqauri mosaxleobis, meurneobisa da
infrastruqturisTvis did problemas warmoadgens. mosaxleobis zrda da dasaxle-
bebis gafarToeba, garda istoriuli ganaSenianebisa, axal konfliqtur regionebs
aCens.
ruseTis specialistebi aqtiurad Tvlian ialbuzis da yazbegis vulkanuri masivebis

moqmedebas. mas ukavSireben Tbili airebis xSir gamofrqvevas, Termuli wylebis
gamosasvlelebis arsebobas da maT temperaturas (700-mde). yazbegis siTburma vel-
ma xeli Seuwyo myinvarebis CamoSlas, rasac araerTxel mohyva wyalmovardna da
Rvarcofi. miiCneva, rom am vulkanebis gaaqtiurebis SemTxvevaSi, katastrofis are-
ali moicavs 100 km radiusis mqone teritorias da aTeulobiT msxvil dasaxlebul
punqts.
kavkasionis mTiani sistemis calkeuli monakveTi ganicdis aqtiur azevebas, rac we-
liwadSi 12 – 16 mm Seadgens. amgvari procesi miwisZvrebis da qanebis CamoSlis wina-
pirobaa. dadgenilia, rom yazbegisa da ialbuzis masivis midamoebSi yoveldRiurad
fiqsirdeba aseulobiT mcire simZlavris miwisZvra, romelic ver aRiqmeba mosaxle-
obis mier. Tumca amgvari moqmedeba aisaxeba kldovani masivebis da didi daxrilobis
mqone ferdobebis mdgradobaze, rasac maTi fizikuri daSla da gamofitva mosdevs.
katastroful Sedegebs iwvevs myinvarebis pulsacia, romelsac miakuTvneben 12 my-

invaris auzs. pulsacia myinvaruli masis zrdas ukavSirdeba, rac mis swraf gadaadg-
ilebas iwvevs. pulsaciis Sedegad „mowyvetili“ myinvari da Rvarcofi qmnis droebiT
wyalsacavebs, romlebic wylis eroziis Sedegad ixsnebian da did safrTxes uqmnian
mninareTa xeobebSi mcxovreb mosaxleobas. dadgenilia, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiis
mTiani teritoriis 1/3 Rvarcofebis ganviTarebis zonaSia warmodgenili. analogiur
masStabebs aRwevs Tovlis zvavebis da mewyerebis moqmedeba, rasac xSirad adamianis
msxverpli da didi materialuri zarali mosdevs.
mTis kanoni, romelic specialurad iqna miRebuli CrdiloeT kavkasiisTvis, ganxi-

lavs bunebriv resursebTan dakavSirebul iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa: maTi sakuTre-
bis, gamoyenebis, aRdgenisa da dacvis wesebi; maTi gamoyenebis da dacvis ekonomikuri
safuZvlebi; bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis saxelmwifo regulaciebi; adgilobriv
mcxovrebTa da ucxoel moqalaqeTa uflebebi da valdebulebebi. kanonis mixedviT,
mTians miekuTvneba teritoria, romelsac gaaCnia dadgenili absoluturi simaRle,
danawevrebuli reliefi da landSafti. gamoiyofa sami tipis mTiani teritoria: dab-
ali (zRvis donidan 1500 metramde), saSualo (1500 – 2000) da maRalmTiani (2000 metrze
maRla). Sesabamis zonebSi mcxovreb moqalaqeTa sameurneo saqmianobis formebi da
daculi teritoriebis reJimi regulirdeba ruseTis da CrdiloeT kavkasiis feder-
aciis subieqtebis kanonmdeblobiT.
kanonis mixedviT, CrdiloeT kavkasiis federaciuli erTeulebis xelisuflebis

prioritetebs Sorisaa: mTiani teritoriebis bunebrivi resursebis racionaluri
gamoyeneba, adgilobriv mcxovrebTa sacxovrebeli garemos gaumjobeseba, maTi so-
cialur-ekonomikuri mxardaWera, dasaqmebis xelSewyoba, specialuri anazRaurebiT
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uzrunvelyofa, bunebrivi riskebis prognozireba da prevencia, hidrometeorologi-

ur dakvirvebaTa organizeba, kulturuli memkvidreobis dacva da sxv.
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi aqtiurad ganixileba hidro da energiis aratradiciuli

wyaroebidan miRebis perspeqtivebi. miuxedavad didi energetikuli potencialisa,
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Zalze dabalia mTis mdinarebis energetikuli potencialis ga-
moyenebis masStabebi. aseve umniSvneloa mzis da qaris energiis gamoyenebis praqtika,
romlis potencialiT araerTi regioni (mag. daRestani) gamoirCeva. es gansakuTre-
biT awuxebT maRalmTiani dasaxlebebis mcxovrebT, sadac xSiria energetikuli ava-
riebi. CrdiloeTi kavkasia mdidaria Termuli wylebiT, danergilia didi siRrmidan
maTi mopovebis teqnologiebic, rac perspeqtiul energetikul wyarod miiCneva. aq
dazverilia ramdenime sabado, sadac yoveldRiurad amoedineba 300 aTas m3-mde maRa-
li temperaturis mqone wyali.
CrdiloeTi kavkasia sasoflo-sameurneo regionia. soflad mcxovrebTa raodenoba

da xvedriTi wili mudmivad izrdeba, garda CrdiloeT oseTisa (sadac fiqsirdeba mi-
graciis maRali maCveneblebi). CrdiloeT oseTSi (respublika alania) mcirdeba msx-
vilfexa rqosani pirutyvis raodenoba, TiTqmis aRaravis hyavs cxvari, mosaxleoba
ZiriTad saqmianobas ukavSirebs rekreaciul meurneobas. alaniis xelisufelbam gam-
oyo randenime adgili, sadac igegmeba masStaburi turistuli obieqtebis mSenebloba.
maT Sorisaa mamisonis uReltexilis midamoebi, romelic TviTneburad daikaves 2008
wlis samxedro konfliqtisas. aq apireben turistuli bazis mSeneblobas, romelsac
moemsaxureba 3 aTasamde adamiani. CrdiloeT kavkasiis sxva respublikebSi (CeCneTi,
daRestani, inguSeTi) ZiriTadi aqcenti kvlav soflis meurneobaze keTdeba, ris ga-
moc maRalia moTxovna nayofier miwebsa da saTib-saZovrebze. soflis meurneoba-
Si, gansakuTrebiT ki mecxoveleobaSia dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili.
xSiaria miwebis ganawilebasTan dakavSirebuli konfliqtebi, rac rogorc saxelm-
wifo kanonmdeblobiT, ise adgilobrivi uxucesebis da adaTis wesebis gamoyenebiT
regulirdeba. CrdiloeT kavkasiis dasavleT nawilSi (yabardo-balyareTi, yaraCai-
CerqezeTi) Tanabradaa ganviTarebuli rogorc soflis, ise rekreaciuli meurneba,
rac Savi zRvis kurortebis SedarebiTi siaxloviTa da ialbuzis mTiani masiviTaa
ganpirobebuli. adiReSi ki, romelic yvelaze tyiani da dasavleTiT mdebare respub-
likaa CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, mosaxleoba ZiriTadad turizmis sxvadasxva sferoSia
dasaqmebuli. maTi momsaxurebiT ZiriTadad samxreT ruseTidan mosuli rekreantebi
sargebloben.
ukanasknel wlebSi, ruseTis samecniero da politikur wreebSi araerTxel gaiJRe-

ra mosazrebam, rom TiTqos istoriulad, kavkasionis gverdiT da mTavar wyalgamy-
of qeds Soris arsebuli teritoriebi (xevi, piriqiTa xevsureTi, dvaleTi) ruseTis
istoriuli miwebia. amgvari mosazreba safuZvels uqmnis dapirispirebis axali ker-
ebis gaCenas saqarTvelosa da mis Crdiloel mezobels Soris.
4.4. samxreT kavkasiis geoekologiuri Taviseburebani da

mdgradi ganviTarebis problematika
samxreTi kavkasia mTiani qveyanaa, romlis saSualo simaRle zRvis donidan 602
metrs Seadgens. igi mdebareobs msoflios erT-erT aqtiur seismur sartyelSi, havis
zomieri, subtropikuli da tropikuli sartylebis mijnaze, holarqtikuli floris-
tuli samefos samxreT nawilSi. aq aqtualuria yvela problema (mciremiwianoba,
geodinamiuri procesebi, wylis resursebis ganawileba, satransporto infrastruq-
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turis ganviTareba, mosaxleobis migracia mTidan barSi da sxv.), rac damaxasiaTebe-

lia msoflios TiTqmis yvela mTiani regionisTvis.
samxreTi kavkasia, biomravalferovnebis maCveneblebiT, erT-erT pirvel adgilzea

CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi. aq aRricxulia mcenareulobis 6 aTasze meti saxesxvaoba,
rac farTobis erTeulze gaangariSebiT, regions msoflioSi gamorCeuli, globalu-
ri mniSvnelobis biomravalferovnebis centris status ganusazRvravs.
samxreTi kavkasia aseve gamoirCeva endemizmis maRali doniT – aq mcenareTa da

cxovelTa saxeobebis 1/4 endemuria. magaliTad, marto ZuZumwovrebi 152 saxeobas
iTvlis, romelTagan 30 endemuria. bevria reliqturi saxeobebic. samxreTi kavka-
sia gamoirCeva landSafturi mravalferovnebiTac – igi warmodgenilia msoflios
xmeleTis 0.5%-ze, Tumca aq vxvdebiT dedamiwaze arsebuli landSaftebis 40%. aRsan-
iSnavia isic, rom samxreT kavkasiis landSaftebis 1/10 miekuTvneba xeluxlebelTa
an umniSvnelod gardaqmnilTa kategorias. sainteresoa is faqtic, rom erTgvaro-
vani an transasazRvro landSaftebi, miuxedavad maTi politikuri kuTvnilebisa,
xasiaTdeba aseve erTgvarovani sameurneo gamoyenebis formebiT da ekologiuri
problemebiT. samxreT kavkasiaSi mcxovreb xalxebs axasiaTebs istoriuli, eTniku-
ri, socialur-ekonomikuri, kulturuli ganviTarebis da ekologiuri azrovnebis
garkveuli msgavseba.
samxreT kavkasiis qveynebs, miuxedavad maTi SedarebiT mcire farTobisa (warmod-

genilia ekoregionis farTobis mxolod 1/3-ze), ukaviaT centraluri da sakvanZo
geografiuli mdebareoba kavkasiaSi. mosaxleobis maRali simWidrove, romelic
ZiriTadad gansaxlebulia mTaTaSoris barSi, mdinareTa xeobebSi da mTis qvabuleb-
Si, ganapirobebs am teritoriebze maRal anTropogenul zemoqmedebas.
ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebi, rac axasiaTebs samxreT kavkasiis qveynebis

Tanamedrove mdgomareobas, aisaxeba regionis mdgrad ganviTarebaze mTlianobaSi
da mdgrad ekologiur ganviTarebaze – nawilobriv. erTis mxriv, Secirda bunebriv
garemoze teqnogenuri zemoqmedebis masStabebi, meores mxriv ki, gaizarda interesi
àdvilad mopovebadi~ bunebrivi resursebis (tyeebis, wylis, miwis, rekreaciuli da
sxv.) mimarT. amgvari viTareba ganapirobebs ekologiuri problemebis gamwvavebas.
samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi SeSfoTebiT saubroben katastrofuli xasiaTis geodi-

namiuri procesebis raodenobis da masStabebis zrdaze, gaudabnoebaze, tyeebiT da-
faruli teritoriebis Semcirebaze, meorad daWaobasa da damlaSebaze, wylis obi-
eqtebis dabinZurebaze, wylismier da qarismier eroziaze, miwis resursebis degrad-
aciaze, cxovelTa calkeuli saxeobebis ganadgurebaze da saxeobebis Semcirebaze da
a.S.
amJamad gadaSenebis pirasaa mcenareTa aTeulobiT umaRlesi saxeoba, as saxeobamde

ZuZumwovari, as saxeobaze meti frinveli, 30 saxeobamde reptilian da sxv. miuxe-
davad daculi teritoriebis farTobebis zrdis dadebiTi tendenciisa, biomraval-
ferovnebis SenarCunebis problema kvlav kvlav miekuTvneba umwvavesTa kategorias.
samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi aqtiurad mimdinareobs evropuli faseulobebis dam-

kvidreba. saqarTvelom, azerbaijanma da somxeTma moaxdines saerTaSoriso gare-
mosdacviTi konvenciebis mniSvnelovani nawilis ratificireba, miiRes aTeulobis
ekologiuri kanoni, qmnian daculi teritoriebis qsels (maT Soris transasazRv-
ros), erTad axorcieleben msxvil regionul sameurneo da ekologiur proeqtebs.
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samxreT kavkasiaSi mdgradi ganviTarebis problematika araerT mizezs ukavSirdeba,

romelTagan mniSvnelovania Semdegi:
1. socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis istoriuli Taviseburebani – samxreT ka-

vkasiis qveynebi aTwleulebis manZilze iyo dakavSirebuli yofili sabWoTa kav-
Siris politikuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis miznebsa da amocanebTan, ris gamoc
am regionis qveynebis ekonomika erTmaneTsa da centralizebul sistemaze iyo damok-
idebuli. ukanasknel aTwleulebSi TandaTanobiT xerxdeba sabazro ekonomikaze ga-
dasvla, rac axal da farTo ekonomikur TanamSromlobas uwyos xels. miuxedavad
amisa, samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi jer kidev arsebiTia sameurneo specializaciis
sabWoTa periodis gavlena, rac gansakuTrebiT masStaburia mrewvelobasa da sof-
lis meurneobaSi. aseve rTulad viTardeba sakurorto meurneoba, ramac TiTqmis
sruli katastrofa ganicada me-20 saukunis bolo aTwleulSi mimdinare geopoliti-
kuri procesebis da samxedro dapirispirebis fonze.
XXI saukunis dasawyisSi mkveTrad gaizarda importirebuli produqciis xvedriTi

wili, ramac uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia adgilobrivi warmoebis ganviTarebis per-
speqtivebze da xeli Seuwyo umuSevrobis zrdas.
arsebiTad uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia meurneobis specializaciam da geografiam.

misi produqcia sabWoTa qveynebis moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebaze iyo orientirebuli
da ar iTvaliswinebda adgilobriv resursebsa da potencials. sawarmoo kavSire-
bis moSlam araerTi dargis ganadgureba da Sesabamisi kadrebis diskvalifikacia
gamoiwvia. meurneobis ganlagebis geografiuli Taviseburebani samxreT kavkasiis
mTaTaSoris bars (msxvil dasaxlebul punqtebs) da satransporto magistralebs uka-
vSirdeboda, ris gamoc praqtikulad daicala mTiani teritoriebi da aq demografi-
uli krizisis winapirobebi Seqmna.
meurneobis mTeli rigi dargebi (navTobis gadamamuSavebeli, metalurgia, qimiuri

mrewveloba, samTo-mopovebiTi, transporti, soflis meurneoba da sxv.) TiTqmis ar
iTvaliswinebda mosaxleobis ekologiur moTxovnebs, rac araerT rainSi garemos
degradaciis winapiroba gaxda. miuxedavad sakmaod yovlismomcveli kanonmdeblo-
bisa, ekologiuri problematika (mag., erozia, gaudabnoeba) adgilobrivi social-
ur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erTi xelisSemSleli faqtori gaxda.
2. meurneobis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove tendenciebi – ukanasknel aTwleulebSi

samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi TvalsaCino xdeba socialur-ekonomikuri procesebis
orientacia momsaxurebis sferos, vaWrobasa da komunikaciebze. aRsaniSnavia swraf-
va damoukidebel sasursaTo politikazec, Tumca eqstensiuri soflis meurneoba
ver uzrunvelyofs adgilobriv moTxovnebs. amgvari procesebi da viTareba kidev
ufro damokidebuls xdis adgilobriv meurneobas importirebul produqciaze, rac
savaluto resursebis gauazrebel xarjvas ganapirobebs. mosaxleobis ZiriTadi naw-
ili soflis meurneobaSia dasaqmebuli, rac maTi stabiluri Semosavlebis uzrunve-
lyofas ar ganapirobebs.
soflis meurneoba kvlav rCeba samxreT kavkasiis qveynebis ZiriTad sameurneo spe-
cializaciad. mis ganviTarebas xels uwyobs xelsayreli da mravalferovani agrok-
limaturi da niadaguri resursebi. aq TiTqmis yvelanairi tipis sasursaTo da sam-
rewvelo daniSnulebis agrokulturis moyvanaa SesaZlebeli. arsebiTi warmoebis
tradiciebic, rac kidev ufro mimzidvels xdis amgvar produqcias. soflis meur-
neobaSi warmoebuli nedleuli kvebis mrewvelobis ganviTarebis winapirobaa, rac
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TandaTanobiT iZens ekologiur profils. miuxedavad arsebuli maRali potencial-

isa, regionis qveynebSi importirebulia xorcis, rZis, xorblis, bostneulisa da sxva
araerTi kvebis produqtis mniSvnelovani nawili. aq kvlav aqtualuria niadagebis
damlaSebis, eroziis da nayofierebis dakargvis problemac. soflis meurneobis spe-
cializacia jer kidev atarebs stiqiur xasiaTs da araa ayvanili saxelmwifo poli-
tikis dargSi.
mecxoveleobis ganviTarebisTvis aqtiurad gamoiyeneba kavkasionisa da mcire ka-

vkasionis zafxulis sazovrebi, rasac ver vityviT zamTris saZovrebis SezRudul
arealebze. cnobilia, rom aq intensiuri Zovebis gamo (pirutyvis suladoba dasaSveb
normas 4-5-jer aRemateba) aqtualuria gaudabnoebis da saZovrebis produqtiulobis
Semcirebis problema.
soflis meurneobis eqstensiuri tipi uaryofiTad aisaxeba bunebrivi ekosistemebis

da cocxali samyaros araerTi saxeobis adgilsamyofelze. problemebs amwvavebs
klimatis cvlilebis tendenciebic, rac mTaTaSorisi baris landSaftebis bunebrivi
produqtiulobis Semcirebis winapiroba SeiZleba gaxdes.
3. bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis tendenciebi – samxreT kavkasiaSi araTanabradaa

ganawilebuli energetikuli resursebi. saTbobi wiaRiseuliT mdidaria azerbaija-
ni, xolo hidroenergiiT – saqarTvelo. Sesabamisad, eleqtroenergiis warmoeba
efuZneba arsebul resursebs, xolo somxeTSi igi ZiriTadad atomuri energiis gada-
muSavebiT miiReba. eleqtroenergiis ZiriTadi momxmarebeli mosaxleobaa, Tumca
ukanasknel wlebSi SeimCneva misi gamoyenebis mateba mrewvelobaSi da transportSi.
saqarTveloSi maRalia hidroenergetikis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi, Tumca kvlav
aqtualuri rCeba masTan dakavSirebuli ekologiuri (maT Soris Savi zRvis sanap-
iro zolis SenarCunebis) problemebi da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis protesti (ise-
dac mciremiwian regionebSi).
4. transportis ganviTarebis tendenciebi – samxreT kavkasia transportis ganvi-

Tarebas mis xelsayrel geopolitikur mdebareobas da bunebriv pirobebs unda uma-
dlodes. igi ukve gaxda abreSumis gzis arsebiTi monakveTi, evropis da centraluri
aziis damakavSirebeli xidi, ruseTis da wina aziis satransporto arteria. umniS-
vnelovanes rols TamaSobs kaspiis da Savi zRvebi, romlebic mdinareebiT da arx-
ebiT akavSirebs evropis, axlo aRmosavleTis da centraluri aziis qveynebs.
mTiani teritoriebis maRali xvedriTi wili ganapirobebs saavtomobilo mgzavrT-

brunvisa da tvirTbrunvis maRal maCveneblebs, rac ekologiuri viTarebis gamwvave-
bis winapirobaa. gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgas atmosferos dabinZurebis problema
qvabulis tipis dasaxlebebSi (Tbilisi, erevani, vanaZori da sxv.). mas, garda avto-
manqanebis raodenobisa, xels uwyobs maTi teqnikuri mdgomareoba da sawvavis dab-
ali xarisxi.
msoflio geopolitikur mniSvnelobas iZens navTobisa da gazis satransporto ma-

gistralebi, romelTa intensiuri gamoyenebis istoria erT saukunes aRemateba. nav-
Tobisa da gazis nakadebi rogor aRmosavleT – dasavleTis (centraluri azia –
azerbaijani – saqarTvelo – TurqeTi – evropa), ise CrdiloeT – samxreTis (ruseTi
– saqarTvelo – somxeTi – irani) mimarTulebisaa. milsadenebiT energoresursebis
transportireba zrdis ekologiuri usafrTxoebis risks, rac rogorc SesaZlo te-
qnogenur avariebs, ise maRal seismurobas ukavSirdeba. samxreT kavkasiaSi tvirT-
brunvis zrda Savi da kaspiis zRvis dabinZurebis winapirobacaa.
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5. tyis resursebis mopovebis masStabebi – tyis resursebs gansakuTrebiT didi mniS-

vneloba aqvs mTian soflebSi mcxovrebTaTvis. iq, sadac maRalia mosaxleobis sim-
Widrove, Sesabamisad aseve maRalia tyis resursebis gamoyenebis masStabebi. anTro-
pogenuli faqtori gaxda javaxeTis vulkanuri platos da erevnis qvabulis udidesi
nawilis amJamindeli utyeobis mizezi. aq misi adgili naxevradudabnoebma da mTis
stepebma daikava.
me-20 saukunis manZilze samxreT kavkasiis tyeebma „daisvenes“, radgan aq ZiriTadad

ruseTidan Semotanili iafi xe-tye gamoiyeneboda. tyeebis usistemo da mtaceblur
gamoyenebas adgili hqonda ukanasknel aTwleulebSi, rac araerT regionSi geo-
dinamiuri procesebis gaaqtiureba mohyva. somxeTSi, azerbaijansa da aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi tyeebis eqsploatacia gansakuTrebul sifrTxiles moiTxovs, radgan
aq Zalze dabalia maTi TviTaRdgenisTvis saWiro produqtiuli teni (gansakuTrebiT
zafxulis anu aqtiuri vegetaciis periodSi).
tyis resursebiT mdidaria saqarTvelo, rac mis geografiul mdebareobas, siTbosa

da tenis ganawilebas ukavSirdeba. isini aregulireben haeris sinotives, naleqebis
ganawilebas, miwisqveSa wylebis raodenobas, siTbocvlas, qaris siCqares, Jangbadis,
mtvris da naxSirorJangis raodenobas, araerT sxva geoekologiur procesess. tyee-
bi cocxali samyaros saukeTeso TavSesafaria, rac gansakuTrebuls xdis maT ekolo-
giur mniSvnelobas.
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis cxovrebis done da mezobeli qveynebSi arsebuli maRali

moTxovna pirdapir kavSirSia tyeebis gamoyenebis formebTan da meTodebTan, rac
samxreT kavkasiaSi kvlav rCeba erT-erT aqtualur problemad mdgradi ekologiu-
ri ganviTarebisTvis.
6. mosaxleoba dinamikis tendenciebi – samxreT kavkasiaSi 17 milionamde mcxovre-

bia. SedarebiT swrafad izrdeba azerbaijanis mosaxleobis raodenoba, rasac ver
vityviT saqarTvelosa da somxeTze. aq gansakuTrebulad saSiSi masStabebi miiRo
migraciam da SeiaraRebulma konfliqtebma, rac araerTi regionis gaudaburebis sa-
frTxe Seqmna. sxvadasxva monacemebiT, samxreT kavkasiis qveynebi datova 4 milion-
amde mcxovrebma, ramac arsebiTad Secvala demografiuli foni da mosaxleobis asa-
kobrivi struqtura. TvalSisacemia mosaxleobis did qalaqebSi masiuri Tavmoyris
tendencia (Tbilisi, erevani), rac amwvavebs socialur-ekonomikur viTarebas da
periferiebis normaluri ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas. saqarTvelosa da somxeTis
dedaqalaqebSi, oficialuri monacemebiT, mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis 1/3 cxov-
robs, rac 5-6 -jer aRemateba meore qalaqis (baTumi, giumri) analogiur maCvenebels.
urbanizaciis masStabebi amZimebs ekologiur fons da arTulebs socialur-ekonomi-

kur viTarebas. msxvili dasaxlebuli punqtebis farglebSi da maT siaxloves maRal
maCveneblebs aRwevs atmosferuli haeris, niadagebis da wylebis dabinZureba, saso-
flo-sameurneo savarguleebis da biomravalferovnebis degradacia.
7. geopolitikuri viTareba da samxedro konflitebi – samxreT kavkasiaSi mdgra-

di ganviTarebis arsebiTi xelisSemSleli faqtoria Ria da Sefaruli politikuri
konflitebi, rac ukanasknel aTwleulebSi araerTi da permanentuli samxedro da-
pirispirebis mizezi gaxda. regionis samive qveyana faqtiur saomar mdgomareoba-
Sia, rac aisaxeba ekonomikur, socialur da ekologiur viTarebaze. konflitebis
ZiriTadi nawili teritoriul pretenziebs ukavSirdeba, rac TiTqmis mougvarebel
problemad rCeba regionis mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis.
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8. bunebrivi riskebi da stiqiuri movlenebi – samxreT kavkasia aqtiur seismur re-

gionSia warmodgenili, rac geografiul faqtorebTan erTad, ganapirobebs maRal
bunebriv riskebs da stiqiur movlenaTa katastroful da mravalferovan xasiaTs.
regionisTvis damaxasiaTebelia katastroful movlenaTa da procesTa TiTqmis yve-
la saxeoba, rac ki cnobilia msoflioSi. samxreT kavkasiaSi ar fiqsirdeba vul-
kanebis moqmedeba, tropikuli qariSxlebi, grandiozuli wyaldidobebi da wyalmo-
vardnebi. am SemTxvevaSi mTebi erTgvar TavdacviT funqcias iTavseben. Tumca aseve
mTebs ukavSirdeba mewyruli da Rvarcofuli procesebis xSiri xasiaTi, Tovlisa da
qvis zvavebis, yinvebis da gvalvis, setyvisa da qarborbalas intensivoba. maT arsebi-
Ti ekonomikuri zianis moyeneba SeuZliaT. Zalze cota ram keTdeba stiqiuri movlen-
ebis prevenciisa da prognozisaTvis. TiTqmis mTlianadaa moSlili meteorologiur
da hidrologiur dakvrvebaTa qseli, rac arTulebs garemoSi mimdinare procesebis
monitorings.
mewyruli procesebi ZiriTadad saSualo mTebisa da maRali danestianebis pirobeb-

Si viTardeba, rasac xels aseve uwyobs miwisZvrebi, miwisqveSa wylebi (gansakuTre-
biT wyalsacavebis siaxloves), adamianis sameurneo saqmianoba, geologiuri age-
buleba da reliefis eqspozicia. Rvarcoful nakadebs didi zianis motana da meora-
di procesebis gaaqtiureba (mewyruli sxeulebis Seqmna) SeuZliaT. maTi intensivoba
ukavSirdeba mdinareTa xeobebSi fizikuri gamofitvis Sedegad dagrovili naSalis
masalis raodenobas da wylis masebis gadaadgilebis intensivobas. Rvarcofuli
procesebi ZiriTadad saSualo da dabali mTebis, advilad Sladi qanebis, degra-
direbuli tyeebis da intensiuri wvimebis gavrcelebis arealebisTvisaa damaxasi-
aTebeli. wyaldidobebi damaxasiaTebelia im dabalmTiani da vake reliefis mqone
regionebisTvis, romlis farglebSi arsebul mdinareTa sazrdooba atmosferuli
naleqebis (gansakuTrebiT Tovlis) maRali maCveneblebiT gamoirCeva. aq misi xangr-
Zlivoba, gazafxulsa da zafxulis dasawyisSi, zogjer ramdenime Tves aRwevs. wyal-
didobis intensivoba izrdeba maSin, roca Tovlis dnobas emTxveva didi raodeno-
bis wvima. maTi regulireba mxolod wyalsacavebiT da napirdamcavi nagebobebiTaa
SesaZlebeli. Tovlis zvavebi samxreT kavkasiis maRalmTianeTis erT-erTi arsebiTi
stiqiuri movlenaa. misi formirebis ZiriTadi areali 2-4 aTasi metri simaRlis
farglebSi, maRali daxrilobis da utyeo ferdobebzea warmodgenili. zvavebi aseve
xSirad aRiniSneba sxva simaRlebriv diapazonSic, rac mosaxleobisa da satranspor-
to komunikaciebisTvis didi materialuri zianis momtania. miwisZvrebis intensivoba
da sixSire kavkasiis regionis seismur aqtivobas ukavSirdeba. maT araerTxel hqon-
da katastrofuli xasiaTi. miwisZvris Sedegad CamoSlili mTis qanebis CaxergviTaa
Seqmnili araerTi cnobili tba (riwa, amtyeli, gei-geli da sxv.). miwisZvrebis sixSire
da intensivoba gansakuTrebiT gaizarda ukanaskneli naxevari saukunis manZilze. ka-
vkasiaSi miwisZvrebis epicentri dedamiwis zedapirTan SedarebiT axlos (20-30 km-ze)
mdebareobs, riTac gamoirCeva igi msoflios sxva aqtiuri seismuri regionidan da
riTac ganpirobebulia maT mier gamowveuli maRali materialuri zarali. gvalva
kavkasiis aRmosavleTi da samxreTi nawilis regionebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli stiqi-
uri movlenaa, rac ZiriTadad ariduli da semiariduli havis olqebisTvisaa da-
maxasiTebeli. misi aqtualoba kidev ufro izrdeba klimatis cvlilebasTan erTad.
gvalvis intensivobis zrdis uaryofiTi Sedegebi, rac gaudabnoebas da gaudaburebas
ukavSirdeba, TvalsaCinoa somxeTis da azerbaijanis araerT raionSi. misi pravencia
wylis resursebis racionalur da efeqtur gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba, risi mniSvne-
lobac (klimaturi prognozebidan gamomdinare) momavalSi kidev ufro gaizrdeba.
153
samxreT kavkasiaSi landSafturi dagegmarebis mniSvneloba da ZiriTadi principebi
samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis tendenciebi, radgan ar

efuZneba bunebaTsargeblobis erTian principebs da ar iTvaliswinebs teritori-
uli dagegmarebis erTian meTodologias, SeiZleba gaxdes seriozuli barieri ara
marto mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis, aramed xelisSemSleli winapiroba regionuli
TanamSromlobisaTvis. landSafturi dagegmarebas, rogorc evropaSi ekologiurad
orientirebuli teritoriuli dagegmarebis aprobirebul da mniSvnelovan instru-
ments, efeqturad SeuZlia samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi bunebaTsargeblobasTan daka-
vSirebuli procesebis harmonizacia.
landSafturi dagegmareba sasurvelia ganxorcielebul iqnes ramdenime proncipis

gaTvaliswinebiT:
aqtualobis principi – samxreT kavkasia msoflios ganviTarebadi regionia, romelic

garkveulwilad icvlis sameurneo profils da miwaTsargeblobis formebs. aq erT-
erT mTavar problemad warmoCindeba tyis fondis da meurneobis tradiciuli forme-
bis SenarCuneba. garda amisa, icvleba demografiuli fonic – mosaxleoba tovebs mTian
regionebs da ZiriTadad miiswrafvis msxvil dasaxlebul punqtebsa da mTaTaSoris
baris raionebisken. geopolitikuri mdebareobidan gamomdinare, samxreTi kavkasia
aRmoCnda ara marto saerTaSoriso korporaciebis, aramed calkeuli qveynebis da
politikuri blokebis interesebis arealSi. aq realizdeba masStaburi satransporto,
samSeneblo, energetikuli, rekreaciuli da garemosdacviTi proeqtebi.
unikalobis principi – samxreTi kavkasia msoflioSi cnobilia gamorCeuli bune-

brivi, biologiuri da landSafturi mravalferovnebiT. aq warmodgenilia im bune-
brivi zonebis vertikaluri sartyluroba, romlebsac gaaCniaT sameurneo gamoy-
enebis individualuri formebi da analogebi msoflios zomieri, subtropikuli da
tropikuli sartylis mTian sistemebSi. samxreTi kavkasia gamoirCeva biologiuri
mravalferovnebiT – igi mdidaria cocxali samyaros saxeobrivi SedgenilobiT,
reliqtebiTa da endemebiT, mravalricxovani biotopebiTa da ekotonebiT. aq sam-
kurnalo TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba 100 mcenareuli saxeoba, uamravi mineraluri wyaro,
zafxulisa da zamTris kurortebi, Savi zRvis sanapiro zoli, aseulobiT mdinaris
xeoba da rekreaciuli obieqti.
socialur-ekonomikuri daZabulobis principi – samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi yovel-

wliurad izrdeba mTaTaSorisi baris da qvabulebis, msxvili wyalsatevebis da Savi
zRvis sanapiro zolis landSaftebze anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis masStabebi. aseve
matulobs wylis, tyis da mineraluri resursebis mopovebis moculoba. aqtiurad
icvleba landSafti. soflis meurneobaSi swrafad izrdeba mecxoveleobis da me-
marcvleobis xvedriTi wili, degradacias ganicdis subtropikuli meurneoba. sakma-
od dabalia mosaxleobis Semosavlebi da erTferovania samomxmareblo kalaTa.
samxreT kavkasiis araerT raionSi mosaxleoba ikavebs iseT adgilebs, romlebic

gamoirCevian maRali ekologiuri riskiT. energetikuli miznebiT iCexeba msxvili
dasaxlebuli punqtebis mimdebare mwvane zolis tyeebi da sasoflo-sameurneo savar-
guleebis qardamcavebi. amgvari viTareba zrdis eroziuli procesebis intensivobas
da amcirebs sursaTis warmoebis maCveneblebs.
ekologiuri daZabulobis principi – samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi ekologiuri pro-

blemebi ukavSirdeba aTeulobiT saxeobis konfliqts, romlebic SesaZlebelia kla-
154
sificirdes faqtorebisa da procesebis mixedviT. mis mixedviT SesaZlebelia gamoi-

yos bunebrivi, anTropogenuli da samarTlebrivi konfliqtebi.
bunebrivi konfliqtebi ganpirobebulia: aqtiuri geodinamiuri procesebiT saSua-

lo da maRali mTis landSaftebSi, rac ukavSirdeba geologiur agebulebas, seismur
aqtrivobas, reliefis daxrilobas, klimatur da anTropogenul procesebs; wyaldi-
dobebsa da wyalmovardnebs, dakavSirebuls tyeebis eqspluataciasTan da klimaturi
pirobebis cvlasTan; aramdgradi teritoriebis masStabebs, rac regionis saerTo
farTobis naxevars Seadgens.
anTropogenuli konfliqtebi ganpirobebulia: mosaxleobis maRali simWidroviT

vakis, gorak-borcvebis, dabali mTisa da mTaTaSorisi qvabulebis landSaftebSi; sa-
transporto komunikaciebis xSir SemTxvevaSi stiqiuri ganviTarebis tendenciebiT;
Zovebis intensivobiT maRali mTis subalpur da alpur, mTaTaSorisi baris stepur
da naxevradudabnos landSaftebSi; procesebiT, rac mosdevs tyiani teritoriebis
`gamonTavisuflebas~ kulturuli mcenareulobisa da mecxoveleobisaTvis; sasoflo
sameurneo saqmianobis (gansakuTrebiT memcenareobis) formebiT mTian teritorieb-
ze; xelovnur tyis masivebze maRal anTropogenul datvirTvas.
samarTlebrivi konfliqtebi ZiriTadad ukavSirdeba im teritoriebis aqtiur gam-

oyenebas, romlebic daculia kanoniT. amgvaria: sanapiro zolis, mdinareTa kalapo-
tispira, subalpuri, hidromorfuli da sxv. landSaftebi, mwvane zonis da sakuror-
to tyeebi.
4.5. kavkasiis qveynebi

TurqeTi
TurqeTi geografiulad mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia evropisa da aziis Sesayarze,

xmelTaSua auzis qveynebs Soris, subtropikul sartyelSi (xmelTaSuazRviuri land-
Saftebis gavrcelebis arealSi. igi akontrolebs bosforisa da dardanelis sru-
teebs, ris gamoc arsebiT geopolitikur rols TamaSobs Savi zRvis auzis qveynebi-
sTvis. misi sazRvris sigrZe 8300 km aRemateba, romlis 1/7 ramdenime zRvis sanapi-
ros miyveba. aq warmodgenilia ramdenime aTeuli mniSvnelovani yure, rac sazRvao
transportis da saerTaSoriso gadazidvebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani resursia.
TurqeTi 8 saxelmwifos esazRvreba, rac mis xelsayrel ekonomikur da satranspor-
to geografiul mdebareobaze metyvelebs.
TurqeTi mTiani qveyanaa, romlis saSualo simaRle 1100 metrs aRemateba. vake-dablobe-
bi warmodgenilia mdinareTa xeobebSi da anatoliis zeganze, romelic dasavleTidan
aRmosavleTi mimarTulebiT TandaTan maRldeba. wylis resursebiT mdidaria Savi
zRvis auzis mdinareebi, rasac ver vityviT TurqeTi centralur da samxreT nawilze.
mosaxleobis ganawileba da meurneobis ganviTarebis interesebi moiTxovs didi ra-
odenobis da moculobis wyalsacavebis mSeneblobas, rac intensiurad mimdinareobs
wyliT deficitur raionebsa da sakurorto zonebis siaxloves. masStaburadaa gamoy-
enebuli SuamdinareTis mdinareebis – tigrosisa da evfratis wylis resursebi, praq-
tikulad aTvisebulia md. Woroxis da xmelTaSua zRvis mdinareebis auzi. TurqeTSi
iRebs saTaves kavkasiis udidesi mdinareebi – mtkvari da araqsi.
TurqeTi, misi geografiuli mdebareobidan da bunebrivi pirobebidan gamomdinare,

gamoirCeva biologiuri da landSafturi mravalferovnebiT. landSafturi mraval-
155
ferovneba ukavSirdeba rogorc klimatur (subtropikuli sartylis yvela nairsax-

eoba), ise simaRlebriv sartylurobas da sanapiro qedebis barierul Tvisebebs.
nayofieri miwis resursebiT da wiaRiseuliT TurqeTi Raribia. gansakuTrebiT

aradamakmayofilebelia qveynis navTobproduqtebiT uzrunvelyofis done, rac mas
energodamokidebuls xdis. sakmaodaa naxSiris da uranis resursebi, rac Tbo da
atomuri energetikis ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleva. igive iTqmis rkinis da feradi
liTonebis wiaRiseulze, romelTa maragebi ramdenime miliard tonas aRwevs.
TurqeTis meurneoba gamorCeulia wina aziasa da kavkasiis regionSi. erToblivi

erovnuli produqtis maCveneblebiT igi msoflios wamyvan 30 qveyanas Sorisaa. mo-
saxleobis TiTqmis naxevari dasaqmebulia momsaxurebis sferoSi, 1/3 – soflis meur-
neobaSi, 1/5 ki mrewvelobaSi, rac garkveulwilad aCvenebs qveynis sameurneo ganvi-
Tarebis Taviseburebebs. masStabebiT gamoirCeva kvebis, msubuqi, qimiuri mrewveloba,
manqanaTmSenebloba da metalurgia. soflis meurneobidan wamyvania memcenareoba,
romelic dargSi warmoebuli produqciis 2/3 qmnis. agraruli seqtori saxelmwifos
arsebiTi mxardaWeriT sargeblobs, rac gansakuTrebiT uwyobs xels memarcvleobis,
mebostneobis da teqnikuri kulturebis warmoebis ganviTarebas. swrafi tempebiT
viTardeba transporti, gansakuTrebiT misi sazRvao, saaviacio da milsadeni mimar-
Tulebebi. TurqeTs yovelwliurad stumrobs ramdenime aTeuli milioni turisti,
romelTaTvis gansakuTrebiT popularulia xmelTaSua da egeosis zRvis kurortebi.
socialur-ekonomikuri maCveneblebi 2013 2017

mosaxleoba, mln kaci 76.7 80.8
eep, erT mcxovrebze, aTasi $ 12.4 10.5
mrewvelobis xvedriTi wili, % 7.2 8.4
inflaciis maCvenebeli, % 7.0 15.5
savaWro balansi, mlrd $ - 80 - 59
eqsporti, mlrd $ 162 166
TurqeTis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili qalaqebSi cxovrobs. mosaxleobis raode-

noba neli tempebiT izrdeba, ris gamoc SenarCunebulia asakobrivi struqturis nor-
maluri maCveneblebi. sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba 72 wels, xolo pensionerTa
xvedriTi wili 6% aRwevs. pensiis misaRebad, saxelmwifo organizaciebSi momuSve
qalebisTvis sakmarisia 20, xolo mamakacebisTvis 25 wlis staJi. minimaluri asaki,
romlis gadalaxvis Semdeg moqalaqes eniSneba pensia, 62 welia. mosaxleobis eTniku-
ri Semadgenloba regionebis mixedviT gansxvavebulia. TurqeTis aRmosavleT nawil-
Si SedarebiT kompaqturad cxovroben qarTvelebi da somxebi, samxreT-aRmosavleT
nawilSi ki qurTebi (15 mln-ze meti) da ebraelebi.
irani
irans geografiulad centraluri adgili ukavia axlo da Sua aRmosavleTis qveynebs

Soris. mas uSualod esazRvreba 7 qveyana, xolo sazRvao sazRvari gaaCnia kidev 8
saxelmwifosTan. teritoriis farTobis mixedviT (1.65 mln km2) mas me-17 adgili uka-
via msoflioSi. irani mTiani qveyanaa, rac udides gavlenas axdens rogorc mis kli-
matze, ise mosaxleobis ganlagebaze da meurneobis ganviTarebaze. mTiani reliefi
xels uSlis notio haeris masebis gavrcelebas, ric gamoc irani mSrali subtropi-
kuli havis olqSia warmodgenili. omanisa da sparseTis yuris areali tropikuli
156
haviT xasiaTdeba. mdinarebi cotaa, ris gamoc didia miwisqveSa wylebis gamoyenebis
tradiciebi da masStabebi.
irani msoflioSi gamoirCeva navTobis (me-5 adgili), bunebrivi airis (me-2 adgi-
li), qvanaxSiris, rkinis madnis, marganecis da feradi liTonebis (spilenZi, titani,
cinki da sxv.) maragiT. mcenareulobis gavrceleba emTxveva naleqebis ganawilebis
geografiul Taviseburebebs: CrdiloeT nawilSi, elbrusis mTianeTis farglebSi,
warmodgenilia farTofoTlovani tyeebi subtropikuli qvetyis elementebiT; dasav-
leTiT, zagrosis mTianeTSi, gavrcelebulia semihumiduri klimatisTvis damaxasi-
aTebeli mcenareuloba muxis dominirebiT (romelic Zlieradaa transformirebuli
intensiuri mosaqonleobis gavlenis Sedegad); samxreTiT da aRmosavleTiT – semi-
ariduli stepebi da naxevradudabnoebi, mdinareTa xeobebSi -Walis tyeebi da Waobis
mcenareuloba.
iranis mosaxleoba, romelic 80 milions aRemateba, amjamad SedarebiT neli tem-

pebiT izrdeba. sqesobrivi struqtura TiTqmis Tanabaria, sicocxlis saSualo xan-
grZlivoba ki 70 wels aRwevs. mosaxleobis TiTqmis 2/3 Seadgens rogorc 15 – dan 65
wlamde, aseve 30 wlamde asakis mcxovrebni. amgvari asakobrivi struqtura dasaqme-
bis da ganaTlebis problemebs ganapirobebs. sakmaod didia erayidan da avRaneTidan
ltolvilTa ricxvi, rac 1 milions aRemateba. qalaqad cxovrobs mosaxleobis 65%.
mosaxleobis eTnikur SemadgenlobaSi sWarboben sparsebi (50%), qurTebi (7%), azer-
baijaneli Turqebi, Turqmenebi, arabebi, somxebi, ebraelebi da sxv.
erToblivi erovnuli produqti, erT sul mcxovrebze gaangariSebiT, 7500 aSS

dolars aRwevs, ris mixedviTac irani saSualoze mdidar qveyanaTa ricxvs miekuT-
vneba. mrewvelobis wili 1/3-ze metia, xolo soflis meurneobis – 11%-ia. mrewvelo-
baSi wamyvani adgili navTobqimiur warmoebas ekuTvnis, xolo soflis meurneobaSi
– xorblis, brinjis, bambis, Saqris Warxlis da sxva produqciis warmoebas. sarwyavi
miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebis Sedegad, irani arsebiTad ikmayofilebs moTxovnas
pirveladi sakvebi produqtebis da msubuqi mrewvelobis nedleulze. eqsportze didi
raodenobiT gadis Ciri, saneleblebi, xizilala, Tambaqo da sxv. eqsporti mniS-
vnelovnad aRemateba imports, rac xelsayrel garemos qmnis ekonomikis ganviTare-
bisTvis. tramsportis saxeobaTa Soris upiratesad ganviTarebulia saavtomobilo,
milsadeni da sazRvao saxeobebi.
iranis soflis meurneoba sarwyav miwaTmowmedebas efuZneba. saxnavi miwebi qveynis

1/5-zea warmodgenilia, romlis udidesi nawili kaspiis zRvis midamoebSi da qvey-
nis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi gvxvdeba. samxreT nawilSi miwaTmoqmedeba sarwyav
sistemebs ukavSirdeba, romlis ganviTareba iranis udides tradiciebs efuZneba.
iranSi turizmis ganviTareba araerTxel Seferxda saomari moqmedebebis Tu ekono-

mikuri daZabulobis fonze. didia moTxovna religiur vizebze, rasac moiTxovs
mezobeli qveynebis muslimuri mosaxleoba. Tu maTi interesi religiuri (wminda)
adgilebis monaxulebaa, evropelebs iranSi uZvelesi istoriuli da kulturuli
Zeglebi ainteresebT.
iranis vaWrobaSi ZiriTadi adgili ukavia navTobisa da navTobproduqtebis, li-

Tonuri wiaRiseulis da soflis meurneobis produqciis eqsports. importSi
Warbobs manqanaTmSeneblobis nawarmi, qsovili, qaRaldi da sxv. mis mTavar savaWro
partniorTa Sorisaa CineTi, iaponia, italia, samxreTi korea, germania, TurqeTi,
holandia, ruseTi, safrangeTi da sxva qveynebi.
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ruseTi
ruseTi, teritoriis mixedviT, msoflios udidesi saxelmwifoa. igi 14 qveyanas, 3

okeanes da 12 zRvas esazRvreba. farTobis udidesi nawili vakeebs ukavia, rac geolo-
giuri ganviTarebis istorias ukavSirdeba. mTebi ZiriTadad sasazRvro zolSi – qvey-
nis samxreT da aRmosavleT nawilSia warmodgenili.
ruseTi federaciuli saxelmwifoa, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis 21 respublika, 9

mxare da 46 olqi da sxva administraciuli subieqtebi.
teritoriis sidide ganapirobebs bunebriv da Sesabamisad, landSaftur mraval-

ferovnebas. klimaturi pirobebi pirdapir kavSirSia wylis resursebis ganawile-
basTan, romlis udidesi nawili warmodgenilia 3 milionamde mdinaresa da tbaSi,
miwisqveSa wylebisa da maradi mzralobis saxiT.
qveyana srulad uzrunvelyofs moTxovnas bunebriv resursebze, xolo maTi unrav-

lesoba eqsportze gadis. aq warmodgenilia msoflios qvanaxSirisa da torfis nax-
evari, navTobisa da gazis 1/3, rkinis madnis 40%, fosforitebisa da apatitis ¼, hi-
droenergetikuli resursebis 1/15. saTbob-energetikuli resursebis udidesi nawili
warmodgenilia aRmosavleT da CrdiloeT nawilSi, rac arTulebs maT mopovebas
da zrdis TviTRirebulebas. tyeebs ukavia qveynis teritoriis 45%, romlis mixedviT
erT sul mcxovrebze modis 5 ha tyiani teritoria.
geografiuli mdebareoba da teritoriis sidide ramdenime geografiul Tavise-

burebas ganapirobebs. maT Sorisaa: bunebrivi resursebis simdidre, gansaxlebis
uTanabro xasiaTi, sameurneo aTvisebisa da ganviTarebis mkveTri gansxvaveba, mosax-
leobis eTnikuri da religiuri siWrele, regionuli kontrastebi, konfliqturi re-
gionebis da mezoblebTan politikuri dapirispirebis arseboba, ekonomikuri inter-
esebis gatarebisTvis dapirispirebuli zonebis (ukraina, baltiispireTi, moldova,
saqarTvelo da sxv.) arseboba.
ruseTis udidesi nawili warmodgenilia zomier da civ klimatur sartyelSi, ris

gamoc arasasurveli agroklimaturi resursebi aqtiurad moqmedebs soflis meur-
neobis ganviTarebaze. igive faqtori moqmedebs urbanul, mrewvelobis da trans-
portis ganviTarebaze. amis gamoa, rom qveynis dasavleT, samxreT da aRmosavleT
regionebs Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebaa meurneobis specializaciis da mosaxleobis
ganawilebis mixedviT.
ruseTSi soflis meurneobis ganviTareba urTierTsapirispiro problematikas uka-

vSirdeba. Tu mis CrdiloeT nawilSi igi siTbos naklebobas da tenis siWarbes ukav-
Sirdeba, samxeT nawilSi mas piriqiTi xasiaTi aqvs – siTboa sakmarisi, teni ki defi-
cituri. aq periodulad aRiniSneba mousavliani wlebi, rac moiTxovs araerT kvebis
produqtis saxelmwifo maragis Seqmnas. igive iTqmis mesaqonleobaze, rac msxvil-
fexa saqonlisTvis daTbunebuli sadgomis mSebeblobas da didi raodenobiT sakve-
bis damzadebas moiTxovs. amis gamoa, rom qveynis soflis meurneoba energetikuli
resursebis mniSvnelovan moxmarebas ukavSirdeba da saxelmwifo dotacias moiTx-
ovs, rac Zalian did finansur saxsrebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
didi problemebi ukavSirdeba wylis resursebis ganawilebis da moxmarebis

Taviseburebebs. mdinareTa wylis resursebi ZiriTadad formirdeba Tovlis dnobis
Sedegad, romlis xarisxi dabalia da umeteswilad mrewvelobas da soflis meur-
158
neobaSi moixmareba. amjamad ruseTis mosaxleobis TiTqmis 10% moixmars sasmelad

uvargis, xolo 40% – dabali xarisxis sasmel wyals.
ruseTis mosaxleoba, 2018 wlis 1 ianvrisTvis, 147 milion mcxovrebs aRwevs. qalaqad
mcxovrebTa xvedriTi wili ¾ aRwevs da 3-jer aRemateba soflad mcxovrebi mosax-
leobis raodenobas. mosaxleoba umniSvnelod izrdeba, isic migraciis xarjze. bune-
brivi mateba Zalian dabalia, ris gamoc gardacvlilTa raodenoba 8%-iT aRemateba
dabadebulTa ricxvs.
weli mosaxleobis raodenoba, mateba/kleba

mln kaci
1897 67.5 +
1939 108 +
1959 102 -
1980 138 +
2000 146.9 +
2018 146.9
mosaxleobis saSualo simWidrove Seadgens 8.6 kacs/kv/km-ze, rac Zalze araTanabradaa

ganawilebuli. teritoriis 21%-ze anu ruseTis evropul nawilSi cxovrobs mosaxle-
obis 70%, sadac simWidrove 27 kacs aRwevs. sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba mud-
mivad izrdeba da amjamad Seadgens 72.6 wels. mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobaSi 2/3
Seadgens 15 – 65 wlis adamianebi. amJamad ruseTis dedaqalaq moskovSi 12.5 milioni
mcxovrebia, sankt – peterburgSi – 5.3, xolo novosibirskSi – 1.6 milioni. amgvari ga-
nawileba kidev erTxel miuTiTebs mosaxleobis asimetriul geografiaze, rac qvey-
anas decentralizaciis problemis winaSe ayenebs.
kavkasiaSi ruseTis militaristuli da imperiuli politika araerT problemas qm-

nis mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis. es gansakuTrebiT aisaxeba saqarTveloze, romlis
ori regioni okupirebulia Crdiloeli mezoblis mier.
azerbaijani
azerbaijani xuT saxelmwifos esazRvreba. misi farTobi 86.6 aTasi kv.km-ia. mosax-
leobis mniSvnelovani nawili (51%) qalaqad cxovrobs. administraciulad iyofa 59
raionad, 11 qalaqad da erT avtonomiur respublikad.
azerbaijani mdidaria sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT – navTobiT da gaziT, Savi da fe-

radi liTonebiT, samSeneblo masalebiT da mineraluri wyleiT. klimati subtropi-
kulia, iyofa mSral (dasavleTi) da notio (aRmosavleTi) subtropikebad. zafxulSi
hava ZiriTadad adgilobrivi haeris cirkulaciis Sedegad formirdeba, ris gamoc
wlis es sezoni mSralida cxelia. zamTarSi didia CrdiloeTis yinulovani okean-
is da cimbirSi formirebuli faeris masebis gavlena, rac dabal temperaturas da
SedarebiT maRal naleqianobas ganapirobebs. mdinareTa qseli ukavSirdeba nale-
qebis ganawilebas, rac maRali maCveneblebiT mxolod saSualo mTebSi gamoirCe-
va. qveyanaSi ZiriTad mdinareebs tranzituli xasiaTi aqvs, ris gamoc azerbaijani
garkveulwilad damokidebulia mezobel qveynebSi wylis moxmarebis kulturasa da
moculobasTan.
meurneobis udidesi nawili ukavSirdeba navTobisa da gazis mopovebasa da gada-

muSavebas. misi maragiT da produqciis realizaciiT dainteresebulia bevri ucxou-
159
ri kompania, ris gamoc aq didi moculobiT investiciebi xorcieldeba. navTobisa

da gazis transportireba ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT – samxreTi da CrdiloeTi
kavkasiis gavliT xorcieldeba, rac politikuri dapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi sa-
frTxis Semcvelia. investorebidan ZiriTadad navTobkompaniebi gamoirCeva, romel-
Ta Sorisaa didi britaneTis, aSS-s, ruseTis , norvegiis, iaponiis da sxva qveynebis
warmomadgenlebi.
ganviTarebis maRali doniT xasiaTdeba soflis meurneobac, romelic zonaluri

specializaciiT xasiaTdeba. sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebisTvis gamosadegia terito-
riis TiTqmis naxevari, romlis ZiriTadi nawili marcvleuls, teqnikur kulturebs
(bamba, Tambaqo), subtropikul kulturebs (xurma, Cai, broweuli) da saTib-saZovrebs
ukavia. didi raodenobiT iwarmoeba abreSumis da matylis qsovili. mosaxleobis
moTxovna adgilobrivi warmoebis kvebis produqtebiT mxolod 15%-iT kmayofil-
deba, rac zrdis importis maCveneblebs.
azerbaijanSi maRalia umuSevrobis done, rac mosaxleobis migracias ganapirobebs.

migrantebis ZiriTadi nawili mezobel saxelmwifoebSi muSaobs vaWrobis, soflis
meurneobisa da navTobqimiuri mrewvelobis sferoSi.
azerbaijanSi kargadaa ganviTarebuli transporti, maT Soris gansakuTrebiT mniS-

vnelovani ki navTbproduqtebis ga gazis milsadenebia. qveyana warmoadgens evropa
– aziis damakavSirebeli gzis mniSvnelovan monakveTs. baqo -Tbilisi – yarsis rkin-
igzis funqconireba kidev ufro amyarebs azerbaijanis poziciebs msoflio ekonomi-
kur bazarze. es umniSvnelovanesi proeqtia kavkasiis regionSi, romlis qveynebsac
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ganvitarebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs.
savizo procedurebis gamartivebam da dabalbiujetiani aviakompaniebis gamoCenam

turizmis swrafi ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba Seqmna. ukanasknel wlebSi vizitorTa
raodenoba izrdeba da amJamad 3 milions miaRwia. isini ZiriTadad iranis, arabu-
li qveynebis da ruseTis moqalaqeebi arian. weliwadSi orjer, baqos maRaziebi,
Camofasebis Sedegad did interess da turistTa mravalricxovan nakads „imsaxurebs“.
azerbaijanis mosaxleobis raodenoba izrdeba, rac weliwadSi 140 aTass aRemateba.

kvlav maRalia mosaxleobis SromiTi migracia, rac bunebriv matebas umniSvnelos
xdis. mosaxleobis simWidrove yvelaze maRalia kavkasiis qveynebs Soris da 116 ada-
mians aRemateba.
wlebi mosaxleobis raodenoba, mln kaci dinamika, %
1951 2.9
1971 5.2 44
1991 7.3 29
2001 8.2 11
2018 10.1 19
azerbaijanisTvis umniSvnelovanesia teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis proble-

ma, rac mSvidobiani molaparakebiT ver xerxdeba. amis gamo, periodulad mwvavdeba
samxedro – politikuri viTareba somxeTTan, rac myisierad aisaxeba qveynis mdgra-
di ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebze.
160
somxeTi
somxeTs 4 saxelmwifo esazRvreba. igi mTiani qveyanaa – misi saSualo simaRle zRvis
donidan 1800 metrs aRwevs, teritoriis mxolod 10% mdebareobs 1000 metrze dabla,
xolo naxevarze meti – 2000 metrze maRla. miuxedavad maRalmTianobisa, somxeTi
gamoirCeva biologiuri da landSafturi mravalferovnebiT. aq gvxvdeba humidu-
ri, semihumiduri, semiariduli da ariduli klimatis tipTan dakavSirebuli land-
Saftebi. tyeebs ukavia qveynis teritoriis 1/10, udabnoebsa da naxevradudabnoebs
– 1/5, xolo saTib-saZovrebs – 1/3.
somxeTis teritoriisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mTiani reliefis yvela forma – yvela

tipis daxrilobis ferdobebi, vulkanuri platoebis da kraterebi, mdinareTa Rrma
kanionebi da mTTaSorisi qvabulebi, mTis zegnebi da maRali mwvervalebi.
somxeTisTvis damaxasiaTebelia intensiuri mTaTawarmoSobis procesebi, rac

mZlavri miwisZvrebiT da Termuli wylebis didi raodenobiT gamoixateba. ukanask-
neli amofrqveva somxeTSi 1441 wels dafiqsirda (vulkani nemrudi, vanis tbis mida-
moebSi). seismuri procesebi moqmedebs mdgradi ganviTarebis socialur da ekonomi-
kur faqtorebze, reliefwarmomqnel procesebze, provocirebas ukeTebs denudaciur,
mewyrul da Rvarcoful nakadebs. vulkanizmTanaa dakavSirebuli somxeTis sasarge-
blo wiaRiseuli, romelic mdidaria Savi, feradi da Zvirfasi feradi liTonebiT.
vulkanuri warmoSobisaa tufi – Zvirfasi samSeneblo masala, romelic vardisferi,
narinjisferi, moyviTalo an Savi Seferilobisaa. misiT mopirkeTebulia aumravi
saxelmwifo Tu kerZo dawesebuleba.
somxeTis havaze gansakuTrebul zegavlenas axdens tropikuli haeris masebi, rom-

lebic Tavisuflad aRweven samxreTidan. mniSvnelovani faqtoria bambakis qedis
barieruli Tviseba, rac aferxebs somxeTis centralur da samxreT raionebSi teni-
ani haeris masebis gavrcelebas. atmosferuli naleqebi meryeobs 300-dan 1000 mm-mde.
igi ZiriTadad noembridan maisis CaTvliT gamoiyofa, Tumca umniSvnelo Tovlis
safaris saxiT mxolod saSualo da maRal mTebSi yalibdeba. zafxulis maRali tem-
peraturebi ganapirobebs aorTqlebis maRal maCveneblebs (naleqebis 2/3), ris gamoc
ZiriTad sasoflo-sameurneo regionebSi SeimCneva sarwyavi wylis deficiti.
somxeTis teritoriis farTobi 28.5 aTasi kv.km-ia, xolo mosaxleoba 2 milion 900
aTas kacs aRemateba. mosaxleobis simWidrove 103 kacs aRemateba, rac sakmaod maRa-
li maCvenebelia. qalaqad cxovrobs qveynis mosaxleobis 2/3, maT Soris dedaqalaq
erevanSi 41%, rac arTulebs regionebis balansirebul ganviTarebas. mosaxleobis
saSualo asaki 34.3 welia, romlis mixedviTac igi uaxlovdeba daberebul erTa ricx-
vs. mosaxleobis absolutur umravlesobas (98%) Seadgenen somxebi, Semdeg modian
iezidebi, rusebi da sxva xalxebi.
wlebi mosaxleobis raodenoba, migrantTa mosaxleobis

aTasi kaci raodenoba saSualo asaki
1960 1 874 + 12 000 22.4
1980 3 099 + 3 400 23.5
2000 3 070 - 45 000 30.6
2018 2 934 - 5 000 34.3
2030 2 904 - 5 000 40.4
2050 2 700 - 5 000 45.5
mosaxleobis dinamikis da prognozuli mdgomareobis maCveneblebi
161
somxeTis meurneoba ramdenime ZiriTadi dargisgan Sedgeba. esenia: metalurgia,

manqanaTmSenebloba, qimiuri mrewveloba, msubuqi da kvebis mrewveloba, Zvirfasi
liTonebis da qvebis damuSaveba, soflis meurneoba. es ukanaskneli ZiriTadad
marcvleuli, kartofilis, bostneulisa da xilis warmoebazea orientirebuli. sasu-
saTo produqciis mniSvnelovani nawili importirebulia. importi 3-jer aRemateba
eqsports, ris gamoc qveynidan didi raodenobiT valuta gaedineba.
somxeTis umTavresi savaWro-ekonomikuri da samxedro-politikuri partnioria

ruseTi da damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba (yofili sabWoTa kavSiris
respublikebi). marto ruseTTan somxeTs 200-mde sxvadasxva saxis xelSekruleba aqvs
gaformebuli. maT Sorisaa samxedro TanamSromlobisa da urTierTdaxmarebis xe-
lSekruleba, romlis mixedviTac ruseTsa da somxeTs erToblivi samxerdo moqmede-
bebis ufleba eZlevaT. amgvari TanamSromloba mkveTrad auaresebs mdgradi ganvi-
Tarebis SesaZleblobebs da perspeqtivebs kavkasiis regionis qveynebSi.
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CHAPTER 4
PARTICULARITIES AND PROBLEMS OF THE SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CAUCASIA
4.1. Problems of the Sustainable Development of the Caucasia
Caucasia is one of the most important natural, ecological, geopolitical, religious, ethnic, transport,
etc. crossroads of the world. It is located between Eastern Europe, the Near East, Central Asia and
North Africa. Traditionally, they draw the northern border of the Caucasia along the Kuma–Manych
Depression, its western border – on the Black and Azov Seas, its southern border – along the admin-
istrative border between Turkey and Iran and its eastern border – on the Caspian Sea. In this view, the
Caucasia includes four states; the area of the region is 440 thousand km2, its population is 35 million
with the population density of almost 80 per km2. Today, the international environmental organiza-
tions consider the Caucasia as one of the most important eco-regions and geographical formations of
the world and area comprising the territories of 6 states: the south-western part of Russia (the North
Caucasus), the countries of the Southern Caucasia: Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia and also portions
of northeastern Turkey and northwestern Iran. In this view, the area of the Caucasia is 580 thousand
km2.
The Caucasia plays one of the most important geopolitical roles in the modern world, particularly in
the Near East and Western Asia. Its role is also essential in the economic relations; however, this role
is diminished by the different developmental trends of the countries of the region. The scales of the nat-
ural resource use are still large, and the environmental pollution and landscape transformation, as well
as the negative outcomes of the anthropogenic impact on land resources and forests are still alarming.
The problems of the sustainable development of the Caucasia can be solved only at the expense of the
cooperation between the countries of the region. A good example is the Alpine region, which can be
compared to the Caucasia in a certain respect. The outcomes of the transboundary cooperation of the
Alpine and Carpathian countries have had a clear effect on the sustainable development of these re-
gions, environmental protection and better life quality of the local people. Of the transboundary issues,
certain trends of monitoring of protected areas, transport and other communications, forest and water
economies, agriculture, natural disasters and risks develop in a particularly intense and privileged mode.
Some of these trends are particularly topical for the Caucasia. It is considered that at this stage, the co-
operation for the environmental protection and development of water resources, recreational economy
and transport will be efficient. In the Caucasia, for the prevention of the processes of disintegration of a
single cultural and natural area, the cooperation to develop the measures to mitigate the Climate Change
and biodiversity degradation and to establish transboundary protected areas and ecological and transport
corridors, is very important. Sharing the experience of the Alps and the Carpathian countries will be
beneficial for the Caucasian region, particularly at the initial stage of information exchange and sharing.
In this direction, the first step was made in December of 2005, when at the joint meeting of the coun-
tries of the Caucasian region, the parties were informed about the actions and outcomes of the Alpine
and Carpathian Conventions. The Meeting recognized the following issues: the geographical, ecolog-
ical, economic and social unity of the Caucasian region; the countries of the region aiming to create a
legal document jointly with the interested countries and international organizations and to support the
cooperation to protect the mountain eco-systems and for the sustainable development of land use. The
said program, with the same content, was considered at the Meeting of November of 2007, which was
163
held on the initiative of the Minister of Environmental Protection of Lichtenstein. Unfortunately, the
projects, which are under way, develop slowly and mostly, at the level of a bilateral cooperation. The
meetings of the scientific, public and non-governmental organizations of the Caucasia are held on a reg-
ular basis annually in the different countries of both, the region and Europe, within the scope of various
scientific-practical projects or programs.
The management and regulation of the natural environment and natural resources of the Caucasia,
as that of a mountainous region, is associated with the international and local (national) market and
traditional legal mechanisms. The experience evidences that only their harmonization and optimization
yields the sustainable and desirable outcome. Following the historical-geographical peculiarities of the
Caucasia, the experience of the Alpine and Carpathian countries will not do good if copied directly.
In addition to the possible legal agreements between the countries, for the regional management and
regulation of the environment and resources, the spatial (experience of Russia), landscape (experience
of Germany as a necessary instrument) and regional (experience of a number of European countries)
planning methodology, joint monitoring of land resource use, etc. can be employed efficiently.
In the Caucasus, the major difficulties in view of the sustainable development are associated with the
conservation of the biological and landscape diversity, optimal water resource management, use of
forest resources and appropriate development of agriculture. The hampering factor on the way of inven-
tory, scientific study and protection of biological and landscape diversity is permanent political oppo-
sitions. The same is true with the problems of water resource management, which are a major enduring
concern for both, the international and the non-governmental organizations. The problems of using
forest resources are aggravated following the Climate Change and result in the process of desertification
of the region. The efficiency of the use of forest resources depends on the transboundary cooperation,
particularly, on the establishment of the transboundary protected areas of forest landscapes in semiarid
and semihumid climatic areas. The agriculture in the Caucasus is based on the agrarian diversity, rich
heritage and traditions, and the threat of its transformation is associated with the intervention of the
gene-modified and invasion species. A single country, solely at its own efforts, is unable to overcome
the scales of transformation of cultural plants, and therefore, the problem is regional with its nature,
while agriculture is the basis of economics and social wellbeing of the population in the Caucasian
countries.
The majority of the environmental problems in the Caucasus are associated with the economic activ-
ities, in particular, with ore mining and processing. The problems are seen also with fuel and energy
industry (oil, gas and coal mining), electrical power generation and chemical, metallurgical and building
materials industries. Oil-processing plants are located on the coasts of the Black and Caspian Seas what
further complicates the grave ecological situation in the region. Often, oil and oil products get in the
water and cause significant pollution of the Sea areas.
An important polluting factor is the open-pit mining of various ore deposits (ferrous and non-ferrous
metals, manganese, etc.) totally devastating the natural environment. As a rule, at such locations, no
recultivation works are accomplished, or their scales are so small that the ore waste freely dissipates in
the environment and pollutes surface waters and atmosphere. The 1990s were particularly harmful for
the Caucasian forests. The forest vegetation on the territories adjacent to the large settled areas, near the
roads and at easily accessible locations was almost totally destroyed. The devastation and degradation
of the forests was followed by the activation of geodynamic processes (mudflow currents, landslides,
snow avalanches, erosion, etc.), reduction of the water resources, increase in the amount of dust and
sooth in the atmospheric air, etc.
The operation of two major sources of radioactive pollution, two nuclear stations (in Armenia and
Russia) is hazardous for the Caucasia. Similarly problematic is the military techniques and materials
164
Chapter 4. Particularities and Problems of the Sustainable Development of the Caucasia
survived on the abandoned military bases, which have been the cause of radiating the population for
several times.
The scales of transit shipments of energy carriers in the Caucasus are expanding; the trade between
the mining regions (Central Asia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Northern Caucasus) and buying Europe is expanding
as well. This contributes to the increased risk of technogenic disasters both, in the land areas and in the
areas of the Mediterranean, Black and the Caspian Seas.
An important source of environmental pollution in the Caucasus is the road and railway transport.
Despite the fact that with these transport, the environmental pollution is more local, its scales have an
extremely negative impact on the large settled areas and on the population living near the traffic centers.
A great part of the road transport is outdated or technically faulty and the major portion of the tires used
is secondary and easily wearable, while the vehicle petrol is of a poor quality.
The most topical ecological challenges of the Caucasus are frequent droughts and decreased precipita-
tion amounts as a result of the Climate Change. Frequent droughts are particularly hazardous in the low-
land and hilly areas in the eastern part of the Caucasia and volcanic plateaus of Javakheti and Armenia.
Evaporation in these regions exceeds the amount of atmospheric precipitations almost by twice, what
will be further aggravated on the background of the Climate Change. The process of xerophytization
in the Trans-Caspian Plain, in the eastern part of the intermountain lowland of the Southern Caucasus
and in Central and Southern Armenia is already topical. These regions take active measures against the
desertification. The process of aridization has already had its effect on the harvest of the annual and
perennial crops, phytomass formation for winter pastures, distribution of water resources, ground water
levels, etc.
In recent years, the population growth in the Caucasian region has not been as high as in the Asian,
African or Latin American countries. An increasing environmental impact as a result of the high pop-
ulation density is seen in the intermountain lowland, basins and hilly regions. The depopulation of the
mountain regions is common for all countries of the Southern Caucasus, but this is hardly true with
the similar areas of the Northern Caucasus, where the population, though slowly, but increases. In the
Caucasus, particularly densely populated are the industrial and traffic centers, the Black and Caspian
Sea coastlines and areas with fertile agricultural lands. The majority of the Caucasian population (up to
60%) lives in the urban areas and a regular urbanization growth is observed. The population density is
low in the mountainous and arid regions and bogged and degraded areas.
Country Qty, 2013 Qty, 2050 Dynamics, %

Turkey 80 94 +9
Russia 143 133 -10
Northern Caucasian republics 5.3 5.5 +9
Iran 81 95 +8.5
Azerbaijan 10 11 +9
Armenia 3.0 2.7 - 11
Georgia 3.7 3.0 -12
Population and its forecast in the Caucasian countries, mln. people
One of the most important challenges for the sustainable development of the Caucasus is the mili-
tary-political conflicts. Historically, the Caucasus played a key role in the Christian and Moslem,
Iranian-Ottoman, Russian-Turkish and Shiitic-Sunni oppositions. Presently, the Caucasus is a very com-
plex geopolitical center being a subject of interests of three large countries: Russia, Turkey and Iran.
The Caucasia, as a transit main road, plays an important role in the export of the raw material of Iran to
165
Europe. Through Georgia, Turkey can connect to the Turkish-speaking population first, in Azerbaijan
and farther, in the Northern Caucasia, Volga Federal District and Central Asia. As for Russia, it is con-
cerned with controlling the Caucasia both, on the springboard of Western Asia and Near East and in the
buffer zone between Turkey and the Northern Caucasia.
4.2. Geo-ecological Specifics and Problems of the Sustainable Devel-

opment of the Southern Caucasus
The Southern Caucasus is a mountainous country located at 602 m above sea level on average in one
of the most seismically active zones of the world, on the border between the moderate, subtropical and
tropical climatic zones, in the southern part of holarctic floristic kingdom. The region has all kinds of
problems (shortage of land, geodynamic processes, distribution of water resources, development of
transport infrastructure, population migration from mountain to lowland, etc.) typical to almost any
mountainous region of the world.
With the biodiversity index, the Southern Caucasus ranks one of the first in the Northern hemisphere
with over 6 thousand plant varieties, what, if given in terms of a unit area, gives the region the status of
an important Global Biodiversity Center.
The Southern Caucasus is also distinguished for high endemism: 1/4 of the plants and animals in the
region are endemic. For example, the mammals alone are presented by 152 species, with 30 of them be-
ing endemic. There are also many relict species in the region. Southern Caucasus is outstanding with its
landscape diversity: although it occupies 0,5% of the world land, it has 40% of the types of the world
landscapes. It should also be noted that 1/10 of the landscapes in the Southern Caucasus belong to the cat-
egory of intact or insignificantly transformed landscapes. It is also interesting that homogenous or trans-
boundary landscapes, irrespective of their political appropriation, are characterized by the similar forms
of economy and environmental problems. The historical, ethnic, social-economic and cultural develop-
ment and ecological reasoning of the peoples living in the Southern Caucasus show certain similarities.
The countries of the Southern Caucasus, despite their relatively small areas (they occupy only 1/3 of the
eco-region) have a central and key geographical position in the Caucasia. High population density with
higher concentrations in the intermountain plain, river gorges and mountain basins results in the high
anthropogenic impact in these areas.
The modern economic and social problems typical to the countries of the Southern Caucasus influence
the sustainable development of the region in general and partially, the sustainable ecological develop-
ment. On the one hand, the scales of the technogenic impact on the natural environment have dimin-
ished, while on the other hand, an interest in èasily accessible~ natural resources (forests, water, land,
recreational resources, etc.) has increased. Such state of affairs further aggravates the environmental
problems.
In the countries of the Southern Caucasus, they feel alarmed at the increased number and scales of the
catastrophic geodynamic processes, desertification, reduction of the forest areas, secondary bogging and
salination, pollution of water objects, water and wind erosion, degradation of land resources, extinction
or reduced number of certain animal species, etc.
Presently, tens of higher plant species, about one hundred mammal species, over one hundred bird spe-
cies, up to 30 reptile species, etc. are at the brink of extinction. Despite the positive trend in expanding
the protected areas, the problem of biodiversity conservation is still one of the severest issues.
The European values are being actively introduced to the countries of the Southern Caucasus. Georgia,
Azerbaijan and Armenia have ratified many of the international environmental conventions and have
166
adopted tens of environmental laws; they are establishing the network of the protected areas (including
transboundary areas) and jointly realize large-scale regional economic and environmental projects.
The problems of sustainable development of the Southern Caucasus are associated with a number of
reasons, with the following ones being important:
1. Historical particularities of the social-economic development: for decades, the countries of the
Southern Caucasus were concerned with the goals and objectives of the political and economic devel-
opment of the former Soviet Union, and as a result, the economics of the countries of this region de-
pended on one another and centralized system. In recent decades, a shift to the market economy takes a
successful course gradually promoting the new and extensive economic cooperation. Nevertheless, the
influence of the economic specialization of the Soviet era is still strong in the countries of the Southern
Caucasus, and it is particularly significant in industry and agriculture. The development of the resort
economy is also slow, as it experienced a total fiasco on the background of the geopolitical processes
and military oppositions in the last decade of the 20th century.
At the beginning of the 21st century, the specific weight of import increased drastically having a negative
impact on the prospects to develop local production and contributing to the unemployment growth.
The specialization and geography of the economy had an essentially negative impact. Its production was
mainly destined to meet the demands of the Soviet countries and failed to consider the local resources or
potential. The disruption of the economic links resulted in the destruction of a number of branches and
disqualification of the relevant personnel. The geographical specifics of the distribution of the economy
were associated with the intermountain plain (large settled areas) and transport mains in the Southern
Caucasus, and as a result, the mountain regions got virtually devastated and the preconditions for the
demographic crisis developed there.
Many branches of economy (oil processing, metallurgy, chemical industry, mining, transport, agricul-
ture, etc.) almost failed to consider the ecological demands of the population what became a precondi-
tion for the environment degradation in a number of regions. Despite the quite thorough legislation, the
environmental problems (e.g. erosion, desertification) have become one of the hampering factors on the
way of the local social-economic development.
2. Modern trends in the development of economy: in recent decades, the focus of the social-economic
processes on the field of service, trade and communications has become evident in the countries of the
Southern Caucasus. The aspiration of the countries to have their independent food policy is noteworthy;
however, extensive agriculture fails to meet the local demands. Such processes and state of affairs make
the local economy even more dependent on the imported goods what leads to the unreasonable expendi-
ture of the currency resources. The majority of the population is employed in agriculture and as a result
they have no stable incomes.
Agriculture remains the major specialization of the economy in the countries of the Southern Caucasus. Its
development is promoted by favorable and diversified agro-climatic and soil resources. In these countries,
it is possible to grow almost all kinds of food and industrial agricultural crops. The production traditions
making such products even more attractive are also essential. The raw materials produced in agriculture
are the precondition for the food industry to develop what gradually acquires an ecological profile. Despite
the high potential, a significant portion of meat, dairy, wheat, vegetable and many other food products are
imported to the region. The problems of soil salination, erosion and reduced fertility are still topical in the
area. The specialization of agriculture is still chaotic and has not yet made a matter of the state policy.
The summer pastures of the Caucasioni and Lesser Caucasioni are actively used to develop cattle-breed-
ing what is hardly true with the limited areas of winter pastures. It is known that due to the intense graz-
167
ing here (the heads of cattle are 4 to 5 times more the admissible level), the problems of desertification
and decreased fertility of the pastures are topical in the region.
Extensive agriculture has a negative impact on the natural eco-systems and habitats of a number of
wildlife species. The problem is aggravated by the trends of the Climate Change what may become a
precondition for the reduced natural productivity of the landscapes in the intermountain plain.
3. Trends of using natural resources: the energy resources are distributed unevenly in the Southern
Caucasus. For instance, Azerbaijan is rich in fuel deposits, while Georgia is rich in hydropower resourc-
es. Consequently, the two countries generate the electrical power by employing the resources available
to them, while Armenia generates the electrical power mostly by processing the nuclear energy. The
principal consumer of the electrical power is the population. However, in recent decades, an increased
consumption of the electrical power is seen in industrial and transport fields. Georgia has good prospects
to develop hydropower energy. However, the associated environmental problems (including an issue to
maintain the Black Sea coastline) and the protest of the local population (in the regions, which are short
of lands even so) are still topical.
4. Trends in transport development: the Southern Caucasus must owe its well-developed transport
network to its favorable geopolitical location and natural conditions. The Southern Caucasus has already
become an essential section of the Great Silk Road, a bridge connecting Europe and Asia and a transport
artery between Russia and Western Asia. The Caspian and Black Seas play an extremely important role
by connecting the countries of Europe, Near East and Central Asia by means of the rivers and channels.
High specific weight of the mountain regions makes for the high traffic passenger and freight turnover
what is the precondition for the aggravation of the ecological state. The problem of atmospheric pollu-
tion in the basin-type settlements (Tbilisi, Yerevan, Vanadzor, etc.) is particularly severe. In addition to
the traffic flows, the atmospheric pollution is promoted by the poor technical state of vehicles and poor
quality of fuel.
The oil and gas transport mains intensely used by a human for more than one century acquire a world
geopolitical importance. The oil and gas flows are of both, east-western (Central Asia-Azerbaijan-
Georgia-Turkey-Europe) and north-southern (Russia-Georgia-Armenia-Iran) directions. The transpor-
tation of the energy resources via pipelines increases an environmental safety risk what is associated
with both, possible technogenic accidents and high seismicity. An increasing freight turnover in the
Southern Caucasus is also a precondition for the pollution of the Black and Caspian Seas.
5. Scales of the forest resources use: the forest resources are of a particular importance for the residents
of mountain villages. The more the population density in such villages, the more the forest resources
they use. The anthropogenic factor has become a reason for the modern deforestation of the largest areas
of Javakheti volcanic Plateau and Yerevan Basin, where the forests have been replaced by semi-deserts
or mountain steppes.
In the 20th century, the forests of the Southern Caucasus `were left alone~, as mostly the inexpensive
timber imported from Russia was used in the region. Irregular and rapacious exploitation of the forests
was the case in the last decades followed by the activation of the geodynamic processes in many re-
gions. The exploitation of forests in Armenia, Azerbaijan and East Georgia needs special care, as the
productive moisture needed for the self-restoration of the forests is particularly low in these regions
(particularly, in summer, i.e. in the active vegetation period).
Georgia is rich in forest resources following the country’s favorable location and the given kind of the
distribution pattern of heat and moisture. Forests regulate air humidity, distribution of precipitations,
amount of underground waters, thermal exchange, wind velocity, amount of oxygen, dust and carbonic
168
acid and many other geo-ecological processes. Forests are the best shelters for the wildlife and are thus,
have a particular ecological importance.
The standard of life of the local people and high demand of the neighboring countries are directly as-
sociated with the types and methods of the forest use what is still one of the topical problems for the
sustainable development of the Southern Caucasus.
6. Trends of the population dynamics: there are about 17 million residents in the Southern Caucasus.
The population of Azerbaijan increases relatively rapidly what is hardly true with Georgia or Armenia.
Migration and armed conflicts in the region have acquired extremely hazardous scales recently what
has become the reason for the depopulation of a number of regions. As various sources suggest, up to 4
million residents have left the Southern Caucasian countries what essentially changed the demographic
background and people’s age structure in the region. The trend of the population’s mass concentration
in large cities (Tbilisi, Yerevan) is absolutely evident what aggravates the social-economic situation and
hampers the regular development of the peripheries of the countries. As per official data, 1/3 of the total
population of the country lives in the capitals of Georgia and Armenia what is 5 or 6 times more the
same indicator in the second large cities of the same countries (Batumi and Gyumri).
Large scales of urbanization aggravate the ecological background and social-economic situation. The
pollution of atmospheric air, soils and waters and degradation of agricultural plots and biodiversity on
the territories of large settled areas and near them are very high.
7. Geopolitical situation and military conflicts: a significant factor hampering the sustainable de-
velopment of the Southern Caucasus is both, open and nonmanifest political conflicts having become
the reason for a number of permanent military oppositions in recent decades. All three countries of the
region are virtually, in the state of war, what has an effect on the economic, social and ecological situ-
ation in them. The majority of the conflicts come from the territorial claims what is in fact an unsolved
problem for the sustainable development of the region.
8. Natural risks and disasters: the Southern Caucasus is located in the active seismic region, what,
jointly with the geographical factors, leads to the high natural risks and catastrophic and diversified na-
ture of the natural phenomena. Almost all kinds of catastrophic events and processes known to date are
common for the region. The phenomena not fixed in the Southern Caucasus include: volcanic activities,
tropical cyclones, grand floods and freshets. In this respect, the mountains serve a kind of a protective
function. However, on the other hand, frequent landslide and mudflow processes, snow and stone ava-
lanches, intense frosts and droughts, hail and tornados are associated with the same mountains. These
processes can bring a huge economic damage. Too little is done in the region to prevent or forecast the
natural disasters. The network of meteorological and hydrological observations is almost totally devas-
tated thus complicating the monitoring of the environmental processes.
Landslide processes mostly develop in average mountains, in terms of intense humidification and are
promoted by earthquakes, underground waters (near the water reservoirs in the first instance), human’s
economic activities, geology and exposition of the relief. Mudflow currents can cause a great damage
or lead to the activation of the secondary processes (formation of landslide bodies). Their intensity
depends on the amount of the talus material accumulated in the river gorges as a result of physical
weathering and intensity of water mass movement. The mudflow processes are mostly common for
the areas with average and low mountains, easily degradable rocks, degraded forests and intense rains.
Floods are mostly common in the regions with low-mountain and plain reliefs with a high proportion of
atmospheric precipitations (snow particularly) in the alimentation of their rivers. The floods occurring
at the beginning of spring or summer sometimes last for some months. The flood intensity increases
when heavy rains coincide with snow-melt. The floods can be regulated only by means of water reser-
169
voirs or coast-protecting structures. Snow avalanches are one of the significant natural calamities in the
high-mountain areas of the Southern Caucasus. The main areas where snow avalanches are commonly
formed are highly inclined slopes without any forest at 2 to 4 thousand m altitude. Avalanches are also
frequent at other altitudes bringing a great material damage to the population and transport communica-
tion. The intensity and frequency of earthquakes is associated with the seismic activity of the Caucasian
region. They often ended in catastrophes. A number of famous lakes (Ritsa, Amtkeli, Göygöl, etc.) were
formed as a result of blocking-up the area with the mountain rocks collapsed as a result of earthquakes.
The frequency and intensity of the earthquakes has drastically increased for the last half a century. The
earthquakes epicenter in the Caucasus is located relatively nearer (20-30 km) to the Earth surface than
in other seismically active regions of the world causing particularly great material damage. Drought
is a natural disaster common in the eastern and southern regions of the Caucasia occurring in the arid
and semiarid climatic zones. The topicality of droughts increases following the Climate Change. The
negative outcomes of intense droughts associated with the desertification and depopulation are clearly
seen in many regions of Armenia and Azerbaijan. Drought prevention is associated with the rational
and efficient use of water resources. This aspect will gain more importance in the future (as the climatic
forecasts suggest).
Important and major principles of landscape planning in the Southern Caucasus. As the trends of
the economic development in the countries of the Southern Caucasus are not based on the single prin-
ciples of nature use and do not consider a single methodology of territorial planning, they may become
a significant barrier on the way of both, the sustainable development and the regional cooperation.
Landscape planning, as an approved and important instrument in Europe for environmentally oriented
territorial planning, is capable of harmonizing the processes associated with the nature use in the coun-
tries of the Southern Caucasus.
Landscape planning is desirable to realize by considering several principles:
Principle of urgency: the Southern Caucasus is a developing region of the world, which changes its
profile of land use and types of nature use to a certain extent. Maintaining the traditional forms of forest
fund and economy is one of the major problems in the region. Besides, the demographic background
of the region changes: the population leaves the mountain regions and mostly migrates to large settled
areas or regions of the intermountain plain. Following its geo-political location, the Southern Caucasus
is in the interests of not only the international corporations, but also of the individual countries and
political blocs. Large-scale transport, construction, power engineering, recreational and environmental
projects are being implemented in the region.
Principle of uniqueness: the Southern Caucasus is outstanding in the world with its natural, biological
and landscape diversity. The region has the vertical zoning of the natural zones, which have individual
forms and analogs of the economic use in the mountain systems in the moderate, subtropical and trop-
ical zones of the world. The Southern Caucasus is distinguished for the biological diversity: it is rich
in the species composition of wildlife, relicts and endems, abundant biotopes and ecotones. There are
over 100 plant species growing in the region with curative properties, and there are numerous mineral
springs, summer and winter resorts, Black Sea coastline, tens of river gorges and recreational objects.
Principle of the social-economic strain: in the countries of the Southern Caucasus, the scales of the
anthropogenic impact on the landscapes of the intermountain plains and basins, large water reservoirs
and Black Sea coastline zones increase annually, and the scales of using the forest resources and min-
ing mineral resources increase as well; the landscape changes actively and the specific weight of cat-
tle-breeding and crop-growing in agriculture increases rapidly; subtropical farming is being degraded;
the population incomes are quite low and the basket of goods is monotonous.
170
The population in a number of regions of the Southern Caucasus occupies the locations with high eco-
logical risks. The forests of the green zones near the large settled areas and wind belts destined for the
agricultural plots are being cut down as fuel timber. Such state of affairs contributes to the intensifica-
tion of the erosive processes and reduces t he scales of the foodstuff production.
Ecological stress principle: the environmental problems in the countries of the Southern Caucasus are
associated with tens of kinds of conflicts, which may be classified according to their factors and process-
es. By considering them, one can identify natural, anthropogenic and legal conflicts.
Natural conflicts are caused by: active geo-dynamic processes in the average and high-mountain land-
scapes what is associated with the geology, seismic activity, inclination of the relief, climatic and an-
thropogenic processes, floods and freshets associated with the changes of the climatic conditions and
instable areas covering the half of the total area of the region.
Anthropogenic conflicts are caused by: high population density in the plain, hilly, low-mountain and
intermountain basins, tendency of often chaotic development of transport communications; intense
grazing on the high-mountainous subalpine and alpine, intermountain plain steppe and semi-desert land-
scapes; processes following `freeing~ the forest areas for cultural crops and cattle-breeding; types of ag-
ricultural activity (plant-growing in the first instance) in the mountainous areas and high anthropogenic
load on the artificial forest massifs.
Legal conflicts are mainly associated with the active use of the areas protected by law. Such areas are:
coastline, river bed-side, subalpine, hydromorphic and other landscapes, green zone and resort forests.
171
davaleba – geografiuli analizi – kavkasia da kavkasiis qveynebi
kavkasiis ekoregioni – fizikuri ruka
kavkasia – kosmosuri suraTi
172
kavkasia – urbanizaciis masStabebi
kavkasia – sasoflo-sameurneo teritoriebi
173
2. TurqeTi
TurqeTi – fizikuri ruka
TurqeTi – mosaxleobis ganawileba (simWidrove)
174
3. irani
irani – fizikuri ruka
4. ruseTi
ruseTi – fizikuri ruka

175
ruseTi – eTnikuri jgufebi
5. azerbaijani
azerbaijani – fizikuri ruka
176
TaliSis mTebi
6. somxeTi
somxeTi – fizikuri ruka

177
sevanis tba
178
Tavi 5
saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani
da problemebi
5.1. saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareobis Taviseburebani
saqarTvelo CrdiloeT ganedis 41 da 43 gradusebs Soris mdebareobs, rac warmoad-

gens Sualedur areals CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi. es ganedebi, zogadgeografiuli
TvalsazrisiT, miekuTvneba zomier sartyels, Tumca kavkasionis qedi asustebs mis
gavlenas saqarTveloze. amis gamoa, rom Cveni qveyana ZiriTadad miekuTvneba sub-
tropikul sartyels, romelic iTvleba adamianis sacxovreblad yvelaze xelsayre-
lad da komfortulad. amave ganedebSi mdebareobs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
maRalganviTarebuli Crdilo-aRmosavleTis samrewvelo-ekonomikuri raionebi da
qalaqebi: niu-iorki, bostoni, Cikago, detroiti. evropis qveynebidan amave ganed-
ebSia espaneTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi nawili, safrangeTis samxreTi, italiis cen-
traluri nawili (romsa da neapols Soris) da sxv. evraziis kontinentis aRmosav-
leTSi Cveni qveynis ganedur mdebareobas Seesabameba Crdilo-aRmosavleT CineTis
samrewvelo raionebi da CrdiloeTi iaponia.
saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareoba ramdenime Taviseburebas ukavSirdeba. zogi-

erTi maTgani dadebiTad, zogi ki uaryofiTad moqmedebs qveynis mdgradi ganviTare-
bis SesaZleblobaze.
uaryofiTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos fizikur-geografiuli mdebareobis is aspeqti, ro-

melic ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos mdebareobas aqtiur seismur regionSi, alpur-hi-
malauri mTiani regionebis qveyanaTa centrSi. es mTiani regionebi iwyeba atlan-
tis okeanis sanapiroze, moicavs xmelTaSua zRvisa da Savi zRvis mimdebare mTian
nawils, wina aziasa da himalaebs. igi, evropasa da wina aziaSi, iyofa Sida da gare
zonebad. gare zonas miekuTvneba: alpebi, karpatebi, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis
mTebi, mTiani yirimi, kavkasioni da iranis mTianeTis CrdiloeTi nawili. Sida zona-
Si gaerTianebulia atlasisa (afrika) da pontos (TurqeTi) mTebi, mcire kavkasioni
da iranis mTianeTis samxreTi nawili. amrigad, saqarTvelos teritoriaze didi da
mcire kavkasionis saxiT warmodgenilia alpur-himalauri danaoWebis orive (Sida
da gare) zona.
saqarTvelodan CrdiloeTiT alpur-himalauri mTiani regioni ruseTis baqans eb-

jineba, samxreTiT ki – afrika-arabeTis baqans. saqarTvelo mdebareobs maqsimalu-
rad axlos zemoT aRniSnul or uzarmazar baqanTan, romlebic erTmaneTis mimar-
TulebiT moZraoben. amgvari viTareba mTaTawarmoSobis process da qveynis aqti-
ur seismur zonaSi mdebareobas ganapirobebs (sxvadasxva monacemebiT, kavkasionis
azevebis siCqare weliwadSi 6 – 15 mm-ia). amgvari viTareba aisaxeba bunebrivi gare-
mos, meurneobis araerTi dargis da sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis sxvadasxva sferoze.
seismuri aqtivoba xels uwyobs eroziul da denudaciur, Rvarcoful da mewyrul
procesebs, gansazRvravs geoekologiur viTarebas, arsebiTad gansazRvravs mSeneb-
lobisa da satransporto infrastruqturis ganviTarebis standartebs, mosaxleobis
ekologiur cnobierebas da materialur mdgomareobas.
179
sainteresoa saqarTvelos klimaturi mdebareobis Taviseburebani, rac aseve aisax-

eba meurneobis da sazogadoebrivi aqtiobis araerT mimarTulebaze. Cveni qveynis
ZiriTadi nawili, gansakuTrebiT mTaTaSorisi bari, mdebareobs subropikul klima-
tur sartyelSi. saqarTveloSi gamoiyofa amgvari klimatis 2 ZiriTadi tipi:
1. notio subtropikuli _ gamoirCeva uxvi naleqebiT, haeris temperaturis dabali

amplitudiT, dadebiTi wliuri da sezonuri temperaturebiT mTeli wlis gan-
mavlobaSi. aseTi klimatia dasavleT saqarTvelos dablob, gorak-borcvian da
dabalmTian nawilSi.
2. naxevrad mSrali da mSrali subtropikuli – warmodgenilia aRmosavleT saqarT-
veloSi. aq zamTris haeris temperatura subtropikuli maxasiaTeblis zRvarzea,
SedarebiT maRalia paeris temperaturis wliuri amplituda da aorTqledoba-
doba, rac mTel rig regionebSi zrdis simSralis maCveneblebs. amgvari klimatia
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos baris vake da gorak-borcviani nawilSi.
saqarTvelos mTianeTi ZiriTadad zomieri klimatis niSnebs atarebas. aq kargadaa

gamoxatuli wlis sezonebi, maRalia temperaturis amplituda, Tovlis safaris sim-
Zlavre da xangrZlivoba. klimatze Savi zRvis gavlena mcirdeba dasavleTidan aRmo-
savleTis mimarTulebiT, rac aisaxeba rogorc naleqebis, ise siTbos ganawilebasa
da havis kontinenturobaze.
saqarTvelo mdebareobs msoflios erTi floristuli samefos teritoriaze da mis

farglebSi arsebuli 2 floristuli olqis mijnze. pirveli maTgani ukavSirdeba
zomieri klimaturi sartylis gavlenas, xolo meore – tropikulis. mcenareulo-
bidan gvxdeba farTofoTlovani, Sereuli da wiwvovani tyeebi, stepebi, mdeloebi,
naxevradudabnos mcenareuloba da sxv. amgvari viTareba ganapirobebs saqarTve-
los maRal biologiur mravalferovnebas, rac aisaxeba niadagur da landSaftur
Taviseburebebze, soflis meurneobasa da meurneobis sxva dargebze (turizmze, dacu-
li teritoriebis formirebaze, wylis resursebze da sxv.).
saqarTvelo geopolitikurad mdebareobs evropis da aziis mijnaze, ruseTis da

yofili socialisturi orientaciis saxelmwifoTa TiTqmis srul garemocvaSi. am
qveynebis geografiuli da politikuri interesebi, samxedro blokebTan urTierTo-
ba, arsebuli politikuri da ekonomikuri viTareba, samxedro dapirispireba, mmarT-
velobis formebi, erovnuli da religiuri Semadgenloba ganapirobebs Cveni qvey-
nis geopolitikuri mdebareobis sakmaod rTul xasiaTs. saqarTvelos mosazRvre
qveynebidan sami postsabWoTa respublikaa (ruseTi, somxeTi, azerbaijani), TurqeTi
ki Crdiloatlantikuri samxedro blokis (nato) wevri. saqarTvelos aramosazRvre,
magram axlo mezobeli qveynebia yofili sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebi (ukraina,
yazaxeTi, TurqmeneTi), evrokavSiris qveynebi (rumineTi, bulgareTi) da musulmanu-
ri saxelmwifoebi (siria, erayi, irani).
saqarTvelo iseT geopolitikur sivrceSi mdebareobs, sadac gadaxlarTulia qris-

tianuli da musulmanuri samyaro, rac garkveulwilad moqmedebs im politikur
procesebze, romlebic amJamad mimdinareobs kavkasiis regionSi. uSualod mosazRvre
saxelmwifoebis umetesoba qristianulia. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ruseTis Semadgenel
im politikur-administraciul erTeulebs, romlebic am qristianuli saxelmwifos
federaciuli subieqtebi arian kavkasiaSi (yabardo, balyareTi, yaraCai, CerqezeTi,
inguSeTi, CaCneTi da daRestani), maSin gamodis, rom saqarTvelos mosazRvre qveynebis
umravlesoba musulmanur religias aRiarebs.
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Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi
Tanamedrove geopolitikur situaciaze gavlenas aseve axdens mezobeli saxelmwifoe-

bis mosaxleobis enobrivi da erovnuli Semadgenlobac. saqarTvelos garemocvaSi
mezobeli qveynebis mosaxleoba ganekuTvneba 4 enobriv ojaxs da Sesabamisad, mona-
Tesave xalxebs, kerZod: kavkasiurs, indoevropuls, altaursa da semitur-qamiturs.
kavkasiuri ojaxis enebze laparakoben xalxebi, romlebic ramdenime enobriv jgufSi
arian gaerTianebuli. maT Sorisaa: afxazur-adiReur (adiReelebi, Cerqezebi, yabar-
doelebi, dRevandeli afxazebi da abazgebi); naxur (CaCnebi, inguSebi, bacbebi anu wo-
vaTuSebi), daRestnur (daRestnis xalxTa umravlesoba: xunZebi, andielebi, boTlix-
elebi, darguelebi, lezgebi da sxv.) jgufebi. indoevropul enobriv ojaxs miekuTvne-
ba oTxi jgufi: slavuri (rusebi, bulgarelebi, ukrainelebi), iranuli (sparselebi,
qurTebi, osebi, TaliSebi da sxv.), somxuri da romanuli (ruminelebi, moldavelebi)
jgufi. altaur enobriv ojaxs miekuTvneba Turquli jgufi, kerZod: azerbaijanele-
bi, yaraCaelebi, balyarebi, yumuxebi, noRaelebi, TaTrebi da kavkasieli Turqmenebi.
semitur-qamitur enobriv ojaxs miekuTvneba semituri jgufi _ sirielebi (arabebi)
da ebraelebi.
saqarTvelos geopolitikur mdebareobaze uaryofiT gavlenas axdens is eTnikuri,

religiuri Tu teritoriuli konfliqtebi, romlebic aswleulebis manZilze mim-
dinareobs kavkasiis regionSi da mis uaxloes arealSi. afxazeTi da Sida qarTli,
mTiani yarabaRi, qurTistani, erayi, siria, israeli, donbasis regioni, yirimi da sxva
konfliqturi teritoriebi arsebiT gavlenas axdens Cveni qveynis socialur-ekono-
mikur ganviTarebaze da mdgradi ganviTarebis saxelmwifo strategiis realizebaze.
saqarTvelos sakmaod xelsayreli satransporto-geografiuli mdebareoba ukavia

evropasa da azias, evraziis kontinentis CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis qveynebs Soris.
amis gamo Cveni qveyana satransporto derefnis funqcias asrulebda da asrulebs,
rac aisaxeba regionis qveynebs Soris ekonomikur Tu politikur urTierTobebze.
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs gauyinavi Savi zRvac da qveynis sazRvao mdebareoba,
vinaidan evropa-aziis satransporto derefnis efeqturi funqcionireba ZiriTadad
Savi zRvis gamoyenebiT xorcieldeba. amave gziT ukavSirdeba saqarTvelo samxreTi
da centraluri evropis qveynebsa da msoflio okeanes. qveynis ganviTarebaSi did
rols ukve TamaSobs evropa – aziis damakavSirebeli milsadeni da sarkinigzo
transportic, rac zrdis tvirTbrunvisa da mgzavrTbrunvis maCveneblebs evropisa
da aziis regionebs Soris.
qveynis geografiuli, gansakuTrebiT ki politikuri da satransporto-geografiuli

mdebareobis araerTi maxasiaTebeli istoriulad cvladi faqtoria. igi saukuneebis
manZilze icvleboda politikuri, samxedro, ekonomikuri Tu demografiuli pro-
cesebis da interesebis gavleniT. amJamad saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareobis
araerTi maxasiaTebeli efeqturad SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli qveynis mdgradi
ganviTarebisTvis.
5.2. saqarTvelo da msoflio
saqarTvelos bunebrivi mravalferovneba gamorCeulia msoflioSi, gansakuTrebiT

ki – subtropikul da zomier sartyelSi. aq Svid aTeulze meti bunebrivi landSaf-
tia warmodgenili, dawyebuli notio subtropikuli an semiariduli naTeli tyeebiT,
damTavrebuli Warbteniani da nivaluri landSaftebiT. amgvari mravalferovneba
ramdenime faqtors ukavSirdeba, romelTagan mniSvnelovania: geografiuli mdeba-
reoba (tropikuli da zomieri sartylis mijnaze), gauyinavi Savi zRvis gavlena, geo-
181
grafiuli faqtorebis da Taviseburebebis simaRlebrivi ganawileba (zRvis donidan

5200 metramde) da teritoriis sameurneo gamoyenebis ramdenime aTaswlovani is-
toria.
saqarTvelo msoflioSi aseve gamoirCeva „pirveladi~ anu bunebrivi landSaftis

maRali xvedriTi wiliT, rac qveynis farTobis 17 procentzea warmodgenili. buneb-
rivi garemo xeluxlebeli saxiT gvxvdeba rogorc dacul da Warbtenian teritori-
ebze, ise saSualo da maRalmTiani reliefis pirobebSi.
saqarTvelo farTobis (70 aTas km2-mde) da mosaxleobis (3.7 mln kaci) mixedviT TiT-
qmis Sua, 25-e adgilzea evropaSi. aq warmodgenilia reliefis msoflioSi cnobili
TiTqmis yvela forma, klimatis ramdenime, mcenareulobis da niadagebis ramdenime
aTeuli tipi. udidesi ekologiuri resursia tyeebi, romliTac dafarulia qveynis
teritoriis 2/5. saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba 15 aTasze meti saxeobis mcenare. maTgan 4
aTasze meti Teslovani, 75 gvimriseburi da 2600 wyalmcenarea. mcenareulobis 6.0
procenti (anu 900-mde saxeoba) endemuri da reliqturia. analogiuri mravalferov-
nebiT gamoirCeva cxovelTa samyaroc, romelTa Soris 100-ze meti saxeobis ZuZumwo-
vari da 300-ze meti frinvelia. cocxali samyaros saxeobaTa raodenobis, endemizmis
da biomravalferovnebis mixedviT, saqarTvelo evropis qveynebis xuTeulSi Sedis,
rac mkafiod adasturebs misi bunebrivi garemos mravalferovnebasa da ganumeoreb-
lobas.
saqarTveloSi daculi teritoriebis formirebas saukunovani istoria aqvs. pirve-

li nakrZali 1912 wels, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, kavkasionis samxreT-aRmosavleT
ferdobebze Seiqmna. saukunis manZilze daculi teritoriebis farTobi mudmivad iz-
rdeboda. me-20 saukunis manZilze maT ZiriTadad cocxali samyaros dacvis mizniT,
nakrZalis an aRkveTilis statusis reJimiT qmnidnen. amave saukunis bolos saqarTve-
loSi dacul teritoriebs araerTi kategoria daemata. maTgan gansakuTrebuli po-
pularobiT erovnuli parkebi sargebloben. amJamad daculi teritoriebis saerTo
farTobi 500 aTas heqtars aRwevs, rac qveynis saerTo farTobis TiTqmis 7 procen-
tia. daculi teritoriebis farTobis ¾ tyiania, rac rekreaciuli an saganmanaTleb-
lo funqciis garda, maT did garemos dacviT da garemos aRmdgen daniSnulebazec
metyvelebs.
saqarTveloSi miniatiuruli zomebiT gvxvdeba evropis cocxali samyaros TiTqmis

mTeli simaRliTi speqtri. saqarTvelos floris saxeobaTa saerTo raodenobiT V
adgili ukavia evropaSi. Cveni qveyana am maCvenebliT bevrad aRemateba gaerTiane-
bul samefos, irlandias, aRmosavleT evropisa da skandinaviis qveynebs. saqarTvelo
evropaSi pirvel adgilzea ZuZumwovrebisa da frinvelebis saxeobaTa raodenobiT,
xolo cocxali samyaros endemizmis mixedviT, CamorCeba iseT qveynebs, rogoricaa:
espaneTi, saberZneTi, italia da bulgareTi. marTalia, tyeebiT dakavebuli farTo-
bis mixedviT 24-e adgili ukavia evropaSi, Tumca erT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT
da tyianobiT (TiTqmis 40 procenti) saqarTvelo evropaSi gamorCeul adgilzea.
gansakuTrebuli simdidrea xeluxlebeli tyeebi, romelTa xvedriTi wiliT (1/4) sa-
qarTvelo evropaSi pirvelobas aravis uTmobs.
saqarTvelo landSaftebis raodenobiT me-12 adgilzea msoflioSi, xolo pirvel

adgilze – evropaSi. am maCvenebliT CamorCeba mxolod did saxelmwifoebs: CineTs,
aSS-s, ruseTs, avstralias, meqsikas, indoeTs, kanadas, brazilias, argentinas, Tur-
qeTs da Ciles. Tumca landSafturi mravalferovnebis teritoriis sididesTan Se-
182
fardebis mixedviT, saqarTvelo msoflioSi pirvel adgilzea. igi landSafturi mra-

valferovnebiT 20-jer aRemateba msoflios saSualo maCvenebels.
saqarTvelo, rogorc kavkasiis nawili, Sedis:

1. msoflios biologiurad umdidres da safrTxis qveS myof 34 „cxel wertilSi~;
2. msoflios yvelaze sensitiur, mowyvlad 200 ekoregionSi, romelic maRali biom-
ravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva;
3. endemur frinvelTa adgilsamyofelSi;
4. agrobiomravalferovnebis msoflios centrebSi;
5. msxvili balaxismWamelebis gavrcelebis `cxel wertilSi~ .
saqarTvelo evropaSi ekologiurad sufTa bunebrivi garemoTic gamoirCeva. aq

Zlier anTropogenul zemoqmedebas ganicdis teritoriis SedarebiT umniSvnelo na-
wili, ris mixedviTac igi evropis mraval qveyanas (gaerTianebuli samefo, beniluq-
sis qveynebi, dania, italia, germania, poloneTi da sxv.) 5-7-jer aRemateba. saqarTve-
lo evropaSi, farTobis erTeulze gaangariSebiT, bunebis calkeuli komponentebis
(wiTelmiwebi, mesameulis reliqturi kolxuri tyeeb, xeluxlebeli tyeebi da sxv.),
reliqturi da iSviaTi saxeobebis, araorganuli bunebis Zeglebis (vokluzebi, buneb-
rivi xidebi, ganamarxebuli florisa da faunis adgilsamyofeli da sxv.) siuxviTac
gamoirCeva. am maCveneblebis da Tematikis mixedviT saqarTvelo evropis erT-erTi
udidesi turistul-rekreaciuli centria.
saqarTvelo msoflios istoriuli memkvidreobis nusxaSi amJamad warmodgenilia 2

obieqtiT. maT miekuTvneba: sofeli CaJaSi (zemo svaneTi, bunebrivi landSaftis, Sua
saukuneebis arqiteqturis da tradiciuli meurneobis unikaluri Serwyma) da mcxe-
Tis istoriuli Zeglebi (statusi mieniWa 1994 wels, warmodgenilia sveticxovlis
sakaTedro taZris, mcxeTis wminda jvris taZris da samTavros monastris saxiT).
amave nominaciisTvis wardgenilia gelaTis samonastro kompleqsi, varZia da sxva
msoflio mniSvnelobis istoriuli Zeglebi..
iuneskos mier 2003 wels miRebul iqna arameterialuri kulturuli memkvidreo-

bis dacvis konvencia. msoflio mniSvnelobis aramaterialuri Sedevrebis nusxaSi
Setanilia qarTuli anbani, tradiciuli mravalxmianoba, qvevris Rvino da mesxuri
tenili yveli. saqarTvelos aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebs
miekuTvneba: iakob gogebaSviliseuli swavlebis meTodi „deda ena~ , qarTuli Wida-
oba, cekvebi – xorumi da ferxuli, berikaoba, fSavuri dambalxaWo, laRiZis wylebis
teqnologia da sxv.
saqarTveloSi msoflio bunebriv-istoriuli memkvidreobis anu Sereuli statusis

miRebas araerTi regioni „elodeba~ , romelTa Sorisaa: xevsureTi (muco da Sati-
li), mesxeTi (varZia – xerTvisis monakveTi), ufliscixe, kaxeTi (alaznis vake, ala-
verdi, gremi, siRnaRi, SuamTa, Telavi da sxv.), samegrelo (md.texuras xeoba da ar-
qeopolisi), dmanisi da sxv. saqarTvelo aseve iTvleba msoflios vazis samSoblod
(aq cnobilia 530 kulturuli jiSi), kulturul mcenareTa da Sinaur cxovelTa en-
demuri jiSebis adgilsamyoflad (xorblis msofloSi cnobili 14 jiSidan 5 qarTu-
lia, cnobilia qarTuli futkari, cxvari, cxeni, Zroxa). saqarTveloSi aRmoCenilia
msoflioSi warmoebuli uZvelesi Tafli (5500 wlis) da uZvelesi qsovili (40 aTasi
wlis).
saqarTvelo – pirveli evropelebis samSobloa. dmanisis arqeologiuri gaTxre-

bis Sedegebma Secvala afrikidan evraziaSi adamianis gavrcelebis (“Human Odyssey”)
183
geografia da Sesabamisad, kacobriobis istoriul-geografiuli ganviTarebis ten-

denciebi. adamianis yvelaze Zveli Tavis qala, romelic fiqsirdeba evraziis konti-
nentze, 1.8 milioni wlisaa da igi dmanisSia aRmoCenili.
qarTuli damwerloba da ena unikaluria msoflioSi. qarTuli anbani da damwer-

loba erT-erTi uZvelesia, xolo damwerloba erT-erTi msoflios 14 damwerlobas
Soris.
5.3. saqarTvelos bunebrivi pirobebi da resursebi

5.3.1. geologiuri agebuleba da mineraluri resursebi
geologiuri istoriis manZilze dedamiwis zedapiri did cvalebadobas ganicdida.

zRvebis adgils droTa ganmavlobaSi xmeleTi ikavebda, xolo xmeleTis adgilze _
wylis auzebi warmoiqmneboda. Sesabamisad icvleboda klimaturi pirobebi da hi-
drografiuli qseli. evolucias an gadaSeneba-gadagvarebas ganicdidnen mcenareebi
da cxovelebi. dedamiwis zedapiris aseT kardinalur cvlilebebs adgili hqonda
uZveles geologiur epoqebSi. es cvlilebebi Seexo kavkasiasac da ra Tqma unda,
saqarTvelos teritoriasac, romelic erT-erT yvelaze aqtiur orogenetul zonaSi
mdebareobs.
aseuli milioni wlis manZilze kavkasiis teritoriaze adgili hqonda dedamiwis

zedapiris araerT mniSvnelovan cvlilebas, Tumca Tanamedrove reliefisa da bune-
brivi pirobebis TandaTanobiTi Camoyalibeba ukanaskneli 30 milioni wlis ganmav-
lobaSi aRiniSna. adgilobrivi procesebis Sedegad ki Camoyalibda mTiani reliefi,
cvlileba ganicada sanapiro xazma, izolaciis pirobebSi Camoyalibda da ganviTarda
mcenareTa da cxovelTa mxolod saqarTvelosTvis damaxasiaTebeli (endemuri) sax-
eobebi. paleogenuri floris ganamarxebuli naSTebi saqarTeelos teritoriaze gvx-
vdeba md. xaniswylis (rionis marcxena Senakadi) auzSi, s. TorTan (borjomis raioni).
aRniSnuli flora adasturebs imas, rom paleogenSi kavkasiis teritoriaze tropiku-
li hava yofila, Tumca ara Tanamedrove tropikulis identuri. neogenSi kidev ufro
farTod vrceldeba siTbosmoyvaruli tropikuli flora da fauna. damaxasiaTebeli
mcenareebia: palmebi, qafuris xe, magnoliebi, kameliebi; cxovelebidan _ Jirafebi,
antilopebi, hiparionebi, niangebi, uzarmazari ku, adamianismsgavsi maimunebi. daviT
garejis teritoriaze napovnia imdroindeli adamianismsgavsi maimunis kbili, ro-
melsac udabnopiTeki (garejienzis) uwodes.
meoTxeul (anTropogenul) periodSi kavkasiis teritoriaze kvlav grZeldeba oro-

genetuli moZraobebi da vulkanuri procesebi. am procesebis Sedegad sabolood
Camoyalibda: alaznis depresia, samxreT saqarvelos lavuri platoebi, iaRlujis
maRlobi. mdinareuli da tbiuri nafenebiT amoivso kolxeTis depresia da warmoiqm-
na kolxeTis dablobi. Zirfesviani cvlilebebi ganicada klimatma, niadagmcenareul-
ma safarma da cxovelTa samyarom, rac ganpirobebuli iyo gamyinvarebiT. meoTxeuli
or epoqad iyofa: pleistocenad da holocenad. pleistoceni globaluri gamyinva-
rebis epoqaa da grZeldeboda 600 aTasi weli. hava TanamedrovesTan SedarebiT civi
iyo. mniSvnelovani farTobi ekava Tanamedrove gamyinvarebas. myinvarebi dasavleT
saqarTveloSi zR. d. 1100-1500 m (aRmosavleT afxazeTSi 800-1000 m), xolo aRmosav-
leT saqarTveloSi zR. d. 1800-2200 m simaRlemde eSvebodnen, e.i. qveynis dasavleT
nawilSi isini tyis zonaSi sakmaod Rrmad iWrebodnen. myinvarebiT iyo dafaruli ka-
vkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedi da ferdobebi (gagris, bzifis, kodoris, germux-
184
is, xarulis, qarTlis qedebi), agreTve samsrisa da javaxeTis qedebi. pleistocenSi

gamyinvareba oTxjer aRiniSna, romelTa Soris udidesi ris-viurmis gamyinvareba
iyo. im dros udidesi myinvaris sigrZe saqarTvelos teritoriaze 25-30 km-s aRwevda,
e.i. Tanamedrove ugrZes myinvars igi 2-jer da ufro metadac aRemateboda.
klimatis cvlis Sesabamisad Zirfesvianad icvleboda flora da fauna. siTbosmoy-

varuli mcenareebisa da cxovelebis adgils ikavebdnen sicivismoyvarulni. mTeli
organuli samyaro mdidrdeba borealuri (sicivismoyvaruli) saxeobebiT, rom-
lebic aq evraziis kontinentis taigis zonidan SemoiWrnen da farTod gavrceld-
nen. gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelni gaxdnen isini javaxeTis vulkanur platosa
da kolxeTis dablobis Waobebis midamoebSi. mcenareuli safari aseve gamdidrda
xmelTaSuazRviuri (umTavresad dasavleT saqarTveloSi) da winaaziuri (aRmosav-
leT saqarTvelos ukidures samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi) elementebiTac. mTebSi,
TanamedrovesTan SedarebiT, farTod iyo gavrcelebuli mezofiluri elementebi:
naZvi, soWi, bza, wyavi, suro.
amrigad, pleistocenSi mcenareulma safarma Zirfesviani cvlileba ganicada. TiTqmis

mTlianad gadaSendnen mesameulSi arsebuli tropikuli tyeebi, romlebic mxolod
erTgvar TavSesafarSi, e.w. refugiumSi SemorCnen. kavkasiis teritoriaze arsebu-
li ori refugiumidan erT-erTi saqarTveloSi, kolxeTSi mdebareobs (miuval da
Rrma xeobebSi), ris gamoc kolxeTis Tanamedrove flora (bunebrivi saxiT) nakle-
bad gansxvavdeba imdroindelisagan. swored amiT gamoirCeva kavkasia alpebisa da
mravali sxva mTiani mxarisagan, sadac yvela florisa da faunis siTbosmoyvaru-
li warmomadgeneli gadaSenda. miuxedavad mcenareuli safaris aseTi cvlilebebisa,
saqarTveloSi SemorCa arqauli elementebi, romlebic ufro metad gvxvdebodnen
dasavleT saqarTveloSi. esenia: metaseqvoia, hikori, liqvidambari, kviparosis, mux-
isa da nekerCxlis Zveli saxeobebi, cxeniswabla (eskulusi) da sxv. pleistocenidan
moyolebuli SeimCneva adamianis zegavlena organul samyaroze. jer kidev pleis-
tocenis dasawyisSi, paleoliTSi, saqarTvelos teritoriaze aqtiurad saqmianobda
adamiani. kerZod, uZvelesi adamianis adgilsamyofeli aRricxulia afxazeTis zR-
vispira terasebze, kudaros, jruWulas, wonas, devisxvrelis da cucxvaTis karstul
mRvimeebSi.
holoceni globaluri daTbobis epoqaa. igi moicavs ukanasknel 10-12 aTas wels,
romlis (amJamadac holocenis epoqaSi vimyofebiT) dasawyisSi adamianis zegavlena
organul samyaroze ukve sagrZnobi xdeba: vrcel farTobebze (gansakuTrebiT aRmo-
savleT saqarTvelos barSi) tyeebi ganadgurda da misi adgili daikava meoreulma
stepebma. mcenareul safarSi sul ufro met monawileobas iReben qserofituli el-
ementebi. moispo msxvili ZuZumwovrebi: Zveli domba, gareuli cxeni, pirvelyofili
Zroxa, gareuli viri (kanjari), cxen-iremi, mamonti, rosomaxa (samuravi), Taxvi, mRvi-
muri daTvi, mRvimuri lomi (lomvefxvi), mRvimuri afTari, matylovani martorqa,
giganturi iremi da sxv.
dadgenilia, rom 9-6 aTasi wlis win klimati ufro Tbili iyo, vidre dRes. im drois-
aTvis gamyinvarebas kavkasionze gacilebiT mcire farTobi ekava da msoflio okeanis
done 4-5 m-iT maRla mdebareobda. mcire kavkasionze saerTod aRar arsebobda gamy-
invreba, 200-300 m-iT maRla iyo tyis zeda sazRvari. 5,5 aTasi wlis win daiwyo acive-
ba. 5 aTasi wlis win damyarda Tanamedroves msgavsi klimaturi pirobebi. marTalia
acieba-daTbobis monacvleoba SemdgomSic aRiniSneboda, magram es iyo mciremasSta-
biani cvlilebebi. magaliTad, XVII-XIX saukuneebSi adgili hqonda havis acivebasa da
185
tenianobis matebas, xolo XIX saukunis bolos _ daTbobas. klimatis daTboba dResac
grZeldeba.
saqarTvelos teritoria geologiurad agebulia sxvadasxva asakisa da Sedgenilobis

qanebiT. yvelaze farTo gavrcelebisaa axalgazrda _ mezozouri da kainozouri
qanebi. SedarebiT lokaluri gavrclebisaa Zveli _ paleozouri da kambriulam-
deli asakis qanebi. uZvelesi, kambriulamdeli da paleozouri qanebi umTavresad
gavrcelebulia kavkasionis RerZuli zolis gaswvriv (mis dasavleT da centralur
nawilSi), Zirulis, loqisa da xramis masivebze. es qanebi warmodgenilia metamorfu-
li da kristaluri qanebiT _ granitebT, gneisebiT, kristaluri fiqlebiT. mezozouri
asakis qanebi, gansakuTrebiT iuruli da carculi, farTo gavrcelebiT xasiaTdeba.
iuruli naleqebi umTavresad gavrcelebulia kavkasionis samxreT ferdobze, xolo
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos farglebSi kavkasionis RerZul zolsa da CrdiloeT
ferdobze. gvxvdeba Zirulis, loqisa da xramis masivebzec, es qanebi warmodgenilia
TixafiqlebiT, qviSaqvebiT, konglomeratebiT, zogan _ porfiritebiT, tufebiT, tu-
fogenuri qanebiT. Zirulis masivis midamoebSi, aRniSnul naleqebSi gvxvdeba namarxi
organizmebi _ xmeleTis florisa da zRvis faunis elementebi. namarxi fauna gvxvde-
ba loqis masivis porfiritul wyebebSic. carculi naleqebi TiTqmis uwyveti zolis
saxiT gavrcelebulia kavkasionis samxreT ferdobsa da mis mTiswineTSi. dasavleT
saqarTveloSi igi ZiriTadad warmodgenilia kirqvebiT, mergelebiT, dolomitebiT,
sadac ganviTarebulia karstuli movlenebi. amis saukeTeso magaliTebia: webeldis
plato-qvabuli (md. kodoris qvemo welis auzSi), mTa saTanjo (galis raioni), urTis
mTa (zugdidisa da xobis raionebis sazRvarze), unagiris seri (mTa centraluri odi-
Sis platoze) da sxv. neogenuri vulkanogenuri wyebebiT agebulia eruSeTis mTiane-
Ti, samsrisa da javaxeTis qedebis udidesi nawili, axalqalaqis platos saZirkveli.
igi cnobilia `goderZis wyebis~ saxelwodebiT da warmodgenilia vulkanuri lave-
biT _ bazaltebiT, andezitebiT, andezitbazaltebiT, tufebiT. `goderZis wyeba~ cno-
bilia imiTac, rom aq napovnia mesameuli (neogenuri) floris ori adgilsamyofeli:
erTi _ goderZis uReltexilis, xolo meore _ qisaTibis diatomitis sabados (axal-
cixis raioni) midamoebSi. meoTxeuli nafenebi yvelaze axalgazrda da mravalfero-
vania. igi iyofa kontinentur da zRviur naleqebad. kontinenturi nafenebi metad
mravalgvaria. warmoSobis mixedviT arsebobs: vulkanogenuri, mdinareuli, tbiuri,
myinvaruli, mRvimuri da sxva saxis wyebebi.
saqarTveloSi vxvdebiT mravalferovan da Zvirfas sasargeblo wiaRiseuls. mniS-

vnelovani da unikaluri miwis, wylis, tyis, rekreaciuli da aratradiciuli energi-
is resursebic. resursTa umetesi nawili mciremaragovani, Tumca maRalxarisxova-
nia. bunebrivi resursebi miekuTvnebian tradiciul da aratradiciul resursTa tips.
tradiciulia isini, romlebic adrec iyo cnobili, moipoveboda an moipoveba amJamad-
ac. maT Sorisaa: manganumi, rkina, spilenZi, tyvia, TuTia, dariSxani, gogirdi, feradi
liTonebi, qvanaxSiri, navTobi, bariti, bentonituri Tixa, diatomiti, aqati, samSene-
blo masalebi (marmarilo, mergelebi da a.S.). zogierTi maTgani (rkina, molibdeni,
volframi, oqro) Cveni saukunis dasawyisidan an meore msoflio omiswina perio-
didan aRar moipoveba (dakarga samrewvelo mniSvneloba). amJamad kvlav aRorZinda
maT mimarT daintereseba. igive exeba arsebuli sabadoebis (bentonituri Tixebis,
baritis, diatomitis, aqatis) gafarToebis problemebs. saqarTveloSi gadafasda saT-
bob-energetikuli (gansakuTrebiT navTobis) resursebisadmi damokidebuleba. mosa-
lodnelia axali sabadoebis warmoCena-eqspluataciis dawyeba (qvanaxSirisaTvis) da
arsebulis sxva siRrmeebze Zieba (navTobisaTvis). aratradiciulia (calkeuli iSvia-
186
Ti liTonebi, kalciti, ceoliTebi, faifuris qva) isini, romlebic CvenTan arasodes

ar moipoveboda an ar iyo cnobili. isini mZlavri bunebrivi rezervia. Didi rezerve-
bia agreTve samrewvelo wiaRiseulis srulfasovani anu kompleqsuri gamoyenebis
mxrivac.
saqarTvelos mineraluri resursebi
mineraluri resursebi ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos geologiuri ganviTarebis isto-

rias da mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba. maT Sorisaa: saTbob-energetikuli, liTon-
uri, samTo – qimiuri nedleuli da bunebrivi saSeni masalebi, tyis da wylis, miwis
da rekreaciuli resursebi.
saTbob-energetikuli wiaRiseulidan aRsaniSnavia navTobi, qvanaxSiri da bunebrivi

airi. navTobis sabadoebi saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidanaa cnobili, Tumca maTi
Seswavla XX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan daiwyo. saqarTvelos navTobSemcveli ter-
itoriebi or ZiriTad regions: SavizRvispiras (dasavleTi saqarTvelo, kolxeTis
dablobi) da samxreT-kaspiispiras (aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo) miekuTvneba. saqarT-
veloSi navTobis ZiriTadi sabadoebia: aRmosavleT Waladidis (samegrelo), sufsis,
Sromisubani _ wyalwmindis (guria), norios, sacxenisis, TeleTis, samgoris, rusTavis,
taribanis (kaxeTi), mirzaanis, patara Siraqis, rusTavis gazokondensatis. navTobis
dazverili maragis 70% da mopovebis 90% modis Tbilisis midamoebis, samgor-pa-
tarZeulisa da kaxeTis raionebze. navTobis prognozuli maragi ramdenime aseuli
milioni tonaa. misi umetesi nawili mcire raodenobiT Seicavs gogirds, rac wiaRi-
seulis maRal xarisxze metyvelebs. qvanaxSiris sabadoTa geografia moicavs zols,
romelic vrceldeba afxazeTidan okribamde (imereTi). aqaa ganlagebuli: bzifis, ty-
varCelis, maganis (samegrelo _ energuris marcxena sanapiro), gelaTis, tyibul-Sao-
ris. maTgan samrewvelo mniSvneloba mxolod ors: tyvarCelsa da tyibul-Saors
gaaCnia. perspeqtiuli sabadoebia: bzifis, farcxanayanevis, sinaTle-Sqmeris, yvib-
ia-gordis (q. senakTan). mura naxSiris sabadoebia: axalcixis (vales) da samxreT kax-
eTis (md. ioris marcxena sanapiro). udidesia tyibul-Saoris sabado, romlis maragi
Seadgens 700 mln t. tyvarCelis sabado mdebareobs md. RaliZgas zemo welSi. mis
Sesaxeb 1881 wlidanaa cnobili. qvanaxSiris fenis simZlavrea 300 m. misi maragi _
30 mln tonaa. axalcixis mura naxSiris sabado _ yvelaze maRla mdebarea (z. d. 1000-
1600 m) da cnobilia XIX s-is II naxevridan. aq dazverviTi samuSaoebi da mopovebi-
Ti samuSaoebi Sewyda gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi, mura naxSirze moTxovnilebis
Semcirebis gamo. sabados maragi 75 mln tonaa. sxva sabadoebidan aRsaniSnavia gela-
Tis (maragi 5 mln t), maganis (walenjixis raioni, maragi 0,5 mln. t), bzifis (gudauTis
raioni, 0,9 mln t), samxreT kaxeTis (0,3 mln t, q. siRnaRidan samxreTiT), farcxanaya-
nevis (wyaltubos raioni, 150 mln. t), yvibia-gordis (maragi 70 mln t, mdebareobs
md. cxeniswyalsa da texurs Soris). saqarTveloSi moqmedi qvanaxSiris sabadoebis
saerTo maragia 826 mln tona, perspeqtiuli sabadoebis maragi ki 360 mln t. amJamad
saubaria bunebrivi airis samrewvelo mopovebaze, romlis mniSvnelovani sabadoebi
gamovlenilia Tbilisis midamoebsa da kaxeTSi.
torfis sabadoTa Seswavla-gamokvlevebi daiwyo XX s 30-ian wlebSi. torfian fen-

ebs kolxeTis dablobze dakavebuli aqvs 20 aTasi ha, xolo misi maragi 8 mlrd m3-
ia. ZiriTadi sabadoebi gvxvdeba SavizRvispira zolSi, mcire nawili _ javaxeTis
vulkanur platoze. saqarTveloSi torfis 49 sabadoa. yvelaze mZlavri sabadoebia:
imnaTis (lanCxuTis raioni, saSualo siRrme _ 8 m. gamoiyeneba rogorc organuli
sasuqi. maragi 35 mln t. fenis siRrme _ 14 m); nabadis (xobis raioni, fenis simZlavre _
187
5 m, maragi _ 36 mln t); Wuris (xobis raioni, simZlavre 7 m, maragi _ 7 mln. t). torfis
sabadoTa maragi Seswavlilia arasakmarisad. samrewvelo damuSavebaSi imyofeba
sabadoTa mxolod 1/7. igi warmatebiT SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes mecxoveleobaSi
(sakvebad), qimiuri nivTierebebis misaRebad. `qarTuli torfis~ saTbobad gamoyeneba
ararentabeluria.
saqarTveloSi Savi liTonebi warmodgenilia rkinisa da manganumis sabadoebiT.

ekonomikurad mniSvnelovan rkinis sabadoTa ricxvi Zalzed mcirea. maTgan aRsan-
iSnavia mxolod foladaurisa da Zamis. saqarTveloSi agreTve cnobilia garejisa
da sanapiro-sazRvao rkinisSemcveli qviSis sabadoebi. manganumis (mZime movercx-
lisfro-moTeTro liToni) arseboba saqarTveloSi didi xnis win iyo cnobili. igi
rkinaqvis saxesxvaobad miaCndaT da warmatebiT iyenebdnen rkinis Sesadnobad. manga-
numi Zvirfasi liTonia, romelsac SeuZlia mraval liTonTan warmoqmnas Senadnobi.
manganums iyeneben Sav metalurgiaSi, galvanuri elementebis dasamzadeblad, qimi-
ur mrewvelobaSi, soflis meurneobaSi, medicinaSi da sxv. manganumis sabadoebia
Zirulis kristalur masivze, kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedis calkeul mon-
akveTze da aWara-TrialeTis qedze. Zirulis masivze manganumis gamovlineba aris,
rogorc zedapiruli (WiaTura, Cxari-ajameTis), aseve siRrmiTi (rodinauli, zesta-
fonis raioni). Manganumi aWara-imereTis qedze, vani-baRdadis midamoebSicaa aRmoCe-
nili, Tumca mas arasamrewvelo daniSnuleba aqvs. garkveuli maragebia samegrelos,
raWa-leCxumisa da guriis teritoriebze. ZiriTadi sabadoebia: WiaTuris (pirveli
cnobebi mis Sesaxeb 1848 wlidanaa cnobili. samrewvelo mopoveba 1879 wels daiwyo.
sabado zestafons ukavSirdeba saavtomobilo da sarkinigzo transportiT. maragi
200 mln tona), Cxari-ajameTis (quTaisisa da Terjolis midamoebSi, fenis simZlavrea
maragi _ 5 mln t), Sqmeris (onis raioni, mdebareobs zR. d. 2000 metramde, maragi _
6 mln t), agaris (savaraudo maragi 30 mln t), javis (savaraudo maragi 20 mln t).
sul saqarTveloSi manganumis gamovlenili da savaraudo maragi 0,5 mlrd. tonas
aRwevs, rac mniSvnelovani resursia. saqarTveloSi rkinis madnis gamovlinebis
60 adgilia cnobili. yvelaze mZlavria foladauris sabado (bolnisis raioni). aq
rkinis Semcveloba 40%-ia. aqvea feradi liTonebic _ spilenZi (5%), TuTia (7%),
tyvia (2%). rkinis sakmao maragiT xasiaTdeba Zamis sabado (qarelis raioni), sadac
rkinis Semcvelobis sakmad maRali maCveneblebia (40-50%). maragi 20 mln tonamdea.
SavizRvispira magnetituri qviSebi TiTqmis mTlianad miuyveba Savi zRvis sanapiro
zols 250 km manZilze. aq rkinis Semcveloba 1-16%-is farglebSi meryeobs. maragi
daaxloebiT 150-200 mln tonaa.
saqarTveloSi feradi liTonebi da misi sabadoebi istoriuladaa cnobili. xSir

SemTxvevaSi isini iSviaT da keTilSobil liTonebTan erTad moipoveba. umetes sa-
badoTa potenciuri maragebi arasruladaa Seswavlili. saqarTveloSi cnobili
feradi liTonebis polimetaluri sabadoebia: spilenZ-tyvia-TuTiis (madneuli),
tyvia-TuTiis (kvaisa), dariSxanis (canisa da luxumis). rezervulia: spilenZ-poli-
metaluri (qvemo bolnisis). Zvirfasi liTonebis perspeqtiuli ubnebia bolnisisa
da javis raionebSi, agreTve daviT-garejis midamoebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom maTi um-
ravlesoba oqros Seicavs. am liToniT gansakuTrebiT mdidaria xramisa da loqis
vulkanuri masivebi. iSviaTi an Zvirfasi liTonebi ZiriTadad Tanxvedrilia feradi
liTonebis madanTan. maTi calkeuli gamovlinebebi gvxvdeba raWaSi, svaneTsa da
afaxazeTSi. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania dariSxnis sabadoebi. zogierTi iSviaTi
liToni (vercxliswyali, volframi) aRmoCenilia kavkasionis samxreT kalTebze,
magram maTi samrewvelo daniSnuleba arasruladaa Seswavlili. mniSvnelovania
188
CveSuris (onis raioni) sabado, romelSic garda iSviaTi liTonebisa, Zvirfasi li-
Tonebis mniSvnelovani raodenobaa.
saqarTveloSi cnobilia aTobiT samrewvelo da aseulobiT arasamrewvelo daniS-

nulebis, Tumca perspeqtiuli samTo-qimiuri nedleulis sabado. bariti anu mZime
Spati, warmatebiT gamoiyeneba medicinasa da qimiur mrewvelobaSi. saqarTveloSi
cnobilia baritis 60 mniSvnelovani sabado. amJamad eqspluataciaSia Cordisa (onis
raioni) da madneulis sabadoebi. baritis maragi (prognozulic) 45 mln t udris.
umetes SemTxvevaSi bariti spilenZTan an sxva ferad liTonTan erTadaa warmodge-
nili. bentonituri Tixebi navTob-qimiuri mrewvelobis tradiciuli da umniSvnelo-
varesi nedleulia. saqarTveloSi cnobilia ramdenime aTeuli sabado, romelTagan
mniSvnelovania askanisa da gumbrinis sabadoebi. perspeqtiulia axalcixis sabadoc.
prognozuli maragi 180 mln tonamdea. diatomiti _ Zalze maRali xarisxis, Tumca
mcire raodenobiT moipoveba axalcixis raionSi (maragi 10 mln t). igi mniSvnelo-
vania qimiuri da kvebis mrewvelobisaTvis. aseve didi roli SeuZlia iTamaSos min-
eraluri sasuqebis warmoebaSi da kvebis produqtebis (Saqris siropis, Rvinis, wven-
ebis) filtrebis dasamzadeblad. diatomiti mZlavri savaluto Semosavlebis wyaro
SeiZleba gaxdes. talki da serpentiniti xaSuris raioni, Zirulis masivis Crdilo-
aRmosavleT nawilSi moipoveba. gamoiyeneba ruberoidis warmoebaSi da soflis
meurneobaSi (sasuqebad). misi gamoyeneba mevenaxeobaSi yurZnis mosavlianobas 15-
40%-iT zrdis. ceoliTi moipoveba TeZamisa da Zegvis sabadoebSi. igi gamoiyeneba
gazis mrewvelobaSi (gamwmendad) da soflis meurneobaSi (sasuqad). andeziti moipov-
eba yazbegisa da borjomis raionebSi. misgan mzaddeba mJavagamZle cementi da beto-
ni. misi maragia 13 mln. m3. saqarTveloSi cnobilia mineraluri saRebavebis 250-mde
sabado. mniSvnelovani maragebia soxumis, xonisa da ozurgeTis raionebSi. saqarT-
velo aseve mdidaria aramadneuli (dolomiti, qalcedoni, kirqva, flusi) wiaRiseu-
liT, romlebic farTod gamoyeneba metalurgiaSi. saqarTvelo mdidaria naxevrad
Zvirfasi da feradi qvebiT: aqatiT (axalcixis raioni), saiuveliro aqatiT (marneu-
lis raioni), obsidianiT (ninowmindis raioni) da sxv.
saqarTvelo saSeni masalebiT Zalzed mdidaria. sabadoTa geografia mTel saqa-

rTvelos moicavs. aq dafiqsirebulia sxvadasxva saxis 300-ze meti sabado. maT mie-
kuTvneba: bunebrivi saSeni masalebia: dekoratiul-mosapirkeTebeli qvebi (marmari-
lo, teSeniti, bazalti, kirqva, tufi, dolomiti, gabro); sakedle qvebi (kirqva, tufi),
kiri, sila, xreSi, saagure Tixa, cementis masala, samSeneblo qvebi (konglomeratebi)
da sxv. maTi saerTo maragi 2.640 mln m3-ia. marmarilos mniSvnelovani sabadoebidan
(sul 13) aRsaniSnavia: salieTis (zestafoni _ maragi 23 mln m3), Wognaris (Terjola
_ 11 mln m3), sadaxlos (marneuli _ 8 mln m3), mendeleevis saxelobis (gagra _ 4 mln
m3), gumisTis (soxumi _ 5 mln m3), lopotis (Telavi _ 3 mln m3), CobareTis (axalqalaqi
_ 26 mln m3), sakasrias (zestafoni _ 3 mln m3). saqarTveloSi bazaltis maragi 70 mln
m3-s aRwevs.
5.3.2. saqarTvelos reliefi
saqarTvelo, orografiuli TvalsazrisiT, mravalferovania. aq gvxvdeba maRali

qedebi, zegnebi da platoebi, brtyeli dablobebi da sxvadasxva simaRleze mdebare
vakeebi, Rrma xeobebi da qvabulebi. zedapiris absoluturi simaRle cvalebadobs
zRvis donidan 5201 m-mde (m. Sxara). dasavleT saqarTvelos udablesi wertili zRvis
doneze 1,5-2,3 m-iT dabla mdebareobs. es aris q. foTsa da sof. yulevs (xobis raioni)
Soris moqceuli Waobebis fskeri. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi udablesi wertili z.d.
189
91,5 m simaRleze, eldaris dablobis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawili, mingeCauris wyal-

sacavis Crdilo-dasavleT sanapirosTan mdebareobs.
simaRliTi zonebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze araTanabradaa ganawilebuli. maRalm-

Tiani reliefis wilad modis respublikis saerTo farTobis 20%. misTvis damax-
asiaTebelia Zlier danawevrebuli zedapiri da kldovani masivebi. Tumca cicabo
kalTebs (35°-ze meti daxrilobiT) xSirad cvlis movakebuli zedapirebi. maRalmTian
reliefSi, romelic zR. d. 2000 metrze maRlaa, kargad aris SemorCenili meoTxeuli
gamyinvarebis naSTebi (cirkebi, karebi, morenuli borcvebi). myinvarebis mier gamo-
muSavebulia yuTisebri, e.w. troguli xeobebi.
saSualomTian zonaze modis respublikis saerTo farTobis 34%. igi ZiriTadad moq-
ceulia zR. d. 1000-2000 m simaRleebs Soris, sadac gabatonebulia cicabo da saSualo
daxrilobis (20-30°) ferdobebi. mdinareebi aq anviTareben siRrmiT erozias, qmnian
Rrma da V-ebri formis xeobebs.
dabalmTiani reliefis wilad modis saqarTvelos saerTo farTobis 23%-ze nakle-

bi. igi moqceulia zR. d. 500-800 m-dan 1000 m simaRliT diapazonSi, sadac gabatonebu-
lia damreci ferdobebi (vinaidan mTebidan vakeebisaken gardamaval zolSi ufro
damaxasiaTebelia akumulaciuri procesebi da ganviTarebulia Sleifebi). mdinareTa
xeobebi ganieri da terasebiania.
vake-dablobebsa da mTiswineTis gorak-borcvebs respublikis saerTo farTobis

23%-ze meti ukavia. igi warmodgenilia saqarTvelos mTaTaSorisi baris dasavleT
nawilSi zR. d. 200-600 m, xolo aRmosavleT nawilSi _zR. d. 400-1000 m simaRleebze.
mdinareTa xeobebi Zalzed farToa.
amrigad, saqarTvelo mTiani qveyanaa, romlis specifikac gasaTvaliswinebelia mTe-

li rigi ekonomikuri, socialuri da ekologiuri RonisZiebebis dagegmarebisas.
saqarTvelos reliefis saSualo simaRle 1508 m-ia. igive maCvenebeli aRmosavleTSi

1691 m-ia, dasavleTSi 1314 m. administraciuli raionebidan yvelaze maRlaa yazbegis
(2882 m), agreTve mestiis (2594 m), onis (2404 m), lentexis (2410 m), ninowmindis (2254
m) da duSeTis (2141 m) raionebi. yvelaze dabali simaRliTi maCvenebliT gamoirCeva
xobis raioni (mxolod 50 m).
5.3.3. saqarTvelos klimati da klimaturi resursebi
saqarTvelos klimatis Camoyalibebaze mravali faqtori axdens gavlenas: terito-

riis ganeduri mdebareoba, adgilis simaRle, atmosferos cirkulacia da qvefenili
zedapiris xasiaTi. kerZod: saqarTvelo mdebareobs dedamiwis zedapiris iseT naw-
ilSi, sadac troposferos qveda fenebSi TiTqmis mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi gaba-
tonebulia dasavleTis (ganeduri) qarebi; klimatis formirebaze gavlenas axdens
haeris masebis meridianuli cirkulacia _ zomieri, tropikuli da zogjer polaru-
li (borealuri) haeris masebis SemoWra. maT Soris yvelaze didi ganmeorebadobiT
gamoirCeva zomieri ganedebis haeris masebi, romlebic dasavleTidan SemoWris gamo
teniTაა gajerebuli. zafxulSi xSiria tropikuli haeris masebis, SemoWra romlebic
ayalibeben cxel da mSral amindebs; haeris masebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze sxva-
dasxva gziT Semodis. dasavleTidan SemoWris dros adgili aqvs haeris temperatur-
is dawevas, Rrublian da naleqian amindebs, rac yalibdeba azoris anticiklonidan
momavali erT-erTi totis aRmosavleTiT gadmoაdgilebisas. Sav zRvaze gadmovlisas
igi iZens didi raodenobis tens da umTavresad dasavleT saqarTveloSi moaqvs uxvi
190
atmosferuli naleqebi, umTavresad dasavleT saqarTveloSi. aRmosavleT saqarTve-

loSi ki lixis qedis gadavlis Semdeg es masebi teniT gaRaribebulia.
teritoriis klimatur Taviseburebebs mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs orografiuli

barierebic. am mxriv upirvelesad unda aRiniSnos kavkasionis mTianeTi, romelic
aferxebs CrdiloeTis civi haeris masebis SemoRwevas saqarTvelos (da saerTod
samxreT kavkasiis) teritoriaze. amasTan igi mimarTulebas ucvlis haeris masebs,
romlebic SemovliT aRweven respublikis teritorias. zogjer civi haeris masebi ka-
vkasionis zogierTi mdinaris xeobiT mainc aRweven, magram maTi gavlena didi ar aris.
CrdiloeTidan momavali haeris nakadebi gadalaxaven Savi zRvis auzsa da aRmosav-
leT amierkavkasiis baris Tbil zedapirs da saqarTvelos teritoriaze SedarebiT
gamTbari haeris masebis saxiT vrceldebian. swored kavkasioni ganapirobebs imas,
rom mTavari wyalgamyofi qedis samxreTiT mdebare teritoria subtropikul sar-
tyelSia moqceuli, misgan CrdiloeTiT ki _ zomier sartyelSi. rom ar es oro-
grafiuli barieri, saqarTveloSi gacilebiT ufro civi da kontinenturi klima-
ti iqneboda, gansakuTrebiT wlis civ periodSi. aseve mniSvnelovani orografiuli
barierebia mesxeTis (aWaris sanapiro da Sida regionebs Soris), lixisa da arsianis
qedebi, romlebic aferxeben dasavleTidan momaval notio haeris masebis gavrcele-
bas. amitom dasavleTi saqarTvelo ufro naleqiania, vidre aRmosavleTi. swored
lixisa da arsianis qedebis Txemze gadis sazRvari notio da mSral subtropikebs
Soris. saqarTvelos teritoriaze klimatur gansxvavebas qmnis meorexarisxovani
orografiuli barierebic. esenia: svaneTis, bzifis, leCxumis, egrisis da raWis qede-
bi. isini metnaklebad akaveben notio haeris masebs. amitom maTi qarpira ferdobebi
uxvnaleqiania, xolo qarzurga ferdobebi, mimdebare xeobebi da qvabulebi _ mci-
renaleqiani. amiT iqmneba sakmaod mniSvnelovani klimaturi kontrastebi. mcire ka-
vkasionic sakmaod mniSvnelovan orografiul bariers warmoadgens. igi erTgvarad
anelebs samxreTidan momavali tropikuli, cxeli haeris masebis zegavlenas. rom
ara es orografiuli barieri, saqarTveloSi SedarebiT ufro cxeli da mSrali hava
iqneboda gansakuTrebiT wlis Tbil periodSi.
Savi da kaspiis zRvebi gansxvavebul zegavlenas axdenen saqarTvelos havaze. qveynis

Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze mdebareobam aq ufro Tbili da notio klimati
ganapiroba (umTavresad mis dasavleT nawilSi). zRvis zedapirze gadavlili haeris
masebi jerdebian teniT (zamTarSic ki, vinaidan zRva ar iyineba da wyali intensi-
urad orTqldeba) da moemarTebian saqarTvelos teritoriisaken. igive ar iTqmis
kaspiis zRvaze, romlis gavlena saqarTvelos klimatze umniSvneloa.
amierkavkasiis mTaTaSorisi bari xels uwyobs haeris masebis Tavisufal gadaadg-

ilebasa da ventilacias amitom klimatologebma mas àmierkavkasiis derefani~
uwodes.
ZiriTadi meteorologiuri elementebis reJimi saqarTvelos teritoriaze

Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: mzis naTebis saSualo wliuri xangrZlivobaa 1300-2550
saaTi. es maCvenebeli yvelaze maRalia Siraqis velsa da gardabnis vakeze, sadac
igi 2550 saaTze metia, xolo SedarebiT mcirea, maRali Rrublianobis gamo, kolxe-
Tis dablobze (1800-2000 sT-s). igi gansakuTrebiT mcirea aWaris farglebSi da kavka-
sionis maRalmTian zolSi. gansxvavebuli suraTi SeiniSneba samxreT saqarTvelos
mTianeTis maRalmTian zolSi, sadac maRalia mzis naTebis xangrZlivoba. amrigad,
absoluturi simaRlis zrdis Sesabamisad izrdeba mzis naTebis xangrZlivoba. Tumca
adgili aqvs inversiebsac. magaliTad, mesxeTis qedis Txemze es maCvenebeli ufro
191
maRalia, vidre mis kalTebze. absoluturi simaRlis matebasTan erTad izrdeba

haeris gamWvirvaloba da Sesabamisad izrdeba jamuri radiaciac. barSi Seadgens 120-
130 kkal/sm2, xolo mTaSi _ 150-155 kkal/sm2. saqarTvelos barSi radiaciuli balansi
Seadgens 45-60 kkal/sm2-s, xolo mTaSi 10-20 kkal/sm2-s. radiaciuli balansi dadebiTia
mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi. gamonaklisia mxolod zogierTi maRalmTiani regioni.
amrigad, radiaciuli reJimis mixedviT kavkasioni, mcire kavkasioni da javaxeTis
zegani mcired gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan.
haeris temperatura saqarTvelos teritoriaze icvleba absoluturi simaRlis

zrdis Sesabamisad. simaRlis yovel 100 m-ze aq temperatura 0,2-0,9°C-iT ecema, Tumca
xSiria temperaturuli inversiebic. kerZod, Siraqis velze temperaturuli gra-
dientia 2°. haeris temperaturebs Soris sxvaobam erTsa da imave dros sxvadasxva
hifsometrul safexurze SeiZleba miaRwios 25-30°C-s, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi mcirea
haeris temperaturis wliuri amplituda. igi minimaluria Savi zRvis sanapiroze da
Seadgens 16-17°C-s, xolo maqsimaluri _ eldaris dablobze (26-27°C). aseve maRalia
igi ivris zeganze, gardabnis vakeze, axalqalaqis platosa da axalcixis qvabulSi.
Sida qarTlis vakesa da gomboris qedze haeris wliuri amplitudaa 22-24°C, xolo
kolxeTis gorak-borcvian zolSi _ 18-20°C. saqarTvelos maRal mTebSi (gudauri,
bakuriani, yazbegi, omalo, karwaxi) haeris saSualo wliuri temperatura 2-5°C-s ar
aRemateba. maRalmTian dausaxlebel ubnebSi (yazbegis maRalmTiani meteosadguri) ki
igi kidev ufro dabalia (-2,7-10,2°C). haeris saSualo wliuri temperatura yvelaze
maRalia Savi zRvis sanapiroze da Seadgens +14-15°C-s. mTaTaSoris barSi, dasavle-
Tidan aRmosavleTisaaken, es maCvenebeli TandaTan ecema. magaliTad, kolxeTis go-
rak-borcvian zolSi igi 13-14°C-s Seadgens, Sida qarTlis vakeze _ 9-13°C-s.
dasavleT saqarTvelos barSi zamTari SedarebiT Tbilia. ianvris saSualo tem-

peratura, z.d. 600-700 m simaRlemde, arasodes ar Camodis 0°C-ze dabla. gansakuTre-
biT Tbilia kolxeTis dablobi da mimdebare gorak-borcviani zoli, sadac ucivesi
Tvis (ianvris) saSualo temperaturaa +4-5°C (zugdidi, senaki, samtredia), Savi zRvis
sanapiro zolSi ki +5-6°C (gagra, soxumi, baTumi). Amitom aq zamTarSic ki mziani
Tbili amindebi sakmao xans grZeldeba. swored es ganapirobebs notio subtropiku-
li kulturebis farTod gavrcelebas. rac ufro vSordebiT Savi zRvis sanapiros,
miT ufro ecema ianvris saSualo temperatura. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ucivesi
Tvis yvelaze maRali saSualo temperaturebi aRiniSneba qvemo qarTlisa (maT Soris
q. Tbilissa da mis SemogarenSi) da alaznis vakeebze, sadac igi 0°C-is farglebSi
cvalebadobs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sxva teritoriebze ki 0°C-ze dabalia. saer-
Tod, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, dasavleTTan SedarebiT, erTsa da imave simaRleze
ianvris saSualo temperatura 1-2C-iT ufro naklebia. ivris zeganze (kerZod, Siraqis
velze) aRiniSneba ucivesi Tvis yvelaze dabali saSualo temperatura (-3,80C) saqarve-
los baris farglebSi. ianvris saSualo temperatura saqarTvelos baris farglebSi
uaryofiTia mxolod mis ukidures aRmosavleT nawilSi. javaxeTis zeganze zamTari
civi da mkacri klimatiT xasiaTdeba. aq ianvris saSualo temperatura _ 8°C-ia.
civi haeris masebis SemoWrisas Savi zRvis sanapiroze haeris temperatura _ 10-14°C-mde
ecema, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barSi _ 25-30°C-mde. haeris temperaturis
absoluturi minimumi (-41°C) aRricxulia sof. karwaxSi (z.d. 1860 m simaRleze, ax-
alqalaqis raioni. igi miCneulia saqarTvelos `sicivis polusad~. temperaturebi
aRricxulia sof. tabawyurSi (tabawyuris tbis sanapiroze, borjomis raioni), sof.
efremovkaSi (ninowmindis raioni) da Saoris qvabulSi. maRal mTebSi absoluturi
minimaluri temperatura (-42°C) aRniSnulia yazbegis meteosadgurze.
192
Tbili da notio zafxuli axasiaTebs kolxeTis dablobsa da mimdinare gorak-borcvi-

an zols (oCamCire, anaklia, xoni, zugdidi, senaki). ivlisis saSualo temperatura
Savi zRvis sanapiroze +22-23°C-s Seadgens Tumca samxreTidan cxeli haeris masebis
SemoWrisas igi 40°C aRemateba.
aRmosavleTisaken ivlisis saSualo temperatura TandaTan matulobs – igi foTSi

+23°C, samtrediaSi +23,5°C, saqaraSi ki +24°C. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barSi zafx-
uli cxeli da mSralia. ivlisis saSualo temperaturaa +23+25°C, gardabnisa da ala-
znis vakis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi _ ufro metic. javaxeTis zeganze zafxuli
Tbilia. 10°C-ze maRali saSualo temperaturebi aq 4-5 Tvis ganmavlobaSi aRiniSneba
(uTbilesi Tvis saSualo temperaturaa +17°C). haeris temperaturis absoluturi ma-
qsimumi (+43°C) aRiniSna sof. laTaSi (md. kodoris xeobaSi, gulrifSis raioni), sof.
WarnalSi (kaxabris vakeze, xelvaCauris raioni) da samtrediaSi. maRal mTebSi aR-
ricxuli haeris absoluturi maqsimumi +27+32°C-mde ecema.
atmosferuli naleqebis wliuri raodenoba saqarTvelos teritoriaze meryeobs

400-4000 mm-is farglebSi. igi minimaluria eldaris vakeze, zolo maqsimuluri _ m.
mtiralze (ciskara, Caqvis qedis zRvisken moqceul ferdobze). dasavleT saqarTvelo
ufro uxvnaleqiania, vidre aRmosavleTi. naleqebis siuxviT gamoirCeva kolxeTis
dablobi, misi mimdebare gorak-borcviani zoli da mesxeTis qedis dasavleTi kalTe-
bi. uxvnaleqianobis meore polusad SeiZleba davasaxeloT afxazeTis kavkasioni,
sadac misi raodenoba 3000 mm-s aRemateba. Tumca dasavleT saqarTveloSi aris iseTi
adgilebic, sadac atmosferuli naleqebis raodenoba SeadrebiT mcirea (mag. Sida
aWara, zemo raWa, svaneTi da sxv., aq naleqebis raodenoba 1200 m-ze naklebia). nale-
qebis aseTi mkveTri simcire gamowveulia barieruli qedebis arsebobiT, romlebic
qmnian e.w. `wvimis Crdilebs~. saqarTvelos teritoriaze atmosferuli naleqebis
raodenoba dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT mcirdeba. magaliTad Tu
foTSi igi Seadgens 1661 mm-s, samtrediaSi _ 1375 mm-ia, TbilisSi _ 505 mm. aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos barSi naleqebis saSualo raodenobaa 400-500 mm. aq yvelaze meti nale-
qi (800-1000 mm) alaznis vakeze, kaxeTis kavkasionis samxreT ferdobze modis, xolo
yvelaze mcire (400 mm-mde) – saqarTvelos samxreT-aRmosavleTi sazRvris mimdebare
teritoriebze.
atmosferos qveda fenebSi qarebis reJimi damokidebulia mraval faqtorze da igi

garkveuli sirTuliT xasiaTdeba. es ganpirobebulia zRvisa da xmeleTis araTana-
bari gaTbobiT, qvefenili zedapiris xasiaTiT da sxv. saqarTvelos teritoriaze
qarebis reJimze udides gavlenas axdens Savi zRva. dasavleT saqarTveloSi wlis
civ periodSi gabatonebulia aRmosavleTis qarebi, romlebsac daRmavali xasiaTi
aqvT. wlis Tbil periodSi ki dominirebs dasavleTis aRmavali qarebi. zafxulSi
damaxasiaTebelia zRviuri qarebi _ brizebi, romlebic teritoriis siRrmeSi 130-135
km manZilze vrceldebian. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi TiTqmis mTeli wlis manZilze
dasavleTisa da Crdilo-dasavleTis qarebi, romlebic daRmavali xasiaTisaa. samx-
reTi saqarTvelo qaris mcire siCqariT gamoirCeva. zamTarSi aq umeteswilad war-
moiqmneba anticiklonuri situacia, sadac sWarbobs dasavleTisa da samxreT-dasav-
leTis qarebi, zafxulSi ki ciklonuri situacia yalibdeba, sadac sapirispiro mimar-
Tulebis qarebi viTardeba.
qaris siCqare gansxvavebulia saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi. igi maqsimaluria

maRalmTian zolSi. m. myinvarwveris kalTebze qaris saSualo siCqarea 6,.3 m/wm,
calkeul SemTxvevaSi ki _ 45 m/wm. Zlierqarian (15 m/wm-ze meti) dReTa raodenoba
193
cvalebadobs 0,2-dan (sof. Wrebalo, ambrolauris raioni) 162 dRemde (m. sabueTi
lixis qedze, xaragaulis raioni). qarebis yvelaze didi saSualo siCqareebi aRiricx-
eba kavkasionis maRalmTian subnivalur da nivalur sartyelSi, lixis qedze, samsri-
sa da javaxeTis qedebis Txemur zolSi. umniSvnelo qarebi aRiniSneba aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos barSi, Rrma xeobebsa da qvabulebSi (CxalTa-sakenis, borjomis, li-
axvis, qsnis, aragvis, ivris, alaznis xeobebSi da aWaris, raWis, zemo svaneTis, qvemo
svaneTis qvabulebSi).
klimatis globaluri cvlilebis tendenciebi da saqarTvelo
amJamad klimatis cvlilebas ZiriTadad ukavSireben atmosferosa da hidrosferos

dabinZurebas, tyeebis Cexvas, gaudabnoebas, globalur daTbobas da msoflio okean-
is donis matebas. klimatis cvlilebis mosalodneli Sedegebi ara marto globalur
ekologiur, aramed ekonomikur da socialur problemadac ganixileba.
klimatis cvlilebis Sedegebi ukve TvalsaCino gaxda rogorc msoflios calke-

ul regionSi, ise saqarTveloSi. havis cvalebadoba CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi
SesamCnevi XX saukunis dasawyisidan gaxda. gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi daTbobas
(haeris saSualo temperaturam 0.60-iT moimata), amave saukunis 50-iani wlebidan jer
araarsebiTi aciveba, xolo Semdeg (60-iani wlebi) kvlav daTboba mohyva. globa-
luri daTbobis orgvari axsna arsebobs. pirveli – saTburis efeqts ukavSirdeba,
xolo meore – mzis aqtiobis 11 da 80 wlian ciklebs. dadgenilia, rom saqarTveloSi
ukanaskneli saukunis manZilze, haeris saSualowliurma temperaturam aseve moimata
0.60C-iT.
globaluri daTbobis niSnebma XX sakunis 80-iani wlebidan sagangaSo xasiaTi miiRo.

dafiqsirda, rom Crdilo yinulovani okeanis mTel rig kunZulebze (grenlandia,
Spicbergeni, axali miwa) da sanapiro zolSi haeris saSualowliurma temperaturam
erTi saukunis manZilze 2-30-iT moimata. islandiaSi yinulisgan gamonTavisuflda is
teritoriebi, romlebic 600 wlis win erTwliani kulturebis mosayvanad gamoiyene-
boda. yinulis safaris swrafi Semcireba aRiniSna aliaskasa da grenlandiaze, agre-
Tve zomieri sartylis yvela mTian sistemaSi. saqarTveloSi, kerZod ki kavkasionis
glacialur-nivalur zonaSi TvalsaCinoa myinvarebis raodenobis zrda – didi myin-
varebis daqucmacebis da maTi saerTo farTobis Semcirebis xarjze.
garda yinuliT dafaruli farTobis Semcirebisa, CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi aRi-

niSneba maradi mzralobis, taigisa da tundris qveda sazRvris CrdiloeTiT da mTe-
bSi hifsometriulad maRla gadaadgilebis procesi. analogiuri niSnebi SeiniSneba
kavkasionis maRalmTian zonaSi, rac gamoixateba subalpuri tyeebis zeda sazRvris
awevaSi.
CrdiloeT naxevarsferos aridul regionebSi kidev ufro Semcirda atmosferuli

naleqebis raodenoba, gansakuTrebiT wlis civ periodSi. amgvar movlenas mdinare-
Ta xarjis Semcireba da Sida wyalsatevebSi wylis donis dakleba mohyva. gaizarda
gvalvebis masStabebi, intensivoba da raodenobac, rac araerT regionSi sasicocxlo
garemos degradaciis da ekonomikuri aqtivobis Seferxebis mizezi garda. ukanasknel
aTwleulebSi naleqebis raodenobis Semcireba yvelaze TvalsaCinoa (10%-iT)
CrdiloeT afrikis da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis tropikul sartyelSi. fiqsirdeba
anomaliebic – Tu avstraliis dasavleT sanapiroebze naleqebis raodenoba izrdeba,
aRmosavleT sanapiroebze sapirispiro movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme. dadgenilia, rom
194
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos stepur landSaftebSi SesamCnevad izrdeba naxevradudab-

nos mcenareulobiT dakavebuli farTobebis xvedriTi wili.
msoflios TiTqmis yvela regionis Termuli reJimi da misi geografiuli

Taviseburebani gviCvenebs, rom amJamad globaluri daTboba fiqsirdeba yvelgan,
Tumca sxvadasxva xarisxiT. havis maqsimaluri cvlilebebi aRiniSna xmeleTze, zo-
mier sartyelSi, C.g. 40-700 Soris. aqve fiqsirdeba amindis eqstremaluri maCveneble-
bis gaxSirebac. saqarTveloSi, ukanasknel wlebSi, eqstremalurad maRali tempera-
turebi ukve dafiqsirda iseT adgilebSi, sadac igi arasodes aRniSnula.
okeaneebze klimaturi maxasiaTeblebis cvalebadoba SedarebiT naklebia, Tanac zo-

gierT akvatoriaSi uaryofiTi anomaliebic ki SeimCneva. Tumca daTbobis Sedegebi
TvalsaCinoa mTel msoflio okeaneze – misma donem ukanaskneli 100 wlis manZilze
10-25 sm-iT moimata. amgvari viTareba, upirveles yovlisa, ukavSirdeba yinulis dno-
bis globalur tendenciebs. analogiuri viTarebaa saqarTvelos Savi zRvis sanapi-
ro zolSi.
naleqebis ganawilebis cvalebadobaze mdinaris Camonadenis, miwisqveSa wylebis da

niadaguri tenis maxasiaTebelTa Secvlac metyvelebs. aRmosavleT evropaSi TiTqmis
yvelgan aRiniSneba niadagis sinotivis, wyalSemcveli fenebis da miwisqveSa wylis
resursis (maragis) mateba.
globaluri daTboba Tovlis safaris simZlavresa da xangrZlivobazec aisaxa. evra-

ziisa da CrdiloeT amerikis kontinentebze Semcirda misi maCveneblebi. analogiuri
viTarebaa saqarTveloSic, sadac ukanaskneli naxevari saukunis manZilze Seicvala
Tovlis gavrcelebis TiTqmis yvela (xangrZlivoba, simZlavre, geografia) maCvene-
beli.
globaluri daTbobis Sedegad ekvatorul sartyelSi mimdinareobs aorTqlebis

procesis gaaqtiureba. mosalodnelia ekvatoruli da tropikuli sartylis wylebis
marilianobis zrda, rasac amgvari wylebis damZimeba da daZirva mohyveba. golfs-
trimis mZime, Tbili da mariliani wylebi garkveul adgils `dauTmobs~ arqtikul
msubuq, civ da mtknar wyals. amgvarad, mosalodnelia ara marto zomieri da subtro-
pikuli sartylis an sanapiro zolis havis maxasiaTeblebis, aramed okeanis binadar-
Ta sacxovrebeli garemos cvlilebac. miniSnebebi TvalsaCinoa – CrdiloeT amerikis
aRmosavleT sanapiroebis da dasavleT evropis mTel rig regionSi yovelwliurad
aRiniSneba Tovlis safaris simZlavrisa da yinvebis intensivobis mateba.
ozonis fenis da Sesabamisad, misi damcavi Tvisebebis degradacia bunebriv garemos

da kacobriobas mraval safrTxes uqadis. kacobriobas imunuri sistemis daqveiTeba,
kanisa da Tvalis daavadebebis gaxSireba da garTuleba, infeqciuri daavadebebi-
sadmi organizmis mdgradobis daqveiTeba da fsiqiuri ganwyobis gauareseba emuqre-
ba. ozonis fenis degradacia da ultraiisferi gamosxivebis gazrda mniSvnelovnad
Seamcirebs gogrisebrTa da bardisebrTa mcenareulobis mosavlianobas. gacile-
biT gamZlea mzesumzira, bamba da zogierTi saxeobis marcvleuli (simindi da brinji),
romelTa mosavlianobac mxolod 5%-iT Semcirdeba. marcvleuli kulturebis mosa-
vlianobis Semcirebis tendeciebi aseve TvalsaCinoa mTel saqarTveloSi. ozonis fe-
nis cvalebadoba niadagis nayofierebazec aisaxeba. baqteriebi, romlebic axerxeben
atmosferodan azotis utilizacias (gamoyenebas) da romelsac Semdgom mcenareebis
zrda-ganviTarebas xmardeba, niadagis zeda fenaSi cxovroben. cnobilia, rom amgvari
baqteriebis mier gadamuSavdeba imdenive azoti (35 mln t), ramdenic iwarmoeba mso-
195
flioSi azotovani sasuqebis saxiT. ultraiisferi gamosxivebis zrdis SemTxvevaSi

mniSvnelovnad Semcirdeba rogorc mikroorganizmebis cxovelmyofeloba, ise nia-
dagis nayofiereba.
klimaturi resursebi
mzis anu helioresursebi ekologiurad sufTa, Tumca ZviradRirebuli resursebia.

mis misaRebad didi teritoibia saWiro. magaliTad, imisaTvis rom davakmayofiloT
saqarTvelos moTxovnileba eleqtroenergiaze, saWiro iqneba 140 km2 teritoria
daifaros heliosadgurebiT. saqarTvelos terotoriaze modis 34 mlrd kvt. sT mzis
energia, rac 3-jer sWarbobs moTxovnilebas. mzis naTebis maqsimumi (2633 saaTi) aR-
ricxulia rodionovkaSi, minimumi (1147 sT/w) sairmeSi. Helioresursebis gamoyenebis
efeqturobas amcirebs Rrublianoba, haeris mtvrianoba, eqspoziciuri dafaruloba,
sezonuroba, dRe-Ramis monacvleoba. helioresursebiT mdidaria mesxeT-javaxeTi,
aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo da dasavleT kavkasionis maRalmTianeTi. helioenergiis
misaRebad (180-230 kvt.sT/m2) xelsayreli adgilebia aRmosavleTi da samxreTi saqar-
Tvelos mTel rig regionebSi, agreTve kavkasionis maRalmTianeTSi, zR. d. 3 aTas
metrze maRla.
saTbob-energetikuli resursebis gamoyenebis Tanamedrove masStabebi da zrdis ten-

dencia gvarwmunebs, rom saqarTvelos XXI saukunis pirvel mesamedSi yovelwliu-
rad dasWirdeba 6-7 mln tona pirobiTi mineraluri sawvavi; helioresursebis efeq-
turi gamoyeneba ki misi erTi mesamedis ekonomiis saSualebas miscemda (sacxovrebe-
li binebis gaTboba, rekreaciuli obieqtebis momsaxureba, sasaTbure meurneoba da
sxv.), gaajansaRebda qalaqebisa da kurortebis midamoebSi ekologiur garemos.
qaris energia amouwuravi bunebrivi resursia. qaris eleqtrosadgurebi idgmeba

iq, sadac misi saSualowliuri siCqare aRemateba 4 m/wm. amgvari adgilebi saqarT-
veloSi sakmaodaa da maTi sruli gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia miviRoT
4,5 mlrd kvt. sT eleqtroenergia. qaris energiis yvelaze mniSvnelovani potenciiT
mTaTaSorisi derefani, md. mtkvrisa da rionis xeobebi gamoirCeva. kargi pirobebia
mTaTaSoris xeobebsa da Ria platoebis monacvleobis arealebSi. qaris resurse-
bis mcire maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeba Rrma xeobebi da mTaTaSorisi qvabulebi. qaris
energiis miReba gansakuTrebiT xelsayrelia im adgilebSi (rionis xeoba q. quTais-
Tan, mtkvris xeoba), sadac xSiria iseTi dReebi, roca qaris siCqare 15 m/wm-s aRema-
teba. amgvar dReTa ricxvi quTaisSi 88, xolo TbilisSi _ 132-ia. asevea maRal mTebsa
da uReltexilebze. magaliTad, yazbegis meteosadgurze _ 98, mTa sabueTis meteo-
sadgurze weliwadSi 142 amgvari dRe aRiniSna. mniSvnelovania isic, rom qarebis
maqsimumi modis zamTarze, e.i. maSin, roca yvelaze meti energiaa saWiro. Tu mniSv-
nelad aviRebT im maCvenebels (>3 m/w), rac saWiroa qaris eleqtroZravebis asamoq-
medeblad, aRmoCndeba, rom saqarTvelos mTel rig regionebSi (mTaTaSorisi bari,
javaxeTis zegani, cxrawyaros uReltexili, mamisonisa da mTa sabueTis midamoebi)
wlis 50-70%-is ganmavlobaSi aq qris energetikulad maRalefeqturi qarebi. qaris
mimRebi aparatebis uaryofiT Tvisebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos: landSaftis teqnogenu-
ri damaxinjeba, xmauri, maRali eleqtromagnituri sixSireebi. dadebiTad ki is, rom
aq gamomuSavebuli eleqtroenergia 2-3 jer iafia TboeleqtrosadgurebSi gamomu-
SavebulTan SedarebiT. ukanasknel xanebSi aqtiurad mimdinareobs procesebi qaris
energiis misRebad. misi pirveli sadguri goris midamoebSi Seiqmna, romlis simZla-
vre 20 mgvt-ia. arada, qaris energiis efeqturi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebeli
196
iqneba miviRoT 1-1,5 mln kvt. sT eleqtroenergia, rac mniSvnelovani wili iqneba
saqarTvelos energetikaSi.
5.3.4. saqarTvelos Siga wylebi da wylis resursebi
saqarTvelos hidrografiuli qselis geografiul Taviseburebebs gansazRvravs re-

liefuri pirobebi, mravalgvari geologiuri agebuleba, klimatis mravalferovne-
ba, niadag-mcenareuli safarisa da saerTod, landSaftebis vertikaluri zonaloba.
TiToeuli maTgani Taviseburad zemoqmedebs xmeleTis wylebis resursebsa da ga-
nawilebaze.
reliefi udides gavlenas axdens Siga wylebze _ mdinaris siCqareze, kalapotisa

da xeobebis Camoyalibebaze, eroziuli formebis warmoqmnaze da sxv. magaliTad,
kolxeTis dablobis sustad daxrili zedapiri wylis mdore dinebas da Sesabamisad
mdinareebi, romlebic Zlier meandrireben (iklaknebian), aCenen kunZulebsa da pa-
tar-patara tbebs _ namdinarevs (e.w. narionalebs). sruliad gansxvavebuli situa-
ciaa mTebSi, sadac reliefis didi daxrilobis gamo, mdinareebi swrafad miedine-
bian, qmnian Woromebsa da CanCqerebs. es gansakuTrebiT mkafiodaa gamoxatuli iq,
sadac SemorCenilia meoTxeuli gamyinvareba. Tumca, saqarTvelos mTis mdinare-
ebi CanCqerebis siuxviT ar gamoirCevian. erTaderTi adgili, sadac CanCqerebis
SedarebiTi siuxvea _ aris md. kodoris auzi. aq yvelaze didi wylis vardna aqvs
kliCis CanCqers, romelsac àfxazeTis niagarasac~ uwodeben;
teritoriis geologiuri agebuleba mxolod garkveuli TvalsazrisiT axdens ga-

vlenas xmeleTis wylebze. karbonatuli da advilad xsnadi qanebiT agebul terito-
riebze zedapiruli wylebi xmeleTSi ìkargebian~ da mZlavri miwisqveSa gadinebiT
xasiaTdebian. amgvarad yalibdeba hidrografiuli qselis karstuli tipi. analo-
giuri movlena damaxasiaTebelia vulkanuri qanebiT agebuli ubnebisaTvisac, sadac
formirdeba e.w. vulkanuri vokluzebi (wylis diddebitiani gamosasvlelebi). re-
liefis amgebi qanebi zogjer fers ucvlian mdinaris wyals. magaliTad, mdinareebs
wyalwiTelasa da maganas wiTel Seferilobas aZlevs is Tixovani qanebi, sadac isini
gaedinebian;
klimaturi pirobebi gansazRvraven zedapiruli wylebis Camonadenis raodeno-

bas, mdinareTa qselis sixSires, wylis donis cvalebadobas, marilianobasa da sxv.
kolxeTis dablobze atmosferuli naleqebi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi Tanabradaa
ganawilebuli, amitom is mdinareebi, romlebic saTaves iReben dablobis an dabali
mTebis farglebSi, wylis donis SedarebiT naklebi ryeviT xasiaTdebian. Ggarda ami-
sa kolxeTis dablobisa da saerTod dasavleT saqarTvelos mdinareebi wyaluxvo-
biT gamoirCeva. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ki, tenis deficitia, Sesabamisad mdinare-
ebi wyalmarCxia, mcirea mdinareuli qselis sixSire da xSirad viTardeba droebiTi
nakadebi. xmeleTis wylebis ganawilebaze gavlenas axdens temperaturuli reJimic.
haeris temperaturis maRali macveneblebisas izrdeba aorTqleba da mcirdeba ze-
dapiruli Camonadeni. haeris uaryofiTi temperaturebis dros ki atmosferuli na-
leqebi Tovlis saxiT modis da mdinareuli Camonadeni umTavresad miwisqveSa wyle-
bis xarjze yalibdeba;
niadag-mcenareuli safaris xasiaTi aferxebs an xels uwyobs wylis filtracias

niadagSi. magaliTad, tye xels uSlis Tovlis intensiur dnobas, ris gamoc, es te-
ritoriebi wylis Tanabari filtraciiT xasiaTdebian. aseT pirobebSi zedapiruli
Camonadeni naklebad cvalebadia.
197
xmeleTis wylebis ganawilebaze mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia anTropogenurma

faqtorma. samelioracio arxebi, wyalsacavebi da sxva hidroteqnikuri nagebobebi
mniSvnelovanwilad cvlis hidrografiul qsels.
saqarTvelos mdinareebi ganekuTvnebian Savi (atlantis okeanis) da kaspiis (Sida

kontinenturi) zRvebis auzebs, romelTa Soris wyalgamyofi iwyeba azaus qedidan
(CrdiloeTi kavkasia), gasdevs kavkasionis mTavar wyalgamyof qeds, lixis, mesxe-
Tisa da arsianis qedebis Txems. kavkasionis mTavari qedi dasavleT saqarTvelos
mdinareebs gamoyofs md. yubanis auzisagan, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mdi-
nareebs _ mdinareebis: Tergisa da sulakis qvemo welis auzebisagan. mdinareuli
qselis Taviseburebis mixedviT saqarTvelos teritoria iyofa sam nawilad: dasa-
vleT, aRmosavleT da CrdiloeT saqarTvelod. dasavleT saqarTvelos mdinareebi
wyaluxvobiTa da mdinareuli qselis sixSiriT gamoirCeva. aRmosavleT saqarTve-
los mdinareebi mTlianad miekuTvneba md. mtkvris auzs (farTobi 21120 km2), romelic
aq yvelaze wyaluxvi (Camonadenis moculobaa 6500 km3) mdinarea. am maCvenebliT igi
pirvel adgilzea aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, xolo respublikis maStabiT meoreze
(md. rionis Semdeg). dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mdinareTa wyalSemkrebi
auzebis farTobi daaxloebiT erTnairia da Seadgens respublikis saerTo farTobis
48-48%-s.
CrdiloeT saqarTvelos mdinareebi miekuTvnebian Tergisa (asa, arRuni) da sulakis

(piriqiTis alazani, TuSeTis alazani) auzebs, romlebic saqarTvelos farglebSi
kavkasionis CrdiloeT ferdobze miedinebian. isini tipuri mTis mdinareebia swrafi
dinebiTa da xSiri WoromebiT. maTi wyalSemkrebi uzis farTobi saqarTvelos teri-
toriis 4%-ia.
saqarTveloSi 26000-ze meti mdinarea. maTi umetesoba (17000) dasavleT saqarTvelo-

Sia წარმოდგენილი. mdinareTa saerTo sigrZe 60 000 km-mdea. maTi umetesoba didi
sigrZiT ar gamoirCeva. yvelaze grZeli (1170 km) mdinarea mtkvari, meore adgilzea
(623 km) Tergi, mesameze ki (438 km) _ Woroxi. Tumca saqarTveloSi gamdinare nawiliT
(351; 8,5 da 20 km Sesabamisad) isini Camouvardebian md. alazans, romlis sigrZec 407
km-ia. mdinareTa umetesoba (97%) 10 km-ze naklebi sigrZisaa, xolo 100 km-ze grZeli
mdinare saqarTveloSi ramdenimea (mtkvari, alazani, iori, rioni, enguri, xrami, cxe-
niswyali, xobi, yvirila, algeTi, kodori, didi liaxvi, bzifi, aragvi, sufsa, texuri).
mdinareTa qselis saSualo sixSire (mdinareTa saerTo sigrZis Sefardeba mocemuli
teritoriis farTobTan) saqarTveloSi 0,85 km/km2..
saqarTvelos mdinareTa wliuri Camonadenis 60-70% Tovlis nadnobi wylebiT ik-

vebeba. samxreT saqarTvelos mdinareTa kvebis naxevari miwisqveSa wylebze modis.
kolxeTis dablobis mdinareebi ki upiratesad wvimis wylebiT, xolo maRali mTis
mdinareebi _ myinvarebiT ikvebebian. wyaldidobisas mdinareTa Camonadenis 50-60%
gaedineba. wyaldidobis periodebi kvebis reJimzea damokidebuli.
saqarTvelo tbebis sididiT ar gamoirCeva. aq daaxloebiT iTvlian 850-mde tbas, ro-

melTa saerTo farTobia 170 km2 (respublikis teritoriis 0,24%). mravali maxasiaTe-
bliT _ geografiuli mdebareobiT, genezisiT, konfiguraciiT, metruli maCveneble-
biT da mniSvnelobiT saqarTvelos tbebi erTmaneTisagan arsebiTad gansxvavdeba.
tbebi Zlier araTanabradaa ganlagebuli. mcire umravlesoba (saerTo raodenobis
54%) Tavmoyrilia kavkasionis mTianeTis farglebSi. gansxvavebuli suraTia javaxe-
Tis zeganze. aq tbebi gacilebiT didi farTobisaa, magram tbaTa umetesoba mdebareobs
198
dasaxlebuli punqtebidan moSorebiT, Znelad misadgom adgilebSi da maRal hifsome-

triul simaRleebze. teritoriis geologiuri agebuleba mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra-
vs tbebis warmoqmnis, ganlagebisa da arsebobis Taviseburebebs, vinaidan mimdinare
geomorfologiuri procesebi (gadarecxva, ngreva) damokidebulia amgebeli qanebis
simtkiceze, napralianobaze, Sedgenilobaze da a.S. am TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelos
teritoria nairgvarovania, rac ganapirobebs tbebis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis sx-
vadasxva pirobebs. iq, sadac advilad Sladi qanebia (mergeli, TabaSiri, Tixafiqali),
tbebis raodenoba mcirea. kristaluri qanebis (romlebic meti mdgradobiT xasia-
Tdebian) gavrcelebis ubnebSi ki tbebis siuxvea, Tu ra Tqma unda, amisaTvis sxva
xelsayreli pirobebic arsebobs. magaliTad, kavkasionis dasavleT da centralur
nawilSi tbebis siuxve aixsneba uxvi atmosferuli naleqebiTa da mtkice kristaluri
qanebis arsebobiT. tbebis umetesoba aq gamomuSavebulia granitebSi, gneisebsa da
kvarcitebSi. aRmosavleT kavkasionze tbebis raodenoba SedarebiT mcirea, vinaidan
es teritoria umTavresad agebulia fliSuri qanebiT _ qviSaqvebiT, TixafiqlebiT,
romlebic advilad irecxebian da ingrevian.
tbebi warmoiqmneba teqtonikuri moZraobebis (kerZod, miwisZvrebis) Sedegadac,

roca mTis uzarmazari masis Camongrevisas iketeba mdinaris xeoba da warmoqmneba
e.w. egzoteqtonikuri tba. aseTia amtyelis, qvedis, didi da patara riwis tbebi. xSi-
rad aseTi warmoSobis tbebi mxolod droebiT arsebobs _ wylis nakadi angrevs
bunebrivad Seqmnil kaSxals da droebiTi tbac qreba. tbebi SeiZleba teqtonikur
sinklinebsa da napralebSic warmoiqmnas (teqtonikuri tbebi). aseTia magaliTad, ba-
zaleTis, jandaris, yajiris, xozafinis tbebi. zogjer tba lavuri Rvaris mier mdina-
ris nakadis gadaketviT warmoiqmneba (tabawyuri, madaTafa, saRamo). acivebisas aseTi
Segubebuli ubani myinvariT ivseboda. daTbobasTan erTad myinvari ukan ixevda da
warmoiqmneboda vulkanur-myinvaruli tipis tba. amgvari tbebi ganlagebulia mdi-
nareebis: Tergis, aragvis, qsnisa da liaxvis saTaveebTan (yelis, yelicadis, sirxi-
saris tbebi). tbebi gansxvavdeba sazrdoobis mixedviTac. isini ikvebebian myinvaris,
Tovlis nadnobi, wvimisa da gruntis wylebiT. tbebis wylianobas ZiriTadad gansazR-
vavs atmosferuli naleqebis raodenoba ganawileba da im mdinareTa reJimi, romle-
bic tbebSi Caedinebian.
tbis wylis donis reJimis mixedviT saqarTvelos teritoria ramdenime nawilad

iyofa:
1. kolxeTis dablobi, sadac tbaTa wylis done cvalebadobs mTeli wlis manZilze,
rac gampirobebulia wvimebis sezonuri ganawilebiT. maT sazrdoobaSi ar monaw-
ileobs Tovlis nadnobi wyali. wylis done wlis manZilze 60-220 sm-is, xolo
dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi _ 25-35 sm-is (didi wvimebis dros ki 50-60 sm-is) fargleb-
Si icvleba.
2. mTaTaSorisi bari. tbebis sazrdoobaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs wvimisa da
gruntis wylebi. wylis maqsimaluri done aRiniSneba gazafxul-zafxulSi, xolo
minimaluri _ Semodgomaze.
3. kavkasionis dabali- da saSualo mTiani teritoriebi, sadac tbebSi wylis maqsi-
maluri dones damaxasiaTebelia gazafxulze, xolo minimaluri _ zamTris bo-
losa da adreul gazafxulze. wylis reJimi mTlianad aris damokidebuli im
mdinareebze, romlebiTac isini ikvebebian. wylis done wlis manZilze icvleba 1
m-dan ramdenime aTeul metramde. magaliTad, riwis tbaze wylis donis saSualo
wliuri amplitudaa 1,64 m, xolo amtyelze _ 20-40 m.
199
4. maRalmTianeTis tbebis (zR. d. 2500 m-ze maRla) sazrdooba da reJimi

damokidebulia myinvarebis dnobis pirobebze.
5. samxreT saqarTvelos mTianeTis tbebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia wylis maqsimal-
uri done gazafxulze, xolo minimaluri _ Semodgomaze.
saqarTvelos tbebis umetesoba mtknaria. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva maRa-

li mTis myinvaruli tbebi, sadac wylis mineralizacia 0,1-1 g/l ar aRemateba. wy-
lis amgvari mineralizacia ganpirobebulia uxvi atmosferuli naleqebiT, Camdinare
wylebis xasiaTiT. sruliad gansxvavebulia ivris zegnis mlaSe-mware tbebi, sadac
mineralizacia Seadgens 24-69 g/l-ze. mlaSea: yajiri (xelovnurad gamtknarebulia),
kumisi (gamtknarebulia), saxare da sxv. qimiuri Sedgenilobis mixedviT, gvxvdeba
hidrokarbonatuli, qloriduli da sulfaturi Sedgenilobis tbebi. yvelaze farTo
gavrcelebisaa hidrokarbonatuli, qloriduli da sulfaturi tbebi.
saqarTvelos tbebis faunis siuxviT ar gamoirCeva. maRal mTebSi, mkacri klimaturi

pirobebis gamo, organuli samyaro praqtikulad ar arsebobs. mxolod subalpur
zonaSi mdebare zogierT tbaSi gvxvdeba Tevzi (ZiriTadad kalmaxi), sadac zafxulSi
wyali SedarebiT Tbilia. gacilebiT mdidaria TevziT dabalmTiani da saSualom-
Tiani zonis tbebi, sadac Tevzis araerTi saxeobaa (qorWila, TaRliTa, varCxana da
sxv.) gavrcelebuli.
Waobebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze umTavresad Tavmoyrilia kolxeTis dablobze,

sadac maT warmoqmnas araerTi faqtori ganapirobebs. esenia: zedapiris susti daxri-
loba; atmosferuli naleqebis Warbi raodenoba; gruntis wylis donis maRali mde-
bareoba; niadaggruntis mZime Tixnari Sedgeniloba, romelsac susti wyalgamtaroba
axasiaTebs; mdinareTa Zlieri klakniloba da Waobidan wylis umniSvnelo gadineba;
intensiuri teqtonikuri daZirva (q. foTis midamoebSi 6 mm-iT wliurad); mcenareTa
iseTi saxeobebis gavrceleba, romlebic xels uwyoben Waobwarmoqmnis procesebs
da a. S. daWaobebis xelSemwyob faqtorebs Soris erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelova-
nia tenis siWarbe. yvelaze gvalvian wlebSic ki atmosferuli naleqebis raodenoba
aq aorTqlebas aRemateba. gansakuTrebuli gavlena aqvs Tavsxma wvimebs, romlebic
ase tipuria kolxeTis dablobisaTvis. kolxeTis dablobze gruntis wyali 0,5-1 m
siRrmeze mdebareobs, zogjer ki igi miwis zedapiramde amodis. daWaobebaze mniS-
vnelovan gavlenas axdens Savi zRvis donis cvalebadobac. gazafxul-zafxulSi zRvis
done (kolxeTis dablobis farglebSi) saSualosTan SedarebiT 25 sm-iT maRalia da
wyliT ifareba xmeleTis garkveuli nawili. Stormebis dros ki zRvis wylis donem
SeiZleba 1,5 m-iT maRla aiwios, ris Sedegadac mariliani wyliT itboreba ramdenime
aseuli metri siganis xmeleTi. sanapiros gaswvriv jebirebis mowyobam erTgvarad
Seamcira zRvis wylis Semodineba xmeleTze. magram meores mxriv, aman uaryofiTi
gavlenac moaxdina. kerZod, Semcirda myari masalis mdinareTa SesarTavebTan dal-
ageba.
kolxeTis dablobze Waobebi gavrcelebulia mis dasavleT da centralur nawilSi,

mdinareebis: kodoris, RaliZgis, enguris, xobis, rionis, sufsisa da natanebis qvemo
welis auzebSi. daWaobebuli ubnebis farTobi aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT TandaTan
mcirdeba. maTi gavrcelebis ukiduresi aRmosavleTi ubania cxeniswylis rionTan
SeerTebis adgili. kolxeTis dablobis daWaobebuli teritoriis saerTo farTobia
2200 km2, rac dablobis 22,5% da saqarTvelos saerTo farTobis 3%-s Seadgens. amoS-
robisa da torfis mopovebis Sedegad kolxeTis Waobebi mniSvnelovan farTobze sax-
eSecvlilia. aman gamoiwvia mcenareuli safaris mravalferovnebis Semcireba. Tumca
200
zogierTi ubani (anaria-Wuriis, Waladidis, piCora-paliastomis, ispanis Waobebi) en-

demuri da reliqturi saxeobebis siuxviT gamoirCeva. kolxeTis Waobebis amoSrobam
dadebiTi roli Seasrula _ moispo malaria. amJamad es sakiTxi sxva kuTxiT ganix-
ileba – kolxeTis Waobebi unikaluri bunebrivi ekosistemaa, romelTa konservacia
aucilebelia ara marto saqarTvelos, aramed mezobeli regionebis organuli sam-
yaros garkveuli warmomadgenlebis SenarCunebisTvis.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze Waobebi gvxvdeba javaxeTis zeganze tbebis sanapiroebTan,

md. qciis zemo welSi, biWvinTis midamoebSi da sxvagan. isini SedarebiT mcire farTo-
bisaa da didi siRrmiT ar gamoirCevian.
wyalsacavebs sxvadasxva daniSnuleba aqvs. maT umTavresad iyeneben energetiku-

li, sairigacio da sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebiT. garda amisa, wyalsacavebi umniS-
vnelovanesi sakurorto-rekreaciuli resursia. dasavleT saqarTveloSi mdinareu-
li Camonadenis maRali maCveneblebis gamo wyalsacavebs umTavresad energetikuli,
xolo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi _ sairigacio daniSnuleba aqvT. saqarTvelos
teritoriaze 43 wyalsacavia, romelTa saerTo farTobia 163 km2 (respublikis saer-
To farTobis 0,23%, e.i. maT daaxloebiT igive farTobi ukaviaT, rac tbebs). wyal-
sacavebis umetesoba farTobiT tbebs aRemateba. gamonaklisia faravnis tba. zogjer
erTi wyalsacavi meoresTan aris dakavSirebuli da iqmneba kaskadi. magaliTad, ga-
li-jvris, Saori-tyibulis da samgoris wyalsacavebis kaskadi.
saqarTvelos hidrografiul qselSi garkveul rols TamaSobs sarwyavi sistemebi.

magaliTad, samgoris sarwyavi arxi akavSirebs md. ivris xeobas Tbilisis wyalsa-
cavTan da jandaris tbasTan. misi saerTo sigrZea 754 km. magistraluri xazidan gay-
vanilia mravali sarwyavi arxi. Mmisi saSualebiT irwyveba qvemo qarTlis vake (gar-
dabnis vakes) da ivris zegnis Crdilo-dasavleT nawili, 29,2 aTasi heqtari. alaznis
arxi md. alaznis marjvena napireTSi mdebareobs da rwyavs alaznis vakes da Siraqis
vels _ gurjaanis, siRnaRisa da dedofliswyaros aridul raionebs (35 aTasze met
heqtars). zemo alaznis arxi iwyeba pankisis qedis (md. alaznis zemo wels auzSi)
aRmosavleT kalTis Ziras, gasdevs civ-gomboris qedis Crdilo-aRmosavleT mTis-
wineTs da aRwevs md. fafrisxevamde (md. alaznis auzi). Semdgom kveTs civ-gomboris
qeds da gasdevs ivris zegans sof. araSendamde (gurjaanis raioni). arxi rwyavs 100
aTas heqtar miwas. Sida qarTlis vakeze gayvanilia tirifonis arxi, romlis sigrZea
42 km, iwyeba q. cxinvalis samxreTiT da gasdevs md. didi liaxvis marcxena napirs,
gadakveTs mdinareebis – patara liaxvisa da Warebulas xeobebs da aRwevs sof. pa-
tara xurvaleTamde (goris raioni). arxi rwyavs 30 aTasze met heqtar teritorias.
taSiskaris arxi gayvanilia Sida qarTlis vakis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi. igi iw-
yeba sof. taSiskarTan (xaSuris raioni) da gasdevs md. mtkvris marcxena napirs. igi
rwyavs 10,4 aTas heqtars.
Tanamedrove gamyinvarebis xasiaTze gavlenas axdens ori faqtori: reliefi da

klimati. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT rols asrulebs reliefis mkveTri danawevreba,
simaRleTa sxvaoba, qedebis orientacia, da zedapiris daxriloba eqspozicia. Tovl-
yinulovani safaris Taviseburebani. saqarTvelos teritoriaze yinviani amindi sx-
vadasxva simaRleze gansxvavebuli xangrZlivobisaa. KkerZod, z.d. 2000-3000 m simaR-
leebze igi noembridan maisamde, xolo z.d. 3000 m-is zemoT _ oqtombridan ivnisamde
grZeldeba. ianvris saSualo temperatura z.d. 2000 m simaRleze _ 6-8°C-ia, xolo
3600 m-ze _ 14-16°C. Tanamedrove gamyinvarebis masStabebze mniSvnelovan gavlenas
axdens atmosferuli naleqebis raodenoba, romelic saqarTvelos teritoriaze
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mcirdeba dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT. uxvi atmosferuli naleqebiT

gamoirCeva bzifis, kodoris, egrisis, svaneTis, leCxumis, Soda-kedelasa da kavka-
sionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedebi. Tumca zogan adgili aqvs am kanonzomierebidan
gadaxras, rac ganpirobebulia orografiuli TaviseburebebiT (kerZod, mTaTaSori-
si qvabulebis arsebobiT). aseT adgilebSi atmosferuli naleqebis da Sesabamisad my-
invarebis raodenoba (da farTobi) SedarebiT mcirea. myinvarebis warmoqmnaSi mniS-
vnelovania ara marto atmosferuli naleqebis raodenoba, aramed is, Tu ra saxiT
modis igi (wvimis Tu Tovlis saxiT). Tovlis safaris ganawileba kavkasionze metad
araTanabaria. zedapiris absoluturi simaRlis zrdis Sesabamisad misi simZlavre
yvelgan izrdeba. amasTan dasavleT kavkasionze Tovlis mdgradi safari ufro didx-
ans devs, vidre aRmosavleTSi. 3000 m-ze ufro maRla Tovli modis ara marto wlis
civ periodSi, aramed zafxulSic. Tovlis mosvlas aq xSirad `Tavsxma~ xasiaTi aqvs
da misma simZlavrem SeiZleba dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi 100-120 sm-iT moimatos. ab-
soluturi simaRlis zrdis Sesabamisad izrdeba agreTve mdgradi Tovlis safaris
xangrZlivobac. Tuki 1000 m simaRleze Tovli aprilis pirvel naxevramde devs, 2000
m-ze igi maisis Sua ricxvebamde aRwevs. dReisaTvis saqarTvelos myinvarebi ganic-
dian degradacias, rac globaluri daTbobiTaa ganpirobebuli. Tumca myinvarebis
farTobebis Semcirebisa da calkeul nawilebad dayofis Sedegad xdeba maTi raode-
nobis zrda. amJamad saqarTveloSi 800-ze met myinvars iTvlian, romelTa saerTo
farTobi 500 km2-s aRwevs.
saqarTvelos wylis resursebi
saqarTveloSi wylis resursebze moTxovnebi mudmivad mzardia. igi gamoiyeneba

sayofacxovrebo, samrwevelo da sasoflo-sameurneo miznebisaTvis. saqarTvelo
mdidaria wylis resursebiT, Tumca maT ganawilebaSi didi uTanabrobaa. saqarTve-
loSi 26060 mdinarea, romelTa absoluturi umravlesoba (99,4%) 25 km-ze naklebi
sigrZisaa. saSualo sigrZis (100-500 km-mde) sul 13 mdinarea. mdinareuli qselis six-
Siris koeficientia 0,85 km/km2-ze. igive maCvenebeli dasavleT saqarTveloSi 1,07-ia,
aRmosavleTSi _ 0,68. maqsimumi aRiricxeba Caqvis midamoebSi 2,5 km/km2-ze, minimal-
uria mtkvarsa da iors Soris (ivris zeganze 0,3). Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sarwyavi ar-
xebis sixSires, zogan (Sida qarTli) miviRebT 3-jer did maCvenebels (bunebrivTan
SedarebiT).
saqarTvelos myinvarebSi akumulirebulia 24 km3 wyali, tbebSi – 0,72 km3, xolo

WaobebSi 2 km3.
saqarTvelos potenciuri hidroenergetikuli resursebi 160 mlrd kvt/sT-s aRemate-

ba. maTi udidesi nawili (60%) Tavmoyrilia xuT mdinareSi (rioni, mtkvari, enguri,
kodori, bzifi). teqnikuri resursebi potenciuris naxevaria, romlis umetesi nawili
(73%) modis dasavleT saqarTveloze. teqnikuris 1/3 (30 mlrd kvt. sT) ekonomikurad
efeqturi hidroenergetikuli resursia. ekonomikurad efeqturi resursebi mdina-
reebis mixedviT ganawilebulia Semdegnairad: enguri (10 mlrd) rioni cxeniswyliT
(7,0), kodori (5,3), TuSeTis alazani (3,2) mtkvari aragviT (2,7 mlrd kvt. sT).
saqarTveloSi 1988 wels eleqtroenergiis gamomuSavebam Seadgina 14 mlrd kvt.

sT, 1998 wels – 8,0, xolo 2017 wels 10 mlrd kvt. saaTi. amJamad aTvisebulia ekono-
mikurad efeqturi hidroresursebis 1/3. yvelaze efeqturad gamoiyeneba md. rionis
hidroenergetikuli potenciali, romelzec 8 hesia aSenebuli da romelTa wliurma
gamomuSavebam 2 mlrd kvT sT-s SeuZlia miaRwios. perspeqtivaSia ramdenime hesis
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mSenebloba mdinare enguris, rionis, aWariswylis, mtkvris da alaznis auzSi, ris

Sedegadac eleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba ramdenjerme gaizrdeba. saqarTveloSi
hidroresursebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa 300-mde mdinare. danarCe-
nis (25,7 aTasi) gamoyeneba energetikuli miznebisaTvis araefeqturia. energetikuli
krizisidan gamosvlis mizniT mizanSewonilia didi da saSualo simZlavris hidro-
elsadgurebis mSenebloba, rac SedarebiT nakleb ekologiur problemebs qmnis.
saqarTvelo mdidaria miwisqveSa wylebiT (18 km3). aqedan dasavleT saqarTveloze

modis 67%, aRmosavleTze ki _ 33%. miwisqveSa wylebis moculoba atmosferuli
naleqebis TiTqmis 20%-s Seadgens, xolo Camonadenis _ erT mesameds. amgvari wy-
lebis 55% mtknaria. miwisqveSa wylis areali aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 200-300 m
siRrmezea (mxolod aragvis xeobaSia 5-20 m.), xolo dasavleT saqarTveloSi 10-50
metrze. saqarTveloSi miwisqveSa wylis gamoyenebis mizniT eqspluataciaSia 200-mde
WaburRili. maTi umravlesoba (97%) kaxeTSia warmodgenili.
aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoria (Sesabamisad 33 da 37 aTasi km2)

da mosaxleobis raodenoba umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba. arada, aRmosavleT saqarT-
veloSi erT sul mosaxleze 7 aTas m3 wyali modis, xolo dasavleTze _ 25 aTasi m3
weliwadSi (anu TiTqmis 4-jer meti).
saqarTvelos administraciuli raionebidan wylis resursebis yvelaze didi momx-

marebelia qvemo qarTli (TbilisTan da rusTavTan erTad). aRmosavleT saqarTve-
loSi morwyvas saWiroebs 1400 aTasi ha, Tumca irwyveba mxolod 74%.
komunalur meurneobaSi da mrewvelobaSi gamoiyeneba wyaros, mdinareTa filt-

ratebi da miwisqveSa wylebi. komunalur meurneobaSi CarTulia 90 wyalsadeni, ro-
melTa saerTo sigrZe 6 aTasi km-ia; mowyobilia 175 saTao nageboba, romelTa saerTo
simZlavre 2 mln m3-ia dRe-RameSi. saqarTveloSi erT sul mosaxleze wylis saSualo
moxmareba 600 litria dRe-RameSi, rac Zalzed maRali maCvenebelia msoflioSi. say-
ofacxovrebo seqtorze modis mTeli gamoyenebuli wylis 20%. amJamad gamoyenebu-
li wylis 30-35% mrewvelobaze modis, romlis 60% (1 mln m3) energetikaSi gamoi-
yeneba (TbosadgurebSi). Tboeleqtrosadgurebidan yvelaze mZlavri momxmarebeli
Tbilsresia, romelzec modis mrewvelobaSi gamoyenebuli wylis 55%. SedarebiT
mniSvnelovani momxmarebelia: metalurgia, qimiuri mrewveloba da manqanaTmSeneb-
loba. wylis momWirned gamoyenebis mizniT saWiroa Seiqmnas wylis teqnikuri gada-
muSavebis `fabrikebi~ (meoreuli gamoyenebis mizniT). amJamad meoradia gamoyenebu-
li wylis mxolod naxevari, romlis umetesi nawili metalurgias xmardeba. am meTo-
dis gamoyenebiT miRweulia 4 mln m3 sasmeli wylis ekonomia. soflis meurneobaze
modis gamoyenebuli wylis 40-45%. Tumca, sasoflo dasaxlebaTa garkveul nawils
kvlav ar gaaCnia centralizebuli wyalmomarageba.
mecxoveleobis ganviTarebisaTvis zamTris saZovrebis morwyvas udidesi mniSvnelo-

ba aqvs, radgan saqonlis Zoveba aq TiTqmis 7 Tves grZeldeba. amJamad irwyveba daax-
loebiT 200 aTasi ha zamTris saZovrebi gardabnisa da dedofliswyaros raionebSi.
wylis sanitaruli sisufTavis SenarCunebas udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba mosaxleo-

bisa da sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis usafrTxoebisaTvis. amJamad viTareba Zalze
garTulebulia. sawmendi nagebobebi saqarTvelos qalaqebis mxolod naxevarSi fun-
qcionirebs da aqac moxmarebuli wylis naxevari ar iwmindeba.
perspeqtiuli hidro energoresursebia Termuli wylebi, romelic warmodgenilia

saqarTvelos teritoriis 1/3-is siRrmeSi. Mmisi gamoyeneba efeqturia komunalur da
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energetikul meurneobaSi, soflis meurneobaSi da rekreaciaSi. Termuli wylebis

maragia 250 mln m3, temperatura 50-1100C. miwisqveSa Termuli wylebi miekuTvneba
aRdgenad bunebriv resursTa jgufs. misi gamoyeneba dazogavs 1,5 mln tona pirobiT
saTbobs. saqarTveloSi amgvari wylebis prognozuli debitia 0,5 mln m3/dReRameSi,
mopovebis siRrme ki 2000-3000 metri. Termuli wylebi eqspluataciaSia mTaTaSo-
ris baris mTel rig raonebSi (samegrelo, Sida qarTli, kaxeTi). perspeqtiulia
samcxe-javaxeTi, sadac misi mravali gamosasvlelia aRricxuli. aqauri wylebis
umravlesoba Seicavs mikroelementebs: iods, broms, bors. maT didi samkurnalo
Tvisebebi da ekonomikuri daniSnuleba aqvT. saqarTvelos Termuli wylebis umrav-
lesoba TiTqmis mtknari da sustad mineralizebulia, rac zrdis maTi praqtikuli
gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas.
saqarTveloSi cnobilia mineraluri wylis araerTi saxeobა da mravali (2000) wya-

ro. zogierTi maTgani (borjomi, wyaltubo) msoflio mniSvnelobisaa. CvenSi miner-
aluri wyaroebis gavrcelebis ori ZiriTadi zonaa: kavkasionis samxreTi kalTebis
da kavkasionis. mineraluri wylebis gamovlineba dakavSirebulia axalgazrda vul-
kanizmTan. swored amgvar fenebSi ereva naxSirmJava gazi miwisqveSa wylebs. Wylis
mineraluri Semadgenloba pirdapir kavSirSia infiltraciis zonis geologiur age-
bulebasTan.
saqarTvelos mineralur wylebTan dakavSirebulia mravali kurorti. maT fa-

rglebSi yoveldRiurad 25 aTasi/m3 wyali moipoveba, Tumca wylis 40% ikarge-
ba, ver gamoiyeneba. danakargebi mniSvnelovania wyaltuboSi (6,5 aTasi m3/dR.), rac
ganpirobebulia imiT, rom ver xerxdeba misi RamiT gamoyeneba. Arada iyo wlebi,
rodesac saqarTveloSi Camoisxmeboda or aTeulamde saxeobis mineraluri wyali,
romelTa debiti Seadgenda 1300 m3/dReSi. aqedan mxolod 65%-is Camosxma iyo SesaZ-
lebeli. mTlianad saqarTveloSi yoveldRiurad amoedineba 130 mln. litri minera-
luri wyali, romlis mxolod umniSvnelo nawilis gamoyeneba xerxdeba. wyaroTa
umetesoba rTuli reliefis pirobebSia warmodgenili. umetesoba ki arasakmari-
sadaa Seswavlili.
mineraluri wylebi SeiZleba samrewvelo daniSnulebiTac gadamuSavdes. magaliT-

ad, kavkasionis wylebSi bevria dariSxani (6 mg/l), bori (1000 mg/l), ceziumi (4 mg/l).
am maCveneblebiT Cveni wylebi ar CamouvardebaT amerikisa da axali zelandiis wy-
lebs. aRniSnuli liTonebis mineraluri wylebidan gamonTavisufleba didi savalu-
to Semosavlebis wyaro SeiZleba gaxdes saqarTveloSi.
5.3.5. Savi zRva da misi mniSvneloba
Savi zRvis potencialis efeqtur gamoyenebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs saqarT-

velos ganviTarebisTvis. saqarTvelos Savi zRva dasavleTidan ekvris 310 km man-
Zilze. Savi zRvis sarkis zedapiris farTobi 420000 km2-s aRemateba. igi ganeduradaa
ganfenili da ovaluri moyvanilobisaa. sanapiro xazi sustadaa danawevrebuli. igi
praqtikulad moklebulia kunZulebs, gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelos sanapiroze. cno-
bilia miuseris, axali aTonis, kelasuris, soxumis, baTumis yureebi da sxv. wylis
temperatura zafxulSi +24°+26°-is tolia. zRvis wyali bevrgan, maT Soris saqarTve-
los midamoebSic, ar iyineba. Savi zRva 150-200 m siRrmidan fskeramde praqtikulad
usicocxloa (Tu ar CavTvliT anaerobul baqteriebs), radgan wyali sruliad mok-
lebulia Jangbads da mis nacvlad Warbadaa momwamvleli gazi – gogirdwyalbadi
(H2S), romliTac gajerebulia zRvis wylis saerTo moculobis 86%. misi koncentra-
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cia wyalSi Seadgens 11-14 mg/l. amiT gansxvavdeba igi msoflios sxva zRvebisagan.
Savi zRvis analogi msoflioSi ar arsebobos _ igi udidesi uJangbado wyalsatevia.
samagierod, zeda Tbili fena didi raodenobiT Seicavs Jangbads da mdidaria or-
ganuli samyaroTi (ZuZumwovrebiT, TevzebiT, kibosnairebiT, WiebiT, moluskebiT,
umartivesebiT da sxv.), romelTa Soris 150 saxeoba reliqturia, 240 _ endemuri.
zRvis faunis umetesoba xmelTaSua zRvidan aris Semosuli. Tevzebidan gvxvdeba: or-
aguli, zuTxi, TarTi, kefali, stavrida, sardini, qamsa, qaSayi, qambala da sxv. Tumca,
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom dReisaTvis, Savi zRvis mwvave ekologiurma mdgomareobam
mniSvnelovnad SezRuda misi biomravalferovneba _ SesamCnevad Semcirda sarewao
mniSvnelobis Tevzis raodenoba.
saqarTvelosaTvis da yvela zRvispira qveynisaTvis Sav zRvas (rogorc Tbil zRvas)

udidesi turistul-rekreaciuli mniSneloba gaaCnia. turistuli sezoni saqarTve-
los zRvis sanapiroze 5-6 Tve grZeldeba (maisidan noembramde). saukeTeso perio-
dia ivlis-agvisto-seqtemberi, rodesac wylis temperatura maqsimalurad uaxlo-
vdeba adamianis organizmis temperaturas. garda amisa talRebis siZliere Sav zR-
vaze iSviaTad aRematreba 3 bals. usafrTxoa Savi zRvis ixtiofaunac. saqarTvelos
sanapiro zoli, gansakuTrebiT aWarasa da afxazeTSi 4-10 km siganis komfortuli
plaJebiTaa warmodgenili. saqarTvelos zRvispireTis esTetikur Rirebulebas am-
aRlebs aseve mdidari da mravalferovani mcenareuloba, ulamazesi zRvispira da
mTiani landSaftebis Serwyma. saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis zRvispi-
ra kurortebia: qobuleTi, gagra, biWvinTa, axali aToni. adgilobrivi mniSvnelo-
bisaa: baTumi, mwvane koncxi, cixisZiri, maxinjauri, ureki, soxumi, kindRi, gudauTa
da sxv. didi perspeqtiva gaaCnia SekveTili-magnetiti (ureki)-grigoleTis sanapiro
zols, romelis garda mzis naTebis xangrZlivobisa, haeris intensiuri ventilaciisa
da zRvis dabali fskruli donisa (rac gansakuTrebiT praqtikulia bavSvebisaTvis),
gamoirCeva magnetituri qviSebiT agebuli vrceli plaJebiT. kurorti mTeli wlis
ganmavlobaSi funqcionirebs da gamoiyeneba sisxlis mimoqcevis organoTa, nervuli
sistemisa da sunTqvis organoTa, aseve hipertoniuli daavadebebis samkurnalod.
saqarTveloSi, kerZod zRvispireTSi, saTanado turistur-rekreaciuli infrastruq-
turis Camoyalibebis SemTxvevaSi turistuli industria unda iqces qvenis saerTaSo-
riso specializaciis dargad, romelsac mniSvnelovani roli daekisreba qveynis
ekonomikur aRmavlobaSi.
Savi zRva, romelic msoflio okeanes ukavSirdeba bosforis, dardanelisa da gibral-

taris sruteebiT (marmarilos, egeosisa da xmelTaSua zRvebis gavliT), warmoadgens
ZiriTad satransporto arterias saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, gan-
sakuTrebiT ki evropa-aziis satransporto kavSirebSi. evropa-aziis satransporto
derefnis amoqmedeba saqarTvelos ekonomikuri aRmavlobis mniSvnelovani garantia,
Tumca aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia mosalodneli ekologiuri saSiSroebac.
Savi zRvis sameurneo mniSvnelobas aseve ganapirobebs masSi arsebuli bunebrivi

wiaRiseuli resursebic. zRvis fskerze farTodaa gavrcelebuli rkina-manganumis
konkreciebi, maT Soris md. rionis SesarTavis maxloblad. Savi zRvis Crdilo-
dasavleT nawilSi dazverilia maRalxarisxovani navTobisa da gazis wyalqveSa sa-
badoebi. Sav zRvaSi, kerZod, TurqeTis sanapiro SelfebSi, qvanaxSiris sakmaod didi
maragicaa aRmoCenili. zRvis wylidan mimdinareobs marilis samrewvelo mopovebac.
garda amisa, Savi zRvis praqtikulad mTeli sanapiro agebulia maRalxarisxovani
saSeni masalebiT: qviSebiT, TixebiT, qviSaqvebiT, kirqvebiTa da sxv., romlis wyal-
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qveSa mopoveba baTumis midamoebSic mimdinareobs. Savi zRvis TiTqmis mTeli sanap-
iro mdidaria magnituri qviSebiT. saqarTvelos farglebSi am mxriv gansakuTrebiT
gamoirCeva sufsa-natanebis midamoebi (ureki). zRvispira qviSa mniSvnelovani raode-
nobiT Seicavs magnitur rkinas, rac saukeTeso samkurnalo faqtoradaa miCneuli.
xmelTaSua zRvasTan da saerTod msoflio okeanesTan SedarebiT, Savi zRva nakleb

mariliania, rac zrdis mis rekreaciul daniSnulebas. igi, rogorc Rrmuli wyal-
satevi, gansakuTrebul wyalSemkreb auzs warmoadgens, saidanac wyalgacvla msof-
lio okeanesTan araintensiurad mimdinareobs. garda amisa, zRvaSi didi raodeno-
biT Caedineba mtknari mdinareuli wyali (kontinenturi Camonadeni udris 310 km3/
weliwadSi); sakmao raodenobis gamtknarebuli wyali Semodis azovis zRvidanac (230
km3/w), romelsac Savi zRva mis Crdilo nawilSi mdebare qerCis srutiT ukavSirdeba.
amasTanave, mis zedapirze mosuli atmosferuli naleqebis raodenoba, xmelTaSua zR-
visagan gansxvavebiT, aRemateba aorTqlebas. araTanabaria wylis marilianoba TviT
Savi zRvis farglebSic: napirebisaken, sadac zRvas mdinareebi uerTdeba, simlaSe
klebulobs 3-9‰-mde, siRrmisaken ki matulobs 15‰-dan 20-mde. es gamowveulia imiT,
rom Sav zRvaSi wylis vertikaluri mimocvla Zalze SezRudulia. zedapirul dinebas
Savi zRvidan bosforis srutiT marmarilos zRvaSi gaaqvs daaxloebiT 385 kuburi ki-
lometri SedarebiT msubuqi, nakleb mariliani wyali. siRrmiseul dinebas ki Sav zR-
vaSi Semoaqvs 175 km3 mlaSe da mZime wyali, romelic zRvis Rrma fenebs avsebs. amde-
nad, Savi zRvidan gacilebiT ufro meti mtknari wyali gaedineba, vidre Semoedineba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Savi zRva msoflio okeanes ukavSirdeba, igi mainc Caketil
wyalsatevad iTvleba da misi wylis ganaxlebas (xmelTaSua zRvis wylebiT) asobiT
weli sWirdeba. Savi zRvis wylis sruli mimocvlisaTvis 130-140 weliwadia saWiro.
sainteresoa is faqtic, rom Savi zRvis Rrmulis asavsebad saqarTvelos yvelaze
wyaluxvma mdinare rionma 420 saukune unda idinos, msoflios yvelaze wyaluxvma
mdinare amazonma ki _ 100 wlamde.
Savi zRvis mdinareebs (gansakuTrebiT md. dunais) yovelwliurad SeaqvT zRvaSi

aTasobiT tona nitrati, fosfati, gogirdi, tyvia, TuTia, dariSxani, vercxliswyali
da sxva mavne nivTierebebi. isini gadarecxili niadagebidan gamwmend nagebobaTa
uqonlobis, zogjer ki maTi gaumarTaobis gamo, zRvaSi Caedinebian. amitom, es prob-
lema Savi zRvis auzis qveynebis saerTo sazrunavi gaxda. zRvaSi mdinareebis mier
Camotanili narCenebis gamo pasuxismgebloba ara marto zRvispira qveynebs (saqarT-
velo, TurqeTi, bulgareTi, rumineTi, ukraina, ruseTi) ekisrebaT, aramed im qveyneb-
sac, romlebic mdinareuli qseliT Savi zRvis auzSi arian moqceulni (iugoslavia,
xorvatia, slovenia, ungreTi, slovakeTi, avstria, germania, CexeTi, moldova, be-
larusi da sxv.). Savi zRvis auzis mdinareebze ganlagebulia iseTi mniSvnelovani
qalaqebi, rogoricaa: sofia, buqaresti, belgradi, budapeSti, bratislava, zagrebi,
lubliana, saraevo, vena, kiSiniovi, minski, kievi, ankara. kontinenturi evropis ter-
itoriis TiTqmis 1/3 miekuTvneba Savi zRvis auzs, sadac daaxloebiT 160 mln kaci
cxovrobs.
Savi zRvis wylis zedapiris done wlis manZilze mcire cvalebadobas ganicdis. zaf-
xulSi (umaRlesi done) igi saSualoze 12 sm-iT ufro maRalia, gvian Semodgomaze
(umdablesi done) _ 7 sm-iT dabali. aseve mcirea mimoqcevis Sedegad warmoqmnili wy-
lis donis vertikaluri amplituda, rac mxolod 10 sm-iT ganisazRvreba. gacilebiT
mniSvnelovania qarebis moqmedebis Sedegad gamowveuli wylis donis cvalebadoba.
Zlieri qaris dros talRis simaRlem SeiZleba 5-6, zogjer 7-8 metrsac miaRwios.
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SavizRvispira qveynebi aqtiurad TanamSromloben satransporto sistemebis ganvi-

Tarebis, bunebrivi simdidreebis aTvisebisa da dacvis, ekonomikuri urTierTobebi-
sa da ekologiuri mdgomareobis gajansaRebis mizniT.
5.3.6. saqarTvelos niadagebi da miwis resursebi
niadaguri safaris mravalferovneba ganpirobebulia bunebrivi faqtorebis _ qa-

nebis, klimatis, reliefis, cocxali samyaros urTierTdamokidebylebiT. swored
maTi urTierTmoqmedebis Sedegad formirdeba niadagi. masSi aseve aisaxeba loka-
lurad momqmedi bunebrivi (gruntisa da zedapiruli wylebi) da anTropogenuli
(adamianis intensiuri sameurneo zemoqmedeba) faqtorebis urTierTdamokidebulebis
Sedegebic. amitom, sruliad samarTlianad, niadags `landSaftis sarkes~ uwodeben.
niadaguri profilis formirebisaTvis aucilebelia aseve garkveuli dro. amitom
xnovanebac erTerT mniSvnelovan niadagwarmomqmnel faqtorad gvevlineba. amde-
nad, niadagis (da saerTod landSaftis) warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis Seswavlisas
gasaTvalisewinebelia ara marto sivrciTi, aramed drois faqtoric. niadagi Txeli
fenis saxiT dedamiwis zedapiris im nawilSi formirdeba, sadac erTmaneTs erwymian
liTosfero, atmosfero, hidrosfero da biosfero.
niadagis ZiriTadi Tvisebaa nayofiereba. esaa niadagis unari uzrunvelyos mcenare

misi zrda-ganviTarebis procesSi sakvebi elementebiT, teniT da haeriT. niadagis nay-
ofierebas gansazRvravs zedapirul horizontSi akumulirebuli muqi Seferilobis
organuli da organul-mineraluri nivTiereba humusi. bunebrivi nayofierebis
sazomi auTvisebel niadagSi biologiuri produqtiulobis done anu pirveladi
mcenareuli masis is raodenobaა, romelic iqmneba farTobis garkveul erTeulze 1
wlis ganmavlobaSi.
saqarTvelos rTuli reliefuri pirobebi, geologiuri agebulebis Taviseburebani,

klimaturi araerTgvarovneba da mcenareuli safaris mravalferovneba ganapirobebs
mravalferovan niadagur safars. saqarTveloSi warmodgenilia erTmaneTisagan
mkveTrad gansxvavebuli rogorc Waobisa da naxevarudabnos, ise mTisa da baris
niadaguri tipebi. saqarTveloSi mkafiodaa gamoxatuli niadagebis vertikaluri
zonalobac. Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli niadaguri safariT xasiaTdeba dasavleTi da
aRmosavleTi saqarTvelos bari. mTaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki maRal mTaSi, regionaluri
sxvaoba naklebad SeiniSneba.
niadagwarmoqmneli faqtorebi met-naklebad TanabarmniSvnelovan gavlenas ax-

denen niadaguri profilis Camoyalibebaze. Tumca zogierT SemTxvevaSi romeliRac
faqtors gadamwyveti funqcia ekisreba. principuli sxvaoba dasavleTisa da aRmo-
savleTi saqarTvelos mTaTaSorisi baris niadagur safars Soris ganpirobebulia
mkveTrad gansxvavebuli klimaturi pirobebiT. dasavleTi saqarTvelos humiduri
(teniani) havis pirobebSi warmodgenilia Waobis, ewer-lebiani niadagebi (kolxeTis
dablobis zRvispira dadablebul nawilSi), eweri orTSteiniani niadagebi (zRviur
da Zvel mdinareul terasebze), wiTelmiwebi da yviTelmiwebi (kolxeTis mTiswineb-
sa da gorak-borcvian zolSi); aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ariduli (mSrali) havis
pirobebSi _ yavisferi, Savmiwa, ruxi, wabla, damlaSebuli da sxva niadaguri tipebi.
mTis zonis qveda sartyelSi, tyis formaciis qveS, gavrcelebulia tyis yomrali
niadagebi, romlebic vrceldebian dasavleTSi wiTelmiwebisa da yviTelmiwebis, aR-
mosavleTsa da samxreT saqarTveloSi ki _ tyis yavisferi niadagebis zemoT. samx-
reT saqarTvelos vulkanuri zegnebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia mTis
207
Savmiwebi. saqarTvelos maRal mTebSi (1800-2000 m-dan) gavrcelebulia mTa-mdelos

niadagebis saxesxvaobebi (kordiani, torfiani, kordian-torfiani).
miwis resursebi
saqarTvelos miwis resursebi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi bunebrivi simdidrea.

maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovania saxnavi miwebi, romlebic mudmiv Semcirebas ganic-
dis eroziis, damlaSebisa da meoreuli daWaobebis Sedegad. misi xverdriTi wili,
1950 wlidan 2017 wlamde, erT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT, 0,30 ha-dan 0,15 ha-mde
Semcirda.
msoflioSi saqarTvelo mravalferovani da unikaluri miwis resursebiTa da

niadagur-ekologiuri pirobebiTaa cnobili. aq or aTeulamde tipis niadagia cno-
bili. gansakuTrebiT Zvirfasia subtropikuli wiTelmiwebi da yviTelmiwebi, mTisa
da baris Savmiwebi.
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis Tanamedrove moTxovna misi zonaluri special-

izaciis sworad gansazRvraSi mdgomareobs. bunebrivi pirobebis Sesaxeb zusti in-
formacia aucilebeli pirobaa soflis meurneobis optimaluri dagegmarebisa da
rentabeluri warmoebisaTvis. amgvari informacia ki miiReba ama Tu im teritoriis
kompleqsuri Seswavlis SemTxvevaSi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces niada-
gur-ekologiur Seswavlilobas.
soflis meurneobisaTvis yvelaze xelsayreli bunebrivi pirobebi dasavleT saqarT-

veloSi 1625 aTas heqtarzea warmodgenili (saqarTvelos teritoriis daaxloebiT
23%), aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi _ 1580 aTas heqtarze (≈22%). danarCen teritori-
aze, romelic zRvis donidan 1000 metrze maRlaa, modis respublikis teritoriis
54%. aRniSnul zonaSi (z. d. 1000 metramde) cxovrobs saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 96%,
Tavmoyrilia samrewvelo potencialis iqmneba mrewvelobis produqciis udidesi
nawili.
saqarTvelos miwis fondi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: sasoflo-sameurneo dan-

iSnulebis miwebi saqarTvelos teritoriis 43% Seadgens, tyeebiT dafarulia 2/5,
xolo arasasoflo-sameurneo miwebs (Waobebi, buCqnarebi, meoradi mdeloebi, sam-
rewvelo obieqtebi, qalaqebi da sxv.) teritoriis 17% ukavia. raodenobrivad saso-
flo-sameurneo savargulebi yvelaze metia kaxeTSi (620 aTasi ha), yvelaze naklebi
_ aWaraSi (74 aTasi ha). sasoflo miwebis 25% saxnavia, riTac mdidaria kaxeTi, qvemo
qarTli, samcxe-javaxeTi; Raribia _ aWara, mcxeTa-mTianeTi, raWa-leCxumi), mraval-
wlian kulturebs _ 10%, saZovrebs 60%, saTibebs ki 5% ukaviaT. saqarTvelos miwis
resursebis gamoyenebis problemaTa Soris aRsaniSnavia daWaobeba (meoreuli), sar-
wyavi teritoriebis arseboba, damlaSeba da erozia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom amJamad savalalo mdgomareobaSia qarsacavi da wyaldamcavi

mcenareuli safari. misi degradacia gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa didi qalaqebis
garSemo. arada, qardamcavi zoli ganapirobebs mosavlianobis zrdas: Cais _ 23%-iT,
limnis _ 29%-iT, yurZnis _ 21%-iT, xilis _ 28%-iT, saSemodgomo xorblis _ 15%-iT
da simindis _ 22%-iT.
5.3.7. saqarTvelos mcenareuli safari da tyis resursebi
saqarTvelos floris Sedgeniloba. bunebrivi pirobebis mravalferovnebam, war-

sul geologiur epoqebSi klimatis periodulma cvlam da gansxvavebul floristu-
208
li arealebis mijnaze mdebareobam ganapiroba saqarTvelos mcenareuli safaris

simdidre da nairgvaroba. mcenareTa saxeobebis saerTo raodenoba 4500-s aRemateba,
maT Soris 300-ze meti saxeoba xeebi da buCqnarebia.
saqarTvelos mcenareuli safari mdidaria uZvelesi geologiuri epoqebis gadmo-

naSTi, anu reliqturi saxeobebiT. kavkasiis teritoriaze SemorCenili mesameuli
floris ori adgilsamyofelidan erTi saqarTvelos teritoriazea. warsulSi es
flora sakmaod did farTobze iyo gavrcelebuli da erTian areals qmnida. amJamad
igi mxolod kolxeTSi da saqarTvelos farglebs gareT _ hirkanis olqs (azerbai-
jani) SemorCa. kolxeTSi uZvelesi saxeobebidan SemorCenilia Sqeri (Rhododendron
ponticum), Cveulebrivi wabli (Castanea Sativa), biWvinTis fiWvi (Pinus pithyusa), wyavi
(Laurocerasus officinalis), pontouri muxa (Quercus pontica), wyavmaza (Phillyrea medwedewii),
bza (Buxus colchica), Zelqva (Zelcova carnifolia), urTxeli (Taxus baccata), Zmerxli (Ruscus
hypophyllum), Cinuri kartofili (Dioscorea batatas) da sxv. isini siTbosmoyvaruli
mcenareebia da SemorCnen umTavresad iq, sadac xangrZlivi periodis manZilze
sakmarisad Tbili klimati iyo gabatonebuli. aseTia umTavresad kolxeTis gor-
ak-borcviani zolis Rrma xeobebi. kolxeTis garda mesameuli floris elementebi
mxolod fragmentebis saxiT saqarTvelos sxva regionebSic _ kaxeTsa da qarTlSi
gvxvdeba. amave dros kaxeTis kavkasioni aris erTaderTi regioni mTel kavkasiaSi,
sadac erTdroulad gvxvdeba kolxuri da hirkanuli floris elementebi.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze SemorCenilia reliqtebis ara marto calkeuli saxeobe-

bi, aramed ekosistemebic. isini daculia bawaris, lagodexisa da TuSeTis nakrZaleb-
Si, mdinareebis: kodorisa da kintriSis xeobebSi. bawaris nakrZalSi SemorCenili
uZvelesi reliqtis _ uTxovris tye erTaderTi koromia msoflioSi. Arada, gasul
geologiur epoqebSi mas seqvoiasTan erTad uzarmazari sivrceebi ekava.
saqarTveloSi mravlad gvxvdeba endemuri mxolod Cveni qveynisTvis damaxasiaTe-

beli mcenareulobis 400-mde saxeoba. esenia: muxis Svidi saxeoba, wylis kakali (Trapa
colchica), marmuWi (Alchimilla), afxazuri iordasalami (Paeonia abchasica), biWvinTis fiWvi,
eldaris fiWvi, kolxuri kuneli, sosnovskis nekerCxali qarTuli Tela da sxv. ze-
moT CamoTvlil mcenareTa saxeobebi aris ara marto saqarTvelos an kavkasiis, ar-
amed Zlier lokaluri arealebis endemebic. saqarTvelos floris daaxloebiT 9%
endemuria, rac bevrad aRemateba evropisa da aziis didi farTobis mqone qveynebis
Sesabamis maCveneblebs.
bolo periodSi saqarTvelos mcenareul safarSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula

ucxo qveynebidan Semotanilma (adventurma, introducirebulma) saxeobebma. am
mcenareTa siuxviT gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva Savi zRvis sanapiro zoli, mTiswineTi,
dabali mTebi, xolo maRal mTaSi _ alpuri saZovrebis arealebi. yvelaze naklebadaa
isini damaxasiaTebeli saSualo mTis tyis gavrcelebis arealSi, sadac rTuli oro-
grafiuli pirobebi xels uSlida am mcenareebis SeRwevasa da farTod gavrcelebas.
Semotanili mcenareebis nawili ukve gavelurebulia. magaliTad, zeTisxili, leRvi,
Wiafera, eklis xe da sxv.
warmoSobis (genezisis) mixedviT saqarTvelos teritoriaze gvxvdeba: kolxuri,

xmelTaSuazRviur-TurRauli, borealuri da sxva mcenareulobis tipebi. კolxeTis
tipis tyeebs axasiaTebT polidominanturoba. aq gvxvdeba 5 ZiriTadi dominanti:
muxa, wifeli, rcxila, wabli da muryani. Tumca xSiria xemcenareebis sxva jiSebic:
Tela, ifani, nekerCxali, cacxvi da sxv. tyis saxeobrivi Sedgeniloba gansakuTrebiT
209
mravalferovania iq, sadac SeimCneva adamianis zegavlena. kolxuri tyis sxva damax-
asiaTebeli Taviseburebaa maradmwvane qvetyisa (Sqeri, baZgi, Wyori) da lianebis
(Rvedkeci, suro, katabarda) arseboba.
xmelTaSuazRviur-TurRauli floris warmomadgenlebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze

mesameul periodSi SemoiWrnen CrdiloeTi kavkasiidan mTaSi, mogvianebiT ki _ barSi.
esenia calkeuli saxeobis: muxa, nekerCxali, Zelqva, kakali, xurma da sxv. meoTxeuli
gamyinvarebis Sedegad saqarTvelos mcenareuli safari gamdidrda sxvadasxva saxeo-
bebiT, kerZod, sicivismoyvaruli (borealuri) mcenareulobiT (foTolmcvivanebiT),
romlebic yvelaze farTod gavrceldnen saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi,
kavkasionis maRalmTianeTSi, tbebsa da Waobebis midamoebSi.
mcenareuli safaris ZiriTadi tipebia tyeebi, buCqnarebi da balaxeuli mcenareu-

loba. tyeebi saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba barSic da mTaSic da vrceldeba zRvis donidan
1900-2400 m simaRlemde. maT respublikis saerTo farTobis 40% ukaviaT. yvelaze
farTo gavrcelebisaa farTofoTlovani tyeebi, wiwviani tyeebi ki, zogierTi gamon-
aklisis garda, gvxvdeba mxolod mTaSi.
kolxeTis dablobze warmodgenil tyeebSi, ZiriTadi tyeSemqmneli jiSebia: muxa, wab-

li, wifeli, rcxila, muryani. amgvari tyisTvis damaxasiaTebelia lianebi: ekalRiWi,
suro, katabarda, svia, Rvedkeci, dioskorea, ZaRlis satacuri. maradmwvane buCqnare-
bidan gvxvdeba Sqmeri, baZgi, wyavi, xolo foTolmcvivanebidan _ ieli, mocvi, kuneli,
xeWreli, Sindanwla, jonjoli, zRmartli, ucveTela. aRniSnuli tyeebi ZiriTadad
ganadgurebulia da maTi adgili e.w. meoreul (murynis, rcxilas) tyeebs ukaviaT.
kolxeTis dablobze aseve gavrcelebulia Waobis tyeebic, romelSic muryani da la-
fani dominirebs.
ariduli naTeli tyeebi gavrcelebulia mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos bar-

Si. warsulSi mas sakmaod didi farTobi ekava, dRes ki gaCanagebulia da mxolod
calkeuli fragmentebis saxiT aris SemorCenili ivris zegnis zogierT ubanze (mag.,
Siraqis vakeze, vaSlovnis nakrZalSi). mcenareTa ZiriTadi edifikatorebia: sakmlis
xe anu saRsaRaji, Savi Rvia, mravalnayofa Rvia. maTgan sakmlis xe iSviaTi reliqtia
da yvelaze did koroms igi swored saqarTveloSi, vaSlovanis nakrZalis terito-
riaze qmnis. naTel tyeebSi aseve gvxvdeba: kavkasiuri akaki, SiSveli akaki, qarTuli
nekerCxali, broweuli, qarTuli nuSi, Trimli da sxv.
tugais anu Walis tyeebSi, romlebic viwro zolis saxiT vrceldebian aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani mdinareebis mimdebared, gvxvdeba: muryani, tirifi, Zewna,
TeTri verxvi, muxa, Tela, TuTa da sxv. Walis tyeebi umeteswilad ganadgurebulia
da maTi adgili meoreul balaxeul-buCqnar mcenareulobas an sasoflo-sameurneo
savargulebs ukavia.
mTebSi tyis mcenareulobas gacilebiT meti farTobebi ukavia. MmaT wilad modis
saqarTvelos tyeebis 95%. qveda mTebi Semosilia foTlovani polidominanturi ty-
eebiT, sadac ZiriTadi tyeSemqmneli jiSebi muxa da rcxilaa, zogan _ jagrcxila,
wabli, cacxvi, muryani da sxv. tyeebis mniSvnelovani farTobi ganadgurebulia da
maTi adgili dasaxlebul punqtebsa da sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebs ukaviaT. Sua
mTebSi gabatonebulia wiflnarebi, Tumca aq gvxvdeba rcxila, wabli, Tela, nekerCx-
ali, xolo dasavleT saqarTveloSi muqwiwvianebic ki. saSualo mTebSi calkeul ub-
nebze foTolmcvivani mcenareuli saxeobebi qmnian wminda koromebs. magaliTad, uTx-
ovaris tye _ md. alaznis zemo welis auzSi, bawaris nakrZalis midamoebSi; Zelqvis
210
tye _ sof. babaneurTan (axmetis raioni), bzis tye (yvarelTan), wyavis tye _ md. didx-
evis xeobaSi (alaznis auzi) da sxv.
absoluturi simaRlis matebasTan erTad dasavleT saqarTvelos wiflnar tyeebs

muqwiwviani tyeebi enacvleba, sadac gabatonebulia saxeobebia naZvi da soWi. amgvari
tyeebis gavrcelebis qveda sazRvari aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi fragmentebis saxiT
md. aragvis da md. diRmiswylis (mtkvris marjvena Senakadi) zemo welis auzamde aR-
wevs. wiflnari da muqwiwviani tyeebis gavrcelebis arealis zemoT, daaxloebiT z.d.
1800 m-dan gvxvdeba juja da tanbrecili tyis mcenareuloba kerZod, aryi, nekerCx-
ali, wifeli, maRalmTis boyvi, aRmosavluri muxa. zogan (TuSeTi, md. enguris zemo
welis auzi) aRniSnul sartyelSi gvxvdeba fiWvis sakmaod mZlavri tyeebic.
buCqnarebSi ganarCeven maradmwvanesa da foTomcvivans. maradmwvane buCqnarebi

ufro metad gavrcelebulia dasavleT saqarTvelos mTis tyeebsa da maRalmTianeT-
Si, xolo foTolmcvivanebi _ aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. maradmwvane buCqnarebi
Sqeri, baZgi, wyavi kolxuri tyis erT-erT mniSvnelovan Taviseburebas warmoad-
gens da gavrcelebeulia kolxeTis gorak-borcviani zolis Rrma xeobebSi. aq qvetyis
funqcias zogjer bza da uTxovari asrulebs. maRal mTaSi maradmwvane buCqnarebi
damaxasiaTebelia subalpebisaTvis, rac z.d. 1800-2000 m-is zemoTaa warmodgenili. aq
gvxvdeba deka, wiTeli mocvi, keweri, Rvia.
balaxeuli mcenareuloba mravalgvaria: mdelos, stepis (velis), Waobis, naxevrad

udabnoebis da mTis. saqarTvelos teritoriaze namdvili udabno ar gvxvdeba, Tumca
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ukidures samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi warmodgenil-
ia naxevrad udabnos mcenareuloba. aq gvxvdeba: xurxumo, Carani, abzinda. stepis
mcenareulobaSi Warbobs gvalva da yinvagamZle mravalwliani balaxebi. maTgan gab-
atonebulia uro, romelic warmoadgens gardamaval saxeobas naxevrad udabnosa da
stepis mcenareulobas Soris. uros garda tyis damaxasiaTebelia vaciwvera, wivana
da efemerebi. mdeloebi gvxvdeba maRal mTaSi, z.d. 1800-3500 m simaRleebze. Tumca
mTis tyis ganakafebze igi ufro dablac Camodis da qmnis meoreul mdeloebs. maRal
mTaSi mdeloebi damaxasiaTebelia subalpuri da alpuri zonebisTvis. subalpebSi
igi maRalbalaxeulobas, e.w. Sambs (Sambnars) qmnis, sadac balaxi maRali (1-2 m, zo-
gjer 3-5 m) da xSiria. აseTi simaRlis gamo mas `mamontis florasac~ uwodeben. aq
gvxvdeba: diyi, laSqara, baiasnairni da sxv. subalpuri mdeloebis mniSvnelovani
nawili saxeSecvlilia. maT sustad aqvT SenarCunebuli pirvandeli bunebrivi saxe.
Amitomaa, rom subalpebSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba maRalbalaxeuloba. alpur mdeloebs
gacilebiT meti farTobi ukaviaT da warmodgenili arian dabalbalaxeulobiT (20-30
sm-mde), Tumca intensiuri Zovebis Sedegad arc maT aqvT SenarCunebuli pirvandeli
saxe. isini iyofa namdvil mdeloebad da xalebad (noxebad). namdvil mdeloebs qm-
nian marcvlovnebi da islianebi, xolo xalebs _ nairbalaxovnebi (marcvlovnebis,
islianebisa da parkosnebis garda). alpuri xalebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mkveTri
ferebis mqone yvavilovani balaxeuloba: wiTeli gvirila, maCita, naRvela, xolo
namdvili mdeloebisaTvis _ vaciwvera, wivana da sxv. balaxovani Waobebi damaxasiaT-
ebelia TiTqmis yvela simaRliTi safexurisaTvis, Tumca yvelaze farTo gavrcelebi-
saa kolxeTis dablobis centralur da dasavleT nawilSi. aq gvxvdeba lerwami,
lelqaSi, laqaSi, Tavnaskva, islebi da xavsebi. amgvari mcenareuloba, agreTve war-
modgenilia samxreT saqarTvelos tbebis midamoebSi, wyalsacavebis sanapirosa da
gaCexili tyeebis adgilebSi.
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samxreT saqarTvelos zeganze da mimdebare mTebis kalTebze gabatonebulia mTis

qserofitebi. isini warmodgenilia mravalwlovani balaxovani da buCqnari mcenaree-
biT, e.w. friganiT. buCqnarebidan tipiuria glerZa, salbi, rZiana, kurdRliscocxa da
zRarba.
mcenareTa Tavisebur tips qmnian kldeebisa da qvayrilebis balaxovnebi, romlebic

yvelaze metad damaxasiaTebelia maRali mTis kldovani ubnebisaTvis. saqarTvelo-
Si isini erTian areals ar qmnian da gavrcelebuli arian calkeuli fragmentebis
saxiT.
saqarTvelos mcenareulobis meoreuli safari. bunebis komponentebs Soris adami-

anis zegavlena yvelaze mkafiod mcenarul safars daetyo. kerZod, daqveiTda tyeebis
Sedgeniloba da produqtiuloba. es ki iwvevs tyis funqciis (wyalmaregulirebeli,
niadagdacviTi, rekreaciuli) Sesustebas an maT saerTod dakargvas. uaresdeba mim-
debare teritoriebis sanitarul-higienuri pirobebic.
sameurneo saqmianoba aris is mniSvneloani faqtori, ramac Secvala saqarTvelos

Tanamedrove mcenareuli safari. mraval adgilas gaiCexa tye da misi adgili daikava
meoreulma buCqnarebma, balaxovnebma, sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebma (xexilis
baRebma, venaxebma, baRCeul-bostneulma kulturebma, plantaciebma). Ees, gansakuTre-
biT damaxasiaTebelia Savi zRvis sanapiro zolisaTvis, vake-dablobebisa da mTis-
wineTisaTvis. mtacebluri eqspluataciis Sedegad ganadgurda muxis, bzis, wablis,
fiWvis araerTi koromi. xemcenareebis zogierTi saxeoba SemorCa mxolod Znelad
misadgom adgilebSi, mTis ferdobebze, sanakrZalo ubnebze da sxv. ganakaf terito-
riebze ki gavrcelda am regionisaTvis naklebad damaxasiaTebeli mcenareebi. tyis
adgils umeteswilad qserofituli buCqnarebi an mdeloebi ikaveben. magaliTad, is-
eTebi, rogoricaa ZeZvi, kowaxuri, CitavaSla, jagrcxila, evropuli rcxila da sxv.
aseTi mcenareebi vrceldebian ara marto aRmosavleT, aramed dasavleT saqarTve-
loSic, rac erTgvar ùCveulo~ iers aZlevs notio subtropikebis landSafts.
ganakaf adgilebSi aRdgenili tyis masivi saxeobrivad gansxvavebulia pirvandel-

isagan. kerZod, wiflnarebis ganakafze viTardeba SedarebiT naklebad Rirebuli
rcxilisa da sxva foTlovani xeebis Sereuli formaciebi, uares SemTxvevaSi ki tye
saerTod ispoba da mis adgils buCqovan-balaxovani mcenareebi ikaveben. aseTive
procesebi viTardeba Warbtenian ubnebze an intensiuri gaZovebis pirobebSi. mravali
axlad dasaxlebuli mcenare naklebmomTxovnia niadaguri pirobebis mimarT, amitom
farTod vrceldebian. magaliTad, balaxovani sarevelebi, romlebic aviwroeben
sxva balaxovnebs, qmnian mZlavr kordsa da monodominantur safars. es sarevelebi
Tavdapirvelad vrceldebian nasven miwebze, danagvianebul adgilebSi, Semdeg ki _
sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebzec.
saqarTvelos biologiuri mravalferovneba
saqarTvelos SedarebiT mcire teritoria biologiuri, maT Soris ekosistemuri da

landSafturi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. igi ukavSirdeba kavkasiis ekologiur
derefans (romelic erTgvari xidia centralur aziasa da evropas Soris), floris
ganviTarebis unikalur istorias, geologiuri agebulebis, reliefisa da klimatis
mravalferovnebas.
saqarTveloSi izrdeba WurWlovani mcenareebis 4100-ze meti saxeoba. didia endeme-

bis wilic. saqarTvelos floris daaxloebiT 900 saxeoba endemuria; maT Soris 600
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saxeobamde kavkasiis endemia, xolo 300 saxeobamde – saqarTvelosi. endemizmis aseTi

maCvenebeli (21%) uCveulod maRalia zomieri sartylis qveynebisaTvis. saintere-
soa, rom WurWlovani mcenareebis raodenobiT saqarTvelo evropaSi me-5 adgilzea
– italiis, espaneTis, saberZneTis da safrangeTis Semdeg (SedarebisTvis – espaneT-
Si, romelic farTobiT saqarTveloze 7-jer didia sul 4900 aseTi saxeoba xarobs;
xolo irlandiaSi sul – 890 saxeoba). mravalferovania saqarTvelos cxovelTa sam-
yaroc: gvxvdeba ZuZumwovarTa 108 saxeoba (pirveli adgili evropaSi), frinvelebis
– 360-ze meti (aseve, erT-erTi pirveli adgili), qvewarmavlebis – 53 (me-3 adgili),
amfibiebis – 13, Tevzebis – 160-mde (maT Soris mtknari wylis – 84) da uxerxemloTa –
aTasobiT saxeoba.
biologiuri mravalferovnebis saerTo maCveneblis mixedviT (farTobis erTeulze

gaangariSebiT) saqarTvelo msoflioSi 36-e adgilzea da mas ZiriTadad tropikuli
qveynebi uswrebs. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom CvenSi metad maRalia e.w. genetikuri
da agrobiomravalferovnebis xarisxic. samwuxarod, bevri saxeoba da jiSi gadaSen-
da an gadaSenebis pirasaa misuli. maTgan, albaT, upirvelesad unda davasexelod
– qarTuli xalxuri poeziisa da legendebis erT-erTi `gmiri~ – jiqi anu vefxi, anu
leopardi (Panthera pardus). saqarTveloSi Walebis `derefnebiT~ samxreT-aRmosav-
leTidan Tavad vefxvic (Panthera tigris) misi kaspiuri anu Turanuli qvesaxeoba – P.t.
virgata) Semodioda. ukanasknelad vefxvi saqarTveloSi 1922 wels mokles – Tbilisis
maxloblad. es qvesaxeoba gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi mTel mis gavrcelebis areSi
amowyvites. kavkasiuri keTilSobili irmis (Cervus elaphus maral) da niamoris (Capra
aegagrus) ricxovnobamac erT periodSi CvenSi kritikul zRvars miaRwia, Tumca am
mxriv bolo dros situacia umjobesdeba.
tyeebs Soris globalurad unikaluria kolxuri tye. saqarTveloSi am ekosistemis

yvelaze didi da tipobrivi, centraluri nawili mdebareobs. is, erTi mxriv, ga-
nixileba rogorc msofliosTvis iSviaTi zomieri sartylis teniani (wvimiani) tye.
kolxeTis garda bunebaSi arsad gvxvdeba pontos muxa, medvedevis aryi, kolxuri
bza, kolxuri jonjoli, kolxuri Txili, ungernis da smirnovis rododendronebi
da sxv. mxviara mcenareebs Soris SeiZleba davasaxeloT, aseve reliqtur-endemuri,
kolxuri suro.
Savi zRvis sanapiroze xmelTaSuazRviur elementebsac vxvdebiT. SedarebiT mSral

pirobebSi, saxeldobr afxazeTSi, biWvinTis siaxloves, qviSian niadagebze da kl-
dovan ferdobebze vxvdebiT reliqtur endems biWvinTis fiWvs (Pinus pityusa), xolo
ufro qvian adgilebSi biWvinTis fiWvTan erTad xmelTaSuazRviuri xemarwyva (Arbutus
andrachne) da mananas buCqic (Erica arborea) gvxvdeba.
muqwiwvovani tyeebi, soWnarebi da naZvnarebi saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad kolxeTSia

gavrcelebuli. Tumca, naZvnarebi aRmosavleTiT kavkasionze, fSavis aragvis xeo-
bamde, xolo mcire kavkasionze Tbilisamde, md. veres saTaveebamde aRwevs (ufro
aRmosavleTiT da samxreTiT aseTi tyeebi aRar gvxvdeba). tyiswarmomqneli orive
ZiriTadi saxeoba – kavkasiuri soWi (Abies nordmanniana) da aRmosavluri naZvi (Picea
orientalis) – kavkasiis an kavkasia-SavizRvispireTis endemebia. kavkasiur soWs gigan-
tur soWsac uwodeben: aRwerilia 65-70 m simaRlis individebi. muqwiwvovan tyeebs
saqarTvelos tyiT dafaruli farTobis daaxloebiT 16% uWiravs.
farTobis mixedviT muqwiwvovanebze gacilebiT naklebad, Tumca geografiulad

sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli kavkasiuri fiWvnarebi (Pinus kochaina): isini
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ufro mSral ferdobeb maRalmTis umTavresi ekonomikuri mniSvneloba isaa, rom

mravalferovani mdeloebi zafxulis saZovrebad gamoiyeneba: gviani gazafxulidan
Sua Semodgomamde aTasobiT cxvar-Zroxa balaxobs ialaRebze. saukunovani tradici-
is mixedviT Semodgomaze cxvars barSi, velebsa da naxevradudabnoebSi – zamTris
saZovrebze – gadarekaven, iq gadaazamTreben da mart-aprilSi ukan, ialaRebisken
daiZvrebian.
subalpur mdeloebze da buCqnarebSi bevria samkurnalo da sakvebi Rirebulebis

mqone mcenareebi. magaliTad, dekas foTlebidan da begqondaridan (Thymus spp.) `Cais~
ayeneben, kvliavs (Carum carvi) xinklisa da sxva kerZebis momzadebisas iyeneben, mTis
Rolosagan (Rumex) fxali mzaddeba, mocvis (Vaccinium myrtillus, V. vitis-idaea) sasargeb-
lo Tvisebebi kargadaa cnobili da a.S. mravalferovania da gansakuTrebulia faunac:
`jixvi~ krebiTi, qarTuli saxelia gareuli Txis 2 saxeobisa – dasavleT kavkasiuris
(Capra caucasica) da aRmosavleT kavkasiuris, anu daRestnuris (C. cylindricornis). es
orive saxeoba dedamiwaze mxolod kavkasionis maRalmTaSia gavrcelebuli. saqarT-
veloSi, samwuxarod, mxolod TuSeTsa da xevsureTSi SemorCa Sinauri Txis uSualo
`winapari~ – niamori (C. aegagrus), romelic adre saqarTvelos maRalmTaSi TiTqmis
yvelgan gvxvdeboda. didi zomis balaxismWamelebidan aRsaniSnavia agreTve arCvi
(Rupicapra rupicapra), romelic jer kidev SemorCenilia kavkasionsa da mcire kavka-
sionze. niamori da dasavleT kavkasiuri jixvi globalurad gadaSenebis safrTxis
qveS myof saxeobebad iTvleba; aRmosavleT kavkasiuri jixvi ki – aseT safrTxesTan
axlos mdgomad. saqarTvelos maRalmTaSi gavrcelebuli es oTxive saxeoba saqarT-
velos wiTel nusxaSia Setanili maRali sakonservacio statusiT.
maRalmTis balaxovani ekosistemebis stabilurobas mTavar safrTxes pirutyvis

Warbi Zoveba uqmnis. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos maRalmTaSi mosaxleoba tradici-
ulad misdevda e.w. momTabare mecxvareobas, rac barSi zamTris saZovrebis sakmari-
si raodenobiT arsebobasac gulisxmobs. cxvris nawili izamTrebda da izamTrebs
aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos stepebsa da naxevradudabnoebSi, nawili ki
XIX saukunis Sua wlebidan yizlaris naqiraveb saZovrebze, CrdiloeT daRestanSi
dadioda, sadac sabWoTa periodSi saqarTvelos Sesabamisi instituciebi 300,000 ha-
ze meti saZovris menejments axorcielebda. sabWoTa kavSiris kolafsis da Semdgom
ganviTarebuli istoriul-politikuri viTarebis gamo, es SesaZlebloba aRar ar-
sebobs. Sesabamisad, 90-ian wlebSi cxvris suladoba mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. Tumca,
dReisTvis cxvris xorcze saeqsporto moTxovnileba mkveTrad izrdeba da saqarTve-
loSi cxvris suladoba kvlav matulobs.
qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis kvaldakval sul ufro meti sifrTxilea saWiro

didmasStabiani infrastruqturuli proeqtebis danergvisas da Semdgom ingrastruq-
turis movla-patronobisas: navTob- da gazsadenebis, eleqtrogadamcemi xazebis, gze-
bisa da rkinigzebis, hidroeleqtrosadgurebis da misT. mSeneblobisas da eqspluata-
ciisas mkacrad gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes bunebis dacvis moTxovnebi, gansakuTre-
biT – biomravalferovnebis konservaciis TvalsazrisiT prioritetul areebSi.
maRalmTis monakveTebi daculia riwis, fsxu-gumisTis, lagodexis nakrZalebSi, yazbe-
gis, TuSeTis, borjom-xaragaulis da axlad daarsebul javaxeTis erovnul parkebSi.
wyalWarb (an Warbwylian) warmonaqmnebs (sxvadasxvagvar Waobebs, drodadro dat-

boril monakveTebs da sxv.), wyalsatevebs (tbebsa da xelovnur wyalsacavebs), mdin-
areebsa da myinvarebs saqarTvelos farTobis daaxloebiT 1/10 uWiravT. yvelaze
metad wyalWarbi saqarTveloSi kolxeTis dablobia: Waobebi, mcire zomis tbebi,
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mdinareebi da arxebi urTierTgadaxlarTul, erTian sistemas qmnian. kolxeTis

dablobis biomravalferovnebis mniSvnelobis damadasturebeli isicaa, rom ispanis
Waobebi (qobuleTTan, 770 ha) da centraluri kolxeTis Warbwyliani teritorie-
bi (guria-samegreloSi, 33710 ha) Setanilia saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis wyalWarbi
teritoriebis msoflio nusxaSi, romelic wyalWarbi teritoriebis Sesaxeb saer-
TaSoriso konvenciis (ramsaris konvenciis) moqmedebis sferoSia moqceuli.
biomravalferovnebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs md. rions.

იგი zuTxisebrTa bunebrivi gamravlebisaTvis gamosadegi ukanaskneli mdinare aRmo-
savleT SavizRvispireTSi. sxva mdinareebi adamianis zemoqmedebiT gamowveuli cvl-
ilebebis gamo am funqcias veRar asrulebs. Sav zRvaSi (iseve, rogorc kaspiis zRvaSi)
gavrcelebul zuTxisebrTa yvela saxeoba globalurad safrTxis qveS myof saxeo-
bebadaa miCneuli. Cvens wylebSi gavrcelebuli eqvsive saxeoba saqarTvelos wiTel
nusxaSicaa Setanili: bolo drois gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom saqarTvelos wylebSi
zuTxisebrTa ricxovnoba gasuli saukunis dasawyisTan SedarebiT 37-jer Semcirda
da amJamad 10000 individs ar aRemateba.
saqarTveloSi meore mniSvnelovani Warbwyliani are samxreT saqarTvelos mTiane-

Tia, romelic mcire zomis tbebis simravliT gamoirCeva (tabawyuri, saRamo, karwaxi,
xanCali, madatafa, buRdaSeni da sxv.). aq mdebareobs saqarTvelos yvelaze didi tbac
– faravani (37,5 kv.km). wyalWarb adgilebSi umetesad isliani Waobebi Warbobs.
kolxeTis dablobsa da samxreT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi (gansakuTrebiT javaxeTSi)

frinvelTa saxeobebis didi mravalferovneba aRiniSneba: am teritoriebze gadis
migrirebadi frinvelebis gzebi da es Warbwyliani teritoriebi umniSvnelovanes
Sesvenebis adgilebs warmoadgens maTTvis. magaliTad, Savi zRvis sanapiroze 150-ze
meti saxeobis frinveli gvxvdeba – aTiaTasobiT wyalmcuravi frinveli Seisvenebs
xolme gadafrenis periodSi. bevria aq mobinadre saxeobac. Savi zRvis marSurti
gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs mtacebeli frinvelebis migraciisas: magaliTad,
rogorc bolo gamokvlevebma aCvena – baTumTan yovel Semodgomaze 34 saxeobis
(maT Soris 5 globalurad safrTxis qveS myofia) 800000-ze meti gadamfreni mtace-
beli frinveli aRiricxeba, aqedan yvelaze metia krazanaWamia arwivi (daaxloebiT
400000 individi) da Cveulebrivi (stepis) kakaCa (Buteo buteo vulpinus; 150-250 aTasi
individi). Semodgomaze gadamfreni am raodenobis mtacebeli frinveli arasodes,
arsad aRnusxula dasavleT palearqtikaSi (anu evropaSi, axlo aRmosavleTsa da
CrdiloeT afrikaSi). aseTi `sanaxaoba~ ara mxolod mlvlevarebisTvis, aramed fr-
invelebiT dainteresebuli turistebisaTvisac metad mimzidvelia. samxreT saqarTve-
los marSruti frinvelebis raodenobiT gacilebiT mcire, magram sakmaod mdidaria
saxeobaTa da maT Soris iSviaT saxeobaTa raodenobiT, rac javaxeTis rbil, vul-
kanur, tbian landSaftTan SexamebiT ganumeorebel STabeWdilebas axdens.
msxvili infrastruqturuli proeqtebi (portebis gafarToeba, navTobis termina-

lebis, hidroeleqtrosadgurebis, maRali Zabvis gadamcemi xazebis, saavtomobilo
gzebis da rkinigzebis mSenebloba da sxv.), sasmeli wylis uyairaTo moxmareba da
wylebis dabinZureba, aramdgradi TevzWera da brakonieroba mTavari safrTxea, rac
saqarTvelos wyalWarbი ekosistemebიs biomravalferovnebas emuqreba.
saqarTvelos tyis resursebi
uaxloes warsulSi saqarTvelos tyis resursebis 99% garemosdacviT, garemosaRmd-

gen da sanitarul-esTetikur funqciebs atarebda da maTi eqsploatacia akrZaluli
215
iyo. mxolod kolxeTis dablobis Warbtenian niadagebze warmodgenili tyeebi mie-

kuTvneboda sameurneo daniSnulebis resurss. amJamad viTareba diametraluradaa
Secvlili. energetikulma krizisma da mtaceblurma damokidebulebam mZime mdgo-
mareobaSi Caayena tyeebi. saqarTveloSi ar darCa regioni, sadac tyis eqspluatacias
ar hqonoda mtacebluri forma. tyis masivebi ZiriTadad jansaRi da esTetikurad
maRalefeqturi xe-mcenareebis xarjze mcirdeba. xe-tyis eqsporti ZiriTadad samxre-
Tuli mimarTulebisaa _ gaitaneba azerbaijanSi, somxeTsa da TurqeTSi.
tyis fitomasis 1/3 Seadgens muqwiwviani mcenareebis masa (118 mln m3), xolo danarCeni
farTofoTlovnebze da buCqnarebze modis. amJamad tyis resursebis moxmareba ram-
denime mimarTulebiT xorcieldeba. esenia: sayofacxovrebod (gaTbobisa da saWmlis
damzadebis mizniT), mSenebloba da avejis mrewveloba.
saqarTvelos teritoriis 1/3-ze meti tyeebiTa da buCqnarebiTaa dafaruli, xolo

saerTo farTobis 95% tyis potencialis mqonea. amJamad erT sul mosaxleze 100 m3
xe-tyis fitomasa modis. es erT-erTi mniSvnelovani bunebrivi resursia qveynisaT-
vis. arada, Cvens siaxloves arian qveynebi, romlebic aRniSnuli resursebis did
deficits ganicdian. saqarTvelos tyeebis daaxloebiT naxevari sxvadasxva dacviT
(wylis, niadagis, garemos), xolo erTi meoTxedi gamajansaRebel, rekreaciul da
saganmanaTleblo-sanakrZalo funqciebs asruleben.
administraciuli raionebidan teritoriis naxevarze meti tyiTaa dafaruli gul-

rifSis, soxumis, borjomis, qedis, Suaxevisa da xelvaCauris raionebSi. yvelaze
Raribia tyeebiT walkis, aspinZis da siRnaRis raionebi (teritoriis 5-10%).
saqarTvelos tyeebi mdidaria iseTi buCqnarebiTa da xe-mcenareebiT, romlis nay-

ofi xasiaTdeba sxvadasxvagvari kvebiTi da samkurnalo TvisebebiT, da romelic
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas teqnikur nedleulad. maTi mopovebisa da gamoyenebis
masStabebi Zalze mcirea. GansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseTi nayofis an mcenaree-
bis mopoveba-damzadeba, romelTac gaaCniaT garkveuli mniSvneloba farmacevtikaSi.
cnobilia, rom vitaminebisa da sxva kvebiTi TvisebebiT velurad mzardi xili ram-
denjerme aRemateba mis `kulturul~ TanamoZmes. gansakuTrebuli perspeqtivebia me-
futkreobis ganviTarebaSi, radgan saqarTvelos tyeebSi sakmaodaa iseTi mcenareu-
loba, romelTagan neqtris mopoveba maRalproduqtiul da maRalxarisxovan Tafls
iZleva. saqarTvelos tyeebi mdidaria xil-kenkriTa da mdidaria xis TesliT (wi-
wvovani, farTofoTlovani, buCqnarebi), romelTac maRali saeqsporto daniSnuleba
gaaCniaT. gansakuTrebiT faseulia wiwvovan mcenareTa Tesli, romelTac didi far-
macevtuli daniSnuleba aqvs da farTod gamoiyeneba parfiumeriaSi. saqarTveloSi
calkeuli jiSis mcenareTa Teslis aTeulobiT tonis mopovebaa SesaZlebeli.
mwvane nargaoba fasdaudebelia didi qalaqebis atmosferuli haeris gajansaRebis

saqmeSi. igi àsufTavebs~ mas mtvris, gamonabolqvis da xmaurisagan. Cveni dedaqa-
laqi mwvane safaris simwiriTaa (4.5 m2 erT mcxovrebze) cnobilia. mwvane nargao-
bis SedarebiT maRali maCvenebliT gamoirCeva bolnisi, duSeTi, sagarejo, TeTri-
wyaro, TianeTi da sxva qalaqebi. mwvane nargaoba, garda sanitarul-dacviTi fun-
qciebisa, aqtiur rekreaciul-sakurorto daniSnulebasac atareben. mniSvnelova-
nia saqarTvelos kurortebis garSemo mwvane nargavebis SenarCunebis problema.
tye-parkebi zrdian saqarTvelos kurortebis rekreaciul daniSnulebas. saqarTve-
los kurortebidan gamwvanebis doniT gamoirCevian: gagra, java, bakuriani da bor-
jomi.
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5.3.8. rekreaciuli resursebi
saqarTvelo gamoirCeva bunebrivi pirobebis mravalferovnebiT da Sesabamisad,

bunebriv-rekreaciuli resursebis simdidriT. bunebrivi pirobebis mravalferovne-
ba, upirveles yovlisa, aisaxeba landSaftur mravalferovnebaSi. saqarTveloSi
warmodgenilia barisa da mTis 52 tipis landSafturi erTeuli, dawyebuli notio
subtropikulidan da damTavrebuli nivaluriT. aRsaniSnavia, rom amgvari mraval-
ferovneba warmodgenilia SedarebiT mcire farTobze, rac zrdis bunebriv-rekreaci-
uli resursebis maqsimalurad da efeqturad gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas.
mTlianad saqarTvelosaTvis hava zomieri da komfortulia. misTvis damaxasiaT-

ebelia zomierad maRali temperaturebi zafxulSi da SedarebiT grili zamTari.
simaRlis matebasTan erTad zafxulis temperaturebi klebulobs da am periodSi
saqarTvelos mTebs maRali rekreaciuli daniSnuleba eniWeba. bunebriv-rekreaci-
uli TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ori zona: zRvis sanapiro da mTa
(500-dan 2000 m-mde). aq Tavmoyrilia klimatur Tu balneologiur kurortTa umrav-
lesoba. swored aRniSnul zonaSi mcenareuloba warmodgenilia farTofoTlovani,
Sereuli da wiwvovani tyeebiT.
sazRvao-klimaturi kurortebia: mwvane koncxi, maxinjauri, qobuleTi, ureki, gagra,

biWvianTa, axali aToni da sxv. SavizRvispireTis kurortTa maRal esTetikur mxar-
esTan erTad (mTisa da zRvis haeris Sexameba, mdidari mcenareuloba) didi mniSvne-
loba aqvs Savi zRvis balneologiur Tvisebebs. misi wylebi naklebi marilianobiTa
da dabali temperaturebiT gamoirCeva. amis gamo igi ufro `komfortulia~ subtrop-
ikuli Tu tropikuli sartylis sxva zRvebTan SedarebiT. KurortebisaTvis uary-
ofiTad unda CaiTvalos zafxulis garkveul periodebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi
Camoyalibebadi teniani tropikuli amindebis (mxuTvare) sixSire, rac didi aorTq-
lebiTa da maRali ganpirobebuli.
meore zonaSi, z. d. 500-2000 metramde Tavmoyrilia saqarTvelos balneo- Tu klima-

turi kurortebis udidesi nawili. xSir SemTxvevaSi es kurortebi orive funqcias
atareben, rac zrdis maT rekreaciul daniSnulebas. zogierTi maTgani sayovelTa-
odaa cnobili (borjomi, wyaltubo, abasTumani, bakuriani), Tumca am zonis kurort-
Ta umravlesobis saxeli naklebadaa reklamirebuli. araferi ician sazRvargareT
iseTi maRalsamkurnalo Tvisebebis mqone wylebis kurortebis Sesaxeb, rogori-
caa: Sovi, uwera, cixisjvari, nunisi, menji, lebarde, lugela da sxv. am mimarTebiT
saqarTvelos bunebriv-rekreaciuli resursebi praqtikulad auTviseblad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos. momsaxurebis dabali donisa da rTuli yofiTi pirobebis gamo saqarT-
velos sakurorto-rekreaciuli obieqtebi TandaTan kargaven saerTaSoriso mniSvn-
elobas da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis momsaxurebiT kmayofildebian.
saqarTveloSi warmodgenilia mineraluri wylis msoflioSi cnobili TiTqmis yve-

la saxeoba, xolo maT umravlesobas maRal esTetikur bunebriv garemoSi aqvs gamo-
sasvleli.
rekreaciuli daniSnulebis mZlavri funqcia SeiZleba SeiZinon saqarTvelos dacul-

ma teritoriebma, romelTa umravlesobaSi kargadaa Semonaxuli, rogorc esTetiku-
ri garemo, aseve bunebrivi mravalferovneba. sanakrZalo meurneobis Secvla buneb-
rivi parkis (nacionaluri parkis) reJimiT saSualebas mogvcems nakrZalebi mosax-
leobis rekreaciuli uzrunvelyofisa da savaluto Semosavlebis wyarod vaqcioT.
217
maRali rekreaciuli daniSnuleba gaaCniaT bunebriv warmonaqmnebs. maTgan mniS-

vnelovania SedarebiT iolad dasaZlevi mwvervalebi da mdinareTa xeobebi. isini
samTo turizmis ganviTarebis saukeTeso saSualebaa, romelic ase popularulia ev-
ropaSi. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs mRvimeebis rekreaciuli mizniT gamoyene-
bas. saqarTvelo cnobilia maTi mravalsaxeobiTa da raodenobiT. speleoturizmis
jerovan doneze ganviTarebisaTvis saqarTveloSi TiTqmis araferia gakeTebuli,
Tu ar CavTvliT axali aTonis mRvimis keTilmowyobas, romelsac ZiriTadad sabWo-
Ta kavSirisaTvis mohqonda Semosavali. speleoturizmisaTvis gansakuTrebulad xe-
lsayreli mdgomareoba da mdebareoba gaaCnia wyaltubos midamoebSi aRmoCenil
mRvimes, romlis masStabebi da cnobil kurortTan siaxlove gansakuTrebul mniSne-
lobas aniWebs mas.
Zalze efeqturi bunebriv-rekreaciuli resursia xelovnuri wyalsatevebi da tbebi.

maTi umravlesoba tyian da subalpur landSaftebSia warmodgenili. aRsaniSnavia,
rom marto riwis tbas yovelwliurad 1,5 milioni turisti moinaxulebda. amJamad
mniSvnelovan turistul-rekreaciul centrad yalibdeba sionisa da Jinvalis wyal-
sacavebis Semogareni. mniSvnelovania `Tbilisis zRvis~ rekreaciuli gamoyenebis
perspeqtivebic.
saqarTveloSi didi rezervebia sportul-samonadireo turizmis ganviTarebis mxriv.

Cveni mezobeli qveynebis SeZlebuli mosaxleoba dainteresebulia amgvari formis
rekreaciis ganviTarebiT. saqarTveloSi gamoCndnen firmebi, romlebic monadireTa
dainteresebis mizniT gareuli cxovelebis moSenebas misdeven.
xelsayreli viTarebaa satbore da sakalmaxe meurneobebisa da Sesabamisad,

TevzWeris, rogorc rekreaciis erT-erTi formis ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT. saqa-
rTvelos araerTi tba Tu wyalsacavi mdidaria Zvirfasi sarewao mniSvnelobis
TevziT. igive SeiZleba iTqvas Savi zRvis Selfur zolze, sadac uxvadaa sxvadasxva
jiSis da maRali sakvebi daniSnulebis Tevzebi.
rekreaciul resursebs istoriul-kulturuli daniSnulebis obieqtebic miekuT-

vnebian. saqarTvelo mofenilia amgvari ZeglebiT. gansakuTrebiT mdidaria Sida qa-
rTli da mesxeT-javaxeTi. ucxoelisTvis gansakuTrebiT mimzidvelia saqarTvelos
eTnografiuli mravalferovneba, TviTmyofadi kultura da xelovneba, adgilobrivi
rewva da arqiteqtura. am mxriv saqarTvelos yvela raioni gamoirCeva, gansakuTre-
biT kavkasionis maRalmTianeTi (svaneTi, raWa, xevsureTi, TuSeTi da sxv.).
erT-erT mniSvnelovan rekreaciul resursad SeiZleba CaiTvalos tradiciuli sof-

lis meurneoba, gansakuTrebiT ki mevenaxeoba. Semodgomis rTveli, Rvinis qarxnebi,
maTi teqnologiuri procesebi, qarTuli meRvineobis tradiciebi da mravali sxva,
yovelTvis iyo ucxoel turistTa dainteresebis sagani.
5.3.9. saqarTvelos wiTeli nusxa da daculi teritoriebi
saqarTvelos wiTeli nusxis samarTlebrivi safuZvelia saqarTvelos kanoni wiTe-

li nusxisa da wiTeli wignis Sesaxeb (2003 w.). TviT wiTeli nusxa saqarTvelos
prezidentis 2006 wlis #303 brZanebulebiT aris damtkicebuli. nusxa, Sesabamisi
kvlevebis safuZvelze, periodulad axldeba. wiTeli nusxa saerTaSoriso krite-
riumebis mixedviTaa Sedgenili da sakmaod arasaxarbielo suraTs asaxavs. kerZod,
saqarTvelos faunis wiTel nisxaSi Setanili 139 saxeobidan 5-s miniWebuli aqvs
erovnul doneze gadaSenebulis, 11-s – gadaSenebis ukiduresi (kritikuli) safrTxis
218
winaSe myofis (CR – Critically Endengered), 32-s – gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe myofis
(EN – Endengered), 91-s – mowyvladis (VU – Vulnarable) statusebi; floris wiTel nusx-
aSi Setanili 56 merqniani saxeobidan 2-s miniWebuli aqvs gadaSenebis ukiduresi sa-
frTxis winaSe myofis, 18-s gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe myofis da 36-s mowyvladis
statusebi (balaxovan mcenareTa nawili damuSavebis procesSia).
saqarTveloSi bunebis dacvas didi xnis istoria aqvs. XX saukunemde bunebriv ter-
itoriebs icavdnen ZiriTadad religiuri mosazrebebis da safeodalo-samonadir-
eo savargulebad gamoyenebis mizniT. samecniero safuZvlebze dayrdnobiT daculi
teritoriebis Camoyalibeba CvenSi XX saukunis aTiani wlebidan daiwyo: 1912 wels
daarsda kavkasiaSi pirveli – lagodexis – nakrZali. mas Semdeg saqarTveloSi ar
Semwydara daculi teritoriebis sistemis ganviTarebaze zrunva. am saqmeSi fasdaude-
beli wvlili miuZRviT gamoCenil mecnierebsa da bunebis qomagebs – niko kecxovels,
vasil gulisaSvils, dimitri sosnovskis da sxvas.
daculi teritoriebis sistemis nakli sabWoTa periodSi umTavresad iyo erT-

ferovneba (sistema mxolod nakrZalebisagan anu mkacrad daculi, socialuri sivr-
cidan izolirebuli erTeulebisagan Sedgeboda) da teritoriuli arasakmarisoba
(nakrZalebs saqarTvelos farTobis mxolod 2,4% eWiraT). didi Zvrebi moxda dac-
uli teritoriebis sistemis ganviTarebis saqmeSi postsabWoTa etapze – saerTaSo-
riso bunebis dacviTi organizaciebis (WWF-is da sxv.) da donorebis xelSewyobiT
(garemos dacvis globaluri fondi – GEF, msoflio banki, germaniis da norvegiis
mTavrobebi da sxv.) sistemam daiwyo dinamiuri winsvლa orive mTavari naklis aRmo-
safxvrelad.
amJamad saqarTvelos daculi teritoriebis sistema moicavs 14 saxelmwifo nakrZals,

11 erovnul parks, 19 aRkveTils, 42 bunebis Zegs da 2 dacul ladSafts. maTi saerTo
farTobi 600 aTas heqtars aRwevs, rac saqarTvelos saerTo farTobis 8.3%-ia. isini
saqarTvelos tyiT dafaruli farTobis 10%-s moicavs, rac sabWoTa periodis analo-
giur maCvenebelze 3-jer metia. ukanasknel dros mkveTrad gaumjobesda menejmenti,
iklo brakonierobisa da tyis aralegaluri Wris SemTxvevebma, imata turistebis ra-
odenobam. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sistema kvlav dinamiurad da warmatebiT viTarde-
ba: Seiqmna axali daculi teritoriebi fSav-xevsureTSi, aWaraSi, javaxeTSi, raWaSi
da sxv. axali didmniSvnelovani, xangrZlivvadiani mizania daculi teritoriebis
qselis Camoyalibeba anu daculi teritoriebis `kunZulebis~ urTierTdakavSireba
ekologiuri derefnebiT.
evropis erT-erTi da kavkasiis uZvelesi daculi teritoria – lagodexis nakrZa-

li – icavs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis TiTqmis yvela tipis tyian landSafts
da maRalmTis mcenareulobas. afxazeTsa da aWaraSi mTis kolxuri tyeebi daculia
kintriSis, fsxu-gumisTis, riwis nakrZalebSi da mtiralas erovnul parkSi; biWvin-
Tis fiWvnarebi da kolxuri winamTebis tyeebi biWvinTa-miuseris nakrZalSia dacu-
li, xolo mSrali naTeli, Rviian-sakmlisxiani tyeebi – vaSlovanis nakrZalsa da
erovnul parkSi. saqarTvelos daculi teritoriebidan yvelaze meti tye (60000 ha-
ze meti) borjomis nakrZalsa da borjom-xaragaulis erovnul parkSia moqceuli.
bawaris (TuSeTSi, md. alaznis xeoba) nakrZals ganasxvavebs is, rom aq daculia iS-
viaTi reliqturi wiwvovani, uZvirfasesi saxeobis – uTxovris – SesaniSnavi koromi,
sadac aTaswlovan xeebsac ki SexvdebiT (zogierTi individis asaki 1200-1400 welsac
ki aRwevs). istoriulad am tyis dacva imis Sedegicaa, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleoba
uTxovars àngelozis xed~ miiCnevs. saqarTvelos mTaSi sxvaganac (xevSi, mTiuleTSi,
219
xevsureTSi) dResac SesaniSnavadaa Semonaxuli `xatis tyeebi~ – arynarebi, fiWvnare-

bi da sxv.
5.4. saqarTvelos mTis landSaftebis potenciali
saqarTveloSi mTian teritoriebze, romelsac 40 aTas. kv. km-ze meti farTobi ukavia,
warmodgenilia mTis landSaftTa 7 tipi: 1. mTis subtropikuli semiariduli; 2. mTis
subtropikuli ariduli; 3. mTis zomierad Tbili humiduri; 4. mTis zomieri semihu-
miduri; 5. mTis zomieri semiariduli; 6. mTis zomierad civi; 7. maRali mTis notio
da civi.
saqarTvelos mTis landSaftebi warmodgenilia kavkasionis, mcire kavkasionisa

da mesxeT-javaxeTis vulkanur fizikur-geografiul olqebSi. saqarTvelos mTis
landSaftTa geoekologiuri maxasiaTeblebidan aRsaniSnavia:
dabali, saSualo, maRali mTis, mTis qvaburebis, paleoglacialuri da glacialuri

reliefis formebi, romlebic warmodgenilia zR.d. 3000-dan 5201 metramde diapazon-
Si. maTTvis ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia eroziul-denudaciuri geomorfologiu-
ri procesebi karstulisa da akumulaciuris monawileobiT, aqtiuri mewyruli da
Rvarcofuli procesebiT.
hava ZiriTadad zomierad Tbili da zomierad humiduria, semiariduli, semihumiduri

da ariduli danestianebis formebiT; mzis naTebis xangrZlivoba 2200-2500-dan (samx.
saqarTvelos mTianeTi) 1900-2000-mde sT/weliwadSi (kavkasioni); ianvris saSualo
temperatura _ 2-12 gradusi, ivlisis +4+200, temperaturuli amplituda 18-250, aqtiur
temperaturaTa jamia 200-35000, qaris saSualo siCqare 1.0-5.0 m/wm-Si; naleqebis ra-
odenoba 600-2800 mm-is farglebSi meryeobs, aorTqleba 300-800 mm, Tovlian dReTa
ricxvi 30-150 dRe, danestianebis koeficientia 0.6-1.5.
hidrologiuri maxasiaTeblebia _ Camonadeni 10-80 l/wm-Si weliwadSi kv.km.-ze,

gazafxulisa da zafxulis maqsimumebiT.
mcenareuloba _ kolxuri hemihileebi, wiflnari, muxnari, wiflnar-muqwiwvovani,

naZvnari da arynari tyeebi, ariduli meCxeri tyeebi, subalpuri da alpuri mdeloe-
bi. fitomasis raodenoba meryeobs 10-dan 800 t/ha-mde.
niadagebi _ mTis Savmiwebi (samx. saqarTveloSi), tyis yavisferi da karbonatuli,

mTis mdelos da sxv., pedomasebis raodenoba meryeobs 200-dan 1000 t/ha-mde.
anTropogenuri zemoqedebis formebi: mosaxleobis saS. simWidrovea 15-20 kaci kv.km-

ze, aq warmodgenilia saqarTvelos mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 10%, kavkasionis far-
glebSi aRiniSneba mosaxleobis mudmivi klebis tendencia. sazogadoebrivi aqtivoba
ZiriTadad ukavSrdeba mesaqonleobas, rekreaciul da satyeo meurneobas, romelic
amJamad mkacrad regulirdeba.
saqarTvelos mTis bunebrivi landSaftebi ZiriTadad warmodgenilia dacul teri-

toriebze, rTulad misadgomi xeobebis pirobebSi, saSualo da maRalmTiani relief-
is pirobebSi. anTropogenuri transformaciis xarisxi saSualo an umniSvneloa,
radgan mTis landSaftTa udides nawilze ar mimdinareobs aqtiuri sameurneo saqmi-
anoba. gvxvdeba praqtikulad ucvleli landSaftis fragmentebic. mTis landSaftTa
potenciali _ resursuli (maT Soris energetikuli), ekologiuri da rekreaciulia.
220
5.4.1. dabali mTis subtropikuli semiariduli landSaftebi
dabali mTis subtropikuli semiariduli landSaftebi warmodgenilia samxreT-

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, moicavs sagarejos, siRnaRisa da dedofliswyaros admin-
istraciuli raionebis samxreT da samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilebs. fizikur-geografi-
uli daraionebis TvalsazrisiT landSafti moqceulia iveriis zomierad notio da
mSral subtropikul olqSi (mirzaan-sarTiWalis da garej-eldaris qveolqSi. misi
reliefis absoluturi simaRle saSualod 200-1000 m-is farglebSi meryeobs da war-
modgenilia damreci ferdobebiT, bedlendebiT, aridul-denudaciuri (naklebad
eroziul-denadaciuri) formebiT. reliefi ZiriTadad agebulia meoTxeuli nale-
qebiT (TixebiT, konglomeratebiT, qviSaqvebiT), aq aRniSineba pasiuri geomorfolo-
giuri procesebi.
hava zomierad Tbili subtropikuli semiaridulia. aqtiur temperaturaTa jami 3500-

40000-is farglebSi meryeobs. mzis naTebisa (2100-2300, sxva monacemebiT (Сванидзе...,
1987, – 2200-2500 saaTi) da jamuri radiaciis (120-130 kkal/sm2) maCveneblebi saSualoa
saqarTvelosTvis. uyinvo periodi 200-220 dRis manZilze grZeldeba; ianvris saSua-
lo temperatura 0-1, ivlisis +22+24, wliuri amplituda ki 22-25 gradusia. naleqebis
raodenobis mxriv (400-500 mm) landSaftebi erT-erTi yvelaze deficituria saqarTve-
loSi (gansakuTrebiT zafxulis meore naxevarSi); Tovlian dReTa ricxvi 10-20-ia,
rac Zalzed umniSvnelo maCvenebelia mTiani teritoriebisTvis. aorTlqlebadobis
maCveneblebiT (800-1000 mm) landSafti arasakmao danestianebis (0.6) zonaSi warmod-
genili. katastrofuli klimaturi movlenebiს mixedviT landSafti erT-erT yvelaze
stabilurad SeiZleba CaiTvalos; setyva aRiniSneba mcire raodenobiT, Tumca igi
gamoirCeva xangrZlivobiT. eroziuli procesSi ZiriTadad qaris moqmedebasTanaa
dakavSirebuli.
landSafti moklebulia stabilur mdinareebs, isini ZiriTadi droebiTi nakadebis

saxiT viTardeba. mdinareTa saSualowliuri Camonadeni (1-2 l/wm kv.km-ze) aseve
erT-erTi umniSvneloa saqarTveloSi. tenis deficitis da reliefis formaTa gamo
seluri movlenebi ar aRiniSneba.
uroiani da vaciwveriani velebis, jag-ekliani stepis da naTeli tyeebis mcenareulo-

ba ganviTarebulia wabla, mcire da saSualo sisqis Savmiwebze, romlebic meqanikuri
Sedgenelobis mixedviT mZime Tixnaris kategorias ganekuTvnebian. tyeebi ZiriTadad
vaSlovanis nakrZalis farglebSia warmodgenili, romelTa saSualo fitomasa 15-
20 t/ha-s farglebSi meryeobs (nax. 9.3). cxovelTa samyaro ZiriTadad stepisa da
WalisTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebiTaa (ZiriTadad mRrnelebiT, qvewarmavlebiT
da frinvelebiT) warmodgenili, gvxvdeba namarxi faunis araerTi Zegli. fitomase-
bis mniSvnelovani nawili (40-45%) miwisqveSa geohorizontebze modis. miwiszeda
fitomasis 30% xemcenareebis saSualebiT formirdeba, buCqnarebze 60% modis, xolo
danaCeni _ balaxeulobaze. pedomasebi sakmaod maRali maCveneblebiT (10 aTasi t/
ha-ze) xasiaTdeba, rac soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani safuZvelia.
landSaftis vertikalur struqturaSi 4-5 miwiszeda geohorizonti (semiariduli

mezofituri tyeebis, buCqnarebisa da balaxeulobis) gamoiyofa, romelic Tavis mx-
riv mcire simZlavriT (mezomakrostruqtura _ 4-8 m), saSualo sirTuliT da didi
daZabulobiT xasiaTdeba. landSaftur-eTologiuri Taviseburebebidan aRsaniSnavia
steqsebis humidur-semiariduli dinamika, romlis safuZvels warmoadgens humidur
(2.6; 3 G⇑; 4 G↑; 5,6 G; 3 G↓) da semiaridul (6S) mdgomareobaTa monacvleoba, damatebi-
221
Ti (Termuli) da meorexarisxovani (danestianebis xarisxiT) traqtorebiT. land-

Safturi saxeebis raodenobis mxriv mTis subtropikuli semiariduli landSaftebi
naklebad mravalferovanTa kategorias (5-10 erTeuli 1000 kv.km-ze) ganekuTvneba.
landSaftis farglebSi warmodgenilia navTobis (taribanis) umniSvnelovanesi,

maRalxarisxovani sabado, romlis savaraudo maragi (sxvadasxva monacemebiT) 500-
600 mln. tonis farglebSi meryeobs. sxva saxis wiaRiseuli resursebi (garda umniS-
vnelo raodenobis samSeneblo masalebisa) landSaftis farglebSi warmodgenili
araa.
rekreaciuli resursebidan aRsaniSnavia daviT garejis samonastro kompleqsi, ro-

melic aTasobiT damTvalierebels izidavs. igi mTis da vakis subtropikuli semiarid-
uli landSaftebis sazRvrebzea warmodgenili, ris gamoc moklebulia rekreaciuli
TvalsazrisiT maRalefeqtur peizaJs. miuxedavad imisa, rom landaSftis farglebSi
warmodgenilia fsevdovulkanuri talaxis da adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis balne-
ologiur kurortTa araerTi kera, igi rekreaciuli TvalsazrisiT araarsebiTi
funqciis mqonea.
daculi teritoriis saxiT warmodgenilia vaSlovanis nakrZali. mas ukavia 8 aTasi

heqtari farTobi, rac anTropogenuli transformaciis xarisxis gansazRvris mniS-
vnelovani indikatoria.
aratradiciuli resursebidan mTis subtropikuli semiariduli landSaftebi

yvelaze efeqturia helioresursebis misaRebad, rac ganpirobebulia uRrublo dRe-
Ta mniSvnelovani raodenobiT (20%).
landSafti TiTqmis dausaxlebelTa kategoriaSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT – warmodge-

nilia mcire soflebi (taribani, kasriswyali) da droebiTi sadgomebi.
mrewvelobis dargebidan landSaftis farglebSi ganviTarebulia (lokalurad) sab-

Tob-energetikuli da kvebis mrewveloba. miwis fondi ZiriTadad zamTris saZovre-
bis (udidesi nawili), buCqnarebis, meCxeri tyeebisa da bedlendebiTaa warmodgenili.
soflis meurneobaSi ZiriTadad mecxoveleoba (mecxvareoba) gamoirCeva. mohyavT
saSemodgomo xorbali (mdinareTa xeobebis siaxloves). calkeul adgilebSi misde-
ven mevenaxeobas (taribanis da natbeuris tafobebSi), romlis produqciac maRali
SaqrianobiT gamoirCeva. memcenareobis produqciis mosavlianobis mcire maCveneb-
lebi, miuxedavad maRali potencialisa, savegatacio periodSi tenis deficitiT (87%)
da irigaciis umniSvnelo masStabebiTaa ganpirobebuli. landSaftis farglebSi
warmodgenili saavtomobilo gzebi gruntisaa, romelTa sixSire kargad gamoxatuli
droiT TaviseburebebTanaa (sezonebTan) dakavSirebuli.
landSaftur-ekologiur viTarebas gansazRvravs anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis

formebi (Zoveba, miwaTmoqmedebis kerebi), ris gamoc igi transformaciis xarisxiT
umniSvnelod SecvlilTa kategorias ganekuTvneba. landSafti gamoirCeva saSualo
mdgradobiT miwaTmoqmedebisadmi, maRali mdgradobiT Zovebisadmi da maRali
TviTaRdgenis unariT. landSafts gaaCnia maRali energetikuli (saTbobis marage-
bidan gamomdinare) da sasoflo-sameurneo potenciali.
socialur-ekonomikuri funqciebidan umTavresia resurswarmoebiTi funqcia, me-

orexarisxovani _ garemosaRmdgeni funqcia (dakavSirebuli aridul-denudaciuri
formebis ganviTarebis mastabilizirebel potencialTan), mesamexarisxovani _ tran-
sasazRvro ekologiuri derefnis funqcia.
222
5.4.2. dabali mTis subtropikuli ariduli landSaftebi
dabali mTis subtropikuli ariduli landSaftebi warmodgenilia vaSlovanis

seris samxreT ferdobebze, saqarTvelos ukidures samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi,
dedofliswyaros raionSi, iveriis zomierad notio da mSral subtropikul fizikur-
geografiul olqSi, ivris zeganis qveolqSi.
reliefis absoluturi simaRle meryeobs 200-700 metris farglebSi. igi agebulia

riynariT, qviSebiTa da TixebiT. Warbobs aridul-denudaciuri formebi, cicabo fer-
dobebi. xSiria bedlendebi.
hava subtropikuli ariduli, zomierad kontinenturia _ cxeli zafxuliTa da zom-

ierad civi zamTriT. ianvris saS. temperatura 0-20, ivlisis +23-25 gradusia, tempera-
turuli amplituda 23-27 gradusis farglebSi meryeobs. naleqebis raodenoba 300
mm-ia. aorTqlebadoba 900 mm, danestianebis koeficienti 0.3-ia. atmosferuli naleqebi
warmodgenilia Tavsxma wvimebis saxiT. Tovlis aramyari saburveli yalibdeba 10-
20 dRis ganmavlobaSi. mzis naTebis xangrZlioba 2400-2500 sT-ia, xolo aqtiur tem-
peraturaTa jami 40000-ze meti. uyinvo periodi wlis 2/3-is ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba.
qaris saSualowliuri siCqarea 2-4 m/wm-Si.
landSafti praqtikulad moklebulia hidrografiul qsels _ mdinareebi warmodge-

nilia droebiTi nakadebis saxiT (yvelaze ariduli teritoria saqarTveloSi).
landSaftis farglebSi gavrcelebulia naxevradudabnos mcenareuloba da saqa-

rTvelos stepuri (velis) landSaftebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli cxovelTa samyaro
(ZiriTadad frinvelebi, mRrnelebi, qvewarmavlebi). mcenareulobidan aRsaniS-
navia Rvia, surnelovani abzinda, yarRani, mananisebrTa saxeobebi – sxva, romlebic
warmodgenilia mcire simZlavris Tixnar da mZime Tixnar udabno-velis mura da
wabla niadagebze.
landSafti gamoirCeva helioresursebis maRali maCveneblebiT. aq uRrublo dRe-

Ta ricxvi 65-80-ia, rac Zalian maRali maCvenebelia saqarTveloSi. qaris energi-
is gamoyenebisTvis araxelsayreli pirobebia, xolo hidroenergetikul resurse-
bs landSafti praqtikulad moklebulia. igi sruliad gamouyenebelia rekreaciuli
daniSnulebiT _ aq saerTod ar gxvdeba sakurorto adgilebi, rekreaciuli obieqte-
bi, bunebrivi RirSesaniSnaobebi. fitomasis saerTo raodenoba 18-20 t/h-s farglebSi
meryeobs, romlis udidesi nawili (3/4) modis vertikaluri struqturis miwisqveSa
nawilze. miwiszeda fitomasisi 4/5 formirdeba xemcenareebis mier. hidomasebi 5-6
aTasi t/ha, xolo liTomasebi 12-15 t/ha-zea.
dabali mTis subtropikul aridul landSaftebSi dasaxelebuli punqtebi araa war-

modgenili. igi praqtikulad moklebulia mudmiv mosaxleobas. sezonuri dasaxelebe-
bi gvxvdeba zamTris periodSi (dekemberi-marti). soflis meurneoba mecxoveleobis
(mecxvareobis) profilisaa _ landSafti aqtiurad gamoiyeneba zamTris saZovrebis
saxiT.
landSafts axasiaTebs rTuli, semiaridul-ariduli tipis eTocikli, nawilobriv

Termuli da hidrogenuli (nivaluri) traeqtoriiT. aq warmodgenilia qserofitu-
li derivatebisa da buCqnarebis mezo (A2 _ saSualo daZabulobis, umniSvnelo sir-
Tulis) da buCqnarebisa da balaxeulobis mikromezostruqturebi (A1a _ didi daZab-
ulobiT, umniSvnelo sirTuliT).
223
anTropogenuli zemoqmedeba ZiriTadad ZovebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, rac landSaf-

tis farglebSi, gravigenul bunebriv procesebTan erTad, ganapirobebs mis umniSvne-
lo tranformacias. landSafts aseve axasiaTebs araarsebiTi mravalferovneba (1-5
saxe 1000 kv.km-ze) da maRali produqtiuloba. landSaftur-ekologiuri viTarebidan
gamomdinare landSafti aramdgradi ekosistemaa.
dabali mTis subtropikuli ariduli landSaftebisTvis unda ganisazRvros gare-

mosdacviTi (nawilobriv resurswarmoebiTi) socialur-ekonomikuri funqcia. masze
sasurvelia gavrceldes sanakrZalo (daculi teritoriis) reJimi, ganisazRvros
ekologiuri derefnis funqcia, raTa igi gaxdes umniSvnelovanesi transsasazRvro
rgoli saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis semiariduli da ariduli landSaftebis ga-
daSenebis piras myofi faunis dacvisa da integraciis mizniT.
5.4.3. saSualo mTis zomieri semihumiduri landSaftebi
saSualo mTis zomieri semihumiduri landSaftebi warmodgenilia mesxeTSi, saqarT-

velos samxreT nawilSi da moicavs aspinZis (ZiriTadad), axalqalaqis (nawilobriv)
administraciuli raionebis teritoriebs. landSaftebi miuyveba md. mtkvris zemo
dinebis aspinZa-varZiis monakveTs (nawilobriv md. faravnis xeobas) 40 km-is manZil-
ze, saSualod 1000-1700 m simaRlebriv diapazonSi.
reliefi vulkanogenuria _ cicabo (kanioniseburi) eroziul-denudaciuri forme-

biT. reliefis centraluri nawili ukavia md. mtkvris antecedentur (gamkveT) xeobas,
romelic warmodgenilia 1280-1000 metrze zR. donidan. xeobis farglebSi gamoiyo-
fa fskeri, terasebi, ferdobebi da SedarebiT mosworebuli Txemebi. fskeri aluvi-
ur-proluviuri warmoSobisaa, romelic agebulia TixebiT, qviSebiTa da mergelebiT.
landSaftisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia kontinenturi semihumiduri hava zomierad civi

zamTriT da xangrZlivi, zomieri Tbili zafxuliT (zafxulSi tenis deficitiT). mzis
naTebis xangrZliobaa 2200-2300 sT/wl-Si, jamuri radiacia _ 140-150 kkal/sm2, aqtiur
temperaturaTa jami 1500-20000-ia, uyinvo periodi wlis mesamedze grZeldeba; nale-
qebis raodenobaa 400-500 mm, aorTqlebadoba 500-600 mm, danestianeba zomieri xasiaT-
isaa (0,8-1,0). haeris temperatura ianvarSi _ 4-80-ia, ivlisSi +14+160, wliuri amplitu-
la 18-240-is farglebSi meryeobs. qaris saSualo siCqare 2-3 m/wm-ia, rac umniSvnelo
maCvenebelia. Tovlis safari aRiniSneba 75 dRis manZilze, mdgardi saburveli ki 50
dRis manZilze. xSiria elWeqi da setyva.
landSaftis farglebSi araerTi Termuli da subTermuli miwisqveSa wylis ga-

mosavalia. zedapiruli Camonadeni xasiaTdeba umniSvnelo (2-3 l/n kv.km-ze) maCve-
neblebiT. Camonadenis TiTqmis 2/3 formirdeba gazafxulze, amave periodSi aRiniSne-
ba wyaldidobebi. landSaftis farglebSi seluri movlenebi ar aRiniSneba.
mcenareulobis gavrcelebas kargad gamoxatuli geografiuli da eqspoziciuri sax-

esxvaobani gaaCnia. landSaftis farglebSi, mdinare mtkvris xeobis fskerze warmod-
genlia ariduli meCxeri tyis fragmentebi, mimdebare terasebze frigana, ferdobeb-
ze _ Sibliaki, xolo Txemebze mdelo-stepis mcenareuloba. landSaftis tyianobis
maCvenebelia 2-5%, xolo fitomasa 17-20 t/ha-zea. fitomasis TiTmis naxevari miwisze-
da geohorizontebSi yalibdeba. miwisze fitomasis udidesi nawili (90%) derivatebi-
sa da qserofituli buCqnarebis mier iqmneba, rac ganpirobebulia balaxeulobis
ganviTarebisaTvis araxelsayreli pirobebis arsebobiT. pedomasebis raodenobaa
4-5 aTasi t/ha, xolo liTomasebis _ 16-17 aTasi t/ha.
224
cxovelTa samyarodan, anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis gamo, ZiriTadad frinvelebi

da mRrnelebia SemorCenili. landSaftis farglebSi md. mtkvari (nawilobriv md.
faravani) Tevzis saxeobrivi siuxviT gamoirCeva. landSaftur-ekologiuri viTare-
bidan gamomdinare aq gvxvdeba mcire sisqis sustad ganviTarebuli yavisferi niad-
agebi, ekocidirebuli zedapirebi da mdelos Savmiwiseburi niadagebi (Txemebze).
landSaftis fargebSi sasargeblo wiaRiseulidan mxolod samSeneblo masalis adg-

ilobrivi mniSvnelobis sabadoebs vxvdebiT. aseve umniSvneloa qaris resursebis
energetikuli gamoyenebis perspeqtivebic. aq perspeqtiulia helio (65-80 uRrublo
dRe) da rekreaciuli resursebis gamoyeneba. amJamad balneologiuri kurortebi
(varZia, xerTvisi, naqalaqevi, todoSi, oloda) mxolod adgilobrivi mniSvnelo-
bisaa. maT Soris gansakuTrebulia varZiis qloridul-hidrokarbonatul-natrium-
iani Termuli wylebi (debiti 300 m3/dRe-RameSi, t – 45-550, mineralizacia – 12-13 g/l),
romelic msoflio mniSvnelobis varZiis samonastro kompleqsis (muzeum-nakrZalis)
mijnazea warmodgenili. miuxedavad sakurorto adgilebis simcirisa, istoriul
ZeglTa simravle (xerTvisi, Tmogvi, naqalaqari, vanisqvabebi da sxv.) da daniSnule-
ba, tradiciuli meurneobis formebi, samSeneblo arqiteqtura, mosaxleobis turis-
tul industriaSi monawileobis gamocdileba, mTis zomier semihumidur landSaftebs
udidesi rekreaciuli resursebisa da potencialis mqone regionad warmoaCens.
landSaftis farglebSi mosaxleoba araTanabradaa ganawilebuli. eTnikurad erT-

gvarovani mosaxleoba ZiriTadad mdinare mtkvris mimdebare terasebze cxovrobs,
simWidrovis saSualo maCvenebeli (15-20 kaci) ramdenjerme CamorCeba saSualo res-
publikur maCvenebels.
meurneobis dargebidan aRsaniSnavia sasoflo-sameurneo specializacia, romelic

ZiriTadad mecxoveleobazea (bagur-saZovruli saxorce-sarZeve mimarTulebis, mecx-
vareoba, mefutkreoba, meTevzeoba) orientirebuli. sasoflo-sameurneo miwis fon-
dis udidesi nawili (90%) sakveb kulturebze da saTib-saZovrebze modis. aRsaniS-
navia, rom aspinZis raionSi, romelic tradiciuli mexileobiT, mebostneobiTa da
memarcvleobiT gamoirCeoda, ukanaskneli naxevari saukunis manZilze SeimCneva aR-
niSnuli kulturebiT dakavebuli farTobebis intensiuri kleba (saxnavi Semcirda
1/3-iT, mravalwliani kulturebiT dakavebuli terioriebi _ 50%-iT). aRsaniSnavia
mesxuri mevenaxeobis da yvelis warmoebis aRorZinebis tendenciebi, rac maRalefeq-
turi aRmoCnda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ekonomikuri stabilurobisTvis.
samrewvelo sawarmoTa raodenoba, romlebic ZiriTadad kvebis mrewvelobis pr-

ofilisaa, umniSvneloa. udides perspeqtivebs inarCunebs sasmeli da mineraluri
wylis samrewvelo gadamuSaveba, riTac dainteresebulia rogorc adgilobrivi,
ise mezobeli qveynebis (TurqeTi, siria) momxmarebeli. landSaftis farglebSi fun-
qcionirebs erTaderTi, respublikuri mniSvnelobis aspinZa-varZiis gza, romelic
aqtiurad gamoiyeneba turistuli miznebiTac.
landSaftur-ekologiuri viTarebidan aRsaniSnavia: anTropogenuli transformaci-

is mniSvnelovani masStabebi (hifsometrulad yvelaze dabali adgili praqtikulad
gardaqmnil bunebriv-teritoriul kompleqsebs ukaviaT), umniSvnelo landSafturi
mravalferovneba (5-10 saxe 1000 kv.km-ze), diferencirebuli anTropogenuli zemoq-
medebis formebi (terasebze _ agrosawarmoo-bunebriv-anTropogenuli, ferdobebze
_ gravigenuli, Zoveba, Txemebze anTropogenuli) da mdgradoba (migraciis reJimis
mixedviT), araarsebiTi produqtiuloba (2-3 t/ha-ze), saSualo sirTulis Termuli
(nawilobriv nivaluri) traeqtoriis eTocikli.
225
mTis zomieri semihumiduri landSaftebis vertikalur struqturaSi gamoiyofa ori

tipi: S1L _ semihumiduri mdelo – stepis araarsebiTi simZlavris (1-2 m), primiti-
uli sirTulis (2-3 geohorizoni) da didi daZabulobis mikromezostruqtura; Q3Д _
semihumiduri derivatebis mcire simZlavris (2-4 m), ubralo sirTulis (6-7 geoho-
izonti) da saSualo daZabulobis (erTi geohorizonti vertikaluri profilis 1-2
metrze) mezostruqtura.
mTis zomieri semihumiduri landSaftebisTvis umTavresad unda ganisazRvros

rekreaciuli funqcia, meorexarisxovnad – resurswarmoebiTi (terasebze) da
garemosdacviTi (ferdobebze). sasurvelia xerTvisi-varZiis da eruSeTis mimdebare
monakveTi erovnuli parkis statusiT gaerTiandes saqarTvelos daculi terito-
riebis qselSi.
5.4.4. saSualo mTis zomieri semiariduli landSaftebi
mTis zomieri semiariduli landSaftebi warmodgenilia mesxeT-javaxeTis vulkanu-

ri mTianeTis fizikur-geografiul olqSi, mesxeTis da javaxeTis qveolqebSi, adi-
genis, axalcixis, aspinZis, axalqalaqis, ninowmindis da walkis administraciuli
raionebis teritoriaze.
landSafts, romelic hifsometrulad warmodgenilia zR.d. 900-2200 metr daipazon-

Si, axasiaTebs mosworebuli, akumulaciuri da vulkanuri vakeebi (centrSi) da ero-
ziul-denudaciuri gorak-borcviani (periferiebze) reliefi, kanioniseburi xeobebi
(calkeul adgilebSi).
mTis zomier semiaridul landSaftebs axasiaTebs mSrali, zomierad civi, mcire-

Tovliani zamTari da zomierad Tbili zafxuli. ianvris saS. temperatura _ 4-60,
ivlisis +18+210-ia, mzis naTebis xanZlivoba 2200-2500 sT-ia, aRiniSneba 65-80 uRrublo
dRe weliwadSi romelTa ZiriTadi nawili zafxulis Tveebze modis. naleqebis ra-
odenoba 400-600 mm-is tolia, aorTqlebadoba 600-700 (axalqalaqis vulk. plato) da
800-900 mm-is (axalcixis qvabuli) farglebSi meryeobs. amis gamo, zafxulis TveebSi,
axalcixis qvabulSi aRiniSneba diskomfortul temperaturaTa mniSvnelovani maC-
veneblebi. landSaftis farglebSi Tovlis safari 100-150 dRis manZilze yalibdeba.
aorTqlebis maCvenebelTa sxvadasxvaoba landSaftis farglebSi Taviseburi hi-

drologiur viTarebas ganapirobebs. javaxeTis vulkanuri platosaTvis damaxas-
iaTebelia mcire zomis mdinareTa (braleTi, korxi-aragva, WobareTi, didi wyali
da sxv.) xSiri qseli, mniSvnelovani farTobebis mqone tbebis didi raodenobas da
Waobiani teritoriebi. seluri movlenebi lokaluri xasiaTisaa.
mTis zomieri semiariduli landSaftebis mcenareuloba kargad gamoxatuli

geografiuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba. axalcixis qvabulSi warmodgenilia ste-
pis, friganis, Sibliakis, iSviaTad naxevradudabnos mcenareuloba, xolo axalqa-
laqis da walkis vulkanur platoebze _ stepisa da mdelo-stepis mcenareuloba.
landSaftis farglebSi, sasaRvro zolSi da tabawyuris tbis midamoebSi, fragmen-
tebis saxiT SemorCenilia tyis mcire koromebi fiWvnaris, qarTuli muxis, rcxi-
lis, ifanisa da foTolmcvivani buCqnarebis saxiT. stepebSi dominirebs vaciwvera,
marcvlovani da nairbalaxovani mcenareuloba. daculi teritoriebidan aqtiurad
funqcionirebs javaxeTis erovnuli parki, vulkanuri warmoSobis tbebis midamoebSi
dafuZnebuli da TeTrobis aRkveTili. axalcixis midamoebSi warmodgenilia mwvane
zonis tyeebi. fitomasebis raodenoba heqtarze 20-25 tonis, pedomasebis 5-6 aTasi,
xolo liTomasebis 15-16 aTasi tonis farglebSia.
226
cxovelebidan gvxvdeba mRrnelebi, araerTi saxeobis frinveli (gnoli, yaryati, ka-

vkasiuri roWo, didi TeTri yanCa da sxv.). aqauri wylebi mdidaria TevziT (kalmaxi,
cimori, murwa da sxv.), romlebic maRali kvebiTi xarisxiT gamoirCevian. axalcixis
qvaburSi warmodgenilia tyis yavisferi da mZime Tixnari aluviuri niadagebi, xolo
javaxeTis vulkanur platoze maRalnayofieri mTis Savmiwebi.
mTis zomieri semiariduli landSaftebi bunebrivi resursebis mniSvnelovani mar-

agebiT gamoirCevian, rac maRalganviTarebuli meurneobis sawindaria. axalqalaqis,
ninowmindisa da walkis raionebSi gamovlenilia torfis aTeulobiT sabado, ro-
melTa saerTo maragi 1,5 mln. tonas aRemateba. samrewvelo mniSvneloba gaaCnia aqa-
tis, obsidianis da diatomitis sabadoebs, romelTa maragebi aTeulobiT aTasi toniT
ganisazRvreba. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia dekoratiul-mosapirkeTebeli qvis
araerTi sabado 60 mln. m3-ze meti maragiT. landSaftis farglebSi da mis perife-
riebze xelsayreli pirobebia helio da qaris energiis misaRebad, Termuli da min-
eraluri wylis gamoyenebisaTvis. aqauri Termuli wylebi maRali debitiT (700-1000
m3/dR.) da temperaturebiT (80-1000) gamoirCevian. landSaftis farglebSi, yalibdeba
mniSvnelovani wylis resursebi (1,5 km3). tbebsa da wyalsacavebSi Tavmoyrilia 0,7
mlrd m3 wyali. aqtiuri temperaturaTa jami 1500-2500 gradusis farglebSi meryeobs,
uyinvo periodi wlis 35-50%-s Seadgens, rac maRalnayofier niadagebTan erTad,
erTwliani kulturebis ganviTarebis arsebiTi winapirobaa. landSafti aseve
mdidaria rekreaciuli resursebiT, rac istoriul-kulturul ZeglTa (kumurdo,
alastani, baraleTi, koTelia, Wixarula da mravali sxva), klimato-balneologiuri
kurortebis simravliT (amJamad adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis), daculi teritoriebis
da sxva bunebrivi RirSesaniSnaobebiTaa (TevziT mdidari wylebi, bunebrivia sayinu-
leebi, vulkanuri formebi, kanioniseburi xeobebi) ganpirobebuli.
mTis zomieri semiariduli landSaftebi praqtikulad aTvisebulia, Tumca eTnikurad

araerTgvari mosaxleoba ZiriTadad mdinareebis da satransporto magistralebis
gaswvriv, saSualo mTis tyis landSaftebis mijnazea warmodgenili. axalcixis qva-
bulSi mosaxleobis simWidrove 15-20 kacis, xolo javaxeTis vulkanur platoze 10-15
kacis farglebSi meryeobs.
mrewvelobis dargebidan aRsaniSnavia kvebis mrewvelobis aTeulobiT sawarmo,

romelic ZiriTadad rZis produqciis gadamuSavebaze orientirebuli. mniSvnelo-
van rols asrulebs saSen-masalaTa (tufis) da xe-tyis gadasamuSavebeli sawarmoebi,
romlebic msxvili saqalaqo dasaxlebebis farglebSia warmodgenili. mesxeT-ja-
vaxeTSi tradiciuli soflis meurneoba (mexileoba, memarcvleoba, mevenaxeoba, me-
bostneoba, mekartofileoba) garkveul cvalebadobas ganicdis, rac dakavSirebu-
lia saxnavi miwebis SemcirebasTan (1950-2000 ww. _ 20-30%-iT) da sakvebi kulture-
biT dakavebuli farTobebis intensiur zrdasTan. amis gamo, igi SeiZleba CaiTvalos
maRalganviTarebuli mecxoveleobis (sarZeve-saxorce mesaqonleoba, mecxvareo-
ba, mefutkreoba) regionad. gzebis ZiriTadi arteriebi myarsafriania, Tumca maTi
udidesi nawili amortizebulia. xSiri qselis saxe aqvs droebiT gruntis gzebs, rom-
lebic vake reliefis da semiariduli havis pirobebSi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi
funqcionireben.
landSaftur-ekologiur viTarebas gansazRvravs intensiuri anTropogenuri zemoq-

medeba, rac aqtiur sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. landSafti,
romelic maRali mdgradobiT gamoirCeva, praqtikulad gardaqmnilTa kategorias
ganekuTvneba; aq bunebrivi zemoqmedeba solarul-Termuli xasiaTisaa. landSaftis
227
produqtiuloba Zalzed maRalia _ 8-13 t/ha-ze (fitomasis 50%), rac ZiriTadad

balaxeulobis saxiT formirdeba. dominirebuli bunebriv-teritoriuli kompleqse-
bi warmoadgenen ori saxis vertikalur struqturas: S1m _ semiariduli mezofilur-
qserofitul (nairbalaxovani stepi) da S1g _ semiaridul qserofitul-mezofilur
mikrostruqturebs (marcvlovani balaxeulobis stepi), romelTaTvis damaxasiaTe-
belia martivi sirTulis, didi daZabulobis struqtura da Termul-semiariduli
traeqtoriis rTuli eTocikli nanomikroTermaluri humiduri zamTris stabili-
zaciis (2.36) da gazafxulis mikromezoTermuli struqturis Seqmnis (3.4G⇑) steqsebis
dominirebiT.
mTis zomieri semiariduli landSaftebis ZiriTadi socialur-ekonomikuri funqcia

resurswarmoebiTia, meorexarisxovani _ rekreaciuli, romlebic misi istoriul –
kulturuli, ekologiuri, bunebriv-resursuli da sameurneo potencialidan gamom-
dinareobs.
5.4.5. saSualo mTis zomierad Tbili humiduri landSaftebi
saSualo mTis zomierad Tbili humiduri landSaftebi farTodaa gavrcelebuli

dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos qveda da saSualo mTis farglebSi zR.d.
400-1400 (das. saq.) da 600-1600 (aRm. saqarTvelos) simaRlebriv diapazonSi. amgvari
Tavisebureba ganapirobebs mis landSaftur mravalferovnebas _ dasavleT saqar-
TveloSi gvxvdeba mTis zomierad Tbili humiduri landSaftis 2 (qveda da saSualo
mTis tyis kolxuri) qvetipi da 10 gvari, xolo aRm. saqarTveloSi 3 (qveda, saSua-
lo da qveda mTis tyis gardamavali semihumidurisken iveriis) qvetipi da 9 gvari.
fizikur-georafiuli daraionebis mixedviT landSaftebi ZiriTadad warmodgenilia
kavkasionis da mcire kavkasionis mTian olqebSi, maT Semadgenel 5 qveolqSi, or
aTeulamde raionsa da xuT aTeulamde qveraionSi. isini gvxvdeba saqartvelos 40-ze
meti administraciuli raionis teritoriaze.
landSaftebis farglebSi reliefi ZiriTadad saSualo da cicabo daxrilobis fer-

dobebiT xasiaTdeba, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia karstuli, eroziul-de-
nudaciuri procesebi. eroziul-akumulaciuri procesebi aRiniSneba terasirebul
xeobebsa da mTis qvaburebSi. Tanamedrove geodinamiuri procesebidan aqtiuria mew-
yruli, eroziuli, karstuli da seluri movlenebi, rac garda bunebrivisa, ukavSir-
deba Zlier anTropogenur zemoqmedebas. mewyruli da eroziuli procesebi gansa-
kuTrebiT mniSvnelovan masStabebs dasavleT saqarTvelos im Warbtenian raionebSi
aRwevs, romlebic imyofebian kolxeTis baris da mTis tyis landSaftebis mijnaze.
hava zomierad Tbili humiduria, gardamavali notio subtropikulidan (dasavleT

saqarTveloSi) humidurisaken da semihumidurisaken (aRm. saqarTveloSi). dasavleT
saqarTveloSi haeris temperatura +4-00 (ianvari) da +16 +220 (ivlisi) gradusia,
aRmosavleTSi -2 -60 da +18 +220 Sesabamisad. mzis radiacia 130-140 kkal/sm2-is fargleb-
Sia, mzis naTebis xangrZlivoba 2000 saaTidan (aWara, afxazeTi), 2100 (guria, imereTi)
_ 2200 sT-mdea (qarTli, kaxeTi). aqtiur temperaturaTa jami 2000-3500 gradusia. nale-
qebis saSualo raodenoba dasavleT saqarTveloSi 1500-2000 mm-mdea (2500 mm-ze meti
qarispira ferdobebze aWarasa da afxazeTSi), kaxeTis kavkasionze 1200-1400 mm, mcire
kavkasionze 600-700 mm. aorTqlebadoba 500-600 mm-dan (kaxeTi, dasavleT saqarTvelos
garkveuli raionebi) 700-800 mm-mdea (Sida aWara, qarTli, lixis qedis midamoebi, ime-
reTi). landSaftis farglebSi aRiniSneba zomieri (qarTli, kaxeTi) da Warbi danes-
tianeba. Warbi danestianebis arealebSi (qvaburebi, samegrelo-afxazeTis, aWara-guri-
is raionebi) agvistos TveSi aRniSneba gardamavali periodi zomieri danestianebiT.
228
Tovlis safari saSualod 30-50 dRis manZilze yalibdeba. elWeqian da setyvian dReTa
raodenoba maqsimaluri raodenobiT aRiniSneba kaxeTSi, SedarebiT naklebia mcire
kavkasionis farglebSi, umniSvnelo (1-2 dRe) dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
geografiul faqtorTa mravalferovneba mTis zomierad Tbil humidur landSafteb-

Si mTis tyis mcenareulobis nairgvarobas ganapirobebs. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelo-
vani farTobebi ukaviaT wiflnarebs (maradmwvane qvetyiT dasavleT saqarTveloSi
da foTolmcvivani buCqnarebiT aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi), holidominantur ko-
lxur tyeebs, hemihileebs, rcxilnar-wiflnarebs, muxnar-rcxilnarebs (aRmosavle-
Ti saqarTvelo, mcire kavkasioni), wiflnar-naZvnarebs (borjomis xeoba) da sxv.
mravalferovania cxovelTa samyaroc _ gvxvdeba mtacebelTa, frinvelTa, mRrnelTa
araerTi saxeoba. niadagebidan aRsaniSnavia saSualo da mcire sisqis tyis yomrali,
neSompala-karbonatuli da tyis yavisferi (qveda mTebSi) tipebi.
Camonadenis mixedviT landSaftis farglebSi mniSvnelovani saxesxvaobebia, kerZod

50-80 mm/wm km2-dan (dasavleT saqarTveloSi), 20-40-mde (aRmos. saqarTveloSi). wli-
uri Camonadenis TiTqmis 1/3 modis miwisqveSa wylebze, romelic ZiriTadad saSua-
lo mTebSi yalibdeba. mdinareuli qseli xSiria aWara-guriis raionsa da kaxeTis
kavkasionze, SedarebiT mcire karstul regionebSi, umniSvnelo mcire kavkasionze.
Camonadenis maqsimumi mTeli landSaftis farglebSi gazafxulze aRiniSneba.
mTis zomierad Tbili humiduri landSaftebi mniSvnelovani resursebiT xasiaTdeba,

romelTagan gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia hidroenergetikuli, bio da rekreaci-
uli resursebi. hidroenergetikuli resursebis formireba pirdapir kavSirSia tyis
mcenareulobasTan, rac ganapirobebs wylis masis akumulacias da zomier xarjvas.
fitomasebis raodenoba 150-300 t/ha-s farglebSia, romlis udidesi nawili (92-95%)
xemcenareebze modis. fitomasebSi ZiriTad tyeSeqmnil jiSad wifeli gvevlineba (70-
90%), romelsac maRali sameurneo daniSnuleba gaaCnia. hedomasebis (3,5-6 aTasi t/ha)
da liTomasebis (1-17 aTasi t/ha) raodenobiT landSafti saSualoze maRali resurse-
bis mqone landSaftTa kategoriaSi erTiandeba. landSaftis farglebSi vxvdebiT ro-
gorc saerTaSoriso, aseve adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis aTeulobiT balneologiur
da klimatur kurorts, bunebrivi RirSesaniSnaobebiT (kartuli mRvimeebiT da sxv.)
da landSafturi mravalfnerovnebiT gamorCeul regionebs; aqve warmodgenilia sa-
gareubno kurortebis zona maRali Terapevtuli daniSnulebis mqone saSualo mTis
tyis mcenareulobiT. landSafti SedarebiT Raribia wiaRiseuli resursebiT (calke-
uli gamovlinebebi qvemo qarTlsa da afxazeTSi), helioresursebiT (40-50 uRrublo
dRe, 1500-2000 kvt. sT. sm2-ze) da qaris resursebiT (lixis qedis Txemuri nawilis
garda).
mosaxleobis raodenobiT da simWidroviT gamoirCeva aRmosavleT saqarTvelos da

mcire kavkasionis teritoriebi (25-30 kaci 1 kv.km-ze), dasavleT saqarTveloSi igive
maCvenebeli 5-25-is farglebSi meryeobs. meurneobis ZiriTad dargs mTis metyeveoba
warmoadgens. sameurneo sawarmoTa ZiriTadi tipebi xe-tyis damuSavebasa da kvebis
mrewvelobasTanaa (mesaqonleobis produqciis gadamuSaveba) dakavSirebuli. sof-
lis meurneoba intensiuri xasiaTis ZiriTadad qveda mTis tyis landSaftebis far-
glebSia, rac dakavSirebulia rogorc meCaieobasa da subtropikul mexileobasTan
(dasavleT saqarTvelo), ise mexileoba-mevenaxeobasTan (aRmosavleT saqarTvelo)
da marcvleuli kulturebis da kartofilis warmoebasTan (mcire kavkasioni). mecx-
oveleobidan aRsaniSnavia saxorce mesaqonleoba da mecxvareoba (natyevarebsa da
meorad mdeloebze), mefutkreoba, meTevzeoba da sxv. mniSvnelovani gzebi ZiriTadad
229
mdinareTa xeobebSi da baris landSaftebis mijnazea warmodgenili. droebiTi gze-

bis qseli sakmaod xSiria qveda mTis tyis landSaftebSic.
landSaftur-ekologiur viTarebas, garda zemoTaRniSnuli Taviseburebebisa, gan-

sazRvravs hidrogenuli (intensiuri naleqebi), gravigenuli (mewyerebi, Rvarcofebi)
da Termuli tipis bunebrivi zemoqmedeba. anTropogenuri zemoqmedebiT (sasof-
lo sameurneo saqmianoba, satyeo meurneoba, rekreacia) TiTqmis mTlianadaa tr-
ansformirebuli saSualo daxrilobis ferdobebi da mTis qvaburebi. isini Zlier
SecvlilTa kategorias ganekuTvnebian (transformaciis xarisxi 50-80%). sakmaodaa
saxecvlili qveda mTis landSaftebi, sustad ki saSualo mTebis landSaftebi. mTis
zomierad Tbili humiduri landSaftebi mniSvnelovani produqtiulobiT (16-20 t/
ha-ze) da saSualo mdgradobiT xasiaTdebian. landSafturi mravalferovneba mcird-
eba dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT, zRvis donidan simaRlis matebasTan
erTad. kaxeTis kavkasionis farglebSi warmodgenilia landSaftis 10-15 saxe yovel
1000 kv.km-ze, mcire kavkasionis farglebSi 15-20, dasavleT saqarTvelos qveda mTeb-
Si 20-30, xolo saSualo mTebSi 30-50 erTeuli. vertikalur struqturaSi domini-
rebs kolxeTis humiduri (K5) da iveriis humiduri (F5) mezofituri xemcenareebisa
da buCqnarebis makrostruqturebi, romlebsac axasiaTebT didi simZlavre, saSualo
sirTule da mcire daZabuloba. vertikaluri struqturis dinamika dakavSirebulia
fitogenur-Termul eTociklTan pluvialur-nivaluri traeqtoriT, romelSic
dominirebs makromegaTermuli humiduri stabilizaciis mezomikroTermuli humidu-
ri gamartivebis (4.3↓), mezoTermuli humiduri garTulebis (4G↑) da nanomikroTer-
muli humiduri zamTris stabilizaciis (2.3 G) steqsebi.
landSaftis funqciaTa gansazRvra mis Semadgenel erTeulTa Tanamedrove mdgomare-

obis da potencialis Taviseburebebs ukavSirdeba. saSualo mTis tyis landSaftebi
ZiriTadad garemosdacviTi da rekreaciuli (nawilobriv resurswarmoebiTi)
funqciisaa, aqtiuri sasoflo-sameurneo raionebis da msxvil saqalaqo dasaxleba-
Ta siaxloves myofi qveda mTis tyis (gardamavali semihumidurisken) landSaftebi
_ garemosaRmdgeni da rekreaciuli funqciis, xolo mTis qvaburebSi warmodgenili
qveda mTis tyis kolxuri landSaftebi resurswarmoebiTi da garemosdacviTi fun-
qciis mqonea.
5.4.6. saSualo mTis zomierad civi landSaftebi
saSualo mTis zomierad civi landSaftebi ZiriTadad dasavleT saqarTveloSi,

dasavleTi, centraluri kavkasionis, aWara-imereTis, SavSeTis da arsianis qedebzea
warmodgenili saSualod zR.d. 1000-2200 metris (optimaluria 1400-2100 m z.d.) di-
apazonSi. landSaftebi fragmentebis saxiT aseve gvxvdeba centraluri kavkasionis
farglebSi (liaxvis, Tergis, argunis, piriqiTa da TuSeTis alaznis xeobebSi) da
TrialeTis qedze. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mTis zomierad civi landSaftebi z.d.
2400-2600 m-mdec vrceldebian. isini erTiandebian 5 fizikur-geografiul qveolqsa da
18 raionSi, rac ganpirobebulia maTi mravalferovnebiT. aq gamoiyofa 2 qvetipi da 7
gvari. isini warmodgenilia saqarTvelos or aTeulze met administraciul raionSi.
reliefi ZiriTadad eroziul-denudaciuria, zogan karstuli da paleoglacialu-

ri. damaxasiaTebelia cicabo ferdobebi, kanioniseburi xeobebi, frialo kldeebi,
paleoglacialuri da akumulaciuri warmoSobis farTo xeobebi da mTis qvaburebi.
Tanamedrove geomorfologiuri procesebidan aRsaniSnavia intensiuri Tovlis zva-
vebi, mewyerebi aRiricxeba fragmentulad.
230
hava zomierad civi hemiduri da sustad kontinenturia, uxvTovliani zamTriT da

xanmokle zafxuliT. ianvris temperatura –30–70-ia, ivlisis +12+160. mzis naTebis xan-
grZlivoba 2000-2300 saaTia, mzis radiacia 140-150 kkal/sm2, aqtiur temperaturaTa
jami 1000-2000 saaTi. landSaftis farglebSi wylis resursebis formirebis saukeTe-
so pirobebia, rac dakavSirebulia uxv naleqebTan (1000-1600 mm centralur kavka-
sionze, 2000 mm qarispira ferdobebze, dasavleT kavkasionze, 3000 mm guria-aWaraSi,
600-1000 mm aRmosavleT kavkasionze) da aorTqlebadobis umniSvnelo maCveneblebTan
(400-500 mm). Tovlis safaris saSualo simZlavre 40-100 mm-is farglebSia, xSirad igi
2-3 metrsac aRemateba. Tovlis safaris xanZlivoba 150-170 dRis tolia. qaris siCqare
umniSvneloa (2,0-3,0 m/w weliwadSi), rasac ver vityviT elWeqian (40-50) da setyvian
(gansakuTrebiT aRm. saqarTveloSi) dReTa ricxvze.
landSaftisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mdinareTa xSiri qseli da mdinareTa saSualo

wliuri Camonadenis mniSvnelovani maCvenebeli (60-70 l/w 1 km2-ze dasavleT kavka-
sionze; 40-50 aWara-imereTis qedze; 20-30 aRm. kavkasionis farglebSi). Camonadenis ma-
qsimaluri raodenoba ZiriTadad aRiniSneba gazafxulis bolos (dasavleT saqarT-
velo) da zafxulSi. seluri Rvarebis gavrcelebis aqtiuri zonebi damaxasiaTebelia
aRmosavleT da centraluri kavkasionisTvis.
mcenareuloba mravalferovania. damaxasiaTebelia saSualo mTis wiflnar-muqwi-

wviani da muqwiwviani formaciebi maradmwvane (kolxuri) qvetyiT, fiWvnari tyee-
bi, agreTve zeda mTis arynari, muxnari, fiWvnari da rcxilnar-muxrani meCxeri da
tanbrecila tyeebi, maRalbalaxeulobisa da buCqnarebis fragmentebiT. zeda mTis
mcenareuloba eqstremalur bunebriv pirobebSi viTardeba, rac dakavSirebulia
Tovlis maRal safarTan da efeqtur temperaturaTa umniSvnelo maCveneblebTan.
mcenareulobis gavrcelebas kargad gamoxatuli geografiuli da eqsporiciuri
saxesxvaobani axasiaTebs (mSral, samxreTis eqspoziciis ferdobebze tyeebSi war-
modgenilia foTolmcvivani buCqnarebi, karstul raionebSi _ kalcefiluri flo-
ra, mcire da centraluri kavkasionis farglebSi monodominanturi fiWvnarebi da
naZvnarebi da sxv.). niadagebi dakavSirebulia rogorc geografiul pirobebTan, ise
mcenareulobasTan – karstul raionebSi warmodgenilia neSompala-karbonatuli,
tyis farglebSi gaewrebuli yomrali, wiwvovnebSi mTis eweri (mgelaZe, 1983), xolo
zeda mTebSi mTa-mdelos niadagebi. cxovelTa samyaro mravalferovania, Tumca
maTTvis eqstremaluri pirobebi tyis zeda sazRvarze iqmneba. gansakuTrebiT xel-
sayreli pirobebia frinvelTaTvis, romelTgan aRsaniSnavia kavkasiuri roWosa da
SurTxisTvis xelsayreli ekologiuri garemo (nax. 9.9).
bunebrivi resursebi nairgvarobiT xasiaTdeba. landSafti gansakuTrebiT mdidar-

ia: tyis resursebiT (saqarveloSi muqwiwvianebis maragi aRemateba 100 mln m3-s,
helioresursebiT (uRrublo dReTa ricxvi 45-65 dRe), energetikulad mniSvnelovani
wylis da mineraluri wylis resursebiT, zooresursebiT (samonadireo meurneobis
ganviTarebis saSualeba), bunebrivi RirsSesaniSnaobebiT (xeluxlebeli landSaftis
fragmentebi, kanioniseburi xeobebi, gamoqvabulebi, CanCqerebi, rTuladdasaZlevi
monakveTebi) da rekreaciuli resursebiT (gansakuTrebiT sasunTqi gzebis mkur-
nalobisTvis). umniSvneloa agroklimaturi resursebis da qaris energiis potencia-
li. landSaftis farglebSi maqsimaluria fitomasis (400-800 t/ha) da liTomasebis
(15-16 t/ha) maCveneblebi.
landSafti TiTqmis dausaxleblad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar mi-

viRebT calkeul mdinareTa xeobis zeda nawilebs (gansakuTrebiT kodoris, cxenis-
wylis, rionis, aWariswylis) da gamWoli saavtomobilo gzebis (adigeni-xulo, bor-
231
jomi-cxrawyaro) mimdebare teritoriebs, sadac mosaxleobis simWidrove 5-10 kacis

farglebSi meryeobs. samrewvelo sawarmoebi ZiriTadad xe-tyis gadamuSavebazea
orientirebuli. soflis meurneoba fragmentuladaa ganviTarebuli da special-
izebulia erTwliani kulturebis (marcvleulis) da kartofilis moyvanaze. gzebi
umeteswilad droebiTia _ atareben sezonur xasiaTs.
landSaftze bunebrivi zemoqmedeba hidrogenuli an gravigenul-hidrogenuli xas-

iaTisaa, rac Zalzed frTxil damokidebulebas moiTxovs. Tu saSualo mTis muqwi-
wviani tyis landSafti SedarebiT sust anTropogenul zemoqmedebas ganicdis, igive
ar iTqmis zeda mTis tyis landSatebze, sadac anTropogenuli zemoqmedeba inten-
siur ZovebasTan, sakvebi kulturebis mopovebasTan da tyis resursebis aqtiur gam-
oyenebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. mTis zomierad civ landSaftebSi rTuli ekologiuri
viTareba respublikis samxreTi sazRvrebis da saavtomobilo gzebis siaxloves
aRiniSneba. anTropogenuri transformaciis xarisxi mniSvnelovania (20-50%) mTis
qvaburebsa da gamWol xeobebSi, rekreaciulad aqtiur raionebSi (zemo raWa, waRv-
eri-bakurianis regionebi). danarCeni teritoriebi sustad saxeSecvlilTa an praqti-
kulad ucvlelTa kategoriaSi erTiandeba. landaSftis farglebSi warmodgenilia
araerTi daculi teritoria, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia riwis, fsxu-gumisTis nakrZa-
lebi da sakurorto tyeebi (borjom-bakurianis monakveTi). landSafti gamoirCeva
maRali (30-59 saxe _ central. kavkasioni) da saSualo (15-3% saxe _ aWara-imereTis
qedi, TrialeTis qedi) mravalferovnebiT, gansakuTrebuli aramdgradobiT. amis
gamo, sameurneo (satyeo) saqmianoba mxolod mkafiod gansazRvruli normebisa da
jerovani (kristaluri) agebulebis teritoriebzea SesaZlebeli. arada, landSafti
gamoirCeva maqsimaluri produqtiulobiT (35 t/ha), rac dakavSirebulia siTbosa da
tenis optimalur TanafardobasTan.; amgvari viTareba ganapirobebs ara marto kav-
kasiaSi, aramed mTel Crdilo evraziaSi biomasis maqsimaluri raodenobis dagrove-
bis saSualebas.
saSualo mTis zomierad civ landSaftebSi vertikaluri struqturis ori ZiriTadi

tipi gamoiyofa: muqwiwvianis makrostruqturebi (T5) da meCxeri tyeebis mezostruq-
turebi (T3). maT axasiaTebs didi da saSualo sirTulis da saSualo daZabulobis
vertikaluri struqtura. landSatfebis eTocikli rTulia, romlis ZiriTadi reJimi
fitogenur-Termulia nivalur-pluvialuri traeqtoriiT. eTociklSi dominireben
hidrogenuli, nivaluri da struqturis stabilizaciis mezomakroTermaluri ste-
qsebi (4.5 G). subdominant steqsebs miekuTvnebian gazafxulis garTulebis (3.4 G↑) da
Semodgomis gamartivebis (3.2. G↓) mdgomareobebi.
landSaftebs mkafiod diferencirebuli funqciebi gaaCniaT. saSualo mTis wifl-

nar-muqwiwvovani tyis landSaftis ZiriTadi funqcia garemosdacviTi xasiaTi-
saa, Tumca masTanvea axlos resurswarmoebiTi (eqspoziciis, reliefis daxrilo-
bis, Tovlis mudmivi safaris xangrZlivobis da simZlavris gaTvaliswinebiT) da
rekreaciuli (zemo svaneTis, borjom-bakurianis, glola-Sovis, riwa-avadxaras,
abasTumani-zekaras monakveTebze) funqciebi. zeda mTis tyis landSaftebs mxolod
garemosdacviTi funqcia unda ganesazRvroT.
5.4.7. maRali mTis notio da civi landSaftebi
maRali mTis notio da civi landSaftebi warmodgenilia kavkasionis mTavari wy-

algamyofi qedisa da misi samxreTi ganStoebebis zeda nawilSi zR.d. 1800-2400 m-dan
(2600-mdan aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi) 5000 m-mde, mcire kavkasionis, eruSeTis mTiane-
Tis, arsianis, SavSeTis, abul-samsaris, javaxeTis, murakvalis, heqtafinis, somxeTis
232
qedebisa da loqis vulkanuri masivis Txemur nawilSi. landSaftebi vrceldebian

40-ze meti administraciuli raionis teritoriaze da Sedian 3 fizikur-geografiul
olqSi, 7 qveolqSi da or aTeulze met raionSi. landSaftebSi gaerTianebulia 4
qvetipi da 13 gvari. qvetipebSi Cveulebriv ganixileba maRali mTis subnivaluri
da glacialur-nivaluri landSaftebi, Tumca maTi struqturul-funqcionaluri da
gamoyenebiTi Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, isini landSaftur dagegmarebaSi ar
ganixilebian. maRali mTis notio da civ landSaftebSi warmodgenilia 2 ZiriTadi
qvetipi _ subalpuri tye-buCqnarebisa da mdelos da alpuri buCqnarebisa da mde-
los. maT Soris sazRvari dasavleT da centraluri kavkasionis frglebSi 2800-3000
metris, xolo mcire kavkasionis da mesxeT-javaxeTis farglebSi z.d. 3000-3200 metrze
gadis.
reliefi denudaciuri, paleoglaciuri, karstuli da vulkanuria. xSiria cirkebi,

karebi, dakbiluli kldeebi, cicabo ferdobebi, pikuri mwvervalebi, mosworebuli
da kldovani Txemebi, lavuri platoebi da kanoniseburi xeobebi. denudaciuri pro-
cesebi aRiniSneba saSualo da cicabo ferdobebze.
hava notioa, civi xangrZlivi zamTriT da grili zafxuliT. ianvris saSualo tem-
peratura _ 8-100-ia (zogadi diapazoniT -5-120), ivlisis +5+120 (alpur zonaSi +3+50).
naleqebis raodenoba dasavleT da centralur kavkasionze 2000 mm-s aRemateba, mcire
da kaxeTis kavkasionze 1500-1600 mm-ia, mesxeT-javaxeTSi 600-800 mm. dasavleT saqa-
rTveloSi maRali mTis notio da civi landSaftebi Warbi danestianebiT gamoirCe-
vian, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi sakmao danestianebiT (K>1,5-s), rac dakav-
Sirebulia aorTqlebadobis umniSvnelo maCveneblebTan (200-400 mm). mzis naTebis
maqsimaluri maCveneblebi aRiricxeba javaxeTsa da TrialeTSi (2300-2500 sT), sadac
aseve maRalia mzis radiacia (130-150 kkal/sm2). Tovlian dReTa ricxvi 180-220-ia, rac
ganapirobebs Tovlis safaris mniSvnelovan stabilurobas. qaris saSualowliur
maCveneblebi maqsimaluria javaxeTisa da abul-samsaris qedebis Txemze, TrialeTis
qedis dasavleT nawilSi.
hidrografiuli qseli sakmaod xSiria. mdinareTa Camonadeni maqsimaluria dasav-

leT kavkasionze (80-100 l/wm km2-ze), saSualo (40-60 l/wm) aWara-imereTis qedze,
SedarebiT mcire (10-20 l/wm) TrialeTis qedsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi. dasavleT saqa-
rTveloSi ZiriTadia zedapiruli Camonadeni (Camonadenis 3/4-4/5), centralur kav-
kasionze igi 2/3-is tolia, xolo aRmosavleT kavkasionze 1/2-ze meti. dasavleT saqa-
rTveloSi maqsimaluri Camonadenis 50-60% zafxulSi formirdeba (aRmosavleTSi _
30-40%), xolo samxreT saqarTveloSi gazafxulze (40-50%). landaSftis farglebSi
xSiria mcire zomis tbebi (afxazeTis, kodoris, xarulis qedebze).
biogeografiulad landSaftis farglebSi sami zona gamoiyofa: subalpuri, alpuri

da subnivalur-nivaluri. subalpuri da alpuri zona warmodgenilia saqarTvelos
mTel teritoriaze (garda TrialeTis qedisa), xolo subnivaluri da nivaluri zone-
bi ar gvxvdeba aWara-imereTis, javaxeTis da abul-samsaris qedebze. subalpur zonaSi
warmodgenilia subalpuri meCxeri da tanbrecila tyeebi (wiflnarebi, arynarebi,
fiWvian-Rviiani tyeebi, juja tirifi), dekianebi, gvimrebi, maRalbalaxeuloba. alpur
zonaSi mcenareuloba SedarebiT Raribia _ gvxvdeba marcvlovani da nairbalaxo-
vani mdeloebi, parkosani mdeloebi, mTis Waobis mcenareuloba da sxv. subnivalur
zonaSi ZiriTad xavsianebi da e.w. alpuri xalebia warmodgenili. niadagebi mcire
da saSualo simZlavrisaa – gavrcelebulia mTa-mdelos kordiani da gaewrebuli,
kordian-torfiani da primitiuli niadagebi. cxovelTa samyarosTvis (ZuZumwov-
233
rebisTvis) TiTqmis mTeli wlis manZilze araxelsayreli ekologiuri garemoa, ris

gamoc landSaftis farglebSi ZiriTadad frinvelTa da mRrnelebis araerTi saxeo-
baa warmodgenili.
bunebrivi resursebidan umniSvnelo maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeba agroklimaturi

resursebi (aqtiur temperaturaTa jamSi 500-15000-ia), savegetacio periodi grZel-
deba 3-4 Tvis manZilze, wiaRiseuli, helio da qaris resursebis gamoyenebas gark-
veuli perspeqtivebi gaaCnia, igive iTqmis mineraluri wylis calkeuli gamovline-
bebis Sesaxeb (svaneTi, afxazeTi, raWa, mTiuleTi). landSafti aseve Raribia bune-
brivi RirsSesaniSnaobebiT, Tumca gaaCnia mniSvnelovani resursebi alpinizmis,
samTo-saTxilamuro sportisa da samTo turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis (mis farglebSi
warmodgenilia gudaurisa da bakurianis kompleqsebi, araerTi turistuli marSru-
tis mniSvnelovani monakveTi). landSaftis farglebSi mniSvnelovani raodenobTi
yalibdeba fitomasebi _ 35-40 t/ha-ze dekianebSi, 18-20 t/ha-ze maRalbalaxeulobaSi,
7-10 t/ha-ze alpur mdeloebze. pedomasebis raodenoba maqsimaluria subalpur zona-
Si (4200 t/ha), minimaluri (300 t/ha) subnivalurSi. liTomasebi matulobs pedomasebis
klebis Sesabamisad _ 17 aTasi t/ha-dan 26 aTas t/ha-mde.
landSati praqtikulad moklebulia mudmiv mosaxleobas, aRiniSneba mxolod droe-

biTi, zafxulis sadgomebi. aseve droebiTia rZis gadamamuSavebeli mcire sawarmoebi.
aq ZiriTadad momTabare mecxoveleobas da sakvebi kulturebis damzadebas misdeven.
aRsaniSnavia, rom kavkasionis farglebSi sakvebi kulturebiT dakavebuli farTo-
bebis zrdas sistematuri xasiaTis aqvs. calkeuli monacemebiT, XX sakukunis meore
naxevarSi mestiis, onis, yazbegis, TianeTis, duSeTis da sxva maRalmTian raionebSi
sakvebi kulturebiT dakavebuli farTobebi saSualod 40-50%-iT gaizarda. gzebi
ZiriTadad warmodgenilia droebiTi bilikebis saxiT.
zemoTaRniSnuli faqti subalpur zonaSi mniSvnelovan anTropogenur zemoqmede-

baze migvaniSnebs, rac intensiur ZovebasTan da sakvebis mopovebasTanaa dakavSire-
buli. bunebrividan landSafti ZiriTadad hidrogenul (zvavebi) da nawilobriv
gravigenul zemoqmedebas ganicdis. transformaciis xarisxi subalpur zonaSi mniS-
vnelovania (20-50%), xolo alpurSi umniSvnelo (igi praqtikulad ucvlelTa _
5%-mde _ kategoriaSi SeiZleba gaerTiandes). landSafti ZiriTadad aramdgradia,
Tumca mosworebul zedapirebze da maRalproduqtiul arealebSi (10-12 t/ha) mdgra-
doba mkveTrad matulobs. landSafturi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva dasavleTi
da centraluri kavkasioni (30-50 gvari 1000 kv-km-ze), umniSvnelo raodenobiT (5-10)
samxreTi mTianeTi.
landaSftisTvis ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia vertikaluri struqturis ori tipi:

maRalbalaxeulobis mikromezustruqturebi, ubralo sirTuliT, didi daZabulo-
biT (L2 n, m) da nairbalaxovani (alpuri) mdelos nanostruqturebi (L1 m, g), saSua-
lo sirTuliT (6-7 geohorizonti) da didi daZabulobiT. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia
rTuli eTocikli, ZiriTadad nivaluri (nawilobriv fitogenur-Termuli) traeqto-
riiT, nivaluri (60-75%), struqturis Seqmnisa da garTulebis steqstebis (2 G⇑, 3.4
G↑) dominirebiT.
landSaftur-ekologiuri viTarebidan gamomdinare (Tanamedrove mdgomareoba, po-

tenciali, produqtiuloba) maRali mTis alpuri mdelos landSaftebs ZiriTadad
resurswarmoebiTi, xolo subalpuri maRalbalaxeulobisa da meCxeri tyeebis
bunebriv-teritoriul kompleqsebs _ garemosdacviTi funqcia unda ganesazRvroT.
234
5.4.8. saqarTvelos landSaftebis sasoflo-sameurneo potenciali
landSaftTa potencialis jerovani gansazRvra soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis

arsebiTi winapirobaa. aq igulisxmeba:
1. im resursul saSualebaTa erToblioba, romlebic SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul

iqnes amJamad an perspeqtivaSi cxovrebis pirobebis dacvisa da gaumjobesebis,
ekonomikuri aRmavlobisa da momavali Taobebis ganviTarebisTvis;
2. im TvisebaTa erToblioba da Taviseburebani, romlis safuZvelze da romlis
mixedviTac SeuZlia landSafts Seasrulos esa Tu is socialur-ekonomikuri fun-
qcia.
landSaftTa potenciali SeiZleba Seicvalos an transformirdes sazogadoebis

moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad, romelTa Soris, Tanamedrove etapze, ZiriTadia resur-
suli da ekologiuri, meorexarisxovani ki seliteburi da rekreaciuli moTxovna.
landSafts SesaZlebelia hqondes rogorc erTgvari, aseve mravalgvari potencia-
li, romelic misi struqturul-funqcionaluri da gamoyenebiTi (daniSnulebiTi)
Tvisebebidan gamomdinareobs. potencialis cvalebadobas landSaftis sezonuri da
eTologiuri Taviseburebanic ganapirobebs, rac misi struqturul-funqcionaluri
mdgomareobebis dinamikas ukavSirdeba. magaliTad, maRali mTis subalpuri da al-
puri landSaftebi zamTarSi rekreaciuli, xolo zafxulSi resursuli potencialis
maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva. umetes SemTxvevaSi landSafti erTdroulad sxvadasx-
vagvar potencials flobs. magaliTad, q. Tbilisis midamoebSi warmodgenili saSu-
alo mTis tyis landSaftebi resursuli, ekologiuri da rekreaciuli potencial-
is mqonea. aqedan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovania landSaftTa potencialis rogorc
Tvisebrivi (xarisxobrivi), aseve sivrce-droiTi cvalebadobis Seswavla da klas-
ifikacia.
sasoflo-sameurneo potenciali aris landSaftis unari, awarmoos sxvadasxva

saxis memcenareobis produqcia. amgvari unaris gamosavlenad saWiroa: reliefis,
agroklimaturi resursebis, wylis brunvis da biogeociklis, niadagis nayofiere-
bisa da struqturuli Taviseburebebis kompleqsuri analizi. xSirad landSaftis
bunebriv-resursul, gansakuTrebiT ki sasoflo-sameurneo potencials landSaftis
produqtiulobasTan aigiveben, raSic mis mier drois garkveul monakveTSi nivTi-
erebisa da energiis kvlavwarmoebis unari igulisxmeba. ufro metic, landSaftTa
potencialis SenarCuneba an amaRleba misi produqtiulobis SenarCunebasa da zrdas-
Tanaa gaigivebuli. amgvari Tvalsazrisi gamarTlebulia im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki land-
Safti da misi potenciali mxolod sazogadoebis mudmivad mzardi moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebisTvis iqneba gankuTvnili. Tumca, landSaftis sxvagvari Tvisebebisa
da potencialis gauTvaliswinebloba sameurneo da socialuri ganviTarebis, mosax-
leobis keTildReobis Semaferxebel garemoebad SeiZleba warmoCindes.
landSaftis sasoflo-sameurneo potencialis Sesaxeb mkafiod metyvelebs misi

sameurneo gamoyenebis tradiciebi da istoriul-geografiuli Taviseburebani. am mx-
riv gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba vaxuSti bagrationis àRwera samefosa saqarTve-
losi~ da ivane javaxiSvilis `saqarTvelos ekonomikur istorias~ ekuTvnis.
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis istoriuli gamocdileba da tradiciebi

TvalsaCinoa mTel msoflioSi – qarTuli vazis da xorbalis araerTi saxeoba, xili,
futkari, cxeni, ZaRli, cxvari da Sinaur cxovelTa araerTi jiSi maRali sameurneo
potencialiT da endemizmiTaa cnobili. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTveloSi araarsebiT-
235
ad ganixileba maTi gavrcelebis da aRdgenis SesaZleblobebi da soflis meurnebis

regionuli (da zonaluri) specializacia. arada. zemoTaRniSnuli Sromebi mraval
sayuradRebo cnobas gvawvdis saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis im tradiciebis da
mimarTulebebis Sesaxeb, romelTa gaTvaliswinebam arsebiTi roli SeuZlia iTa-
maSos dargis ganviTarebis saqmeSi.
ivane javaxiSvilis saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoria mravalmxrivaa sayur-

adRebo. masSi mocemulia umniSvnelovanesi cnobebi saqarvelos mosaxleobis, de-
mografiuli viTarebis, sasoflo da saqalaqo dasaxlebaTa, meurneobis tipebis is-
toriul-geografiul TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb. igi dawvrilebiT ganixilavs vaxuStis
naSroms da mis mixedviT gamoyofs xuTi tipis vertikalur bunebriv zonas bune-
brivi potencialis da kulturul mcenareTa gavrcelebis mixedviT. esenia: Turinj-
narinj-zeTisxiliani, brinj-bambiani, venaxovan-xexiliani, xexiliani, uvenax-xilo.
aRsaniSnavia, rom amgvari vertikaluri zonaloba kulturul mcenareTa ekologiu-
ri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT, pirveli da unikaluri cdaa geografiuli azrovnebis
istoriaSi.
vaxuSti bagrationi araerT iseT kulturas da mis mosavlianobas aRwers, romelic

amJamad saerTod an TiTqmis ar iwarmoeba saqarTveloSi. maT Sorisaa brinji, bam-
ba, zeTisxili, seli, abreSumi, tyis xili, marcvleulis araerTi saxeoba (maT Soris
qeri, fetvi, Svria, Romi) da sxv. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom amgvar produqciaze msofli-
oSi mudmivad mzardi moTxovnaa, xolo saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani nawili – maTi
warmoebisTvis sruliad Sesabamisi.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ekologiuri soflis meurneobis ganviTareba, rasac didi yur-
adReba eTmoba, ZiriTadad ekologiurad sufTa sasuqebis gamoyenebas da Teslbrunvas
ukavSirdeba. saqarTveloSi mudmivad iyo da aris nakelis da kompostis simcire,
Tumca praqtikulad ar gamoiyeneba lami – masala, romlis udides mniSvnelobaze
araerTgzis saubrobs Tundac vaxuSti bagrationi. magaliTad, Sida qarTlis aRwer-
isas aRniSnavs, rom `romelni velni irwyvian liaxviTa, puri misi ars yovelTa qa-
rTlisaTa umjobesi~ . saqarTveloSi lamis dagrovebis arealebi emTxveva wyalsa-
cavebis geografias, rac ZiriTadad mTisa da baris mijnazea warmodgenili. mTiani
teritoriebi, vaxuStis mier, sam nawilad: venaxovan-xexilian, xexilian da uxexilo
zonas miekuTvneba. mTis pirveli da meore zona mciremiwianobiT da dabali nayofi-
erebiT xasiaTdeba, ris gaumjobesebaSic arsebiTi roli SeuZlia lamis gamoyenebam
iTamaSos. cnobilia, rom msoflios araerTi qveynis (CineTi, egvipte, indoeTi da
sxv.) soflis meurneoba umeteswilad ukavSirdeba mdinareTa mier wyaldidobisas
motanil nasal masalas. lami, romelic mdidaria bunebrivi mineralebiT, 10-12 jer
aRemateba efeqturobiT nakels (rogorc SemadgenlobiT, ise xangrZlivobiT) da kom-
posts. igi zrdis niadagis forianobas da Sesabamisad – mis wyalgamtarobasa da
siTbocvlas.
5.5. bunebrivi katastrofebi da riskebi
saqarTvelos mTavrobam SeimuSava katastrofebis riskis Semcirebis erovnul

strategia, romelic miznad isaxavs katastrofis riskis Semcirebis erTiani sistemis
Camoyalibebas, katastrofebisadmi mzaobisa da maTze reagirebis SesaZleblobebis
da efeqtianobis gaumjobesebas.
strategiis mizani orientirebulia qveynis sacxovrebeli, sameurneo da bunebrivi

garemos mdgrad ganviTarebaze. katastrofebis riski ukavSirdeba iseT movlenebs, ro-
236
goricaa: wyaldidobebi da wyalmovardnebi, mewyruli, denudaciuri da Rvarcofuli

movlenebi, miwisZvrebi, setyva, safrTxe, zvavebi, Zlieri qarebi, tyis xanZrebi, ero-
zia, gvalva, teqnogenuri avariebi da sxv. saqarTvelo, rogorc araerTi saerTaSo-
riso SeTanxmebis xelmomweri qveyana, aRniSnul dokumentSi uzrunvelyofs gaeros
sami globaluri CarCo dokumentis: „katastrofis riskis Semcirebis sendais samo-
qmedo CarCo-programa 2015-2030~ (marti, 2015), „mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebis~ (se-
qtemberi, 2015; SDGs) da gaeros „klimatis cvlilebis Sesaxeb CarCo-konvencia~ (ivni-
si, 1992; UNFCCC ) miznebis integrirebas. aseve, uzrunvelyofs zemoxsenebuli doku-
mentebiTa da „saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebiT~ bunebrivi
katastrofebis prevenciis, mzaobisa da maTze efeqturi reagirebis mimarTulebiT
aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebas. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, katastrofis
riskis Semcirebis erovnuli strategia da samoqmedo gegma SesabamisobaSia gaeros
„katastrofis riskis Semcirebis sendais samoqmedo CarCo-programa 2015-2030~-is
prioritetul mimarTulebebTan.
hidrogenuli katastrofebi
hidrogenuli katastrofebidan maRali riskebi axasiaTebs wyaldidobebs da wyal-

movardnebs. stiqiuri wyaldidobis da wyalmovardnebis mixedviT, saqarTvelo iyo-
fa 5 gansxvavebul: kavkasionis, mcire kavkasionis, samxreT saqarTvelos mTianeTis,
kolxeTis dablobis da aRmosavleT mTaTaSoris baris regionad. kavkasionis mdin-
areebi xasiaTdeba zafxulis, mcire kavkasionis (mesxeTisa da lixis qedebi), aRmosav-
leT saqarTvelos mTaTaSorisi baris da samxreT saqarTvelos mTianeTis mdinaree-
bi – gazafxul-zafxulis, xolo kolxeTis dablobis mdinareebi – wyalmovardnebiT
mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi. wyaldidobebi da wyalmovardnebi saqarTvelos TiTqmis
yvela mdinarisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. maT Soris, gansakuTrebiT maRali riskiT
gamoirCeva: bzifis, kodoris, enguris, rionis, cxeniswylis, aragvis, xramis, veres da
mtkvris calkeuli monakveTebis auzebi, agreTve mdinare iori da kaxeTis kavkasio-
nis mdinareebi. ukanasknel aTwleulebSi gaizarda rogorc wyalmovardnebis saSu-
alo ganmeorebadoba, ise intensivoba. wyaldidoba-wyalmovardnebis Sedegad didi
ziani adgeba sasoflo-sameurneo savarguleebs, dasaxlebebs, sagzao da kavSirgabmu-
lobis infrastruqturas.
Tovlis zvavebs iwvevs Zlier danawevrebuli da daxrili reliefi, intensiuri Tova,

Tovlis safaris simaRlis swrafi mateba, Tovlis intensiuri dnoba, qarbuqi, haeris
temperaturis mkveTri cvlileba, wvima da xmauri. Tovlis zvavebi wlis civ peri-
odSi yovelwliurad fiqsirdeba. aRniSnuli stiqiuri movlenis sixSirisa da inten-
sivobis zrda 1970 wlidan SeiniSneba. Tovlis zvavebis Sedegad didi zarali adgeba
adamianTa sameurneo saqmianobas, dasaxlebebs, iwvevs adamianTa msxverpls, ngrevas,
gzebis Caxergvas da Sesabamisad, transportis moZraobis Sewyvetas, eleqtrogadam-
cemi anZebis da gazsadenebis mwyobridan gamosvlas, tyis dazianebas da sxv. zvavebma
SesaZlebelia gare samyaros xangrZlivi droiT mowyvitos aTeulobiT dasaxlebu-
li punqti, asobiT ojaxi ki iZulebuli gaxdes datovos mudmivi sacxovrebeli adg-
ili.
wylismieri eroziuli procesebi garemos mniSvnelovan ekologiur safrTxes uqm-

nis, xolo qveynis ekonomikas sagrZnob zians ayenebs. saqarTveloSi, umTavresad, wy-
lismieri eroziuli procesebis ori tipi gvxvdeba: 1) miwebis farTobuli gadarecxva
– e.w. `niadagis erozia~ ; 2) mdinareTa napirebis garecxva. eroziuli procesebis uary-
ofiTi zemoqmedebis arealSi moqceulia 1 700 000 ha farTobi. eroziuli procesebi
237
saqarTveloSi sayovelTao xasiaTs atarebs. procesebi gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda

ukanasknel aTwleulSi, radganac moiSala arsebuli napirsamagri nagebobebis um-
ravlesobis funqcionireba da daiwyo mdinareTa napirebze mdebare, mWidrod dasax-
lebuli teritoriebis eroziuli procesebis eqstremaluri negatiuri gamovline-
ba. msgavsi movlenebi damaxasiaTebelia rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos wyaluxv
mdinareTa mWidrod dasaxlebuli napirebisTvis, aseve aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
barisTvis. klimatis globaluri cvlilebis da anTropogenuli faqtoris gaZliere-
bis fonze, wylismieri erozia, bunebrivia, kidev ufro saSiS xasiaTs miiRebs. erozi-
uli procesebis eqstremaluri gamovlinebis SemTxvevaSi, sxva negatiur SedegebTan
erTad, ar aris gamoricxuli adamianTa msxverplic. eroziis Sedegad, yovelwli-
urad nadgurdeba niadaguri safari saSualod 1 000 ha farTobze, maSin, rodesac
niadagis biogenur regeneracias saukuneebi sWirdeba. napirebis intensiuri garecxva
mimdinareobs mTiswineTisa da vakis mdinareebSi. dReisTvis dadgenilia mdinareTa
napirebis intensiuri garecxvis ubnebi saerTo jamiT 1 500 km, sadac yovelwliurad
nadgurdeba maRalnayofieri niadagi saSualod 150 ha farTobze. xSirad, mdinare-
Ta napirebis garecxva sanapiro mewyrebis warmoqmnas da sacxovrebeli saxlebis
ngrevas iwvevs.
saqarTvelo miekuTvneba msoflios im qveynebis ricxvs, sadac eroziul procesebs

metad farTo gavrceleba da saSiSi xasiaTi aqvT. saqarTvelos mTagorian raioneb-
Si iSviaTad naxavT iseT ferdobs, romelic ar iyos erozirebuli da xevebiT daser-
ili. SeimCneva intensiuri mewyeruli da Rvarcofuli movlenebi. eroziuli procese-
bis intensivobis zrdis erT-erTi mizezi gaxda mTagoriani teritoriebis didqano-
biani ferdobebis itensiuri aTviseba da Zoveba, am miznebisaTvis Seuferebeli saso-
flo-sameurneo teqnikis gamoyenebiT. imis nacvlad, rom ferdobebi gamoeyenebinaT
kulturul saZovrebad (rac gacilebiT nakleb saSiSi iqneboda eroziuli procese-
bis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT) maTze daiwyes ufro momgebiani saToxni kulture-
bis, simindis, Tambaqos da sxvaTa moyvana. aseTma midgomam didi da gamousworebeli
ziani miayena Cvens upirveles simdidres _ miwas. iq sadac aseT qmedebas hqonda
adgili gamZafrda erozia, niadagis struqturianobis darRvevis, niadagSi humusis
Semcvelobis Semcirebis da maTi Tanmdevi procesebi. eroziuli procesebis ganvi-
Tarebis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT rTuli mdgomareobaa Seqmnili zemo imere-
Tis, aWaris, svaneTis da saqarTvelos sxva maRalmTian regionebSi.
niadagur-eroziuli procesebis intensiobis mixedviT saqarTvelos teritoria

SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg raionebad:
1. kolxeTis dablobis landSaftebi – xasiaTdeba sustad ganviTarebuli eroziuli

procesebiT, romlebSic sWarbobs gverdiTi erozia.
2. dasavleTi saqarTvelos vakis, gorak-borcvebis da mTis qvabulebis landSaftebi
– xasiaTdeba ZiriTadad qimiuri gamofitvis procesebiT wylismieri eroziis
monawilebiT.
3. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos vakis, gorak-borcvebisa da zegnebis landSaftebi – xa-
siaTdeba ZiriTadad qarismieri eroziis procesebiT wylismieri eroziis monaw-
ilebiT.
4. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos vakis, gorak-borcvebisa da zegnebis landSaftebi – xa-
siaTdeba ZiriTadad qarismieri eroziis procesebiT, Tumca adgili aqvs wylis-
mieri eroziis procesebsac.
5. saSualo mTis landSaftebi – xasiaTdeba ZiriTadad xazobrivi eroziuli pro-
cesebiT.
238
6. maRali mTis landSaftebi – xasiaTdeba zedapiruli Camorecxvis intensiuri pro-

cesebiT, siRrmiTi eroziis monawileobiT.
egzogenuri (geodinamiuri) safrTxeebi
saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba egzogenuri stiqiuri procesebis yvela forma. amgvari

mravalferovneba ukavSirdeba geologiuri agebulebis, reliefuri formebis da ha-
vis mravalferovnebas. maT ganawilebas, da Sesabamisad, egzogenur procesebs kargad
gamoxaTuli geografiuli saxesxvaobani axasiaTebs. zRvis donidan 1000 metramde, anu
dablob, gorak-borvian da dabali mTebis gavrcelebis arealebisTvis, ZiriTadad
damaxasiaTebelia akumulaciuri, eroziuli da denudaciuri procesebi. saSua-
lo mTebisTvis intensiuria eroziul-denudaciuri da karstuli procesebi, xolo
maRal mTebSi – denudaciur-eroziuli da glacialuri. cnobilia, rom Rvarcofuli
da mewyruli procesebi damaxasiaTebelia TiTqmis sruli simaRlebrivi speqtris
landSaftebisTvis. amJamad gamovlenilia sxvadasxva xarisxis egzogenuri saSiSroe-
bis riskis 50 000-ze meti ubani, romelTa saerTo farTobi 1.5 milion ha-s aRemate-
ba, xolo dinamikaSi myofi mewyrebis 70%-mde fiqsirebulia dasaxlebuli punqtebis,
sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebisa da infrastruqturuli obieqtebis zonaSi. egzo-
genuri procesebis uSualo saSiSroebis zonaSi imyofeba 2 000-mde dasaxlebuli pun-
qti 200 000-ze meti mosaxliT, agreTve centraluri saavtomobilo gzebis, navTob da
gazsadenebis, didi hidroteqnikuri wyalsacavebis arealebi.
saqarTveloSi miwisZvris maqsimaluri magnituda SeiZleba iyos 7, xolo am miwisZ-

vriT gamowveuli efeqtisa da zaralis Sefaseba MSK skalis mixedviT – 8-10 bali.
miwisZvrebi TbilisSi epicentriT fiqsirdeboda 1912, 1913 da 1920 wlebSi, romelTa
efeqti ar aRemateboda 5-6 bals. 2000 wlis 14 dekembers Tbilisidan samxreT-dasav-
leTiT, 11 kilometrSi moxda miwisZvra Ms=3.5, romelmac miuxedavad misi simcirisa,
daaziana Senobebi Tbilisis mowyvlad ubnebSi (Zveli Tbilisi, Tavisuflebis moed-
nis mimdebare teritoria). 2002 wlis 25 aprilis Tbilisis miwisZvrac dabali klasis
miwisZvra iyo – Mw=4.5, magram Senobebis mowyvladobis gamo daiRupa 7 adamiani, da-
zianda skolebi, sacxovrebeli Senobebi. miwisZvris efeqti iyo 6-7 bali, xolo regis-
trirebuli maqsimaluri gruntis aCqareba 0.11g. istoriul da instrumentul monace-
mebze dayrdnobiT, TbilisSi momxdari miwisZvrebis maqsimaluri efeqti iyo 7 bali,
xolo Sor manZilze momxdari didi miwisZvrebis efeqti, dedaqalaqSi ar aWarbebda
7-8 bals. miwisZvrisgan miyenebuli zarali gansakuTrebiT didia mWidrod urbanize-
bul teritoriebze. mowyvladi masStaburi Senobebi Zlieri miwisZvris SemTxvevaSi,
did adamianur msxverpls da ekonomikur zarals iwvevs.
klimatogenuri safrTxeebi
setyva fiqsirdeba qveynis mTel teritoriaze. misi intensivoba da sixSire gansa-

kuTrebiT maRalia aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. yovelwliurad aRiniSneba am mov-
lenis 5-dan 15-mde SemTxveva. setyvas SeuZlia mTlianad gaanadguros naTesebi, mo-
savali, daamsxvrios Siferisa da kramitis saxuravebi, Caamsxvrios minebi, daazianos
avtomanqanebi, daxocos saqoneli da frinveli. rodesac setyvis calkeuli marcv-
lebis wona 100-200 gr da metia, SesaZlebelia adamianTa daRupvac. arasruli monace-
mebiT, bolo 13 weliwadSi qveynisTvis setyvisgan miyenebulma zaralma 140 milion
lars gadaaWarba.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmosavleTis mimarTulebis Zlieri qarebi aRiniSneba

kolxeTis dablobze, md. yvirilas auzis qvemo welSi, Sida qarTlis baris centra-
239
lur nawilSi. dasavleTis mimarTulebis qarebi aRiniSneba saqarTvelos mTel ter-

itoriaze, gansakuTrebiT ki SavizRvispira zolSi, Sida da qvemo qarTlSi, kaxeTis
samxreT nawilSi. orive mimarTulebis Zlieri qarebi aRiniSneba agreTve qveynis
mTiani da maRalmTiani regionebis Txemur nawilebSi. am movlenebis ganmeorebis six-
Sire bolo 20 weliwadSi 2-jer gaizarda da yovel 4-5 weliwadSi meordeba. Zlieri
(25-30 m/wm siCqaris) qarebis ganmeorebadoba maRalia da weliwadSi 5-7-is fargleb-
Si meryeobs, xolo Zalian Zlieri (30 m/wm-ze meti) qarebi quTaisi-zestafonis mon-
akveTSi da Tbilisis gareubnebSi weliwadSi 1-2-jer, xolo qveynis sxva regionebSi,
saSualod 5 weliwadSi erTxel meordeba. mTiani regionebis gadasasvlelebze da
Txemur nawilebze Zalian Zlieri qarebis albaToba ufro xSiria da yovelwliurad
ramdenjerme aRiniSneba. Zlieri qarebi azianebs kavSirgabmulobisa da eleqtroga-
damcem xazebs, iwvevs zRvis Relvas, mtvrian qariSxals, qarbuqs da Tovlis araTana-
bar ganawilebas, rasac mosdevs namqerebis warmoqmna, niadagis tenisgan gaRaribeba
da sxva. Cvens pirobebSi gansakuTrebiT araxelsayreli movlenaa satransporto ma-
gistralebze qarbuqiT gamowveuli namqerebis warmoqmna. es arRvevs transportis
muSaobis reJims, rac qveynis ekonomikisTvis mniSvnelovani zaralis momtania.
gvalva aRiniSneba qveynis praqtikulad mTel teritoriaze, gansakuTrebuli inten-

sivobiT ki kaxeTis, Sida da qvemo qarTlis, aseve zemo imereTis regionebi gamoirCe-
va. mis Sedegad SesaZlebelia mTlianad ganadgurdes erTwliani (wlis mosavali)
da mniSvnelovnad daziandes mravalwliani sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebi. gvalvis
Camoyalibebas ganapirobebs naleqebis normaze gacilebiT dabali raodenoba, haeris
maRali temperatura da sxva anomaliuri hidrometeorologiuri movlenebi (maT
Soris xangrZlivi periodis mSrali qarebi). 2000 wels gvalvam, romelic 7 Tve gagr-
Zelda, qveynis teritoriis 50%-ze meti moicva. stiqiam saerTaSoriso klasifikaciiT
dadgenili oTxive stadia (meteorologiuri, hidrologiuri, sasoflo-sameurneo
da socialur-ekonomikuri) gaiara. zaralma 300 milion lars gadaaWarba.
tyis da velis xanZrebis safrTxe
tyis xanZrebis saSiSroebidan yvelaze mniSvnelovania xanZrebi samcxe-javaxeTis,

imereTis, kaxeTis, Sida qarTlisa da aWaris regionebSi (xanZarsaSiSroebis I-III klass
mikuTvnebuli farTobebi). bolo wlebis statistikuri monacemebis Tanaxmad, tyis
xanZrebis SemTxvevaTa umetesoba, gansakuTrebiT dasaxlebul punqtebTan axlos mde-
bare tyis masivebSi, anTropogenuli zemoqmedebiT aris gamowveuli. xanZrebis war-
moqmnis anTropogenuli mizezebidan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia: dasaxlebuli pun-
qtebis siaxlove (mosaxleobis daudevroba, nagavsayrelebi da a.S), sasoflo-sameur-
neo savargulebis „gadawvis~ praqtika, samrewvelo obieqtebis siaxlove, xanZarsaw-
inaaRmdego dacviTi zolebis ararseboba, tyiTsargeblobis wesebis darRveva (tyis
Wris adgilebis gauwmendaoba). amJamad saqarTveloSi, TiTqmis yovelwliurad, 10 – 13
aTasi xanZari fiqsirdeba, rasac ramdenime ateuli adamianis sicocxale ewireba.
velis xanZris gavrcelebis mniSvnelovani xelSemwyobi faqtoria qarsafari zolebis

ganadgureba (gaCexvis da „gadawvis~ praqtikis Sedegad). anTropogenul mizezebs
emateba bunebrivi faqtorebic (mag.: maRali temperaturuli reJimi 2014 wlis zafxul-
Si). rogorc bunebrivi, aseve anTropogenuli faqtorebiT gamowveulma xanZrebma,
Sesabamisi kontrolis da prevenciuli RonisZiebebis gautareblobis SemTxvevaSi,
SesaZloa stiqiuri xasiaTi miiRos. saqarTveloSi masiuri xanZrebi SesaZlebelia
ganviTardes ramdenime aTas heqtarze (2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis dros xan-
Zarma moicva 1 000 ha-mde farTobi) da savaraudod, gamoiwvios rogorc msxverpli
240
mosaxleobaSi, aseve regionebis infrastruqturis moSla, adgilobriv mcxovrebTa

evakuacia da Sesabamisi teritoriebis grZelvadiani (minimum 5 weliwadze meti xniT)
ekologiuri dazianeba.
tyis da velis xanZrebi gansakuTrebul safrTxes uqmnis niadags. niadagis humuso-

vani fenis gadaxureba da Sesabamisad, organuli nivTierebebis da calkeuli sakvebi
elementebis danakargebi, sabolood, niadagis fizikuri da qimiuri maxasiaTeblebis
Secvlas da misi nayofierebis daqveiTebas iwvevs. niadagisTvis miyenebuli ziani
damokidebulia xanZris intensivobaze da mis xangrZlivobaze (rac ufro Zlieri da
xangrZlivia xanZari, miT ufro maRalia niadagidan organuli nivTierebebis da-
nakargi). amasTan, niadagi warmoadgens mravali mikro da makroorganizmis sacx-
ovrebel garemos, romelTa umravlesoba iRupeba maRali temperaturis pirobebSi.
Sedegad, bunebriv nivTierebaTa wrebrunvis darRvevis gamo, niadagis nayofiereba
mcirdeba. xanZrebi gansakurebiT saSiSia ferdobebze, radganac, mcenareuli safaris
gadawvis Sedegad, mniSvnelovnad izrdeba niadagis wylismieri eroziis riski.
5.6. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis dinamika da demografiuli problemebi
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis pirvelive wlebi qveynis mosaxleobisaTvis ur-

Tulesi problemebiთ aRiniშna. gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ganvi-
Tarebulma araordinarulma procesebma umZimesi socialur-ekonomikuri krizisi
da demografiuli sistemis mniSvnelovani deformireba gamoiwvia. aRniSnul movle-
naSi katalizatoris roli, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgom, aTobiT wlebis man-
Zilze arsebuli ekonomikuri kavSirebis myisierma gawyvetam, afxazeTSi da samxreT
oseTSi inspirirebulma SeiaraRebulma konfliqtebma da samoqalaqo omma Seasrula.
1990-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi katastroful vardnas ganicdida ZiriTadi eko-

nomikuri maCveneblebi. 1990-1994 ww. saqarTveloSi warmoebuli mTliani Sida pro-
duqti TiTqmis 5-jer Semcirda. 1994 wels mrewvelobis mTliani produqcia 1958 wlis,
xolo soflis meurneobisa 1945 wlis doneze iyo daqveiTebuli. 1990 wels mrewvelo-
baSi dasaqmebuli iyo naxevar milionze meti adamiani, romlis mniSvnelovani nawili
umuSevari darCa. 1990 wels saSualoTviurma inflaciam saqarTveloSi 1.7% Seadgina,
1992 wels 21.3%, xolo 1994 wels 56.3%. 1994 wels mTliani Sida produqti erT sul
nax 1. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis raodenobis dinamika (1989-2018 ww.)
241
nax. 2. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis Sobadobis, mokvdaobisa da bunebrivi

matebis zogadi koeficientebis dinamika (1990-2017 ww.).
mosaxleze, mxolod 506 dolaris toli iyo, ris mixedviTac saqarTvelo msoflios
uRaribesi qveynebis rigSi aRmoCnda.
arsebuli mdgomareoba TiTqmis myisierad aisaxa demografiul maCveneblebSi. mk-

veTrad Semcirda mosaxleobis da dabadebulTa absoluturi raodenoba, gaizarda
mokvdaobis koeficienti, intensiurad mimdinareobda mosaxleobis demografiuli
daberebis procesi, Zalian maRal masStabebs miaRwia emigraciam. 1989-2002 ww. aRwe-
rebs Soris periodSi mosaxleobis raodenoba 19.1%-iT Semcirda (nax. 1). mosaxleo-
bis klebis tendencia Semdgom wlebSic gagrZelda, ris Sedegadac 1989-2018 ww. mo-
saxleobis klebam 30.9% Seadgina. aRsaniSnavia, rom es ukanaskneli maCvenebeli yo-
fil sabWoTa respublikebs Soris yvelaze maRali iyo.
1990-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi SeimCneoda Sobadobis mkveTri klebis tendencia, ro-

melic 2005 wlis CaTvliT grZeldeboda. 1990-2005 ww. Sobadobis zogadi koeficienti
37.4%-iT Semcirda (nax. 2). 2005-2016 wlebSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli koe-
ficienti matebis tendencias amJRavnebda, 2017 wlis monacemis mixedviT misi mniSv-
neloba Semcirda da 14.3‰ Seadgina. dafiqsirebuli faqti, savaraudod momavalSic
SenarCunebuli iqneba. rac Seexeba mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis meore mTavar kom-
ponents – mokvdaobas, aRniSnul periodSi, yovel aTas mcxovrebze misi mniSvnelo-
ba mateba-klebis tendenciiT xasiaTdeboda. momavalSi, mosaxleobis demografiuli
daberebis procesis gaTvaliswinebiT, mosalodnelia arsebuli donis metnaklebad
SenarCuneba an mcire mateba.
Sobadobisa da mokvdaobis sferoebSi mimdinare procesebi, mosaxleobis bunebriv

matebaSi piulobs saboloo asaxvas. 1990-2017 wlebSi mkveTrad (80.8%-iT) Semcirda
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis koeficienti, romelmac 2017 wels mxo-
lod 1.5‰ Seadgina.
urbanizacia
saqarTveloSi intensiurad mimdinareobda urbanizaciis procesi. Tuki me-19 saukunis

miwuruls qalaqebSi cxovrobda qveynis mosaxleobis mxolod 15.8%, 2017 wels aRniS-
nulma maCvenebelma 57.2% Seadgina. gansakuTrebiT swrafad mimdinareobda urbaniza-
ciuli procesebi 1960-ian wlamde (nax. 3).
242
nax. 3. qalaqisa da soflis mosaxleobis wili qveynis

mosaxleobis saerTo radenobaSi (1897-2017 ww.).
aRsaniSnavia, rom amJamad saqarTveloSi mkveTradaa gamoxatuli urbanuli qselis

polarizeba. 1990 wels TbilisSi, qveynis mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis 26%
cxovrobda. 2017 wlis monacemebis Tanaxmad ki aRniSnulma maCvenebelma 29%-s ga-
daaWarba. amJamad TbilisSi cxovrobs qveynis qalaqis mosaxleobis saerTo raode-
nobis naxevarze meti (51%). Tbilisis Semdgom, yvelaze mravalricxovani qalaqebia:
baTumi, quTaisi da rusTavi.
migracia
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis xangrZlivi istoriis

manZilze, sxvadasxva formiTa da intensivobiT, yovelTvis axasiaTebda migraciu-
li procesebi. miuxedavad amisa, qarTvelebi istoriulad naklebad migrirebad ere-
bs miekuTvnebodnen, rasac xels uwyobda miwaTmoqmedebis da kulturis istoriuli
tradiciebi. sabWoTa imperiis arsebobis periodSi gare migraciuli procesebi mi-
nimaluri iyo, vinaidan aRniSnuli imperia praqtikulad Caketil sivrces warmoad-
genda. am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelosaTvis gare migraciad unda miviCnioT calkeul
sabWoTa respublikebTan arsebuli migraciuli procesebi. saqarTvelo emigraciuli
qveyana 1960 wlidan xdeba anu maSin, roca am wels qveynidan gasulTa raodenobam
16.8 aTasiT gadaaWarba SemosulTa raodenobas. 1990 wlamde migraciis uaryofiTi
saldos yvelaze maRali mniSvneloba 1975 wels dafiqsirda (-25.5 aTasi), ris Semdgom
igi Semcirda da 1976-1990 wlebSi saSualod -17.6 aTass Seadgenda. miuxedavad imisa,
rom ganxiluli drois monakveTSi migraciuli saldo uaryofiTi iyo, mosaxleobis
bunebrivi matebis maRali maCveneblebis Sedegad, qveynis mosaxlerobis saerTo rao-
denoba ar ar Semcirebula.
saqarTvelos mier damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdgom, sazRvrebis gaxsnisa da

1990-ian wlebidan ganviTarebuli araordinaruli movlenebis Sedegad, radikalu-
ri cvlilebebi ganicada migraciuli nakadebis mimarTulebebma, warmoudgenlad
gafarTovda migraciis geografia, Seicvala, migrantTa asakobrivi, sqesobrivi da
socialuri struqtura. gansakuTrebiT did masStabebs aRwevda migraciis uaryofiTi
saldo 1992-1996 wlebSi. aRniSnuli drois monakveTSi qveynidan wasulTa raodenoba
673.1 aTasiT aRemateboda CamosulTa raodenobas (nax. 4).
saqarTvelos migraciul procesebSi mniSvnelovani movlena moxda 2004 wels, ro-

desac 1960 wlidan pirvelad qveyanaSi, CamosulTa raodenobam 5.5 aTasiT gadaaWarba
243
nax. 4. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis gare migraciis saldo (1990-2017 ww.)
gasulTa raodenobas. momdevno 2005 wels dadebiTi gare migraciuli saldo TiTamis
14-jer gaizarda da 76.3 aTasi kaci Seadgina. aRniSnuli movlena SesaZlebelia aixs-
nas imiT, rom ,,vardebis revoluciis’’ Semdgom periodSi, sazRvargareT myofi Cveni
Tanamemamuleebis garkveul nawils, mieca qveyanaSi socialur-ekonomikuri mdgo-
mareobis gaumjobesebisa da Rirseuli dasaqmebis imedi, ris gamoc isini dabrundnen
samSobloSi. amasve emateba evropis sxvadasxva qveynidan da ruseTidan saqartvelos
mosaxleobis deportaciis procesi, ris Sedegadac samSobloSi ramdenime aTasi ada-
miani dabrunda. aRniSnuli procesi xanmokle aRmoCnda da 2006 wlidan moyolebuli
garemigraciuli saldo kvlav uaryofiTi iyo.
saqarTvelodan emigrirebuli adamianebis absoluturi umravlesoba, qveyanas mZime

socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo tovebs. umuSevrobis maCvenebeli 2004-
nax. 5. emigrantTa raodenobis ganawileba 10 ZiriTadi qveynis mixedviT (procentebSi)
244
2010 wlebSi 3.7 punqtiT gaizarda da 2010 wels 16.3% Seadgenda. erovnul-demokra-
tiuli institutis mier 2011 wlis seqtemberSi Catarebuli gamokvlevis mixedviT,
mosaxleobis 62%-ma ,,samuSao’’ qveynis nomer pirvel problemad miiCnia.
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 2002 wlis aRweris mixedviT, qveynidan gamgzavrebulTa

ZiriTadi nawili ruseTSi iyo emigrirebuli (64.5%), rac umTavresad am qveynis geo-
grafiuli siaxloviTa da enobrivi barieris ar arsebobiT iyo ganpirobebuli.
ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 wlis agvistos omis Semdgom, saqarTvelo gavida dsT-s

Semadgenlobidan, ris gamoc situacia ruseTTan kidev ufro daiZaba. Seqmnilma vi-
Tarebam saqarTvelos moqalaqeebisaTvis gaarTula ruseTSi Casvla. 2002-2014 wle-
bis aRwerebs Soris, Tuki saqarTvelodan emigrirebulTa ZiriTadi nawili ruseTSi
miemarTeboda, 2014 wlis aRweris Tanaxmad ruseTSi emigrirebulTa wili 21.7%-s
Seadgenda. aRniSnuli aRweris monacemebiT, emigrirebulTa saerTo raodenobaSi
mniSvnelovani iyo germaniaSi, TurqeTSi da italiaSi emigrirebulTa wili (nax. 5).
2014 wlis mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebis mixedviT 2002-2014 wlebSi Soris pe-
riodSi, saqarTvelos regionebs Soris dadebiTi Sida migraciuli saldo gaaCndaT
mxolod Tbiliss da qvemo qarTlis regions. yvelaze maRali uaryofiTi Sida migra-
ciuli saldo dafiqsirda imereTSi da samegrelo – zemo svaneTis regionebSi.
saqarTvelosaTvis umniSvnelovanes problemas warmoadgens droebiT okupirebuli

teritoriebidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa (igp) problema. gansaxlebisa da
ltolvilTa saministros oficialuri monacemebis Tanaxmad, igp-Ta raodenoba, 2014
wlis seqtembris mdgomareobiT, daaxloebiT 260 aTas adamians Seadgenda. saqarT-
veloSi arseboben eko-migrantebi, romlebic iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa gan-
sakuTrebul kategoria warmoadgenen. aRsaniSnavia, rom qveynaSi moqmedi kanonmde-
blobis mixedviT, iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piris statusis miniWebis safuZvels
ar warmoadgens stiqiuri ubedurebebi, ris gamoc eko-migrantebi samarTlebrivi
dacvis farglebs gareT imyofebian. saqarTvelos mTavrobis iniciativiT, 2004 wli-
dan xorcieldeba mizanmimarTuli programa, romelic gulisxmobs aRniSnuli kate-
goriis mosaxleobis sacxovrebeliT uzrunvelyofas. 2017 wlisaTvis mTavrobis dax-
marebiT daaxloebiT 2 aTasi ojaxis sacxovrebliT dakmayofileba ganxorcielda.
eko-migrantebis umravlesoba aWaraSia Tavmoyrili, sadac mdgomareobas arTulebs
Tavisufali miwis nakveTebis simcire da mosaxleobis SedarebiT maRali zrdis tempi.
mosaxleobis erovnuli Semadgenloba
1989 wlis mosaxleobis aRweris mixedviT, qarTvelebis xvedriTi wili mosaxleo-

bis saerTo raodenobaSi 70.1%-s Seadgenda. damoukideblobis wlebSi Catarebuli
aRwerebis mixedviT (2002 da 2014 wlebi), miuxedavad qarTvelebis raodenobrivi
klebisa, maTi wili mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobaSi matulobda. aRsaniSnavia, rom
es ukanaskneli faqti emigraciul procesebs ukavSirdeba, vinaidan qveynidan gasul
mosaxleobas Soris mravlad iyvnen sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebic. aRsaniSnavia,
rom 2002 wlis aRweris mixedviT, qarTvelebis Semdgom meore adgilze aRmoCndnen
azerbaijanelebi, romlebmac somxebi Caanacvles. 2002 da 2014 wlebis monacemebiT
afxazebisa da osebis mcire raodenoba ganpirobebulia im faqtiT, rom aRniSnul
aRwerebSi aRricxul iqna saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier kontrolirebad teri-
toriebze mcxovrebi mosaxleoba. 1989-2014 ww. 90%-ze metiT Semcirda rusebis, berZne-
bisa da ebraelebis raodenoba.
245
mosaxleobis erovnuli Semadgenloba 1989, 2002 da 2014 wlebi
absoluturi raodenoba procenti

erovneba (aTasi)
1989* 2002** 2014 1989* 2002** 2014
qarTveli 3787.4 3661.2 3224.6 70.1 83.8 86.8
afxazi 95.9 3.5 0.9 1.8 0.1 0.0
osi 164.1 38.0 14.4 3.0 0.9 0.4
somexi 437.2 248.9 168.1 8.1 5.7 4.5
rusi 341.2 67.7 26.5 6.3 1.5 0.7
azerbaijaneli 307.6 284.8 233.0 5.7 6.5 6.3
berZeni 100.3 15.2 5.5 1.9 0.3 0.1
ebraeli 24.8 3.8 1.4 0.5 0.1 0.0
ukraineli 52.4 7.0 6.0 1.0 0.2 0.2
qurTi 33.3 2.5 1.6 0.6 0.1 0.0
iezidi …. . .… 18.3 12.2 … 0.4 0.3
qisti . . .… 7.1 5.7 … 0.2 0.2
danarCeni 56.7 13.5 14.0 1.0 0.3 0.4
sul 5400.8 4371.5 3713.8 100.0 100.0 100.0
** monacemebi 2002 wlidan moicaven saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier kontrolirebad teri-

toriebs.
demografiuli viTareba saqarTvelos regionebSi
saqarTveloSi arsebuli arasaxarbielo socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis

Sedegad, mniSvnelovnad cvlileba ganicada mosaxleobis regionulma ganawilebam.
2002-2014 wlebSi, Tbilisis gamoklebiT, yvelgan mosaxleobis kleba dafiqsirda.
mosaxleobis dinamika saqarTvelos regionebSi 2002, 2014 da 2018 wlebSi
mosaxleobis mosaxleobis cvlileba

regioni raodenoba (aTasi) (aTasi)
2002 2014 2018 2002-2014 2014-2017
Tbilisi 1081.7 1108.7 1158.7 27.0 5.9
aWara 376.0 334.0 346.3 -42.0 5.0
guria 143.4 113.4 110.5 -30.1 -0.8
imereTi 699.7 533.9 507.0 -165.8 -4.2
kaxeTi 407.2 318.6 314.7 -88.6 -1.1
mcxeTa-mTianeTi 125.4 94.6 93.9 -30.8 -0.8
raWa-leCxumi da qv. svaneTi 51.0 32.1 30.2 -18.9 -1.1
samegrelo-zemo svaneTi 468.0 330.8 320.8 -137.2 -2.5
samcxe-javaxeTi 207.6 160.5 155.9 -47.1 0.1
qvemo qarTli 497.5 424.0 432.3 -73.5 3.4
Sida qarTli 314.0 263.4 259.3 -50.6 0.3
246
gansakuTrebiT didi iyo klebis masStabi imereTSi (-165.8 aTasi) da samegrelo-zemo

svaneTSi (-137.2 aTasi).
yvelaze urbanizebulia aWara da imereTi, sadac qalaqis mosaxleobis wili

Sesabamisad 55.4 da 48.6%-s Seadgens. dabalurbanizebul regionebs miekuTvneba kaxe-
Ti (22.3%), mcxeTa-mTianeTi (22.2%), raWa-leCxumisa da qvemo svaneTis (22.3%) mxare.
2017 wlisTvis, Sobadobis zogadi koeficienti yvelaze maRali iyo aWaraSi (17.8‰)
da qvemo qarTlSi, danarCen regionebSi ki, aRniSnuli maCvenebeli kritikul mniSv-
nelobaze dabali iyo. ganxiluli koeficientis yvelaze dabali mniSvneloba (11.1‰)
raWa-leCxumSi da qvemo svaneTSi dafiqsirda.
saqarTvelos regionebis demografiuli maCveneblebi
leobis wili * (%)
mosaxleobis sa-
saxleoba (%) **
saxleoba (%) **
rosi asakis mo-
bunebrivi mate-
Sualo asaki **
qalaqis mosax-
65 wlis da uf-
15 wlamde mo-
koeficienti *
koeficienti *
koeficienti *
mokvdaobis
bis zogadi
Sobadobis
zogadi
zogadi
Tbilisi 13.1 10.5 2.6 100 19.1 12.0 36.3

aWara 17.8 10.2 7.7 55.4 19.7 11.0 35.7
guria 13.2 16.7 -3.5 28.2 16.3 18.8 41.8
imereTi 14.6 16.8 -2.2 48.6 17.4 17.5 40.5
kaxeTi 14.9 15.2 -0.3 22.3 17.8 17.4 40.2
mcxeTa-mTianeTi 12.8 14.6 -1.8 22.2 17.0 16.9 39.8
raWa-leCxumi da qv. svaneTi 11.1 24.1 -12.9 22.3 12.1 28.3 48.2
samegrelo-zemo svaneTi 13.7 15.8 -2.1 39.0 16.9 17.0 40.8
samcxe-javaxeTi 13.8 12.3 1.5 34.1 19.8 14.0 37.7
qvemo qarTli 15.6 10.1 5.4 42.4 21.1 11.2 35.6
Sida qarTli 14.0 13.2 0.8 39.9 18.4 14.9 38.8
saqarTvelo 14.3 12.8 1.5 57.2 18.6 14.3 38.1
* – 2017 weli; ** – 2014 weli.
2017 wels, gansakuTrebiT maRali mokvdaobis zogadi koeficienti dafiqsirda ra-

Wa-leCxumis da qvemo svaneTis regionSi (24.1‰), guriaSi da imereTSi. ganxiluli
koeficientis SedarebiT dabali mniSvnelobebiT gamoirCeoda aWara da qvemo qa-
rTli. am ukanasknelTa Soris, Sobadobis maRali da mokvdaobis dabali maCveneb-
lebis Sedegad, yvelaze maRali iyo mosaxleobis bunebrivi mateba. igive maCvenebeli
katastrofulad dabali iyo raWa-leCxumisa da qvemo svaneTis regionSi (-12.9‰).
saqarTvelos regionebSi intensiurad mimdinareobs mosaxleobis demografiuli

daberebis procesi. am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze daberebulia mosaxleoba raWa-leCx-
umis da qvemo svaneTis mxareSi, sadac 65 wlis da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis wili
regionis mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobaSi 28.3%-s Seadgens. Sesabamisad am ukanask-
nelSi yvelaze maRalia saSualo asakis maCvenebeli, romelic 48.2 wlis tolia. da-
247
berebuli mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili aseve maRalia guriaSi, imereTSi, kaxeTSi da

samegrelo-zemo svaneTSi. aRniSnul regionebSi demografiuli daberebis done mis
kritikul zRvars (7%), orjer da metjer aWarbebs. saqarTvelos regionebs Soris,
SedarebiT dabalia mosaxleobis saSualo asakis maCveneblebi TbilisSi, aWaraSi da
qvemo qarTlSi.
demografiuli viTareba mTiani regionebSi

(onis municipalitetis magaliTze)
mTiani regionebis demografiuli viTarebis formirebaSi da ganviTarebaSi, ZiriTad
rols rTuli socialur-ekonomikuri da bunebrivi faqtorebi asruleben. magaliT-
ad, 1990-iani wlebSi ganviTarebulma socialur-ekonomikurma procesebma, rasac en-
dogenuri da geodinamiuri procesebis gaaqtiurebac mohyva, kidev ufro gaarTula
onis municipalitetSi wlebis manZilze arsebuli isedac arasaxarbielo demogra-
fiuli viTareba. arada, onis raioni, geografiuli mdebareobis gamo, umniSvnelova-
nes rols asrulebs kavkasiis regionSi geopolitikuri procesebis stabilizaciaSi.
amave dros igi gamoirCeva maRali resursuli potencialiT (energetikuli, biolo-
giuri, rekreaciuli, sasoflo-sameurneo da sxv.), rac meurneobis araerTi mimar-
Tulebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani winapirobaa.
onis municipalitetSi umZimesi demografiuli viTarebis erT-erTi indikatoria mo-

saxleobis absoluturi raodenobis mkveTri kleba. aq 1990-2017 wlebSi mosaxleobis
absoluturi raodenoba 53.5%-iT Semcirda (nax. 6).
katastrofuli kleba ganicada mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraobis maCveneblebma.

Sobadobis zogadi koeficienti 1990 wels 12.7‰-s toli iyo, 2016 wels ki misi mniS-
vneloba 9.2‰-mde Semcirda. amave wels, onis municipalitetSi dafiqsirebuli mok-
vdaobis zogadi koeficienti, qveynis masStabiT erT-erTi yvelaze maRali (24.4‰)
iyo. igi 1.8-jer aRemateboda saqarTveloSi arsebuli mokvdaobis saSualo dones.
amgvari viTareba mosaxleobis demografiuli daberebis maRali maCveneblebs uka-
vSirdeba. aseve katastrofulad daeca mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis koeficientis
mniSvneloba (nax. 7).
onis municipalitetis mosaxleobis bunebriv moZraobaSi arsebuli negatiuri ten-

denciebisa da masStaburi emigraciuli procesebis Sedegad, mkveTrad Semcirda mo-
saxleobis saerTo raodenobaSi 15 wlamde asakis bavSvebis wili. aq amJamad TiTqmis
yoveli mesame mcxovrebi 65 wlis da ufrosi asakisaa.
nax. 6. onis municipalitetis mosaxleobis dinamika (1990-2017 ww.)
248
nax. 7. Sobadobis, mokvdaobisa da bunebrivi matebis koeficientebis

dinamika onis municipalitetSi, 1990-2016 ww.
15 wlamde da 65 wlis da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis raodenoba

(1989 – 2014 wlebi)
absoluturi monacemebi procenti

asaki
2002 2014 2002 2014
<15
2239 708 17.5 11.5
65+
2633 1845 20.5 30.1
1989-2014 wlebis aRweraTaSoris periodSi, mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda onis

municipalitetis soflis mosaxleobis geografiul ganawilebaSi. ukve 2014 wlisT-
nax. 8. mosaxleobis ganawileba vertikaluri zonebis mixedviT

onis municipalitetis soflebSi 1989 da 2014 wlebSi (absoluturi monacemebi)
249
vis, maRalmTian zonaSi (1800 metrze maRla) aRaravin cxovrobda. amave periodSi
2.4-jer Semcirda mosaxleobis absoluturi raodenoba saSualomTian zonaSi, xolo
dabalmTian da baris zonebSi Sesabamisad 2-jer da 1.9-jer (nax.8). municipalitetis
soflebSi mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobam, 2014 wels 3474 mcxovrebi Seadgina, rac
2-jer da metjer naklebia 1989 wlis maCvenebelze.
arsebuli demografiuli mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, onis municipaliteti de-

mografiulad ,,momakvdavi~ municipalitetebis ricxvs miekuTvneba. samwuxarod,
analogiuri viTarebaa guriis, imereTis, fSav-xevsureTis, mTiuleTis, xevis da Sida
qarTlis mTian regionebSi. Seqmnili umZimesi demografiuli mdgomareobis dasa-
regulireblad, gadaudebel amocanas warmoadgens yuradReba daeTmos maT mdgrad
ganviTarebas, ris gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba mosaxlebis aRwarmoebis sasurveli md-
gomareobis miRweva. da kidev ufro gamwvavdeba demografiuli viTareba.
5.7. saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri Taviseburebani da problemebi
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis tendenciebi ramdenime aqtualuri sakiTxis

gadawyvetas saWiroebs: regionSi (kavkasia, Savis zRvis mosazRvre qveynebi, centralu-
ri azia, axlo aRmosavleTi) konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas, eqsportze orienti-
rebuli meurneobis ganviTarebas, ganaTlebis sistemis modernizacias, biznesgaremos
gaumjobesebas, efeqturi infrastruqturis ganviTarebas, inovaciebis farTo danerg-
vas da evropuli faseulobebis sayovelTao dafuZnebas. aRniSnul regionSi saqarT-
velos centraluri mdebareoba xelsayrel faqtorad miiCneva mdgradi ekonomikuri
ganviTarebisTvis.
saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri zrdis stimulireba ramdenime etapad ganxorcielda. ga-

suli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, xeli Seewyo bazris liberalizacias,
rac mewarmeebisaTvis gadasaxadebis, nebarTvebis, gaformebis da licenzirebis pro-
cesebis gamartiveba da dokumenturi biurokratiis maqsimaluri SezRudva mohyva. sa-
xelmwifos investiciebi didi raodenobiT iqna mimarTuli infrastruqturis ganvi-
Tarebaze, rac ver aisaxa ekonomikuri zrdis tempebsa da dasaqmebulTa raodebobaze.
yovelwliurad izrdeboda da izrdeba ucxouri investiciebic, rac mxolod ramdeni-

me dargis (sabanko seqtori, energetika, sagzao infrastruqtura) stimulirebisTvis
iqna gamoyenebuli. mTavari mizani – axali teqnologiebis danergva, eqsportis zrda,
axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna – neli tempebiT viTardeboda. amJamad umuSevrobis
done, oficialuri informaciiT, 15%-s aRwevs, rac misi gamoTvlis kriteriumebis
mixedviT ver asaxavs realur viTarebas. umuSvroba kvlav rCeba saqarTvelos um-
Tavres socialur-ekonomikur gamowvevad.
gansakuTrebiT neli tempebiT viTardeba soflis meurneoba, ris gamoc qveyanaSi im-
portirebuli kvebis produqtebi moxmarebis 70%-ze mets Seadgens. amgvari viTareba
kapitalis gadinebis da adgilobrivi bazris Seferxebis winapirobaa. eqsportisa da
importis disbalansis maCveneblebiT saqarTvelo regionSi erT-erT bolo adgil-
ze. ukanasknel wlebSi mudmivad izrdeba memcenareobis da mecxoveleobis warmoe-
buli produqciis moculoba, rac axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebas, da Sesabamisad,
saSualo mosalianobis matebas ukavSirdeba. aseve SeiniSneba memcenareobis mTeli
rigi saxeobebiT (simindi, qeri, lobio, kartofili, bostneuli da sxv.) dakavebuli
farTobebis Semcirebis tendencia.
250
ekonomikuri zrdis dabali tempebi ver aisaxa siRaribis maCveneblebis Semcirebaze.

misi daZleva kvlav rCeba qveynis umTavres socialur gamowvevad. saxelmwifo udi-
des Zalisxmevas axorcielebs socialurad daucveli mosaxleobis daxmarebisTvis,
rac jer kidev Sorsaa sasurvel donemde. srulyofil saxes ver Rebulobs saSualo
fenis Camoyalibebis procesi, kerZo seqtoris konkurentunarianoba, finansur re-
sursebze xelmisawvdomoba da sxv.
garkveul imeds aCens saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris asocirebis xelSekru-

leba, rac ukve iZleva ramdenime saxeobis (Rvino, mineraluri wylebi, Tafli, ka-
kali, Txili, Ciri, yveli da sxv.) sasursaTo produqtis eqsportirebis saSualebas.
mZafri msoflio konkurencia axal moTxovnebs uyenebs saqarTvelos ekonomikas.
aucilebel pirobad rCeba ekologiurad sufTa produqciis warmoeba, adgilobriv
mewarmeTa kvalifikaciis amaRleba, sainvesticio garemos gaumjobeseba da soflis
meurneobis zonaluri specializaciis jerovani gansazRvra.
arsebiTi disbalansia eqsport – importis maCveneblebs Soris, rac valutis gadine-

bis arsebiTi mizezia. amJamad importis moculoba 3-jer aRemateba eqsports. saqarT-
velo produqciis eqsports ZiriTadad axorcielebs mezobel, evrokavSiris qveyneb-
sa da CineTSi. savaWro brunviT gamoirCeva TurqeTi, ruseTi, azerbaijani, CineTi,
ukraina da germania.
socialur-ekonomikur problemaTa Soris kvlav mwvaved gamoiyureba sakuTrebis

uflebis dacva, davebis gadawyvetis samarTlebrivi CarCos efeqtianoba, antimono-
poliuri politika, mewarmeobis ganviTarebis saxelmwifo mxardaWera, sainvesti-
cio kanonmdeblobis daxvewa, inovaciebis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba, sabanko
davalianebaTa maRali done da sxv. arasasurvel doned miiCneva iseTi maCveneblebi,
rogoricaa: mosaxleobis mier internetis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba, kvlevisa da
ganviTarebisTvis saWiro finansebze xelmisawvdomoba, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis
uflebebis dacva da sxv.
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis aucilebelia eqsportis zrdis xelSe-

wyoba, infrastruqturis Semdgomi ganviTareba da qveynis satranzito potencialis
maqsimaluri gamoyeneba, lojistikuri centrebis Seqmna, sasoflo-sameurneo produ-
qciaze momsaxure infrastruqturis ganviTareba, energetikuli seqtoris efeqtiano-
bis amaRleba da warmoebuli energiis maCveneblebis gazrda energetikuli damou-
kideblobis miRwevis mizniT. umeteswilad gamouyenebelia saqarTvelos umdidresi
energetikuli potenciali, gansakuTrebiT Termuli wylebis, qaris da mzis energiis
saxiT.
kvlav maRalia samewarmeo sferoSi energiis sferosTan, vaWrobasTan, transport-

Tan da uZrav qonebasTan dakavSirebuli aqtivebis xvedriTi wili, rac 53% Seadgens.
amgvari viTareba uaryofiTad aisaxeba mrewvelobis, soflis meurneobis, mecniere-
bis, ganaTlebis da sxva dargebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebze.
qveynis ekonomikisTvis gamowvevad rCeba bunebrivi katastrofebis raodenobisa da

„xarisxis~ zrda, klimatis cvlilebasTan adaptacia, tyis resursebis racionaluri
gamoyeneba, mwvane ekonomikis ganviTarebis tempebi.
socialur problemaTa Soris aqtualobiT gamoirCeva umuSevrobis problema, ro-

melic garda raodenobrivi maCveneblebisa, asakobrivi da profesiuli struqturis
mixedviTac moqmedebs cxovrebis doneze. gansakuTrebiT maRalia dausaqmebel axal-
251
gazrdaTa xvedriTi wili, romliTac saqarTvelo „gamoirCeva~ aRmosavleT evro-

pasa da centraluri aziis qveynebs Soris. problemaa Sromis bazarze moTxovnasa da
miwodebas Soris arsebuli didi disbalansi. aq garkveul rols TamaSobs umaRlesi
ganaTlebis sistemac, rac jer kidev ver iTvaliswinebs axalgazrda specialistebis
moTxovna – miwodebis tendenciebs. amJamad umaRles damTavrebul axalgazrdaTa 1/3
umuSevaria. TiTqmis igive maCvenebeli axasiTebs profesiuli ganaTlebis mqone spe-
cialistebis dasaqmebas. arsaniSnavia isic, rom saqarTvelo kvlav arasaxarbielo
adgilzea msoflioSi saganmanaTleblo sistemis xarisxis da kvleviT da treningis
momsaxurebis xelmisawydomobiT.
amJamad ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba 2 milion mcxovrebs aRwevs, romelTagan

dasaqmebulad 88% miiCneva. dasaqmebulTa Soris naxevari TviTdasaqmebiTaa daka-
vebuli, raSic SinameurneobebSi saqmianoba iTvleba. dasaqmebis struqtura aisaxeba
ara mxolod umuSevrobis problemaze, aramed mosaxleobis Semosavlebzec. xelfa-
sis maRali maCveneblebiT gamoirCeva mSenebloba, transporti da kavSirgabmulo-
ba, samTo-mopovebiTi mrewveloba, safinanso saqmianoba, saxelmwifo mmarTvelo-
ba, gamanawilebeli organizaciebi da sxv. kvlav umniSvneloa anazRaureba soflis
meurnebis da ganaTlebis sferoSi, sastumro da sarestorno biznesSi. aRsaniSnavia,
rom xelfasis zrda TvalsaCinoa 2012 welTan SedarebiT. magaliTad, igi jandacvis
sferoSi 5-jer, socialur momsaxurebasa da Tevzis meurneobaSi – 4-jer, xolo ga-
naTlebasa da turistul biznesSi – 3.5-jer gaizarda.
TiTqmis erTgarovani suraTia saqarTvelos regionebSi warmoebuli produqciis

da dasaqmebulTa xvedriTi wilis ganawilebis mixedviT. am maCveneblebiT gamoirCe-
va Tbilisi, aWara, imereTi da qvemo qarTli, xolo yvelas CamorCeba raWa-leCxumi
da qvemo svaneTi, guria da mcxeTa – mTianeTis mxare.
mosaxleobis saSualo Tviuri Semosavlebic didi saxesxvaobebiT da arasaxarbie-

lo tendenciurobiT xasiaTdeba. ukanasknel wlebSi mudmivad izrdeba ucxoeTidan
miRebuli saxsrebis da qonebis gaqiravebidan miRebuli Semosavlebis odenoba. amave
dros mcirdeba soflis meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan miRebuli Semosavlebi,
rac am sferoSi mimdinare uaryofiT procesebze miuTiTebs. TvalSi sacemi sxvaobaa
qalaqis da soflis mosaxleobis Semosavlebis mxrivac. yovelTviurad, saSualod
qalaqad mcxovrebi adamiani saSualod 25%-iT met Semosavals iRebs, vidre soflad
mcxovrebi. da piriqiT, soflad mcxovrebi moqalaqis saSualoTviuri xarjebi aswvw
¼-iT naklebia, vidre qalaqad mcxovrebis. saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis danaxarjebis
TiTqmis naxevari sursaTze da janmrTelobis dacvaze modis, umniSvnelo ki ganaT-
lebaze, rac miuRebeli tendenciis maCveneblebia.
mZime viTarebaa socialuri daxmarebis mimRebTa raodenobis mimarTulebiTac. miz-

nobriv socialur daxmarebas 1.5 milioni moqalaqe iRebs (saqarTvelos mosaxleo-
bis 40%), romlis TiTqmis 1/3 saarsebo Semweobas saWiroebs. aseve maRalia sapensio
asakis adamianTa ricxvi, rac mosaxleobis 15% Seadgens. gaeros prognoziT, pensio-
nerTa xvedriTi wili saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi, 2050 wlisTvis, 25%-s miaRwevs,
rac TiTqmis gaaormagebs Sesabamis danaxarjebs.
problemaTa Soris aRsaniSnavia janmrTelobis dacvasTan dakaSirebuli sakiTxebi,

razec garkveulwilad metyvelebs gardacvlilTa xvedriTi wili mosaxleobis saer-
To raodenobaSi da gardacvalebis mizezebis analizi. ukanasknel wlebSi swrafad
izrdeba axalwarmonaqmnebiT (simsivniT), kanis da sunTqvis organoebis daavadebiT
gamowveul gardacvalebaTa raodenoba. zrdis tendeciiT xasiaTdeba sisxlis mimo-
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qcevis mizeziT da tramvebiT gardacvalebis SemTxvevaTa raodenoba. TvalsaCino

progresia Cvil bavSTa sicocxlis SenaCunebis sferoSi, sadac orjeraa Semcirebuli
(2013 – 2017 wlebi) maTi gardacvalebis SemTxvevebi. garkveuli tendenciebis maCvene-
belia daavadebebis struqtura. gansakuTrebiT xSiria sunTqvis organoebis, saWmlis
momnelebeli, sisxlis mimoqcvis, Sardsasqeso organoebis infeqciuri daavadebebi.
am ukanasknelSi raodenobiT gamoirCeva sasunTqi gzebis infeqcia, rac rTul ekolo-
giur viTareaze migvaniSnebs. TiTqmis analogiuri viTarebaa 14 wlamde asakis bavS-
vebSi, romelTa Soris ricxovnobiT infeqciuri, sunTqvis da saWmlis momnelebel
organoTa daavadebebi „gamoirCeva~ .
saqarTveloSi intensiurad mimdinareobs tyis aRdgena – gaSeneba. ukanasknel pe-

riodSi, yovelwliurad saSualod 180 ha-mde tyis nargaobis gaSeneba xerxdeba, rac
ekologiuri gajansaRebisTvis saxelmwifo zrunvis maniSnebelia. aRsaniSnavia isic,
rom izrdeba tyis Wris moculoba, rac yovel wels saSualod 650 aTas m3 aRemateba.
es saqarTvelos tyeebis yovelwliuri zrdis 2/3-ia, rac tyiani teritoriebis da tys
resursebis zrdis saSualebas iZleva.
kvlav maRalia atmosferoSi stacionaruli obieqtebidan mavne nivTierebebis

gafrqvevis moculoba (44 aTasi tona wliurad), rac 2010 wlidan moyolebuli ma-
tulobs. Tumca aseve izrdeba da maRalia maTi „daWeris xvedriTi wili, rac amJamad
90%-ze metia. atmosferul haerSi gabneuli nivTierebebis ZiriTadi nawili airad
da Txevad nivTierebebze modis, romelTa Soris naxSirJangi da naxSirwyalbadi
Warbobs. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ukanasknel wlebSi mcirdeba avtotransportidan
atmosferoSi gafrqveul nivTierebaTa raodenoba (saSualod 150 aTasi tona), Tumca
izrdeba masSi azotis dioqsidis, naxSirwyalbadis da Wvartlis xvedriTi wili.
5.8. saqarTvelos Tanamedrove gamowvevebi, mdgradi ganviTarebis

ZiriTadi miznebi da amocanebi
mdgradi ganviTareba rogorc kacobriobis, ise yoveli saxelmwifos ZiriTadi amo-

canaa. misi miRweva moiTxovs konkretuli mizanebis dasaxvas, rac arsebul viTare-
bas (Tanamedrove gamowvevebs), ganviTarebis istorias da perspeqtivebs ukavSirdeba.
mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebi strategiuli da taqtikuri amocanebis gansazRvriT
da maTi gadawyvetiT xorcieldeba.
rogorc nebismieri saxelmwifos, ise saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi

mizania qveynis mosaxleobis keTildReobis gaumjobeseba, materialuri da kul-
turuli faseulobebis dacva, ekonomikis da socialuri sferos aRmavloba, moma-
vali TaobebisTvis jansaRi bunebrivi garemos SenarCuneba, qveynis saerTaSoriso
avtoritetis amaRleba da regionuli stabulurobis SenarCuneba.
saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis arsebiTi winapirobaa biologiuri da land-

Safturi mravalferovneba, meurneobis da kvebis produqtebis warmoebis ramdenime
aTaswlovani istoria da tradiciebi, kulturul saxeobaTa endemuri jiSebi, mo-
saxleobis maRali inteleqtualuri potenciali, wylis da rekreaciuli resursebis
udidesi maragebi, xelovnebisa da kulturis msoflioSi erT-erTi aRiarebuli da
gamorCeuli done, xelsayreli satransporto-geografiuli mdebareoba.
saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis xelisSemSleli faqtorebia: araxelsayreli

geopolitikuri mdebareoba; mravalferovani, Tumca mcire raodenobis bunebrivi
resursebi; formirebadi meurneoba da sabazro urTierTobebi; eTnikuri da teri-
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toriuli konfliqtebi; rTuli socialur-ekonomikuri viTareba da demokratiuli

sazogadoebis formirebis procesi.
saqarTvelos xelisufleba araerTi gamowvevis winaSe dgas, romlis ZiriTadi

mizani mdgradi ganviTarebis principebis ganxorcieleba da misi xelisSemSleli
faqtorebis prevenciaa. swored mdgrad ganviTarebas unda ganapirobebdes mosaxle-
obis politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri, ekologiuri da kulturuli aqtivoba.
mxolod mdgradi ganviTarebis Sedegadaa SesaZlebeli qveynis teritoriuli mTlia-
nobis aRdgena da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa, cxovrebis donis amaRleba, qveynis
progresuli winsvla. saxelmwifom, erTis mxriv, uari unda Tqvas imgvar qmedebaze,
rac Seqmnis socialur, ekonomikur da ekologiur problemebs, xolo meores mxriv
– xeli Seuwyos zemoTaRniSnuli mimarTulebebis ganviTarebas, mdgradobis amaRle-
bas da viTarebis gaumjobesebas.
qveynis rogorc mdgradi ganviTarebis, ise mosaxleobis keTildReobis uzrunvely-

ofa SeuZlia mxolod kargad organizebul, samarTlebrivad gamarTul, konsolidi-
rebul da ganaTlebaze orientirebul saxelmwifos. amgvari Sedegis misaRwevad sa-
survelia ganisazRvros saxelmwifo politikis rangSi ayvanili Semdegi amocanebi):
sagareo politikis da saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis sferoSi – qveynis samxedro

usafrTxoebis da blokuri miukerZoeblobis, regionSi Tanabaruflebiani da keTil-
mezobluri partniorobis xelSewyobis, saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis dacvis da
evropul samarTlebriv sivrceSi integraciis gziT;
ekonomikis sferoSi – socialurad da ekologiurad orintirebuli sabazro ekono-

mikis ganviTarebis, ekologiurad sufTa adgilobrivi warmoebis stimulirebis,
bunebrivi resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebis, tradiciuli soflis meurneobis
da masze orientirebuli kvebis da msubuqi mrewvelobis upiratesi ganviTarebis,
rekreaciuli da gansakuTrebiT turistuli meurneobis optimaluri dagegmarebis
gziT;
socialur sferoSi – mosaxleobis ganaTlebis da mecnierebis stimulirebis,

sacxrovrebeli garemos gajansaRebis, kulturuli da istoriuli faseulobebis
SenarCunebis, janmrTelobis dacvisa da sportis ganviTarebis, mosaxleobis so-
cialuri aqtivobis da CarTulobis amaRlebis gziT;
ekologiur sferoSi – orientacia „mwvane qveynis~ statusze, daculi terito-

riebis farTobebis zrdis da SemecnebiTi (samecniero, saganmanaTleblo) turizmis
xelSewyobis, degradirebuli landSaftebis da ekosistemebis aRdgenis, narCenebis
utilizaciis da gadamuSavebis gziT;
mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis sferoSi – samecniero-praqtikuli mimarTulebebis gan-

viTarebis, Tanamedrove mecnierebatevadi da unarCeno teqnologiebis, ekologiuri
dargebis upiratesi kvlevis, umaRlesi da saSualo skolis daaxloebis, maswavle-
belTa finansuri stimulirebis da axalgazrda kadrebis skolaSi mozidvis, mosaxle-
obis ekologiuri ganaTlebis da ekologiuri cnobierebis amaRlebis gziT;
regionuli da adgilobrivi infrastruqturis sferoSi – centralur adgilTa

Teoriis realizaciis, mTiani teritoriebis ganviTarebaze orientaciis, praqtikuli
codnisa da gamocdilebis implementacia, demokratizaciis da adgilobrivi mosax-
leobis CarTulobis amaRlebis, decentralizaciis, centrisa da regionebis maqsi-
maluri daaxloebis, maTi sistemuri TanamSromlobis, mosaxleobis dasaqmebis da
254
cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebis, ekonomikuri stimulirebis (sakuTrebis uflebis ga-

Zlierebis), informaciaze xelmisawvdomobis xelSewyobis gziT.
mdgradi ganviTarebis saxelmwifo politikis dagegmareba sasurvelia ganxorciel-

des xanmokle (5 wlamde), saSualo xangrZlivobis (10 wlamde) da grZelvadian (15-20
wlamde) perspeqtivaSi. amgvari dagegmareba aseve unda iTvaliswinebdes regionul
(mxareebi, municipalitetebi, sakrebuloebi), nacionalur (saxelmwifo) da globalur
(kavkasiis regioni, evropa-aziis TanamSromlobis areali, msoflio Tanamegobroba)
ganviTarebis da TanamSromlobis interesebs.
sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli, rom mdgradi ganviTarebis strategiis da misi princi-

pebis realizacia TandaTanobiT anu evoluciur xasiaTs unda atarebdes. igi unda
iTvaliswinebdes rogorc qveynis regionul specifikas, ise geopolitikur viTare-
bas da globalizaciis procesebs. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos calkeuli regionebis
mdgradi ganviTarebis tempi SesaZlebelia sxvadasxvagvari iyos, Tumca igi arsebiT-
ad ar unda gansxvavdebodes.
5.9. saqarTvelos geografiis da mdgradi ganviTarebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi
saqarTveloSi mimdinare socialur-ekonomikuri procesebi qarTuli geografiuli

skolis ganviTarebis axlebur gaazrebas saWiroebs. Teoriul gamokvlevebTan er-
Tad, rac geografiuli mecnierebis ganviTarebis aucilebeli winapirobaa, sasurve-
lia gamoyenebiTi geografiuli mimarTulebebis swrafi ganviTareba da populari-
zacia, geoinformaciuli teqnologiebis farTo danergva saswavlo da samecniero
procesSi, evropuli gamocdilebis gaTaviseba, saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan Ta-
namSromlobis gafarToeba, geoekologiuri eqspertizis, Sefasebis, kadastris, sa-
mecniero-geografiuli turizmis da ekoauditoruli saqmianobis organizeba.
qarTul geografiul skolas, ise rogorc arasdros, esaWiroeba yuradRebis gamax-

vileba mTiani teritoriebis problematikaze da masSi sxvadasxva, analogiuri Tema-
tikiT dainteresebuli samecniero Tu praqtikuli organizaciebis Cabmis aucileblo-
baze. am mimarTulebiT, ukanasknel wlebSi, qarTvel geografTa aqtiurobis Semci-
rebasTan erTad, SeiniSneba aqtivizacia kavkasiis sxvadasxva samecniero-geografiul
wreebSi. amgvari viTareba uaryofiTad imoqmedebs qarTuli geografiuli skolis
regionul avtoritetze da ganviTarebaze. aRniSnul viTarebas amwvavebs isic, rom
ukanasknel wlebSi qarTul geografiul skolas gamoaklda ramdenime gamoCenili
mecnieri, romlebsac kargad icnobdnen saerTaSoriso asparezze da romlebic samar-
Tlanad iTvlebodnen mTiani teritoriebis eqspertebad demogeografiis, geoeko-
logiis da landSaftur-ekologiis sferoSi.
amJamad Zalze aqtualuri kavkasiis da kerZod, saqarTvelos geopolitikuri siv-

rcis Taviseburebebis Seswavla. igi ukavSirdeba mezobeli qveynebsa da regionSi mim-
dinare politikur, ekonomikur, demografiul, socialur procesebs da ekologiur
viTarebas. neli tempebiT, Tumca mainc viTardeba regionuli da transasazRvro Ta-
namSromloba. keTilmezobluri TanamSromlobis perspeqtivebs saqarTvelosTvis
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs. es ukavSirdeba im teritoriul pretenziebs (saxel-
mwifo da eTnikuri sazRvrebi, rac garkveuli simwvaviT nebismier dros SeiZleba
dadges.
saqarTvelos bunebrivi mravalferovnebis da ekologiuri Taviseburebebis kvleva

aqtualuri samecniero-praqtikuli xasiaTis amocanaa. es gansakuTrebiT exeba rTul
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(vertikaluri da horizontuli struqturis mqone landSaftebi) da aramdgrad te-

ritoriebs. klimatis globaluri cvlilebis fonze aseve aqtualuria maRali sakon-
servacio Rirebulebis mqone tyeebis da Warbteniani teritoriebis, semiariduli da
semihumiduri, alpuri da subalpuri landSaftebis Seswavla. swrafad izrdeba geodi-
namiuri procesebis intensivoba da riskebi, ris gamoc aqtualuri xdeba landSaftebis
mdgomareobaTa monitoringi da marTva, TvalsaCinoa bunebrivi landSaftebis sazR-
vrebis cvlileba, romlis dadgena saWiroebs geografiuli mecnierebis gaaqtiurebas.
saqarTvelos bunebrivi da socialur – ekonomikuri potencialis kvleva aqtualu-

ri samecniero-praqtikuli amocanaa. igi, erTis mxriv, ukavSirdeba bunebrivi resur-
sebis efeqturi sameurneo gamoyenebis problemebs, xolo meores mxriv – im socia-
lur-ekonomikur problemebs, romelic ganapirobebs SromiTi resursebis regionul
disbalanss. bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebidan gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria wylis,
miwis da tyis resursebis marTvis problemebi. magaliTad, wylis resursebis gamoye-
nebas araerTi problema ukavSirdeba, maT Sorisaa wylis resursebis raodenobrivi
cvlilebis (ruseTis mxridan ukanaskneli 20 wlis manZilze fiqsirdeba Camonadenis
cvlileba kavkasionis farglebSi anu dasavleT kavkasionze matebaa – 11%, centra-
lur kavkasionze aseve mateba 1%-iT, xolo aRmosavleT kavkasionze kleba 6%iT) da
misi moxmarebis (qalaqebi, soflis meurneoba, biznesi, turizmi da sxv.) geografiuli
Taviseburebebis Seswavlis Zalian dabali done. socialur-ekonomikuri probleme-
bis geografiuli Taviseburebani Sesaswavlia iseTi aqtualur sakiTxebTan mimarTe-
baSi, rogoricaa mosaxleoba da moTxovna resursebze, depopulacia da regionuli
ganviTareba, samomxmareblo kalaTa da janmrTeloba, infrastruqturis ganawileba,
miwis privatizacia da biznesi, umuSevroba, ganaTleba da socialuri infrastruqtu-
ra, administraciuli dayofis Taviseburebani (Temebis da sakrebuloebis geogra-
fia), bunebrivi kataklizmebi da saxelmwifo biujeti, energetika da riskebi.
eTnogeografiuli da istoriul-geografiuli kvleva ukavSirdeba iseT sakiTxebs,

rogoricaa: eTnografiuli da sameurneo tradiciebi, meurneobis istoriuli tipebi,
kulturuli mcenareebi, xalxuri mkurnalobis tradiciebi, mosaxleobis ekologiu-
ri kultura da sxv. kontaqtebi mezobel regionebTan (saZovrebis aTvisebis regio-
nuli Taviseburebani), Temebis da komunebis (Sveicariisa da avstriis gamocdileba)
ekologiuri da ekonomikuri aqtivoba, administrirebis tradiciebi, adgilobrivi
rewva (mcire resursebis fonze) da a.S.
saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, kerZod ki kavkasionis farglebSi arsebuli demografiu-

li krizisi qarTul geografiul skolas axali gamowvevebis winaSe ayenebs. mTeb-
Si mkveTrad gauaresda mosaxleobis cxovrebis done, rigi raionebi demografiuli
TvalsazrisiT e.w. „momakvdav raionTa~ kategoriaSi aRmoCnda. miuxedavad imisa, rom
1999 wels miRebul iqna saqarTvelos kanoni – „maRalmTiani regionebis socialuri,
ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis~ Sesaxeb, xolo 2016 wels „mTis kanoni~ ,
viTareba kvlav uaresdeba. mTian regionebSi faqtobrivad moSlilia komunikaciebi,
TandaTanobiT ikargeba meurneobis tradiciuli dargebi, realuri gaxda kultu-
ruli memkvidreobis dakargvis saSiSroeba da a.S. krizisis Sedegebi saxezea, Tumca
maTi daZlevis gzebze mravalgvari Sexeduleba arsebobs da dausrulebeli diskusia
mimdinareobs. amgvari viTareba problemebis dauyovnebliv Seswavlas, axlebur ga-
azrebasa da gadawyvetas moiTxovs.
saqarTveloSi Zalze aqtualuria mTiani teritoriebidan mosaxleobis migraciis

masStabebi da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi. praqtikulad daclilia fSavi da
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xevsureTi, swrafi tempebiT mcirdeba mosaxleoba mTiuleTSi, xevsa da raWaSi. saqar-

Tvelos mTianeTSi demografiuli viTarebis gamosworebis erTerT mniSvnelovan
instrumentad geografiaSi kargad cnobili centralur adgilTa Teoriis da meTo-
dologiis gamoyeneba migvaCnia. igi exeba iseTi dasaxlebuli punqtebis gansazRvris
meTodologias, romlebic uzrunvelyofen mimdebare teritoriebis socialur mom-
saxurebas da ekonomikur ganviTarebas. amgvari midgoma Zalzed efeqturia mTiani te-
ritoriebis da uaryofiTi demografiuli procesebiT gamorCeuli regionebisTvis.
saqarTvelos mTianeTis CarTva qveynis ganviTarebis procesSi aqtualuri samecnie-
ro-praqtikuli da politikuri amocanaa. centralur adgilTa Teoriis praqtikuli
realizacia uSualod ukavSirdeba raionuli dagegmarebis da regionuli ganviTare-
bis Teoriebs. am mimarTebiT aqtualuria erTiani geografiuli gamokvlevebi. saqar-
TveloSi raionul dagegmarebaze saubari praqtikulad amJamad iwyeba, rac qarTul
geografiul skolas axal gamowvevebs uyenebs.
ukanasknel aTwleulebSi arsebiTad moiSala qveynis sakurorto infrastruqtura,

praqtikulad Seuswavlelia misi Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da rekreaciis axali
centrebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba. dRis wesrigSi dgeba kurortebis kompleqsuri Se-
fasebis aucilebloba (Semdegi faqtorebis mixedviT: adgili, garemo, wyali, mcena-
reuloba, eTnokultura, istoriuli Zeglebi da sxv.), adgilobrivi sasursaTo pro-
duqciis formirebis da realizaciis (miwodebis) perspeqtivebi, zamTris turizmis
ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi da sxv. sakurorto meurneobis ganviTareba regionuli
stabilizaciis mniSvnelovani winapiroba unda gaxdes.
turizmi samarTliand iTvleba saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

erT-erT mniSvnelovan mimarTulebad. msoflioSi cnobili sakurorto-rekreaciu-
li resursebidan umravlesoba saqarTveloSicaa. ufro metic, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom aRniSnuli resursebi mcire teritoriazea warmodgenili, am mxriv Cveni qveyana
msoflioSi umdidresad da unikalurad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. amgvari potenciali
Cvens qveyanaSi turizmis sxvadasxva mimarTulebis, maT Soris ki samecniero turiz-
mis rogorc Teoriuli da praqtikuli mimarTulebis, ganviTarebis winapirobaa. ge-
ografiul literaturaSi samecniero turizmis Sesaxeb Zalze cotaa iseTi naSromi,
romelic srulyofilad warmoaCenda mis arss, struqturas, adgils mecnierebaTa
sistemaSi, kvlevis obieqtsa da sagans. turizmisadmi miZvnil uamrav gamocemaSi sa-
mecniero turizmi moxsenebulia rogorc am dargis erT-erTi mimarTuleba, Tumca
araferia naTqvami misi meTodologiis Taviseburebebze Tu praqtikul mniSneloba-
ze. saqarTveloSi samecniero turizmis Teoriuli da praqtikuli ganviTarebis sa-
fuZvlebis damuSaveba warmoadgens gamoyenebiTi geografiis ganviTarebis erTerT
aqtualur sakiTxs. samecniero-geografiuli turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis, Teoriul
kvlevasTan erTad, sasurvelia gamoiyos da warmoCindes is geografiuli kvanZebi,
romlebic gamoirCevian rogorc calgeuli geografiuli obieqtebisa da komponen-
tebis, ise lanSafturi da eTnogeografiuli mravalferovnebiT.
nebismieri bunebaTsargeblobiTi xasiaTis proeqti bunebrivi faqtorebisa da so-

cialur-ekonomikuri procesebis analizs da erTian geografiul eqspertizas saWi-
roebs. racionaluri bunebaTsargeblobis konceptualuri safuZvlebis Seqmnaze Zi-
riTadi pretenzia ki or samecniero mimarTulebas SeiZleba hqondes: ekologias da
erTian geografias. erTiani geografiis momxreTa umravlesoba kvlevis obieqtad
ganixilavs rogorc geografiul garsSi (globaluri Tvalsazrisi), ise sxvadasxva
rangisa da Sedgenilobis teritoriul kompleqsSi adamianisa da bunebis urTier-
257
Tdamokidebulebis sivrce-droiT TaviseburebaTa Seswavlas. dasavleTis araerT

qveyanaSi geografia erTian mecnierebad ganixileba, Tumca aq ZiriTadi aqcenti so-
cialur-ekonomikuri procesebis analizsa da prognozirebazea gadatanili. calke-
ul SemTxvevaSi, integraciul ganStoebebad iseTi „bunebriv-sazogadoebrivi~ mimar-
Tulebebic miiCneva, rogoricaa msoflio okeanis geografia, melioraciuli, rekre-
aciuli, istoriuli, samxedro geografia da sxv.
msoflioSi swrafad izrdeba daculi teritoriebiT dakavebuli farTobebi, romle-

bic ZiriTadad mTian regionebSi formirdeba. amasTan, mTiani regionebi gamoirCeva
ekologiuri, ekonomikuri, istoriuli, eTnikuri da sxv. TaviseburebebiT, ris gamoc
samarTlianad miiCneva msoflios bunebrivi da kulturuli memkvidreobis umniS-
vnelovanes kerebad. saqarTveloSic axali erovnuli parkebis organizeba swored
mTiani teritoriebis farglebSi igegmeba, rac zogjer winaaRmdegobaSia adgilob-
rivi mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikur interesebTan. aq gadamwyveti sityva geog-
rafebs ekuTvniT, rac zemoTaRniSnul proeqtebSi aqtiur monawileobas moiTxovs.
swored maT unda gansazRvron mTian landSaftTa mdgradobis xarisxi bunebrivi Tu
anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis mimarT, geodinamiur procesTa SesaZlo ganviTarebis
Taviseburebani, bunebaTsargeblobis mimarTulebani, demografiuli problematika,
bunebrivi-resursuli potenciali da misi efeqturi gamoyenebis gzebi.
geografiuli mecnierebis umniSvnelovanesi asparezi geoekologiuri eqspertizaa,

rasac Cvens qveyanaSi araarsebiTi yuradReba eqceva. arada igi civilizebul msof-
lioSi nebismieri sameurneo saqmianobis aucilebeli winapirobaa. misasalmebelia,
rom msgavsi eqspertizis, kerZod ki ekoaditoruli nebarTvis mniSvneloba ukve war-
moCinda saqarTveloSi zogierTi bunebrivi resursis xangrZlivvadiani eqsploa-
taciisaTvis nebarTvis gasacem nusxaSi. praqtikulad xelaxla iwyeba saubari geoe-
kologiuri eqspertizis mniSvnelobisa da aucileblobis Sesaxeb. igi xorcieldeba
bunebaTsargeblobiTi profilis proeqtebisa da saqmianobis ekologiuri saimedoo-
bis dadgenis mizniT. eqspertizis Sedegebi orientirebulia im amocanebis gadaWraze,
romelic uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebisTvis jansaR garemos gaumjobesebas an Senar-
Cunebas. nebismieri bunebaTsargeblobiTi xasiaTis proeqti bunebrivi faqtorebisa
da socialur-ekonomikuri procesebis analizs da erTian geografiul eqspertizas
saWiroebs. racionaluri bunebaTsargeblobis konceptualuri safuZvlebis Seqmnaze
ZiriTadi pretenzia ki or samecniero mimarTulebas SeiZleba hqondes: ekologias
da erTian geografias. erTiani geografiis momxreTa umravlesoba kvlevis obieq-
tad ganixilavs rogorc geografiul garsSi (globaluri Tvalsazrisi), ise sxvadas-
xva rangisa da Sedgenilobis teritoriul kompleqsSi adamianisa da bunebis urTi-
erTdamokidebulebis sivrce-droiT TaviseburebaTa Seswavlas. dasavleTis araerT
qveyanaSi geografia erTian mecnierebad ganixileba, Tumca aq ZiriTadi aqcenti so-
cialur-ekonomikuri procesebis analizsa da prognozirebazea gadatanili. miuxe-
davad imisa, rom geoekologiuri eqspertizis ZiriTadi debulebebi asaxulia msof-
lios mravali saxelmwifos sakanonmdeblo aqtSi, misi meTodologiis daxvewa da
srulyofileba kvlav rCeba araerTi mecnierebis, maT Soris geografiis erT-erT
aqtualur amocanad.
civilizebuli msoflio did yuradRebas uTmobs kulturuli da bunebrivi memkvid-

reobis SenarCunebis sakiTxebs. saqarTveloSi kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqte-
bi dadgenilia an aqtiurad mimdinareobs saqmianoba maTi gansazRvris mizniT. rac
Seexeba bunebriv memkvidreobas, aq jer araa SemuSavebuli is kriteriumebi, riTac
258
SesaZlebeli iqneboda saqarTveloSi arsebuli da kacobriobisTvis faseuli teri-

toriebis da landSaftebis gamovlena. aqac gadamwyveti sityva, biologebTan da geo-
logebTan erTad, qarTvel geografebsac ekuTvniT.
saqarTveloSi soflis meurneobis ganviTareba uSualod ukavSirdeba miwis resur-

sebis yovlimomcvel kadastrs, sadac niadagis bunebrivi nayofierebis gansazRvras
udidesi roli eniWeba. niadagis bunebrivi nayofierebis saxecvlileba ukavSirdeba
rogorc bunebrivi garemos erTgvarovan da mudmiv gamoyenebas, ise klimatis glo-
balur cvlilebas. igi gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa miwaTmoqmedebaSi, Tanac iseT
qveynebSi, sadac ar an ver iTvaliswineben bunebriv-resursul potencials da er-
Tgvarovani kulturuli mcenareebis moyvaniT arian dakavebuli. amgvari tipis mi-
waTsargebloba iwvevs: niadagis qimiuri da organuli Sedgenilobis gaRaribebas, mi-
si profilis zeda nawilSi monokulturis fesvTa sistemis SenarCunebas, qimikatebis
akumulacias, niadagebis struqturis cvlas da Sedegad – nayofierebis Semcirebas.
cnobilia, rom amJamad nayofiereba dakarguli aqvs msoflios saxnavi teritoriebis
naxevars.
saqarTveloSi soflis meurneobis ganviTareba, rac saxelmwifos prioritetuli mi-

marTulebaa, uSualod ukavSirdeba bunebrivi riskebis obieqtur da srulyofil Se-
fasebas. amgvari Sefasebis gareSe warmoudgenelia rogorc dargis ganviTareba, ise
masSi Cabmuli mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri stabiluroba. ukanasknel wleb-
Si SeimCneva soflis meurneobisTvis iseTi xasiaTis bunebrivi movlenebis geografi-
is saxecvlileba, rogoricaa Tovlis safaris simZlavre da xangrZlivoba, naleqebis
ganawileba, setyvisa da qaris maCveneblebi. cnobilia isic, rom agrarul seqtors
praqtikulad aRar gaaCnia obieqturi informacia aRniSnuli movlenebis Tavisebure-
bebsa da maxasiaTeblebze. amgvari viTareba geografiul mecnierebas axal moTxov-
nebs uyenebs da zrdis geografiuli prognozirebis mniSvnelobas.
klimatis globaluri cvlileba da masTan dakavSirebuli procesebi TvalsaCinoa

mTel msoflioSi. igi ukve aisaxeba sazogadoebis yofa-cxovrebaze da xSir SemTxve-
vaSi uaryofiTad moqmedebs masze. klimatis globaluri cvlileba prognozebi sxva-
dasxvagvaria. sayovelTaodaa cnobili, rom misi ganviTarebis Sedegad dadgenilia
haeris temperaturis da naleqebis ganawilebis cvlileba, mcenareTa da cxovelTa
adgilsamyofelis degradacia, mdinari wylis reJimis cvlileba, myinvarebis dnobis
intensivobis zrda, bunebrivi landSaftebis sazRvrebis cvlileba, sasicocxlo gare-
mos degradacia da mosaxleobis migracia. amJamad araerTi saerTaSoriso fondis
Tu safinanso organizaciis, saxelmwifo Tu arasamTavrobo seqtoris mier gansakuT-
rebuli yuradReba maxvildeba iseTi problemebis Seswavlisa da gadawvetis auci-
leblobaze, rogoricaa klimatis globaluri cvlileba da misi Sedegebi, sasmeli
wylis xarisxi da transasazRvro mdinareebis gamoyenebis Taviseburebani, daculi
teritoriebis erTiani evropuli qselis formireba, bio da landSafturi mravalfe-
rovneba, niadagis degradacia da sxv. gansakuTrebiT. saqarTveloSi, klimatis cvli-
lebis tendenciebis mixedviT, ukanaskneli naxevari saukunis manZilze aRiniSneba
naleqebis da haeris temperaturis saSualowliuri maCveneblebis zrda. ramdenime
aTwleulSi klimatis cvlilebis tendenciebi yvelaze TvalsaCino aRmosavleT sa-
qarTvelos baris landSaftebisTvis gaxdeba. aq amJamad saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
naxevarze meti anu 2 milioni mcxovrebia. prevenciuli qmedebebis ganxorcielebis
gareSe, winaswari prognozebis mixedviT, ekologiuri migracia „emuqreba~ amJamin-
deli mosaxleobis 1/3-s.
259
geografiuli movlenebisa da procesebis analizi da sinTezi geografiuli progno-

zirebis saSualebas iZleva. geografiuli prognozi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa klimatis cvlileba, msoflio okeanis donis mateba, gau-
dabnoeba da gaudabureba, tyeebis ekologiuri mdgomareoba da maTi produqtiulo-
ba, wylis resursebis raodenobriv-xarisxobrivi maCveneblebi, miwis nayofiereba,
mosaxleobis migracia da SromiTi resursebi, urbanizacia, adamianis sameurneo saq-
mianobis garemoze zemoqmedebis masStabebi da a.S. cnobilia geografiuli progno-
zirebis ramdenime tipi, romlebic erTmaneTisgan ZiriTadad drois masStabiT gan-
sxvavdeba. igi SeiZleba iyos xanmokle (erT wlamde), 3 wlamde, 5-dan 10 wlamde, 10-dan
15 wlamde da xangrZlivvadiani (aTwleulebis, aswleulebis da aTaswleulebis). rac
ufro drosa da sivrceSi swrafad ganviTarebad movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme, miT ufro
xanmokle prognozis saWiroebaa. geografiuli prognozi masStabebiTac gansxvavde-
ba. amJamad gansakuTrebiT popularulia saubari globalur prognozebze, Tumca igi
damajerebeli mxolod regionuli da lokaluri prognozebis meSveobiT SeiZleba
gaxdes. geografiul prognozirebaSi geografiuli garsis komponentTSorisi ur-
TierTkavSirebis Sedegebis sistemuri prognozireba Tanamedroveobis aucilebeli
pirobaa. magaliTad, havis cvlilebis prognozi havis maxasiaTeblebis prognozTan
erTad, aseve moiTxovs bunebrivi landSaftebis, wylis resursebis gamoyenebis, nia-
dagis nayofierebis, soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis, gansaxlebis da geografiuli
garemos gamoyenebis sxva maxasiaTeblebis prognozirebas.
saqarTveloSi dagegmilia daculi teritoriebis erTiani qselis formireba, rac

ekologiuri derefnebis meSveobiT unda ganxorcieldes. amasTan dakavSirebiT wina
planze gamodis geografiuli kvanZebis da barierebis kvleva, romelTa gamovlenas
gadamwyveti roli eniWeba daculi teritoriebis ekologiuri koridorebiT dakav-
Sirebis saqmeSi. daculi teritoriebis sistemis Seqmna ukavSirdeba panevropuli qse-
lis Seqmnis da evropis ekoforumis iniciativebs, rac araerTxel gaJRerda evrokav-
Siris Sesabamisi struqturebis mier. rogorc msoflioSi, ise saqarTveloSi izrdeba
daculi teritoriebis farTobebi, romlebic ZiriTadad mTian regionebSi formir-
deba. es gasagebicaa, radgan mTiani regionebi jer kidev gamoirCeva ekologiuri,
ekonomikuri, istoriuli, eTnikuri da sxv. mravalferovnebiT, ris gamoc samarTli-
anad miiCneva msoflios bunebrivi da kulturuli memkvidreobis umniSvnelovanes
kerebad. saqarTveloSic axali daculi teritoriebis da ekologiuri koridorebis
Seqmna an arsebulis gafarToeba ZiriTadad mTiani teritoriebis farglebSi igeg-
meba, rac zogjer winaaRmdegobaSia adgilobrivi mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomi-
kur interesebTan. aq gadamwyveti sityva geografebs ekuTvniT, rac zemoTaRniSnul
proeqtebSi aqtiur monawileobas moiTxovs. swored maT unda gansazRvron mTiani
teritoriebis landSaftTa mdgradobis xarisxi bunebrivi Tu anTropogenuli ze-
moqmedebis mimarT, geodinamiur procesTa SesaZlo ganviTarebis Taviseburebani,
bunebaTsargeblobis ZiriTadi formebi, demografiuli da socialur-ekonomikuri
problematika, bunebrivi-resursuli potenciali da misi efeqturi gamoyenebis gzebi.
mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis umniSvnelovanesi qvakuTxedi SesaZlebelia gaxdes lan-

dSafturi dagegmarebis Teoriul-praqtikuli gamocdilebis drouli aprobacia da
danergva rogorc kavkasiis, ise saqarTvelos calkeuli regionebis ekologiurad
mdgradi ganviTarebis mizniT. landSafturi dagegmareba postsabWouri sivrcis sa-
xelmwifoTa mdgari ekonomikuri da ekologiuri ganviTarebis, miwaTsargeblobis
axali orientaciis, teritoriuli dagegmarebis umniSvnelovanesi safuZveli xdeba.
2008 wels damTavrda landSafturi dagegmarebis germanuli skolis meTodologiu-
260
ri safuZvlebis prezentacia da praqtikuli gamocdilebis aprobacia samxreT kavka-

siis samive saxelmwifoSi, rac SemdgomSi mniSvnelovani winapiroba gaxdeba msxvil
Tu saSualomasStabiani sameurneo proeqtebis realizaciisTvis. saqarTveloSi Tan-
daTanobiT fexs ikidebs landSafturi dagegmarebis meTodologia da evropuli ga-
mocdileba. igi ganyarebulia evropis landSafturi konvenciiT, romelsac qveyana
2011 wels miuerTda. masTan dakavSirebiT kvlav aqtualuri samecniero-praqtiku-
li daniSnulebis amocanaa iseTi sakiTxebis kvleva, rogoricaa: teritoriaze ze-
moqmedebis formebis da masStabebis, mdgradobis, transformaciis, anTropogenuli
konfliqtebis, landSaftebis marTvis, landSaftebis momsaxurebis, teritoriuli
dagegmarebis problemebis da TaviseburebaTa kvleva. cnobilia, rom landSafturi
dagegmareba mowodebulia Seqmnas da ganavrcos informacia landSaftTa Tanamed-
rove mdgomareobis, anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis formebisa da masStabebis, mdgra-
dobis, potencialis, socialur-ekonomikuri funqciebis Sesaxeb. igi axali Teoriul-
praqtikuli mniSvnelobis samecniero mimarTulebaa, romelsac saqarTveloSi mcire
xnis istoria gaaCnia. misi ganviTareba ara marto regionuli bunebaTsargeblobiTi
problematikis gadawyvetas, aramed geografiuli kvlevis garkveuli meTodolo-
giuri safuZvlebis (mTiani teritoriebis specifikidan gamomdinare) damuSavebasac
ukavSirdeba. landSafturi dagegmareba mravalwaxnagovani samecniero amocanaa, ro-
melic ramdenime etapisagan Sedgeba. igi moicavs inventarizacias, Sefasebas, progno-
zirebasa da ekologiurad orientirebul RonisZiebaTa dasaxvas. aRniSnul qmede-
baTa ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia wvril, saSualo da msxvil masStabSi, romelTa
mixedviT ganisazRvreba is praqtikuli RonisZiebebi, rac ganapirobebs landSafturi
dagegmarebis Sedegebis saimedoobas da efeqtianobas.
saqarTveloSi landSafturi dagegmarebis procesSi sasurvelia gaTvaliswinebul

iqnes ramdenime specifkuri Tavisebureba da principi, romelTagan ZiriTadia:
aqtualobis principi anu socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis tendenciebi – sa-

qarTvelos ganviTarebadi qveyanaa, romelic TandaTanobiT icvlis sameurneo pro-
fils da miwaTsargeblobis formebs. gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria soflis meurneo-
bis, satransporto infrastruqturis da turistuli meurneobis ganviTareba. qveyana-
Si icvleba demografiuli viTareba da fonic – arsebiTad mcirdeba mosaxleoba da
aTwleulebis manZilze icleba mTis mcxovrebTa raodenoba. saqarTvelo aRmoCnda
ara mxolod regionuli, aramed msoflio geopolitikuri da ekonomikuri intere-
sebis sferoSi. aq ukve realizdeba masStaburi infrastruqturuli da rekreaciuli
proeqtebi. garda amisa, – saqarTveloSi rTuli socialur-ekonomikuri viTarebaa
Seqmnili, rac aisaxeba bunebrivi garemos transformaciis da degradaciis masSta-
bebze. izrdeba anTropogenuli datvirTva mTian teritoriebis sanapiro zonis lan-
dSaftebze, rac aisaxeba katastrofuli movlenebis masStabebze. ekonomikaSi wamyvan
rols TamaSobs soflis meurneoba, Tumca Znelad inergeba Tanamedrove teqnologi-
ebis da neli tempebiT mimdinareobs tradiciuli dargebis ganviTareba. mosaxleoba
ZiriTadad moixmars erTgvarovan da ekologiurad arasaTanado kvebis produq-
tebs, rac aisaxeba sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobasa da janmrTelobaze.
unikalobis principi anu bunebrivi da kulturuli potencialis gamoyenebis ten-

denciebi – saqarTvelo gamoirCeva bunebrivi, biologiuri da landSafturi mra-
valferovnebiT. aq warmodgenilia TiTqmis yvela bunebrivi zona, rac ki cnobilia
msoflioSi. maT umravlesobas gaaCnia sameurneo da ekologiuri daniSnuleba. ge-
ografiuli barierebi (orografiuli, geologiuri, klimaturi) umniSvnelovanes
261
rols asruleben im geoekologiuri procesebis ganviTarebaSi, rac upirveles yov-

lisa exeba havis, Semdgom ki hidrografiuli qselis, geodinamiuri procesebis, ni-
adagebis, mcenareulobis da landSaftebis ganviTarebis Taviseburebebs. isini aseve
gansazRvraven adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis formebs da Sesabamisad – landSaf-
tur-ekologiur viTarebas. unikaluria qveynis kulturuli memkvidreoba, agromra-
valferovneba, istoriuli arqiteqtura da tradiciebi, romelTa SenarCuneba mdgra-
di ganviTarebis arsebiTi winapirobaa.
ekologiuri daZabulobis principi anu ekologiuri mdgradobis SenarCunebis

tendenciebi – saqarTvelos ekologiuri problemebi aTeulobiT saxis konfliqts
ukavSirdeba, romlebic SeiZleba davajgufoT faqtorebisa da procesebis mixedviT.
gamoirCeva bunebrivi, anTropogenuri da samarTlebrivi konfliqtebi. bunebrivi
konfliqtebi ganpirobebulia: 1. aqtiuri geodinamiuri procesebiT saSualomTian
da maRalmTian landSaftebSi, rac geologiur agebulebas, tyeebis degradacias, hid-
rologiur da anTropogenul procesebs ukavSirdeba; 2. Savi zRvis akvatoriaSi mim-
dinare sanapiro procesebiT, romelic dakavSirebuli myari natanis katastroful
SemcirebasTan; 3. stiqiur klimatur movlenaTa gaxSirebiT, agreTve wyaldidobebiT
da wyalmovardnebiT, rac dakavSirebulia Tanamedrove klimatur procesebTan da
reliefis anTropogenul transformaciasTan. anTropogenuli konfliqtebi ganpi-
robebulia: 1. mosaxleobis maRali (200-300 kaci/km2-ze) simWidroviT vakis da gorak
-borcvian landSaftebSi; 2. satransporto komunikaciebiT mdinareTa xeobebsa da
mTis ferdobebze; 3. Zovebis masStabebiT subalpur da alpur, semiaridul da semi-
humidur landSaftebSi; 4. procesebiT, romlebic ukavSirdeba tyian teritoriebze
bunebrivi mcenareulobis ganadgurebas sasoflo-sameurneo savarguleebis gafar-
Toebis da mecxoveleobis ganviTarebis mizniT; 5. sanapiro diunuri zolis meorad
fiWvnar tyeebze maRali anTropogenuli datvirTviT, romelTac umniSvnelovanesi
rekreaciuli funqcia gaaCniaT. samarTlebrivi konfliqtebi ganpirobebulia: eko-
logiuri kanonmdeblobis arsebiTi ugulvelyifiT, sanapiro zolis (daculia kano-
niT 500 metriani zoli), subalpuri zolis (kanoniT daculia 300 metriani zoli), mdi-
nareTa xeobebis (kanoniT daculia 20-50 metriani zoli) da Walis tyeebis aTvisebiT;
hidromorfuli landSaftebis (daculia saerTaSoriso konvenciiT), mwvane zonis da
sakurorto tyeebis ukanono gamoyenebiT.
5.10. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis koncefciebi da

strategiuli mimarTulebani
gaeros generalurma asambleam 2015 wlis seqtemberSi miiRo 2030-is dRis wesrigi
mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis, romlis 17 mizani da 169 amocana sam ZiriTad da urTierT-
dakavSirebul – ekonomikur, socialur da ekologiur (garemos dacviT) mimarTule-
bad erTiandeba. igi erTaderTi globaluri dRis wesrigia, romlis SesrulebaSic
msoflios yvela qveyana Tanabrad monawileobs.
mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebma xeli unda Seuwyos siRaribisa da SimSilis aRmofx-

vras; qveynebSi da qveynebs Soris uTanasworobis Semcirebas; mSvidobiani, samar-
Tliani da inkluziuri sazogadoebebis mSeneblobas; adamianis uflebaTa dacvas;
bunebrivi resursebis racionalur gamoyenebas da dacvas. Sedegad unda Seiqmnas
pirobebi mdgradi ekonomikuri zrdisTvis, keTildReobisa da Rirseuli samuSao
garemosTvis. mdgradi ganviTarebis am ambiciuri miznebis Sesrulebis vadad 2030
weli ganisazRvra.
262
gaeros mdgradi ganviTarebis politikur forums (HLFP), romelic yovelwliurad

ikribeba, pirveli nebayoflobiTi erovnuli angariSi (VNR) saqarTvelom 2016
wels waradgina. romelic Cveni qveynis zogad miswrafebebs, miznebis koordinaciis
da nacionalizaciis instituciuri meqanizmis SemuSavebis process da samomavlo
gegmebs asaxavda. momaval angariSs, romelSic mdgradi ganviTarebis yvela miznis
da Sesabamisi indikatorebis ganxorcielebis detaluri progresi iqneba asaxuli,
saqarTvelo 2019 wels warudgens maRali donis politikur forums.
saqarTvelos mTavrobam mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebis aqtiuri ganxorcielebis

procesi 2015 wels daiwyo da dRemde am mimarTulebiT rTuli procesi gaiara. am
wels, dargobrivi saministros eqspertebTan erTad Seiqmna samuSao jgufi, romel-
mac moaxdina im miznebisa da amocanebis gansazRvra, rac mocemul momentSi saqarT-
velosTvis iyo prioritetuli. saqarTvelos nacionalizebuli aqvs 17-ive mizani, 99
amocana da 200-ze meti indikatori. Tumca, saqarTvelos mTavroba miznad isaxavs 169
samiznis nacionalizebas etapobrivad, 2030 wlamde. 2018 wels dagegmilia mdgradi
ganviTarebis miznebis erovnuli politikis dokumentebTan dakavSireba, rac 2030
wlis dRis wesrigis sajaro dawesebulebebis yoveldRiur saqmianobad gardaqmnisT-
vis aucilebeli komponentia. sapilote iniciativis farglebSi saqarTvelos mTavro-
bis administraciam, IDFI-isa da UNDP-is xelSewyobiTa da SvedeTis mTavrobisa da
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID) fin-
ansuri mxardaWeriT, Seqmna mdgradi ganviTarebis minebis sakoordinacio meqaniz-
mi – mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebis sabWo, romlis SemadgenlobaSi oTxi Tematuri
samuSao jgufi Sedis, SeimuSava mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebis erovnuli dokumenti
– mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebis matrica, Sesabamisi globaluri da erovnuli indi-
katorebiT da Sefasebis formebiT.
saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis, araerTi organizaciisa da eqspertTa jgu-

fis mier, SemuSavebulia sxvadasxva mimarTulebis usafrTxoebis koncefcia da gan-
viTarebis strategia, sadac problemebTan erTad, ganxilulia is ekologiuri, eko-
nomikuri da socialuri sakiTxebi, romelTa gadawyveta xels Seuwyobs gaeros dRis
wesrigiT aRebuli valdebulebebis Sestulebas.
5.10.1. saqarTvelos ekologiuri usafrTxoebis koncefcia
saqarTvelos ekologiuri usafrTxoebis koncefcia SemuSavebulia mecnierebaTa

erovnuli akademiis iniciativiT da eqspertTa farTo jgufis monawileobiT. mas-
Si warmoCenilia saqarTvelos ekologiuri usafrTxoebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi da
problemebi, ekologiuri usafrTxoebis mizani, ZiriTadi amocanebi da uzrunvelyo-
fis principebi.
koncefciis mixedviT, ekologiuri usafrTxoebis mizania saqarTvelos teritoriaze

arsebuli da mosalodneli ekologiuri situaciebis Sesaxeb saimedo samecniero, mec-
nierul-teqnikuri informaciis mopoveba, misi obieqturi (raodenobrivi) Sefasebisa
da mosalodneli saSiSi ekologiuri situaciebis Tavidan acilebis, Serbilebis da
maT Tavidan acilebis sistemis SemuSaveba. igi unda iTvaliswinebdes: 1. arsebuli
da mosalodneli ekologiuri safrTxis Sesaxeb moncemTa bazebis Seqmnas da mo-
nitoringis organizebas; ekologiuri safrTxis mimarT qveynis bunebrivi garemos,
resursebis, ekonomikis da socialuri sferos mdgradobis da adaptaciis unaris
Sefasebis Sedegebs.
saqarTvelos ekologiuri usafrTxoebis ZiriTad amocanebad gansazRvrulia: kli-

matis cvlilebis gamomwvevi anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis Semcireba; bio- da land-
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Safturi mravalferovnebis SenarCuneba; miwis degradaciis Tavidan acileba an

Semcireba; stiqiuri movlenebis da riskebis prognozireba, Semcireba an Tavidan aci-
leba; wylis da atmosferos dabinZurebis Semcireba an Tavidan acileba; samrewvelo
da sayofacxovrebo narCenebis garemoSi gabnevis Semcireba; degradirebuli land-
Saftis aRdgena; bunebrivi garemos TviTaRdgenis meqanizmebis SenarCuneba; garemos
da bunebrivi landSaftebis ekologiuri funqciebis SenarCuneba.
ekologiuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa SesaZlebelia saxelmwifo, sameurneo, sa-

mecniero da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis erToblivi ZalisxmeviT.
ekologiuri problemebis zogadi da geografiuli Taviseburebani
klimatis cvlileba kvlav rCeba mTavar globalur, regional da nacionalur ga-

mowvevad. igi aisaxeba yvela geografiuli komponentis struqturasa da funqcioni-
rebaze. misi gavlena ukve TvalsaCinoa saqarTvelos myinvarebis da maTTan dakavSi-
rebuli wylis resursebis reJimze, havasa da mis maxasiaTeblebze, mcenareulobis da
ekosistemebis geografiul ganawilebaze da Sedgenilobaze. klimatis cvlileba aisa-
xeba bunebrivi garemos Tanamedrove mdgomareobasa da socialur-ekonomikur viTa-
rebaze. misi Sedegebis prevencia saqarTvelos Tanamedrove ekologiur gamowvevaTa
Soris upirvelesia.
klimatis cvlilebis Sedegebis prevencia moiTxovs garemosdacviTi strategiis ga-

daxedvas, wylis resursebis ganawilebis axali sqemebis Seqmnas, axali teqnolo-
giebis danergvas soflis meurneobaSi, daculi teritorieis qselis gafarToebas,
ekologiuri ganaTlebis xelSewyobas, mosaxleobis cnobierebis amaRlebas, land-
Safturi dagegmarebis sayovelTao implementacia da sxva ekologiur aqtivobas.
saqarTvelom 1995 wels klimatis Secvlis gaeros CarCo konvenciis ratificireba
moaxdina, xolo 1999 wels moweril iqna am konvenciis kiotos protokoli, rac saT-
bulis airebis Semcirebas da misi gafrqvevis prevencias iTvaliswinebs.
ozonos sferos degradacia did safrTxes warmoadgens cocxali organizmebis fun-

qcionirebisaTvis. saqarTvelos 1998 wels SeuerTda ozonis Sris dacvis saerTaSo-
riso xelSekrulebebs, rac miznad isaxavs ozondamSleli nivTierebebis gamoyenebis
Semcirebas, maTi xmarebidan amoRebas an gamoyenebaze uaris Tqmas.
bio- da landSafturi mravalferovnebis SenarCunebis mimarTulebiT aqtivoba sa-

qarTvelos gamorCeul maCveneblebs msofliosa da kavkasiaSi. igive SeiZleba iTqvas
agrobiomravalferovnebis Sesaxebac, romlis mixedviTac Cveni qveyana araerTi para-
metriT gamoirCeva. saqarTvelos buneba da soflis meurneoba maRali zemoqmedebis
qveS imyofeba, rac ukavSirdeba rogorc bunebriv garemoze zemoqmedebis masStabebs,
ise invaziur da genomodificirebul kulturul saxeobebs. amgvari viTareba afrTxes
uqmnis rogorc cocxali samyaros da agrokulturebis calkeul saxeobebs, ise eko-
sistemebs da landSaftebs. biomravalferovnebis dakargvis an degradaciis ZiriTad
safrTxes warmoadgens cocxali saxeobebis adgilsamyofelis degradacia, rac ukav-
Sirdeba tyeebis gaCexvas, niadagis damuSavebas, erozias da geodinamiur procesebs.,
brakonierobas, garemos dabinZurebas, ucxo saxeobebis introduqcias da sxv. biomra-
valferovnebis SenarCunebis efeqtur RonisZiebaTa Soris teritoriuli konservacia
da ekologiurad orientirebuli teritoriuli dagegmareba ganixileba.
biomravalferovnebis da evropis landSafturi konvenciebis moTxovnebis Sesru-

lebis mizniT saqarTveloSi miRebuli iqna erovnuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, qvey-
ana SeuerTda biomravalferovnebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT umniSvnelovanes saer-
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TaSoriso xelSekrulebebs, rogoricaa: konvencia `saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis

Warbteniani, gansakuTrebiT wylis frinvelTa sabinadrod vargisi, teritoriebis
Sesaxeb~ (ramsaris konvencia), konvencia `gadaSenebis piras myofi veluri faunisa da
floris saxeobebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Sesaxeb~, konvencia `veluri cxovele-
bis migrirebadi saxeobebis dacvis Sesaxeb~ (bonis konvencia), SemuSavda saqarTve-
los biomravalferovnebis dacvis strategia da sxv.
miwis degradacia saqarTvelosTvis warmoadgens mniSvnelovan problemas. mciremi-

wiani qveynisTvis, sadac erT sul mosaxleze 0.15 ha saxnavi miwis farTobi modis, misi
degradacia did safrTxes warmoadgens mdgradi ekonomikuri da socialuri ganvi-
tarebisTvis. saqarTveloSi amjamad udabnos ekosistemebi ar fiqsirdeba, Tumca misi
calkeuli regionebis (kaxeTis samxreT aRmosavleTi, qvemo qarTli, nawilobriv
mesxeTi da Sida qarTli) naleqebis intensiuri Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi gaudabnoe-
bis safrTxis winaSe SeiZleba aRmoCndes. saqarTveloSi miwis degradacias TiTqmis
sayovelTao xasiaTi aqvs. sxvadasxva monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi, sxvadasxva for-
miT, degradirebulia sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis daaxloebiT 1/3.
saqarTveloSi miwis degradaciis ZiriTad mizezs erozia, niadagebis damlaSeba da

daWaobeba, qimiuri dabinZureba da agroteqnikuri dazianeba warmoadgens. eroziul
degradacias ganicdis saqarTvelos miwis fondis 1/7, romlis 10% qarismieri ero-
ziis Sedegadaa degradirebuli. niadagebis damlaSeba da daWaobeba intensiur rwyvas
da gruntis wylis donis niadagis zedapirisken „amowevas~ ukavSirdeba. niadagebis
qimiuri dabinZureba agroqimikatebis gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba, romlis masStabebi
da formebi stiqiur xasiaTs atarebs. miwis dabinZureba avtotransportidan, sam-
rewvelo sawarmoebidan atmosferul haerSi gafrqveuli mavne nivTierebebiT da
myari narCenebis bunebriv garemoSi dayris Sedegad xorcieldeba.
saqarTveloSi wylis dabinZurebis ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens soflis meurneo-

baSi, yofa-cxovrebaSi da mrewvelobaSi gamoyenebuli wylebi. zedapirul wylebis
xarisxis monitoringi warmoebs mtkvrisa da rionis auzis 22 mdinareze, paliasto-
mis tbaze, sezonuri dakvirvebebi xorcieldeba kus tbaze, lisis tbaze da Tbilisis
zRvaze. monitoringi xorcieldeba 44 SerCeul punqtSi, xolo dabinZurebis fonuri
mdgomareobis SefasebisaTvis Seiswavleba 33 maxasiaTebeli. Savi zRvis akvatoriaSi
hidrologiuri da hidroqimiuri maCveneblebi normis farglebSi meryeobs. ukana-
sknel wlebSi zRvebsa da okeaneebSi dabinZurebis raodenobrivi zrdis garda mim-
dinareobs misi xarisxobrivi Segenilobis cvla. magaliTad, Tu warsulSi ZiriTad
wyaros warmoadgenda sameurneo-sayofacxovrebo Camdinare wylebi, amJamad wamyva-
ni gaxda samrewvelo narCenebi, romlebic Seicaven navTobproduqtebsa da adamianis
mier sinTezirebul mTel rig organul nivTierebebs.
saqarTvelos tyianoba, tyeebis saxeobrivi Sedgeniloba, misi funqciuri daniSnu-

leba da mniSvneloba Cveni qveynis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi simdidrea. amJamad
tyeebs saqarTvelos 2/5 ukavia, Tumca tyianobis potenciali gaaCnia teriroriis
udides nawils (85%-s). tyeebi qmnian wylis resurs, icaven niadags da faunas, are-
gulireben klimats, xels uwyoben rekreaciuli resursebis jerovan gamoyenebas,
uzrunvelyofen mosaxleobis sayofacxovrebo da sameurneo moTxovnebs da sxv. am-
rigad, tyeebs udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba qveynis mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis. sa-
qarTvelos tyeebSi 400-ze meti saxeobis xe da buCqi izrdeba, bevri maTgani Sesulia
`:saqarTvelos wiTel wignSi~ . qarTuli saxelwodebiT xis ori saxeoba – Zelqva da
lafani Sesulia msoflios botanikur literaturaSi.
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1990-iani wlebis socialur-ekonomikurma krizisma da procesebma, msoflio bazarze

xe-tyis resursebze mudmivad mzardma moTxovnam Zalian didi gavlena iqonia qvey-
nis tyis mdgomareobaze, mis struqturaze, resursebze da funqcionirebaze. amJamad
aqtiurad mimdinarebs tyis Semdgomi degradaciis prevencia, sakanonmdeblo bazis
daxvewa, sazogadoebis farTo fenebis CarTvas gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi.
Tumca, inventarizaciasTan erTad, rac saqarTvelos tyeebis resursuli potencialis
warmoCenis upirvelesi saSualebaa, aucilebelia detaluri da msxvilmasStabiani
landSaftur-ekologiuri Sefaseba, tyis davaadebebis winaaRmdeg aqtiuri brZola,
aRsakveTad biologiuri saSualebebis gamoyeneba, tyis aramerqnuli resursebis ga-
moyeneba, dazianebuli adgilebis aRdgena da sxv.
organuli samyaro da misi saxeobrivi mravalferovneba aseve did zegavlenas ganic-

dis. sxavadasxva mizezs Soris saxeldeba invaziuri agresiuli saxeobebi, romelTa
intensiuri, SeuzRudavi gamravleba adgilobrivi biomravalferovnebis degrada-
cias uwyobs xels. 1997 wels Seiqmna GISP – globaluri invaziuri saxeobebis pro-
grama. igi asocirebulia IUCN-Tan (bunebis konservaciis saerTaSoriso kavSiri) da
SSC (saxeobaTa gadarCenis komisia). GISP mizania gaaumjobesos invaziur saxeobebze
gadawyvetilebis miRebis samecniero safuZvlebi, SeimuSaos maTi Semdgomi gamovle-
nis da Sefasebis sapasuxo sistema, Seamciros ekonomikuri zarali, SeimuSaos riskis
Sefasebis saukeTeso meTodebi da gaaZlieros saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi.
qveynis faunas didi mniSvneloba aqvs meurneobisTvis, cocxali samyaros jerovani

funqcionirebisaTvis, medicinis, ganaTlebisa da mecnierebisTvis. amJamad mTel rig
regionebSi sagrZnobladaa Semcirebuli gareul cxovelTa raodenoba da saxeobri-
vi mravalferovneba, saqmianoba maTi dacvisa da gamravlebisTvis.
saqarTveloSi garemoze da adamianis janmrTelobaze mavne zemoqmedebis Tval-

sazrisiT erT-erT seriozul ekologiur problemas warmoadgenen sayofacxovrebo
da sameurneo narCenebi, maTi utilizacia, gauvnebloba da ganTavseba. qveynis masSta-
biT myari sayofacxovrebo narCenebis yovelwiuri moculoba Seadgens daaxloebiT
5,5 mln. m3. mxolod ramdenime nagavsayreli pasuxobs garemosdacviT da sanitarul
moTxovnebs, udidesi nawili ki kvlav rCeba arsebiT damabinZureblad ekologiur
safrTxed. damatebiTi dabinZurebis wyaroa aralegaluri nagavsayrelebi, gansa-
kuTrebiT isini, romlebic warmodgenilia mdinareTa xeobebSi da sasoflo-sameur-
neo savarguleebis siaxloves.
sasoflo-sameurneo da sxva saqmianobis Sedegad garemoSi ganibneva sxvadasxva qi-

miuri nivTierebebi an cocxali organizmebi, romlebic warmoadgenen bunebisTvis
ucxo fizikur, qimiur da biologiur sxeulebs. dadgenilia, rom qveyanaSi 1000-mde
mavne organizmia gavrcelebuli, romelTa mier miyenebulia arsebiTi zarali sa-
soflo-sameurneo kulturaTa mosavlis da xarisxis mimarT. pesticidebis gamoye-
nebisas xSirad irRveva misi transportirebis, Senaxvis da realizaciis wesebi, rac
saSiSroebas uqmnis garemos da adamianis ekologiur mdgradobas.
qveynis dacva mcenareTa sakarantino da saSiSi mavne organizmebis SemoWrisa da

gavrcelebisagan erT-erTi mniSvnelovani RonisZiebaa, rasac gansakuTrebuli yu-
radReba unda mieqces. sakarantino RonisZiebebis gautareblobam ganapiroba qveyana-
Si iseTi sakarantino da saSiSi mavne organizmebis SemoWra, rogoricaa: farosana,
kolorados xoWo, amerikuli TeTri pepela, aRmosavluri nayofWamia, filoqsera
da sxv. sarevelebidan – avSanfoTliani ambrozia, karolinas ZaRlyurZena da sxv.
saqarTvelom 2007 wels saqarTveloSi ratificirebul iqna stokholmis konvencia
266
`mdgradi organuli damabinZureblebis Sesaxeb~. aRniSnuli konvencia miznad isaxavs

narCenebis saxiT arsebuli mod-ebis (mdgradi organuli damabinZureblebis) ganad-
gurebas da gamoyenebaSi arsebuli mod-ebis maqsimalurad SezRudvas, sabolood maT
xmarebidan amoRebas.
saqarTveloSi stiqiuri da katastrofuli movlenebis ganviTarebis masStabebi emu-

qreba rogorc dasaxlebul punqtebs, ise sasoflo-sameurneo miwebs, sameurneo da
infrastruqturis obieqtebs. sxvadasxva saxis stiqiur movlenas da process ganicdis
saqarTvelos TiTqmis mTeli teritoria. gansakuTrebulad sagulisxmoa mTian re-
gionebi, romlebic amgvari procesebiT gamorCeuli arealia, rac xSirad gamxdara
migraciis mizezi. saqarTvelos teritoriaze dafiqsirebulia 52 aTasamde mewyrul-
gravitaciuli ubani, 3000-mde Rvarcofis sadinari, mdinareTa napirebis eroziuli
garecxvis 1000-ze meti ubani, zRvis napirebis intensiuri warecxva 180 km-ze da ram-
denime aseuli Tovlis zvavis mudmivi Camosvlis adgili. yvela am procesebis sa-
siSroebis riskis arealSi moqceulia 3000-mde dasaxlebuli punqti da 400 aTasamde
ojaxi. maRali intensivobis miwisZvrebis gaaqtiurebam (1991 w – raWa-imereTis, 1992
w – fasanauri-barisaxo, 2002 w – Tbilisi da a.S.) saqarTvelos seismuri daraionebis
gadaxedva ganapiroba, amJamad qveynis ZiriTadi nawili 6 baliani miwisZvris areal-
Si imyofeba, xolo danarCenisTvis ufro maRali xarisxia gansazRvruli.
wyaldidobebsa da wyalmovardnebze modis msoflioSi stiqiur ubedurebaTa miye-

nebuli zaralis 40%. saqarTveloSi geografiulad gansxvavdeba hidrografiuli
qselis sixSire da Sesabamisad, wyaldidobebisa da wyalmovardnebis safrTxe. gada-
saxedia hidrologiuri daraionebac, risi aucilebloba klimatis cvlilebas ukav-
Sirdeba.
icvleba Rvarcofuli sadinarebis geografia da masStabebi. maTi saSiSroebis are-

alSi moqceuli farTobebi 2 mln. heqtars Seadgens. saqarTvelo am maCveneblis xve-
driTi wiliT miekuTvneba erTerT urTules mTian regions. Rvarcofuli movlenebi
gvxvdeba mTiani teritoriis TiTqmis yvela geomorfologiur zonaSi. mravalsaxe-
obrivi Rvarcofuli procesebis masStabur ganviTarebas ganapirobebs ukiduresad
`mgrZnobiare~ geologiuri agebuleba da rTuli klimaturi pirobebi. gabatonebu-
li gavrceleba aqvs Tavsxma wvimebiT gamowveul Rvarcofebs (65-85%) da TiTqmis
yovel maT gamovlinebas Tan erTvis mniSvnelovani wyalmovardnebi, danarCeni mo-
dis mewyruli da glacialuri procesebiT transformirebul Rvarcofebze. amJamad
qveyanaSi aRricxulia potencialuri Rvarcofebis 1000 meti kera.
saqarTveloSi eroziuli procesebiT dazianebuli miwebis farTobi did sidideebs

aRwevs. sul erozirebulia saxnavebis 30%, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi es sidide 29%,
maT Soris adigenis raionSi – 72%, gurjaanis – 69%, borjomis – 64%, duSeTis –
54%, axalcixis – 71%. yvelaze naklebad erozirebulia saxnavebi lagodexis – 2%,
yvarlis- 6%, dedoflidwyaros – 8%, ninowmindas – 12% raionebSi. dasavleT sa-
qarTveloSi erozirebulia saxnavebis 33%. yvelaze mZime mdgomareoba aRiniSneba
qalaq WiaTuris zonaSi – 96%, Coxatauris – 94%, mestiis – 89%, ambrolauris -81%
da xaragoulis – 79% raionebSi. regionebis mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis aucilebel
RonisZiebad iTvleba droulad da kvalificirebulad iqnes ganxorcielebuli ero-
ziis sawinaaRmdego qmedebebi.
saqarTveloSi mewyruli da denudaciuri procesebi gamoirCeva masStaburobiT da

sezonurobiT. maTgan sxvadasxva xarisxiT dazianebulia 1,5 milion heqtarze meti te-
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ritoria, saSiSroebis zonaSi imyofeba 2000-mde dasaxlebuli punqti, wyalsacavebis

napirebis 25% da sxv. teritoriebi.
stiqiuri movlenebis da procesebis prevencia ramdenime problemis gadawyvetas

ukavSirdeba. maT Sorisaa: ganaTlebis da mecnierebis sferos yuradRebis fokusire-
ba, mosaxleobis informirobilobisa da sazogadoebis mzadyofnis donis amaRleba,
maTi prognozirebisTvis Sesabamisi kvlevebis Catareba, hidroklimaturi sadgure-
bis qselis Seqmna, informaciis gacvla, damcavi sainJinro nagebobebis mSenebloba,
monitoringis organizeba da sxv.
urbanuli ekologia saintereso samecnier – praqtikuli mimarTulebaa, rac saqar-

TveloSi mxolod calkeuli monacemis geografiuli interpretirebis donezea gan-
viTarebuli. urbanizaciis tempebi Cvens qveyanaSi nela, Tumca ganuxrelad izrdeba.
msgavsi procesiT xasiaTdeba ekologiuri problematikac, rac ukanasknel aTwleu-
lebSi Cveni dedaqalaqis da araerTi sxva dasaxlebuli punqtis mTavar gamowvevad
iqca. cnobilia, rom nebismieri qalaqi erTi milioni mosaxleobiT weliwadSi saSua-
lod moixmars 470 milion tona anu TiTqmis 0,5 km2 wyals. moxmarebuli wylis didi
nawili qalaqidan sxvadasxva SenarevebiT dabinZurebuli saxiT Caedineba mdinare-
ebSi. aseTive qalaqSi yovelwliurad mimoqcevaSia 10 milion tonamde samSeneblo
nedleuli, naxSiri _ 3.8, navTobi _ 3.6, bunebrivi airi _ 1.7 da Txevadi sawvavi _ 1.6
da 22 mln tona sxvadasxva nivTiereba. maTi narCenebis nawili xvdeba atmosferul
haerSi, wylis obieqtebsa da niadagSi. qalaqebis ekologiis aqtualuri sakiTxebis
mogvareba maTi mdgradi ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani winapirobaa.
ekologiuri usafrTxoebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi ukavSirdeba ekologiur au-

dits, ekologiur monitorings, ekologiur monacemTa bazebis Seqmnas, ekologiur
eqspertizas, Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis sistematizacias da mosaxleobis ekologiur
ganaTlebas. saqarTveloSi dRemde ar ganxorcielebula ekologiuri auditoruli
saqmianoba, romlis Sedegad moxerxdeba garemosdacviTi kanonmdeblobis optimiza-
cia, narCenebis marTva, ekologiuri usafrTxoebis strategiis SemuSaveba, da bolos,
mdgradi ekologiuri ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa.
ekologiurma ganaTlebam SeuZlia arsebiTi roli iTamaSos ekologiuri proble-

matikis efeqturi gadawyvetis saqmeSi. igive SeiZleba iTqvas mediiT misi gaSuqe-
bis mniSvnelobaze, rac TiTqmis iSviaTad xorcieldeba. aranakleb mniSvnelovania
samecniero da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis roli ekologiuri sakiTxebis war-
moCenaSi. ekologiuri politikis efeqturi gatarebis saSualebaa saerTaSoriso
TanamSromloba. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi TanamSromlobis da partniorobis
politikis safuZveli unda gaxdes mdgradi ganviTarebis principebi, romlis saSua-
lebiT ganxorcieldeba: saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebis debulebebis praqtikuli rea-
lizacia; garemos xarisxis da mdgomareobis kontrolis Sefasebis saerTo midgome-
bis, meTodikebis, kriteriumebis da procedurebis SemuSaveba; saerTaSoriso gamoc-
dilebis gamoyeneba ekologiuri usafrTxoebis problemebis gadawyvetaSi.
5.10.2. saqarTvelos niadagebis eroziisgan dacvis koncefcia
saqarTvelos niadagebis eroziisgan dacvis koncefcia ukavSirdeba soflis meur-

neobis, rogorc meurneobis tradiciuli da mniSvnelovani seqtoris ganviTarebis
problemebsa da SesaZleblobebs. soflis meurneoba qarTveli eris istoriuli da
kulturuli memkvidreobis arsebiTi nawilia. misi mdgradi ganviTareba tradiciebis
SenarCunebis da teqnologiuri siaxleebis danergvis gziT unda ganxorcieldes. am-
268
gvari miznis miRweva SeuZlebelia soflis meurneobis mTavari obieqtis – niadagis

Tanamedrove mdgomareobis Sefasebis da efeqturi gamoyenebis gareSe.
saqarTvelos niadagebisTvis mTavari gamowveva misi nayofierebis degradaciaa, rac

ZiriTadad eroziul procesebs ukavSirdeba. saqarTvelos mTiani teritoriebis bu-
nebrivi pirobebi (gansakuTrebiT hava da reliefi) niadagebis degradaciis garkveu-
li winapirobaa. niadagebis garkveuli nawili bunebrivi riskis zonebSia (stiqiuri
movlenebi) warmodgenili, rac maT dabal nayofierebas ganapirobebs. ganlagebuli.
vakeebze ki degradaciis mizezi xSiri rwyva da soflis meurneobs qimizaciaa. qveynis
mTel teritoriaze aucilebelia niadagis dacvis (eroziis, meoradi damlaSebis sawi-
naaRmdego, tyis masivebi da mindorsacavi zolebis gaSeneba nayofismomcemi kultu-
rebiT da sxv.) RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba.
cnobilia, rom maRalmosavliani da xarisxiani sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis, ji-

Sebisa da hibridebis danergviT, miwaTmoqmedebis teqnikuri saSualebebis gaumjobe-
sebiT, melioraciis da pesticidebis gamoyenebiT, mudmivad izrdeba agrokulturebis
mosavlianoba. am fonze aseve izrdeba wylismieri da qarismieri eroziis masStabebi,
ris Sedegadac mcirdeba saxnav-saTesi, mravalwliani nargaobiT da saTib-saZovrebis
dakavebuli miwis farTobi, klebulobs niadagis nayofiereba. aRniSnulis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi mizezia miwaTmoqmedebaSi monokulturebis danergva da mravaljiSianobis
(jiSuri mozaikis) ugulvelyofa, praqtikiT da mecnierulad dasabuTebuli agrote-
qnologis darRveva, eroziis sawinaaRmdegod erTwliani da mravalwliani, Zlieri
fesvTa sistemis mqone mcenareTa gamouyenebloba, niadagis damuSavebis tradiciuli
wesebis uaryofa, daterasebis maStabebis Semcireba, tradiciuli kulturuli jiSebis
gamouyenebloba da sxv.
saqarTvelos mTian regionebSi maRali daqanebis (150-ze meti) mqone ferdobebis md-
gomareoba gviCvenebs, rom xSirad miwaTmoqmedebis da jiSTa SerCevis procesi praq-
tikulad uaryofs garemo pirobebs. aq eroziuli procesebis Sedegad miyenebuli za-
rali ar Semoifargleba mxolod sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis degradirebiT.
erozia udides zarals ayenebs cocxal samyaros, wylis resursebs, infrastruqturas
da sxv. eroziuli procesebis Sedegad warmoSobili xramebi da xevebi anawevreben
farTobebs, arTuleben maT damuSavebas, xels uwyoben daleqvis gamo mdinareTa ka-
lapotis da wyalsacavebis myari monataniT Sevsebas. gaaqtiurda eroziis Tanmdevi
iseTi saSiSi procesebi, rogoricaa Rvarcofebi da mewyerebi. gansakuTrebiT rTuli
mdgomareobaa Seqmnili zemo imereTis, aWaris, svaneTis, mTiuleTis, fSavis da sxva
maRalmTian regionebSi.
wylismieri erozia, niadagis zedapiruli Camorecxvisa da daxramvis procesebi

gansakuTrebiT didi intensivobiT mimdinareobs da saSiS masStabebs iRebs teniani
subtropikebis, agreTve mTiswineTSi. dadgenilia, rom 10-20 gradusiani daqanebis
ferdobebidan weliwadSi Camoirecxeba 200-300 t/ha niadagi. rac ufro maRalia re-
liefis daxriloba da rac ufro naklebadaa warmodgenili xe-mcenareuloba, miT
ufro intensiuria wylismieri erozia. mSrali klimatis pirobebSi, mcenareebiT dau-
farav ferdobebze, wylismieri eroziis procesi ufro intensiurad mimdinareobs,
vidre sxva regionebSi. amgvar teritoriebze, Cveulebrivi intensivobis mqone wvi-
mebis dros 6-120-iT daqanebuli ferdobis 1 ha farTobidan weliwadSi saSualod
Camoirecxeba 30-40 t, xolo Tavsxma wvimebisas ki 150-200 t-mde niadagi.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTaTaSorisi baris mniSvnelovani nawili ganicdis qa-

rismieri eroziis zemoqmedebas. aucilebelia, rom sasoflo-sameurneo savarguleb-
269
ze dainergos niadagdamcavi teqnologiebi, moewyos an aRdgenil iqnas mindorsacavi

tyis zolebi, Camoyalibdes da dacul iqnes garkveuli SezRudvebi da moTxovnebi
farTobebis dasamuSaveblad gamoyenebul sasoflo-sameurneo meqanizmebze. intensiu-
ria qarismieri eroziis procesi gare kaxeTisa da qarTlis regionebSi, rogorc
zemo aseve qvemo qarTlSi, gardabnis, sagarejosa da dedofliswyaros raionebSi
warmodgenil sasoflo-sameurneo savarguleebze.
erozirebis maStabebis mixedviT saxnav miwebs yofen 7 kategoriad: 1. umniSvnelo

(Camorecxva 2,5 tonamde ha-ze); II – susti (2,6-5,0); III – zomieri (5,1-10,0); IV – saSualo
(10,1-15,0); V – Zlieri (15,1-20,0), VI – Zalian Zlieri (20,1-25,0), VII – katastrofuli (25
t/ha-ze meti). eroziis sawinaarmdego Teslbrunvebis saxeebis SerCevisas mxedvelo-
baSi unda iqnas miRebuli saxnavi miwebis zemoT CamoTvlili kategoriebi. magali-
Tad, I-II kategoriis saxnavebze unda moewyos sasursaTo marcvleuli kulturebis
Teslbrunva; III-IV kategoriis miwebze – mxolod nairbalaxiani marcvleuli kultu-
rebis Teslbrunva; V-VI – kategoriis miwebze – mravalwliani balaxeuloba; VII – ka-
tegoriis miwebis nawilze – eroziis sawinaaRmdego Teslbrunva, misi umetesi nawili
ki unda gayamirdes an daeTmos mravalwlian nargaobas da qardamcvel tyis zolebs.
wylismieri eroziis Zlieri ganviTarebis zonebSi, niadagis dacvis TvalsazrisiT,

saWiroa ferdobis daqanebis ganiv-konturuli mimarTulebiT wyalSemkrebi kvlebis
mowyoba. erT-erTi efeqturi RonisZiebaa sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis zolurad
Tesvac. zolebis gani unda ganisazRvros ferdobis daxrilobis, niadagis tipis, na-
leqebis raodenobis da intensivobis gaTvaliswinebiT. 3-50-mde daqanebis ferdobebze
zolebis gani unda iyos 35-50 m-mde, 5-80 daxrilobis ferdobebze 20-30 m, xolo 8-120
daqanebaze 10-20 metri. 10-150 daxrilobis ferdobebze efeqturia agreTve buferuli
zolebi, rac gulisxmobs ferdobis gardigardmo daumuSavebeli zolebis datovebas,
xolo damuSavebul zolebSi mravalwlovani balaxebis an erTwlovani kulturebis
Tesvas. kargi buferuli zolebi miiReba mravalwliani balaxebis, ionja-koindris,
esparcer-saTiTuras narevebis, saSemodgomo xorblis, koindris, saSemodgomo xor-
blis, qeris, Wvavis, simindis, bardis, cercvelas da sxva msgavsi kulturebis TesviT.
buferuli zolebis siganisa da maT Soris manZilis sidide damokidebulia ferdobis
daxrilobis xarisxze. ferdobis daxrilobis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba zolebis si-
gane da mcirdeba maT Soris manZili. buferuli zolebis gani ar unda aRematebodes
5-10 metrs, xolo manZili maT Soris unda iyos 20-30 metri.
100-ze meti daqanebis ferdobebze niadagis dacvis erT-erTi radikaluri RonisZiebaa

dateraseba. igi ara marto iZleva SesaZleblobas aqtiur, sameurneo brunvaSi CavabaT
gamouyenebeli an eqstensiurad gamoyenebuli farTobebi, aramed xels uwyobs tenis
dagrovebas niadagSi, wyvets an mkveTrad amcirebs Camonadenis siCqares, Tavidan
gvaSorebs eroziuli procesebis ganviTarebas. farTobebis eroziisagan dasacavad
terasebs awyoben im ferdobebze, romelTa farTobebis konturuli da zoliani da-
muSaveba da eroziissawinaaRmdego sxva RonisZiebebi ar iZleva sasurvel Sedegebs.
terasireba warmoadgens erT-erT yvelaze ufro efeqtur eroziis sawinaaRmdego
RonisZiebas 100-ze ufro meti daqanebis ferdobebisaTvis.
msoflios mowinave qveynebSi damuSavebulia niadagis eroziis sawinaaRmdego

RonisZiebebis sistema, romlis gamoyenebac saSualebas iZleva mniSvnelovnad
SevamciroT eroziuli procesebiT gamowveuli niadagis danakargebi. eroziisagan
niadagis dacvis, mTagoriani teritoriis ekologiuri wonasworobis SenarCunebis
erT-erT perspeqtiul da saqarTvelosTvis mizanSewonil mimarTulebad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos miwaTmoqmedebis landSaftur-adapturi sistema. landSaftis qveS igu-
270
lisxmeba is bunebriv-teritoriuli kompleqsi, romlis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli

komponentebia reliefi, geologiuri agebuleba, klimati, wyali, niadagi, mcenareu-
li da cxovelTa samyaro. landSafti zemoTaRniSnuli komponentebis mWidro ur-
TierTkavSiris meSveobiT funqcionirebs. erTi komponentis cvla iwvevs landSaf-
turi urTierkavSirebis da saboloo jamSi – landSaftis struqturis cvlas. land-
Safts gaaCnia rogorc horizontuli, ise vertikaluri struqtura. sasoflo-sameur-
neo warmoebis da sxva anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis Sedegad, bunebrivi landSaftebi
gardaiqmneba agro (bunebriv-anTropogenul) landSaftebad, Tumca maTi struqtura
da funqcionireba ZiriTadad mainc ganpirobebulia bunebrivi movlenebiT da proce-
sebiT. landSafturi miwaTmoqmedebis dros saWiroa yvela nakveTisTvis SemuSavdes
misi mdgomareobis SenarCunebis, ganviTarebis an `gajansaRebis~ diferencirebuli
programa, dafuZnebuli mecnierulad dasabuTebul prognozebze. amgvari midgoma
efuZneba landSafturi dagegmarebis evropul gamocdilebas da meTodologias, rac
gamyarebulia èvropis landSafturi konvenciiT~ (florencia, 2000). miwaTmoqmede-
bis landSaftur-adapturi sistemidan gamomdinare niadagdamcavi RonisZiebebi unda
ganxorcieldes landSaftis ara romelime calke aRebuli elementisaTvis, aramed
isini optimalur zemoqmedebas unda axdendnen landSaftis yvela komponentze. mTa-
varia landSaftis ara erTi romelime elementis, aramed komponentTSorisi kavSi-
rebis dacva degradaciisgan. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos landSaftis
degradaciis erT-erT iseT mniSvnelovan komponents, rogoricaa xramebisa da xeve-
bis warmoqmna. es sakiTxi metad aqtualuria saqarTvelosTvis, radganac CvenTan sa-
Sualod sustad da Zlier danawevrebuli farTobebi Seadgenen Sesabamisad saerTo
farTobis 5-10%-dan 20-30%-mde. saWiroa gamoyenebuli iqnes xram-xevebis Semdgomi
zrdis SemaCerebeli RonisZiebebi, specialuri sainJinro, hidroteqnikuri nagebobe-
bi, farTobebis dateraseba, ferdobebis danawevrebis procesis SeCereba ekologiu-
rad gawonaswirebuli agrolandSaftebis SeqmniT.
niadagur-eroziuli procesebis intensiobis mixedviT saqarTvelos teritoria

SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg raionebad:
I. kolxeTis dablobis landSaftebi – xasiaTdeba sustad ganviTarebuli eroziuli

procesebiT, romlebSic sWarbobs mdinareTa kalapotebis gverdiTi erozia.
II. dasavleTi saqarTvelos vakis, gorak-borcvebis da mTis qvabulebis landSaftebi
– xasiaTdeba intensiuri wylismieri eroziiT
III. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos vakis, gorak-borcvebisa da mTis qvabulebis land-
Saftebi – xasiaTdeba qarismieri da wylismieri eroziiT.
IV. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos vakis, gorak-borcvebisa da zegnebis landSaftebi –
xasiaTdeba ZiriTadad qarismieri eroziiT, wylismieri eroziis monawilebiT.
V. saSualo mTis landSaftebi – xasiaTdeba ZiriTadad wylismieri da xazobrivi
erozis intensiuri procesebiT.
VI. maRali mTis landSaftebi – xasiaTdeba niadagis intensiuri zedapiruli gadare-
cxviT, susti xazobrivi eroziiT.
5.10.3. saqarTvelos erovnuli strategia da samoqmedo gegma

garemosdacviT ganaTlebaSi
saqarTvelos erovnuli strategia da samoqmedo gegma garemosdacviT ganaTlebaSi

ramdenime sakiTxs moicavs. aq ganxilulia garemosdacviTi ganaTlebis istoria, am-
Jamindeli viTareba swavlebis sxvadasxva safexurze, strategiis mizani da ganxor-
cielebis principebi.
271
strategiis mixedviT miCneulia, rom miuxedavad gaweuli qmedebebisa, ganaTlebis

sistemaSi mdgradi ganviTarebis mniSvnelobis da Sesabamisi qmedebebis swavleba
arasakmarisia. gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam daiwyo
kvleva ganaTlebis SesaZlo rolis Sesaxeb garemosTan dakavSirebuli gamowvevebis
aRmofxvrisTvis. belgradis 1975 wlis qartiaSi, pirvelad Camoyalibda garemos-
dacviTi ganaTlebis miznebi, amocanebi, principebi da samizne auditoria (UNESCO-
UNEP, 1975). 1977 wels saqarTveloSi, kerZod TbilisSi gamarTul konferenciaze
`garemosdacviTi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ miRebul iqna Tbilisis deklaracia, romelSic
Camoyalibda garemosdacviTi ganaTlebis sistemis struqtura, rogorc adgilobriv,
aseve erovnul da saerTaSoriso doneze. ukanasknel xanebSi garemosdacviTi ganaT-
leba ganixileba mdgradi ganviTarebis nawilad, rac aisaxeba terminSi – `ganaTleba
mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis~. gaerTianebuli erebis evropis ekonomikuri komisiis
ganmartebis Tanaxmad, ganaTleba mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis aseve integrirdeba sxva
sferoebTanac, gansakuTrebiT mdgradi ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis da
Sesabamisi problematikis mimarTulebiT.
saqarTveloSi `ganaTleba mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis~ ganixileba rogorc mdgradi

ganviTarebis fundamenturi strategia da praqtikuli ganxorcielebis xelSewyobi
meqanizmi. 1996 wlis saqarTvelos kanonSi `garemos dacvis Sesaxeb~ garemosdacviT
ganaTlebas adamianTa kanonieri ufleba uwoda. mogvianebiT, garemosdacviTi ganaT-
leba ganisazRvra rogorc saskolo saswavlo programis ganuyofeli nawili. 2004
wlidan ganxorcilda garemosdacviTi ganaTlebis integrireba sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebis, geografiis, ekonomikisa da socialuri sakiTxebis umaRlesi da saSu-
alo skolis saswavlo programebSi.
miuxedavad ganvlili sakmaod didi periodisa, kvlav arasakmarisia saskolo ga-

naTlebaSi ekologiuri ganaTlebisTvis saWiro masalis moculoba, moZvelda
TvalsaCinoeba, dabalia pedagogebis momzadebis done, kavSiri umaRles saswavle-
blebTan da Sesabamis mimarTulebebTan, Tanamedrove problematikis saskolo gan-
aTlebaSi warmoCenis saSualeba da sxv. umaRles ganaTlebaSi Seiqmna sabakalavro,
samagistroa da sadoqtoro programebi, garemos mdgomareobaTa Seswavlis samec-
niero-kvleviTi centrebi. Tumca kvlav dabalia maT Soris koordinaciis done, mec-
nierebas, ganaTlebasa da praqtikis integraciis masStabebi (gansakuTrebiT turizmis,
ekonomikis, sabunebismetyvelo, sainJinro (teqnikur) da samSeneblo sferoebSi).
strategiis da samoqmedo gegmis ZiriTadi mizania: saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi

garemosdacviTi ganaTlebis kuTxiT asaxuli moTxovnebis Sesabamisi gegmis Seqmna;
garemosdacviT ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebuli yvela qmedebisTvis saerTo standar-
tebis, amocanebisa da miznebis gansazRvra; garemosdacviTi ganaTlebis meSveobiT
mdgradi ganviTarebis sistemuri midgomebis danergvis mxardaWera sxvadasxva se-
qtorSi; saerTaSoriso miznebTan da standartebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana; gare-
mosdacviTi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb sazogadoebis cnobierebis donis amaRleba da misi
mxardaWera saqarTveloSi da sxv. saqarTveloSi garemosdacviTi ganaTleba xel-
misawvdomi unda iyos yvelasaTvis, iyos interdisciplinuli, danergos kritikuli
azrovneba, iTvaliswinebdes ekologiur problemaTa lokalur, regionul da glo-
balur kavSirurTierTobebs,
5.10.4. saqarTveloSi katastrofis riskis Semcirebis erovnuli strategia
saqarTvelos katastrofis riskis Semcirebis erovnuli strategia miznad isaxavs

katastrofis riskis Semcirebis erTiani sistemis Camoyalibebas, erovnul da adgi-
272
lobriv doneze katastrofebisadmi mzaobisa da maTze reagirebis SesaZleblobebis

gaumjobesebas da SesaZlo safrTxeebze reagirebis efeqtianobis gazrdas. maT mieku-
Tvneba: wyaldidobebis da wyalmovardnebis, mewyrul-gravitaciuli da Rvarcofuli
movlenebis, biologiuri, miwisZvrebis, klimaturi movlenebis, zvavebis, tyis da ve-
lis xanZrebis safrTxe, qimiuri dabinZurebis, teqnogenuri avariebis safrTxe da sxv.
saqarTvelo, rogorc araerTi saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis xelmomweri qveyana, aR-

niSnul dokumentSi uzrunvelyofs gaeros sami globaluri CarCo dokumentis: „ka-
tastrofis riskis Semcirebis sendais samoqmedo CarCo-programa 2015-2030~ (marti,
2015), „mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebis~ (seqtemberi, 2015; SDGs) da gaeros „klimatis
cvlilebis Sesaxeb CarCo-konvencia~ (ivnisi, 1992; UNFCCC) miznebis integrirebas.
aseve, uzrunvelyofs zemoxsenebuli dokumentebiTa da „saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris
asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebiT~ bunebrivi katastrofebis prevenciis, mzaobisa da
maTze efeqturi reagirebis mimarTulebiT aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebas.
dRemde saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs katastrofis riskis Semcirebisa da katastro-

fisTvis mzadyofnis erTiani sistema, romelic amJamad Camoyalibebis procesSia.
1990d2000 wlebi gaeros mier aRiarebuli iqna bunebrivi katastrofebis Semcirebis

aTwleulad. 2000 wlis Semdeg SemuSavda bunebrivi katastrofebis Semcirebis sa-
erTaSoriso strategia (UN-ISDR), sadac marTvis ZiriTad rgolad qveynebis mTav-
robebi gvevlineba, xolo manamde arsebul reabilitaciisa da mzadyofnis midgo-
mebs Soris upiratesoba eZleva kompleqsur midgomas. prioriteti eniWeba riskis
Semcirebas, prevenciul zomebs, sazogadoebis informirebulobas, cnobierebisa da
pasuxismgeblobis donis amaRlebas.
bunebrivi katastrofebis Semcirebis saerTaSoriso strategiis safuZvelze, 2005

wels, kobeSi (hiogo, iaponia) gaimarTa gaeros katastrofis riskis Semcirebis msof-
lio konferencia, sadac miRebul iqna „hiogos 2005-2015 samoqmedo CarCo-programa~
– mimarTuli qveynebsa da TemebSi katastrofebis mimarT mdgradi praqtikis damk-
vidrebisken. 2015 wlis martSi, „hiogos 2005-2015 samoqmedo CarCo-programis~ vadis
miwuruls, sendaiSi (iaponia) gamarTul gaeros katastrofis riskis Semcirebis mesame
msoflio konferenciaze, winamdebare dokumentis gaZlierebis mizniT, miRebul iqna
katastrofis riskis Semcirebis saerTaSoriso instrumenti – „katastrofis riskis
Semcirebis sendais samoqmedo CarCo-programa 2015-2030~. gaeros mier 2015 wels mi-
Rebuli globaluri politikuri CarCoebi: „katastrofis riskis Semcirebis sendais
samoqmedo CarCo-programa 2015-2030~ (marti, 2015 w.), „mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebi~
(seqtemberi, 2015 w.) da „parizis SeTanxmeba klimatis cvlilebis Taobaze~ (dekemberi,
2015 w.) urTierTdakavSirebulia da mimarTulia katastrofis riskis Semcirebisken,
mdgradi ganviTarebisa da klimatis cvlilebebis Sedegebis Semcirebisken.
„katastrofis riskis Semcirebis sendais samoqmedo CarCo-programa 2015-2030~ ex-

eba bunebrivi da adamianuri faqtorebiT gamowveuli, mcire da msxvilmasStabiani,
xSiri da iSviaTi, uecari da neli ganviTarebis mqone katastrofebis riskis marTvis
meqanizmebis SemuSavebas yvela doneze (globaluri, regionuli, erovnuli da ad-
gilobrivi) da yvela dargSi. dokumentSi gansazRvrulia Svidi globaluri mizani,
romelTa miRwevac aucilebelia 2020-2030 wlebisTvis. zemoxsenebul miznebs warmo-
adgens: bunebrivi katastrofis Sedegad daRupulTa saSualo raodenobis arsebiTad
Semcireba; dazaralebulTa saSualo raodenobis arsebiTad Semcireba; pirdapiri
ekonomikuri danakargebis Semcireba mTlian Sida produqtTan mimarTebaSi; kritiku-
li da socialuri infrastruqturisTvis (maT Soris jandacvisa da saganmanaTleblo
273
obieqtebi) bunebrivi katastrofis Sedegad miyenebuli zianis arsebiTad Semcireba,

maTi mdgradobis ganviTarebis gziT; mosaxleobisTvis sxvadasxva safrTxis adreu-
li Setyobinebis sistemebis xelmisawvdomobis arsebiTad gazrda da bunebrivi kata-
strofis riskis Sesaxeb informaciaze wvdomis gaumjobeseba.
strategiaSi aseve naTqvamia, rom saqarTveloSi ukanasknel wlebSi stiqiuri hidro-

meteorologiuri movlenebis raodenoba saSualod 15%-iT, xolo stiqiuri geolo-
giuri movlenebis raodenoba saSualod 58%-iT aris gazrdili. bunebrivi da adami-
anuri faqtorebiT gamowveuli katastrofebis garemoebebis/saxis dadgenis, riskis
identificirebis, gaanalizebis, Sefasebisa da Semcirebis mizniT, saqarTvelos mTav-
robam ukve gadadga mniSvnelovani nabiji „saqarTvelos safrTxeebis Sefasebis 2015-
2018 ww. dokumentis~ damtkicebiT. dokumentSi Sesulia saxelmwifo uwyebebis warmo-
madgenlebiT dakompleqtebuli specialuri jgufebis mier, arsebuli mdgomareobis
Seswavlis Sedegad gamovlenili, bunebrivi da adamianuri faqtorebiT gamowveuli
safrTxeebi da gamowvevebi – maTi warmoSobis faqtorebis, dadgomis albaTobisa da
uaryofiTi Sedegebis mixedviT.
dokumentSi gansazRvrulia katastrofis riskis SemcirebisaTvis aucilebeli da

saWiro prioritetuli mimarTulebebi. aRniSnuli strategiis safuZvelze momzad-
da samoqmedo gegma, romelSic gawerilia strategiis implementaciisTvis saWiro
RonisZiebebi, pasuxismgebeli uwyebebi, damxmare da partniori uwyebebi/organizacie-
bi, Sesrulebis vadebi da dafinansebis wyaro.
5.10.5. saqarTvelos biomravalferovnebis strategia da moqmedebaTa gegma
saqarTvelos biomravalferovnebis strategia da moqmedebaTa gegma – masSi ganx-

ilulia: biomravalferovnebis mniSvneloba da mdgomareoba, misi kavSiri klima-
tis cvlilebasTan, biomravalferovnebis Semcirebis gamomwvevi Zireuli mizezebi
da xelSemwyobi faqtorebi, samomavlo xedva da erovnuli miznebi, saxeobebi da ha-
bitatebi, daculi teritoriebi, tyis ekosistemebi, agraruli biomravalferovneba
da bunebrivi saTib-saZovrebi, Sida wylebis ekosistemebi, Savi zRvis biomraval-
ferovneba, sazogadoebis monawileoba, cnobirebis amaRleba da ganaTleba, strate-
giuli miznebi, erovnuli miznebi, amocanebi da qmedebebi, ganxorcieleba da resurse-
bis mobilizacia, biomravalferovnebis sferoSi moqmedi ZiriTadi maregulirebeli
instrumentebi da politikis ganmsazRvreli dokumentebi. saqarTvelos biomraval-
ferovnebis strategia da moqmedebaTa gegma moicavs qveynis biomravalferovnebis
dacvisa da SenarCunebis samomavlo xedvasa da erovnul miznebs, rasac mosdevs situ-
aciis analizi zemoTaRniSnuli Tematuri mimarTulebebis mixedviT.
saqarTvelo konvencias „biologiuri mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb~ 1994 wels SeuerTda

da, Sesabamisad, aRiara am konvenciis sami ZiraTadi amocana: biomravalferovnebis
konservacia, biologiuri resursebis mdgradi gamoyeneba da genetikuri resursebis
gamoyenebiT miRebuli sargeblis samarTliani da Tanaswori ganawileba. amJamad sa-
qarTvelo aseve SeerTebulia biomravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebul sxva saerTaS-
oriso SeTanxmebebs, rogoricaa: „konvencia gadaSenebis piras myofi veluri faunisa
da floris saxeobebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Sesaxeb~ (CITES), „konvencia saer-
TaSoriso mniSvnelobis Warbteniani, gansakuTrebiT wylis frinvelTa sabinadrod
vargisi, teritoriebis Sesaxeb~ (e.w. „ramsaris konvencia~), „konvencia migrirebadi
saxeobebis Sesaxeb~ (CMS) da „iuneskos konvencia msoflio mniSvnelobis bunebrivi
da kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis Sesaxeb~.
274
msoflioSi 2010 wlisTvis dagegmili miznebis miRweva ver moxerxda. dRemde gr-
Zeldeba rogorc genetikuri, ise saxeobrivi da ekosistemuri mravalferovnebis
Semcireba da biomravalferovnebaze adamianis mxridan uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis done
umetesad stabilurad maRali an mzardia. eqspertebis azriT, Tu arsebuli negatiu-
ri tendenciebi ar Seicvleba: Cveni saukune habitatebis kargvisa da saxeobaTa gada-
Senebis arnaxuli masStabebis momswre gaxdeba; biomravalferovnebiT ganpirobebuli
ekosistemuri servisebis farTo speqtri, SesaZloa, samudamod davkargoT; procesi
kritikul zRvars gadaaWarbebs da kacobrioba katasrtrofis winaSe aRmoCndeba; yve-
laze mtkivneulad biomravalferovnebis degradacia msoflios Rarib mosaxleobaze
aisaxeba (rac aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebs seriozul dartymas miayenebs).
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier kavkasia biologiuri mravalferovnebis mxriv

erT-erT yvelaze gamorCeul regionadaa aRiarebuli. WWF-is 35 `prioritetuli
adgilidan~ erT-erTi („Savi zRvis didi auzi~) moicavs kavkasiis regions; Conservation
International-is mier gansazRvruli `biomravalferovnebis 34 cxeli wertilidan~
(teritoriebi, romlebic gamoirCevian umdidresi, magram seriozuli safrTxis qveS
myofi biomravalferovnebiT) saqarTvelos teritoria ori „cxeli wertilis~ – ka-
vkasiisa da iran-anatoliis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis. saqarTvelo mdidaria sxvadasxva
tipis ekosistemebiT, habitatebiTa da maTTan dakavSirebuli saxeobebiT, maT Soris
iseTi saxeobebiT, romlebic gamoiyeneba an potenciurad mniSvnelovania, rogorc
sakvebi an sxva aucilebeli produqtebis wyaro.
qveynis biomravalferovneba uzrunvelyofs adamianisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelo-

bis ekosistemuri servisebis3 mowodebas, rogoricaa:
tyis ekosistemebis SemTxvevaSi:

• merqnuli da aramerqnuli resursebiT uzrunvelyofa,
• sufTa wylis akumulacia da regulireba,
• eroziisa da mewyeris prevencia da maTi zegavlenis Serbileba,
• naxSirbadis globaluri ciklis regulireba,
• rekreaciisa da turizmis maRalefeqturoba,
• saxeobebis sabinadro garemos Seqmna.
mdeloebis (saTib-saZovrebi) SemTxvevaSi:
• mecxoveleobis sakvebi baza da misi resursebiT momarageba,
• samkurnalo da sakvebi mcenareebis resursebiT uzrunvelyofa,
• tradiciuli mecxoveleobis SenarCuneba.
Savi zRva, tbebi, mdinareebi, Waobebi:
• dasasvenebel adgilebi migrirebadi frinvelebisTvis,
• naxSirbadis globaluri ciklis regulireba,
• rekreacia (maT Soris samoyvarulo Tevzaoba) da turizmi,
• komerciuli TevzWera,
• mosaxleobisa da meurneobis wyliT momarageba.
saqarTveloSi biomravalferovnebis Semcirebis gamomwvevi mizezebi da xelSemwyo-

bi faqtorebi ramdenimea:
9 mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, rac adamianebs bunebrivi re-
sursebis aramdgradi gamoyenebisken ubiZgebs energiis, sakvebisa Tu finansuri
sargeblis misaRebad;
275
9 ekologiuri ganaTlebis arasakmarisi done;

9 globaluri procesebis gaucnobierebloba;
9 bunebrivi resursebis mopovebis gaumarTlebeli sakanonmdeblo normebi bi-
ologiuri resursebis gamoyenebis regulirebis sferoSi;
9 meurneobis araerTi dargis ganviTarebis arsebiTi kavSiri bunebriv re-
sursebTan.
strategiaSi naTqvamia, rom 2030 wlisTvis saqarTvelo iqneba qveyana, sadac moqa-
laqeebi icxovroben bunebasTan harmoniaSi, sadac sayovelTaod aRiarebulia biom-
ravalferovnebis faseulobebi; biologiuri resursebis konservacia da gonivruli
moxmareba uzrunvelyofs ekosistemuri procesebis uwyvetobas, jansaR garemosa da
sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis sargebels mTeli sazogadoebisTvis. zemoxsenebuli samo-
mavlo xedvis misaRwevad dasaxulia erovnuli miznebi, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia:
¾ mosaxleobis informirebulobis gazrda, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis, mniS-

vnelovnad meti nawilis monawileoba biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebis, bi-
ologiuri resursebiT sargeblobisa da biousafrTxoebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetile-
bebis miRebis procesSi. biomravalferovnebisa da ekosistemebis ekonomikuri
faseulobebis integrireba regionuli ganviTarebis, soflis meurneobis, siR-
aribis Semcirebisa da sxva Sesabamis strategiebSi da erovnuli aRricxvisa da
statistikis sistemebSi; srulad da efeqtianad moqmedi biousafrTxoebis erovnu-
li sistemis Seqmna;
¾ safrTxeSi myof bunebriv habitatebze moqmedi negatiuri faqtorebis Semcireba,
am habitatebis sul mcire 60%-is (maT Soris, tyis fondis sul mcire 60%-is, wyal-
Warbi teritoriebis 80%-is, saTib -saZovrebis 70%-is) mdgradi marTvis uzrunve-
lyofis gziT;
¾ ucxo invaziuri saxeobebis mdgomareobis da maT mier gamowveuli safrTxeebis
Sefaseba;
¾ agraruli ekosistemebis da bunebrivi saTib-saZovrebis marTva da konservacia;
¾ mdgradi nadirobis sistemis Camoyalibeba da sanadiro saxeobebis populaciebis
sicocxlisunarianobis uzrunvelyofa;
¾ daculi teritoriebis farTobis gazrda (qveynis saxmeleTo farTobis sul mcire
12%, Savi zRvis akvatoriis – 2.5%-mde). mcenareTa da cxovelTa adgilobrivi
jiSebisa da kulturul mcenareTa endemuri saxeobebis, aseve maTi monaTesave
veluri saxeobebis, sxva socio-ekonomikuri Tu kulturuli mniSvnelobis saxeo-
bebis genetikuri mravalferovnebis SenarCuneba;
¾ narCenebis marTvis gaumjobeseba;
¾ ekologiuri ganaTlebis xelSewyoba.
garda aRniSnulisa, dagegmilia saqarTvelos daculi teritoriebis sistemis saz-

Rvrebs gareT darCenili, biomravalferovnebis kuTxiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelo-
vani adgilebis (Key Biodiversity Areas) identifikacia da Sefaseba. aseTebia: cxovel-
Ta samigracio derefnebi, populaciebis damakavSirebeli koridorebi, botanikurad
mniSvnelovani adgilebi (Important Plant Areas – IPA) da sxva. miznebs Sorisaa bra-
konierobis efeqtiani kontrolisa da zogadad biologiuri resursebis
mdgradi gamoyenebis uzrunvelyofa, saTanado samecniero-informaciuli bazis arse-

boba/Seqmna da misi srulad amoqmedeba, sadac Tavs moiyris monacemebi mniSvnelovani
biomravalferovnebisa da misi konservaciis Sesaxeb, daculi teritoriebis sivr-
ciTi ganviTarebis gegmis SemuSaveba da daculi teritoriebis qselis Seqmna (rac
276
gulisxmobs sxvadasxva tipis landSaftebSi integrirebuli daculi teritoriebis

erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul qsels), transsasazRvro kavSirebis uzrunvelyofa mezo-
beli qveynebis daculi teritoriebis sistemebTan da sxv.
saqarTveloSi tyis ekosistemebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebulia araerTi prob-

lema, romelTa Sorisaa: tyis resursebis aramdgradi marTva da xSirad ukanono
mopoveba, Warbi Zoveba, xanZrebi, mavneblebi da daavadebebi, mouwesrigebeli nad-
iroba, klimatis cvlileba, arasworad dagegmili infrastruqtura, xelovnurad gaS-
enebuli tyeebis mdgomareoba da sxv. xelovnuri maTi saerTo farTobi daaxloebiT
110 000 ha-ia. maTi mTavari mizani tyis safaris gafarToeba da am gziT damatebiTi
socialur-ekonomikuri da ekologiuri sargeblis uzrunvelyofa iyo. xelovnurad
gaSenebuli tyeebis didi nawili axla 50-60 wlovan monokulturebs warmoadgens,
sadac xSirad egzotikuri da garemosTan naklebad adaptirebuli saxeobebia gamoy-
enebuli (mag. Savi fiWvi – Pinus nigra). biomravalferovnebis mxriv es monokulturebi
bevrad Raribia, vidre Sereuli tyis kulturebi, sadac ramdenime adgilobrivi sax-
eoba gamoiyeneba. Walis tyeebs, saSiSroebas uqmnian arakontrolirebadi invaziuri
saxeobebi (mag. pavlovnia – Paulownia tomentosa, Walis tyeebis SemTxvevaSi – xemyrala
– Ailanthus altissima da sxv.). aucilebelia saqarTvelos tyeebSi gavrcelebuli ucxo
xe-mcenareebis mier gamowveuli potenciuri safrTxeebis detaluri Sefaseba.
bolo wlebSi tyis xanZrebi seriozul problemad iqca. tyis xanZrebi zians ayenebs
an sruliad anadgurebs tyis mcenareulobas, aferxebs tyis bunebriv ganaxlebas,
anadgurebs niadagis nayofier fenas da infrastruqturas. bolo periodis yvelaze
seriozul tyis xanZars adgili hqonda 2008 da 2017 wels, roca tyis aseulobiT
heqtari mniSvnelovnad dazianda da nawilobriv mTlinad ganadgurda Sida qarTlsa
da samcxe-javaxeTSi.
2013 wels momzadda erovnuli satyeo politika (koncefcia), romelic gansazRvravs

saxelmwifos damokidebulebas saqarTvelos tyeebis mimarT − maTi ZiriTadi fun-
qciuri daniSnulebisa da aseulobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. misi mizania tyis mdgra-
di marTvis sistemis Camoyalibeba, romelic uzrunvelyofs saqarTveloSi tyeebis
raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis gaumjobesebas, biomravalferovnebis
dacvas, tyeebis ekologiuri faseulobebis gaTvaliswinebiT maTi ekonomikuri po-
tencialis efeqtian gamoyenebas, tyis marTvaSi sazogadoebis monawileobas da miRe-
buli sargeblis samarTlian gadanawilebas.
agraruli biomravalferovneba (maT Soris agraruli ekosistemebi) da bunebrivi

saTib-saZovrebi, romlebsac qveynis mTliani teritoriis daaxloebiT 43% ukavia,
saqarTvelos biomravalferovnebis umniSvnelovanesi da ganuyofeli nawilia.
sabWoTa periodSi gegmiuri ekonomikis specializaciis politikam da industrial
soflis meurneobaze gadasvlam, agraruli ekosistemebis seriozuli degradacia da
sursaTisa da soflis meurneobisTvis mniSvnelovani adgilobrivi mcenareebisa da
cxovelebis genetikuri resursebis Semcireba gamoiwvia. es procesi kidev ufro in-
tesiuri gaxda gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, rodesac saxelmwifo koleqciebi da
saseleqcio sadgurebi ganadgurda, xolo soflis meurneobis seqtoris spontanuri
da qaoturi ganviTarebis gamo, gaizarda negatiuri zegavlena agroekosistemebze da
bunebriv saTib-saZovrebze.
amJamad saWiroa efeqtiani erovnuli sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofs agroeko-

sistemebisa da bunebrivi sakvebi savargulebis aRdgenasa da mdgrad gamoyenebas da,
277
agreTve, mcenareTa da Sinaur cxovelTa adgilobrivi jiSebis, kulturul mcenareTa

veluri monaTesave saxeobebis (sursaTad Segrovebuli da samkurnalo mcenareebis
CaTvliT), mikroorganizmebisa da sokoebis genetikuri resursebis konservacias. es
sistema mimarTuli unda iyos im Zireuli mizezebis aRmofxvrisken, romlebic agra-
ruli biomravalferovnebisa da bunebrivi saTib-saZovrebis degradacias uwyobs
xels.
kulturul mcenareTa veluri monaTesave saxeobebis, samkurnalo da sasursaTo mniS-

vnelobis velurad mzardi mcenareebis genetikuri erozia ukavSirdeba habitatis
degradacias (landSaftebis fragmentacia aramdgradi miwaTmoqmedebisa da Zovebis
gamo), axali mavneblebisa da daavadebebis gavrcelebas da bunebidan am resurse-
bis ukontrolo mopovebas komerciuli miznebiT. seriozul problemas warmoad-
gens kulturul mcenareTa adgilobrivi jiSebis, veluri monaTesave saxeobebis,
samkurnalo da sasursaTo mniSvnelobis velurad mzardi mcenareebis konservaciis
strategiisa da maT Sesaxeb informaciis naklebobac.
soflis meurneobis arsebuli politika xels ar uwyobs sasoflo meurneobebSi

sanimuSo sasoflo sameurneo praqtikis (mag. agroqomikatebis mdgradi gamoyeneba,
irigaciis, miwis damuSavebisa da morwyvis Tanamedrove teqnologiebi) gamoyenebas,
agroekologiuri meTodebis (landSafturi dagegmareba, qarsacavi zonebis gaSeneba,
kulturaTa monacvleoba, niadagis filtracia da sxv.) gamoyenebisa da iomeurneo-
bis ganviTarebas. ar arsebobs Zlier erozirebuli, mZime liTonebiTa da radio-
nuklidebiT dabinZurebuli niadagebis aRdgenis an uaryofiTi Sedegebis Semcirebis
adekvaturi programebi.
gadaZoveba da bunebrivi saZovrebis degradacia kanonmdebloba da saxelmwifo

programebi ar gansazRvravs saerTo saZovrebis mdgradi gamoyenebis instituci-
ur CarCo-pirobebs, rac araorganizebul da usistemo ZovebaSi gamoixateba. bune-
brivi saZovrebis degradacias, fermerTa codnis naklebobasTan erTad, xeli Seuwyo
saZovrebis arasworma, aramiznobrivma privatizaciam da ijariT gacemam, aseve sof-
lebis saerTo sargeblobaSi arsebuli saZovrebis marTvis kontrolis meqanizmebis
ararsebobam. klimatis cvlilebis mimarT Zlier mgrZnobiarea alpuri, semiaridu-
li da semihumiduri saTib-saZovrebi. cxadia, rom globaluri temperaturis matebas
Zlieri zemoqmedeba eqneba maRali mTis, dabal temperaturebTan Seguebul mcenareTa
saxeobebze. mosalodnelia maTi Canacvlebis procesebis ganviTareba Termofiluri
(siTbos moyvaruli) saxeobebiT, romelTa gavrceleba aqamde maRali simaRleebisT-
vis damaxasiaTebeli dabali temperaturebiT iyo SezRuduli. am procesis Sedegad
seriozuli Zvrebia mosalodneli alpuri mdeloebis mcenareulobaSi, Semdeg ki –
subnivalur kompleqsebSic.
strategiuli garemosdacviTi Sefaseba bevr qveyanaSi garemos dacvisa da biom-

ravalferovnebis sakiTxebis ganviTarebis procesSi CarTvis erT-erTi qmediTi in-
strumentia. Tumca, is saqarTveloSi ar aris danergili. es aris procesi, romlis
drosac xdeba sazogadoebrivi iniciativebis (gegmebi, programebi, strategiebi da
kanonmdebloba) Sefaseba mosalodneli garemosdacviTi Sedegebis gamosavlenad da
garemosdacviTi sakiTxebis srulad gaTvaliswinebis uzrunvelsayofad, socialuri
da ekonomikuri aspeqtebis analogiurad xorcieldeba. strategiuli garemosdacvi-
Ti Sefaseba Tavisi arsiT garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis procesis msgavsia. magram
igi saSualebas iZleva ufro Rrmad gamoavlinos biomravalferovnebaze potenciuri
zemoqmedeba dagegmvis stadiaSive.
278
garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefaseba (gzS) ganviTarebis proeqtebSi garemosdacviTi as-

peqtebis gaTvaliswinebis umniSvnelovanesi meqanizmia, gansakuTrebiT swrafi ekono-
mikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis Semcirebis saWiroebis pirobebSi, rac infra-
struqturuli proeqtebis ganxorcielebaSi gamoixateba. samwuxarod dRevandeli
kanonmdeblobis mixedviT gzS-s procesi arasakmarisad iTvaliswinebs biomraval-
ferovnebis sakiTxebs.
sivrculi dagegmva aseve warmoadgens biomravalferovnebis sakiTxebis seqtorul

da interseqtorul gegmebSi CarTvis efeqtian instruments. swored sivrculi gegmebi
gansazRvravs Tu sad unda ganviTardes ekonomikuri saqmianoba an infrastruqtura.
sivrculi dagegmvis procesi qmnis sxvadasxva seqtorebis warmomadgenlebis da aseve
sxvadasxva dainteresebuli mxareebis erTmaneTTan komunikaciis SesaZleblobas.

saqarTveloSi saWiroa am procesis ufro metad ganviTareba landSafturi dageg-
marebis meTodologiis gaTvalisiwnebiT.
ekosistemebisa da biomravalferovnebis ekonomikis (TEEB) mizania warmoaCinos

biomravalferovnebis kargvisa da ekosistemebis degradaciis ekonomikuri efeq-
ti. igi gadawyvetilebis mimReb pirebs ekosistemebisa da biomravalferovnebis
Rirebulebis gaazrebasa da gaTavisebaSi aseve ekosistemebis mier motanili ekono-
mikuri sargeblis sxvadasxva seqtoris ganviTarebis gegmebSi integrirebis meqa-
nizmebis SemuSavebaSi exmareba. saqarTvelo ekosistemebisa da biomravalferovnebis
ekonomikis winaswari kvlevis sapilote qveyana gaxda da ramdenime daculi ter-
itoriis ekosistemebis ekonomikuri faseulobis Seswavla ukve ganxorcielda. am
Seswavlam gamoavlina, rom daculi teritoriebi aucilebelia imisTvis, rom qveya-
naSi warmatebiT iqnas aTvisebuli ekoturizmis ekonomikuri sargebeli. dacul ter-
itoriebze arsebuli ekosistemebis dacviT SesaZlebelia im ekosistemuri servisebis
SenarCuneba, romlebzec adamiania damokidebuli, maT Soris iseTi dargebis ganvi-
Tarebis kuTxiT, rogoricaa: soflis meurneoba, hidroeleqtrogeneracia, TevzWera,
wyalmomarageba da sxv. amave dros daculi teritoriebis mdgradi menejmenti Tavis
wvlils Seitans siRaribis daZlevasa da resursebis samarTlianad gadanawilebaSi,
xels Seuwyobs biomravalferovnebis ekonomikuri sargeblis transformacias dacu-
li teritoriebis dafinansebis erT-erT meqanizmad.
5.10.6. saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcia
saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciaSi ganxilulia: saqarTvelos usa-

frTxoebis garemo, erovnuli Rirebulebebi, suverenitetisa da teritoriuli mTlia-
nobis uzrunvelyofa, saxelmwifo institutebis ganviTareba da demokratiis ganmt-
kiceba, evropuli da evroatlantikuri integracia, saqarTvelos satranzito funqci-
is gaZliereba, ekologiuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa, demografiuli usafrTx-
oebis uzrunvelyofa, kavkasiaSi arsebuli konfliqtebi, ekonomikuri da socialuri
gamowvevebi, meurneobis calkeuli mimarTulebebis usafrTxoebis politika da sxva,
erovnuli mniSvnelobis aqtualuri sakiTxebi.
bolo wlebSi msoflioSi da regionSi ganviTarebulma procesebma mniSvnelovnad

Secvala saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis garemo. 2008 wlis agvistos samxedro agresiam,
saqarTvelos teritoriebis okupaciam da iq ruseTis federaciis saokupacio jare-
bisa da samxedro infrastruqturis ganlagebam mniSvnelovnad gaauaresa qveynis da
mTeli kavkasiis regionis usafrTxoebis garemo. amasTanave, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi
arsebuli arastabiluroba da mTiani yarabaRis mougvarebeli konfliqti uaryofiT
gavlenas axdens saqarTvelos usafrTxoebaze.
279
saqarTvelos xelisufleba miiswrafvis saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier aRi-

arebuli saxelmwifo sazRvrebis farglebSi qveynis, misi moqalaqeebisa da insti-
tutebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisken. mis uzrunvelsayofad saqarTvelo xelmZ-
Rvanelobs saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiTa da principebiT da miaCnia, rom
usafrTxoeba ganuyofelia rogorc qveyanaSi moqalaqeTa urTierTdamokidebulebis
TvalsazrisiT, ise saerTaSoriso sistemaSi, radgan erTi saxelmwifos usafrTxoeba
ver ganmtkicdeba meoris usafrTxoebis SezRudvis xarjze.
saqarTvelo aRiarebs, rom keTildReobisken swrafva aris adamianis fundamenturi

ufleba da misi maqsimaluri realizacia mxolod Tavisufal garemoSia SesaZlebeli.
TiToeuli moqalaqis keTildReobis uzrunvelsayofad saqarTvelo ayalibebs qvey-
nis mdgradi ganviTarebis iseT models, romelic efuZneba Tavisufali ekonomiku-
ri garemos Seqmnas, rac gamoixateba mcire mTavrobis principiT, pasuxismgeblobi-
ani makroekonomikuri politikiT, dabali gadasaxadebiT da miznobrivi socialuri
politikis gatarebiT.
mezobeli qveynebidan saqarTvelos teritoriaze konfliqtebis SesaZlo gadmodineba

mas safrTxes uqmnis. kavkasiaSi arsebuli konfliqtebi uaryofiTad moqmedebs qvey-
nis usafrTxoebaze da humanitaruli krizisebis ganviTarebis potenciuri wyaroa.
amasTanave, ruseTi cdilobs saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganawyos ruseTis federaciis
CrdiloeT kavkasiis regionis mosaxleoba. afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis mon-
akveTebze ruseTis federaciasTan saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris kontrolis
ararseboba xelsayrel garemos qmnis transnacionaluri danaSaulisaTvis da am
problemis efeqtiani gadaWris xelSemSleli damatebiTi faqtoria. saqarTvelosT-
vis aseve gamowvevaa somxeTsa da azerbaijans Soris arsebuli konfliqti. am qveynebis
SeiaraRebuli dapirispirebis ganaxleba Seasustebs samxreT kavkasiis samive saxel-
mwifos usafrTxoebas da xels Seuwyobs regionSi ruseTis federaciis politikuri
gavlenis zrdas.
swrafi da mdgradi ekonomikuri zrdis tempis Semcireba gamowvevaa saqarTvelos

erovnuli usafrTxoebisTvis. saxelmwifo Semosavlebis mkveTrad Semcirebam, umu-
Sevrobis ukiduresma zrdam SesaZloa xeli Seuwyos socialur daZabulobas da dae-
muqros qveynis ganviTarebas, stabilurobas da erovnul usafrTxoebas.
saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis prioritetulia qveynis

energodamoukideblobis ganmtkiceba. am mxriv mniSvnelovania energomatareblebis
mowodebis wyaroebis diversifikaciis SenarCuneba. saqarTvelos energousafrTxoe-
bis ganmtkicebisaTvis aseve didi mniSvneloba eniWeba sufTa energiis wyaroebis gan-
viTarebas da Sesabamisi infrastruqturis Seqmnas.
qveynis ganviTarebisTvis mniSvnelovania demografiuli mdgomareobis gaumjobese-

ba. saqarTvelosTvis mniSvnelovani gamowvevaa ruseTis federaciis mier okupirebul
teritoriebze demografiuli balansis xelovnurad da ukanonod Secvlis cdebi iq
ruseTis federaciis moqalaqeebis CasaxlebiT da maTTvis gansakuTrebuli pirobebis
SeqmniT. aseTi qmedeba gansakuTrebul safrTxes uqmnis afxazebis TviTmyofobis
SenarCunebas.
saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia:
¾ okupirebuli teritoriebis deokupacia;

¾ ruseTis federaciasTan urTierTobais normalizeba;
¾ saxelmwifo institutebis ganviTareba da demokratiis ganmtkiceba;
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¾ CarTulobis politikis ganxorcieleba (saqarTvelo mowodebulia, Seqmnas iseTi

formatebi da wamaxalisebeli meqanizmebi, romlebic xels Seuwyobs okupirebuli
teritoriebis mosaxleobis daaxloebas qveynis danarCeni regionebis mcxovre-
blebTan da okupaciis Sedegad gamyofi xazebiT daSoriSorebuli saqarTvelos
moqalaqeebis urTierTobaTa gaRrmavebas);
¾ saqarTvelos Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis sistemis ganviTareba;
¾ Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciaSi gawevreba da evrokavSirSi
integracia.
saqarTvelo mdebareobs msoflios erT-erT yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovan geopoli-

tikur regionSi, romelic istoriulad udides rols TamaSobda evropisa da aziis
ganviTarebasa da urTierTobebSi. dResac, es regioni wamyvan rols TamaSobs, mag-
aliTad, navTobisa da gazis, saerTod, energomatareblebis msoflio ganawilebis
sqemebSi da milsadenebis axal proeqtebSi (INOGATE, NABUCCO, South Stream da sxv.).
saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis verc erTi programa ver iqneba
qmediTunariani, Tu igi mxedvelobaSi ar miiRebs saqarTvelos gansakuTrebul geo-
politikur mdebareobasa da rols. amitomaa, rom regionis mdgradi ganviTarebiT
dainteresebulia kavkasiis, centraluri aziis, axlo aRmosavleTis da Savi zRvis
auzis aTeulobiT saxelmwifo.
5.10.7. saqarTvelos maRalmTiani tegionebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb (mTis kanoni) –

arsi da regulaciebi
saqarTvelos mTavroba aqtiurad anviTarebs kanonmdeblobas, romelic mTiani re-

gionebis socialur-ekonomikuri da ekologiuri problemebis gadawyvetas ukavSir-
deba. amgvaria e.w. mTis kanoni, romelic gansazRvravs maRalmTiani regionebis so-
cialur-ekonomikuri progresis stimulirebisaTvis imgvar SeRavaTebs, romlebic
uzrunvelyofs aq mcxovrebTa keTildReobas, cxovrebis donis amaRlebas, dasaqmebis
xelSewyobas, socialuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas.
kanonis mixedviT, maRalmTian dasaxlebad iTvleba dasaxleba, romelic zRvis

donidan 1500 metris simaRleze an mis zeviT mdebareobs. saqarTvelos mTavroba
uflebamosilia, sxvadasxva kriteriumis (mTis ferdobis daxriloba, infrastruq-
turis mdgomareoba, klimaturi pirobebi da bunebrivi garemo, sasoflo-sameurneo
daniSnulebis miwis simcire da simwire, demografiuli mdgomareoba, maT Soris, gam-
wvavebuli migraciuli procesebi) gaTvaliswinebiT, maRalmTiani dasaxlebis sta-
tusi mianiWos dasaxlebas, romelic zRvis donidan aranakleb 800 metris simaRleze
mdebareobs. gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi, am punqtiT gansazRvruli kriteriumebis gaT-
valiswinebiT, maRalmTiani dasaxlebis statusi SeiZleba zRvis donidan 800 metris
simaRleze qveviT mdebare dasaxlebasac mieniWos.
zRvis donidan Sesabamis simaRleze mdebareobis miuxedavad, maRalmTiani dasax-

lebis statusi eniWebaT saqarTvelos Semdeg istoriul-geografiul mxareebSi mde-
bare dasaxlebebs: xevi, mTiuleTi, pankisis xeoba, maRalmTiani aWara, gudamayris
xeoba, fSav-xevsureTi, TuSeTi, zemo svaneTi, qvemo svaneTi, leCxumi, raWa. amgvarad,
saqarTvelos mTavroba maRalmTiani dasaxlebis statuss gansazRvravs ara mxolod
hifsometruli, aramed eTnokulturuli, ekologiuri da socialur-ekonomikuri
problematikis mixedviTac.
fizikur pirs maRalmTian dasaxlebaSi mudmivad mcxovrebi piris statusi eniWeba, Tu

igi akmayofilebs Semdeg kriteriumebs: aris saqarTvelos moqalaqe; registrirebu-
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lia maRalmTian dasaxlebaSi; yoveli kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi jamSi 9 Tvis

an 9 Tveze meti vadiT faqtobrivad cxovrobs maRalmTian dasaxlebaSi.
maRalmTian dasaxlebaSi mudmivad mcxovrebi piri sargeblobs am kanoniTa da saqa-

rTvelos sxva sakanonmdeblo da kanonqvemdebare aqtebiT dadgenili socialuri
SeRavaTebiT, kerZod: sapensio asaks miRweuli maRalmTian dasaxlebaSi mudmivad
mcxovrebi pirisaTvis, romelic yovelTviurad iRebs saxelmwifo pensias, social-
uri daxmarebis saxiT, yovelTviuri danamatis – saxelmwifo pensiis aranakleb 20
procentis – micemas; samedicino personalisaTvis, romlis Sroma saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo biujetidan anazRaurdeba, saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenilebiT gan-
sazRvruli wesiT yovelTviuri danamatis micemas: eqimisaTvis – saxelmwifo pensiis
ormagi odenobiT; eqTnisaTvis – saxelmwifo pensiis odenobiT; zamTris periodSi
(Sesabamisi wlis 15 oqtombridan momdevno wlis 15 aprilis CaTvliT) maRalmTian
dasaxlebaSi mudmivad mcxovreb pirTa gaTbobis uzrunvelyofis xelSewyobis mizniT
Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas (abonentis moxmarebuli eleqtroenergiis
yovelTviuri safasuris 50 procentis anazRaurebas, magram araumetes moxmarebuli
100 kvt.sT eleqtroenergiis safasurisa); dabadebuli pirveli bavSvisa da meore
bavSvisaTvis, romelTa erT-erTi mSobeli aris maRalmTian dasaxlebaSi mudmivad
mcxovrebi piri, 1 wlis ganmavlobaSi yovelTviuri fuladi daxmarebis – aranakleb
100 laris – micemas, xolo mesame bavSvisa da yoveli Semdgomi bavSvisaTvis – 2 wlis
ganmavlobaSi yovelTviuri fuladi daxmarebis – aranakleb 200 laris – micemas;
sajaro skolis maswavleblis sabazo Tanamdebobrivi sargos aranakleb 35 procen-
tis – micemas; profesiuli saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis maswavleblisaTvis da-
namatis – Sromis anazRaurebis aranakleb 35 procentis – micemas; sajaro skolis,
mravalseqtoriani sajaro skolis moswavlisaTvis, profesiuli saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebis studentisaTvis vauCeris gazrdili odenobiT micemas.
maRalmTian dasaxlebaSi mudmivad mcxovrebi piri sargeblobs saSemosavlo ga-

dasaxadTan da qonebis gadasaxadTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos sagadasaxado ko-
deqsiT dadgenili sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT. mewarme subieqti, romelsac saqarT-
velos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad miniWebuli aqvs maRalmTiani dasaxlebis sawar-
mos statusi, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gansazRvruli vadiTa da wesiT
Tavisufldeba gadasaxadebisagan.
am kanoniT gansazRvrulia mTis ganviTarebisTvis momqmedi ori saxelmwifo or-

ganizaciis miznobrivi funqcionireba. amgvaria: 1. saqarTvelos mTis ganviTare-
bis erovnuli sabWo, romelic saqarTvelos mTavrobas dasamtkiceblad warudgens
maRalmTiani dasaxlebebis ganviTarebis strategias, programas da samoqmedo gegmas;
ganixilavs dasaxlebis maRalmTian dasaxlebaTa nusxaSi Setanis/maRalmTian dasax-
lebaTa nusxidan amoRebis mizanSewonilobis sakiTxs. 2. maRalmTiani dasaxlebebis
ganviTarebis fondi.
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CHAPTER 5
CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIC TRENDS OF SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT OF GEORGIA
In September of 2015, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development, which is composed of 17 goals and 169 targets united in three principal and interconnect-
ed trends: economic, social and ecological (environmental). It is the only global agenda with the equal
participation of all countries of the world.
The goals of sustainable development must help wiping out poverty and hunger; reduction of inequality
in and among the countries, building peaceful, just and inclusive society; protection of human rights;
rational use and protection of natural resources. As a result, the conditions for sustainable economic
growth, welfare and decent work must be created. The timeframe to accomplish these ambitious goals
of sustainable development was defined as the year of 2030.
The United Nations High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF), which gathers
annually was submitted the First Voluntary National Review (VNR) by Georgia in 2016. The VNR
considers the general aspirations, process of coordination of the goals and developing the institutional
mechanism for nationalization and future plans. Georgia will submit its next Review to the United
Nations High-level Political Forum in 2019 to show the detailed progress record of the realization of all
sustainable development goals (SDGs) and relevant indicators.
The Administration of Government of Georgia (AoG) launched an active implementation process of
SDGs in 2015 and has realized a complex process so far. That year, together with the experts from dif-
ferent line ministries, a joint technical working group was established, which identified the goals and
targets of priority for Georgia by the given moment. Georgia has nationalized all 17 goals, 99 targets
and over 200 indicators. However, the Government of Georgia aims to nationalize all 169 targets grad-
ually, before 2030. In 2018, it is planned to link the SDGs with the documents of the national policy
what is a necessary component of the daily activities of public establishments. In the framework of the
Pilot Initiative the AoG together with IDFI and UNDP and with the financial support from Government
of Sweden (SIDA) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), established
UN Sustainable Development Goals coordination mechanism – SDGs Council with its four thematic
working groups, elaborated national document on SDGs – SDGs Matrix, with respective global and
national indicators and scorecard forms.
For the sustainable development of Georgia, a number of organizations and groups of experts have de-
veloped safety concepts and development strategy in different fields, which, alongside with the prob-
lems, considers the ecological, economic and social issues, whose solution will support the realization
of the obligations undertaken under the UN Agenda.
Georgia’s Environmental Security Concept was developed on the initiative of Georgian National
Academy of Sciences, with the involvement of a wide group of experts. The concept describes the top-
ical issues and problems of the environmental security of Georgia, goal, main targets and principles of
ensuring environmental security.
According to the Concept, the goal of the environmental security of Georgia is to obtain reliable scien-
tific and scientific-technical information about the present-day and expected ecological conditions on
the territory of Georgia and develop a system for objective (quantitative) evaluation of the situation and
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prevention, mitigation and avoidance of expected environmental hazards. The system must consider: 1.
creating the databases about the existing and expected environmental threats and providing monitoring,
and 2. obtaining the results of evaluation of the stability of natural environment, resources, economics
and social fields and adaptability of the country to the environmental threats.
The main objectives of the environmental safety of Georgia are identified as follows: reduction of the
anthropogenic impact of the climate change; conservation of bio- and landscape diversity; prevention or
reduction of soil degradation; forecasting natural calamities and risks; reduction of dissemination of in-
dustrial and domestic waste in the environment; restoration of the degraded landscape; conservation of
the mechanisms of self-restoration of the natural environment; conservation of the ecological functions
of the environment and natural landscapes.
Georgia’s concept to protect the soils against erosion is associated with the problems and oppor-
tunities of the development of agriculture as that of a traditional and important sector of economy.
Agriculture is an essential part of the historical and cultural heritage of the Georgian nation and its
sustainable development must be ensured by maintaining the traditions and introducing technological
innovations. This goal cannot be achieved without the evaluation of the present-day condition of soil
and efficient use of soil, the main object of agriculture.
The principal challenge for the soils of Georgia is the degradation of soil fertility what is mainly asso-
ciated with erosive processes. The natural conditions of the mountainous areas of Georgia (the climate
and relief in the first instance) are a certain precondition for soil degradation. Some soils are located in
the zones of natural risk (natural calamities) resulting in their low fertility. As for the lowland areas, the
main reason for soil degradation there is intense irrigation and agricultural chemization. Soil protection
measures (such as anti-erosion and anti-secondary salination measures, growing forest massifs and field
protection belts with fruit plants, etc.) are necessary on the whole territory of the country.
It is known that the introduction of high-yield and quality agricultural crops, species and hybrids
and improved technical methods of land cultivation and use of melioration and pesticides lead to the
permanently increasing yield of agricultural crops. On this background, the scales of wind and water
erosion increase, areas of arable and sowing lands, areas under the perennial plants and pastures and
hey meadows increase and the soil fertility decreases. One of the reasons for this is the introduction of
single-crops and rejecting mosaic crop growing patterns, violation of the practically and scientifically
proved agricultural technologies, rejecting anti-erosive annual and perennial crops with strong root
systems, ignoring traditional land cultivation measures, reducing the scales of terracing, rejecting tradi-
tional cultural crops, etc.
The present-day state of the greatly inclined slopes (15º or more) in the mountain regions of Georgia ev-
idences that the process of land cultivation and selection of species virtually ignores the environmental
conditions. The damage caused by erosive processes is not limited to the degradation of the agricultural
plots only. Erosion greatly damages the wildlife, water resources, infrastructure, etc. The gullies and
gorges formed as a result of erosive processes dissect the areas, make them difficult to cultivate and
support filling the riverbeds and water reservoirs with solid drift. Recently, such hazardous processes
following the erosion, as mudflows and landslides, have been activated. Particularly critical is the sit-
uation in Zemo Imereti, Ajara, Svaneti, Mtiuleti, Pshavi and other high-mountain regions of Georgia.
Depending on the intensity of soil erosion processes, the territory of Georgia can be divided into the
following regions:
1. andscape of Kolkheti Lowland: these are characterized by slightly developed erosive processes and
dominant lateral riverbed erosion.
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Chapter 5. Concepts and Strategic Trends of Sustainable Development of Georgia
2. lain, hilly and mountain basin landscapes of West Georgia: these are characterized by intense water
erosion.
3. lain, hilly and mountain basin landscapes of East Georgia: these are characterized by wind and
water erosion.
4. lain, hilly and plateau landscapes of East Georgia: these are characterized mostly by wind erosion
and with some water erosion.
5. verage mountain landscapes: these are characterized mostly by intense processes of water and lin-
ear erosion.
6. igh mountain landscapes: these are characterized by intense soil surface washout and weak linear
erosion.
The National Strategy and Action Plan of the Environmental Education of Georgia covers several
issues. It considers the history of environmental education, present-day situation observed at different
levels of education, goal of the strategy and principles of its implementation.
As the Strategy suggests, despite the realized measures, the educational system shows a clear defi-
ciency in teaching the importance of sustainable development and relevant actions. In the 1970s, the
international society started to explore the possible role of education in responding to the environmental
challenges. The Belgrade Charter (1975) was the first document to give the goals, objectives, principles
and target audience of the environmental education (UNESCO-UNEP, 1975). In 1977, the Conference
Òn Environmental Education~ held in Georgia, Tbilisi in particular, adopted the Tbilisi Declaration
giving the structure of the environmental education system at local, national and international levels.
Recently, the environmental education has been viewed as a part of sustainable development evidenced
by term èducation for sustainable development~ . As the explanation of the United Nations Economic
Commission for Europe suggests, education for sustainable development is integrated into some other
areas, too, and in the field of sustainable economic and social development and associated problems in
the first instance.
In Georgia, “the education for sustainable development” is considered as the fundamental strategy
of sustainable development and mechanism supporting the practical implementation of such a devel-
opment. Georgian Law “On Environmental Protection” of 1996 names “the environmental education”
as a lawful human right. Later, environmental education was defined as an integral part of the school
education program. In 2004, the process of integration of the environmental education into the curricula
in natural sciences, geography, economics and social areas at higher educational establishments and
secondary schools started.
The principal goal of the strategy and action plan is as follows: within the framework of Georgian
legislation, developing the plan meeting to the requirements in the field of education; identifying the
general standards, objectives and goals for all actions associated with the environmental education; sup-
porting the introduction of systemic approaches of sustainable development to different areas by means
of environmental education and ensuring their harmonization with the international goals and standards;
increasing the societal awareness of the environmental education and supporting it in Georgia, etc.
Environmental education in Georgia must be accessible for all; it must be interdisciplinary, must help
establish critical reasoning and must consider the links between the local, regional and global ecological
problems.
The goal of the National Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy of Georgia is to establish the unified di-
saster risk reduction (DRR) system, improve disaster preparedness and response capabilities at national
and local levels, and to increase response efficiency to the possible threats. Such threats include: floods,
285
flash floods, landslide and gravitational processes, mudflows, biological hazards, earthquakes, climatic
events, avalanches, forest and valley fires, chemical pollution, hazard of technogenic accidents, etc.
The document defines the necessary and proper priorities to reduce the risk of catastrophes. The
Strategy served as a basis for development of an Action Plan, which defines concrete activities needed
for the Strategy implementation, as well as responsible institutions, supporting and partner institutions/
organizations, implementation timeframes and sources of finance.
The Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan of Georgia considers the importance and state of biodiver-
sity and its links with the climate change, the principal reasons for the biodiversity reduction and factors
improving the biodiversity, future vision and national targets, species and habitats, protected areas, for-
est ecosystems, agrarian biodiversity and natural grasslands, inland water ecosystems, the biodiversity
of the Black Sea, public participation, measures to increase awareness and improve education, strategic
goals, national goals, objectives and actions, implementation and resource mobilization, principal regu-
latory instruments and policy-defining documents in the field of biodiversity. The Biodiversity Strategy
and Action Plan of Georgia give the Vision and National Targets of the protection and conservation of
biodiversity followed by the situation analysis in the above-mentioned thematic areas.
The Strategy states that by 2030, the people of Georgia will be living in a harmonious relationship
with nature, whereby biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, ecosystem processes
and services are maintained, a healthy environment is sustained and benefits essential for the society
are delivered. The conservation and reasonable use of biological resources ensures the continuity of the
eco-system processes, sound environment and vital benefit for the whole society. National targets have
been set in order to achieve the Vision, with the following ones as being most important:
¾ Increasing the population’s awareness and ensuring that significantly more people, especially lo-
cal populations, are interested and effectively taking part in the decision-making processes that
contribute both to conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and to biosafety; integrating
the economic values of biodiversity and ecosystems into the legislation, national accounting, rural
development, agriculture, poverty reduction and other relevant strategies; establishing an effective
and fully functional national biosafety system.
¾ Reduction of the negative factors directly affecting the threatened natural habitats through the sus-
tainable management of at least 60% of these habitats, including at least 60% of forests, 80% of
wetlands and 70% of grasslands. This must be achieved through the sustainable management.
¾ Assessing alien invasive species with regard to their status and impact.
¾ Proving due management and conservation of the agricultural ecosystems and natural grasslands.
¾ Having a national system of sustainable hunting in place, which ensures the viability of game spe-
cies.
¾ Expanding the protected areas (ensure that at least 12% of the country’s terrestrial and inland water
areas and 2.5 % of the Black Sea marine area are covered by the protected areas); maintain the ge-
netic diversity of local plant and animal species and endemic plant species as well as their relative
wild species and other social-culturally or culturally valuable species; improving waste manage-
ment.
¾ Supporting environmental education.
¾ Safeguarding the genetic diversity of the species.
The National Security Concept of Georgia considers such issues, as the safety environment of Georgia,
national values, ensuring sovereignty and territorial integrity of Georgia, developing state institutions
and strengthening democracy, European and Euro-Atlantic integration, strengthening the transit role of
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Chapter 5. Concepts and Strategic Trends of Sustainable Development of Georgia
Georgia, ensuring the environmental security of Georgia, ensuring demographic security, conflicts in
the Caucasus, economic and social challenges, safety policy for the individual branches of economy,
urgent issues of a national significance, etc.
Georgia recognizes that the pursuit of prosperity is a fundamental human right to guarantee, one that
is only possible in a free environment. To achieve maximum welfare for its citizens, Georgia strives
for the sustainable development of the state by creating a free economic environment characterized by
small government, responsible macroeconomic policy, low taxes, and focused social policy.
Georgia is located in one of the most important geopolitical regions of the world, which historically
always played a great role in the development and mutual relations between Europe and Asia. To date,
this region plays a leading role, e.g. in the plans of global distribution of oil and gas and energy carriers
in general and in new pipeline projects (INOGATE, NABUCCO, etc.). No programs of social-econom-
ic development can become effective unless it considers the special geopolitical location and particular
role of Georgia. This is why several tens of states of the Caucasus, Central Asia, Near East and Black
Sea basin are interested in the sustainable development of the region.
287
davaleba – rukis analizi
msoflios regionebi
geologiuri agebuleba
288
davaleba – rukis analizi
tyeebis degradaciis xarisxi
landSaftTa SesaZlo cvlilebis xarisxi
289
landSaftTa mdgradoba
mosaxleobis simWidrove
290
davaleba – saqarTvelos regionebi da garemos gamoyeneba
afxazeTi – riwis tba
aWara – baTumis midamoebi
291
mesxeTi – qvablianis xeoba
javaxeTis vulkanuri plato da abul-samsaris qedi
292
mTiani samegrelo
guria – kurorti baxmaro
293
leCxumi – cxeniswylis xeoba (cageri)
kaxeTi – md. kabalis xeoba
294
Sida qarTli – md. qsnis xeoba
mTiuleTi – sof. mleTa da gudauris plato
295
mcxeTis bunebriv-istoriuli landSafti
svaneTis bunebriv-kulturuli landSafti
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CHAPTER 6
TRANSDISCIPLINARY FIELD STUDY COURSE
Introduction
The livelihood of families living in Caucasus mountain regions depends on the availability and the
quality of natural resources, e.g. on soil for subsistence agriculture, on quality pastures for livestock,
on wood,on non-timber forest products, and on water. At the same time, the growing urban population
works in the secondary and tertiary sectors and needs high-quality products and ecological services
provided by mountain regions, e.g. meat, cheese, vegetables and fruits but also recreational services
and tourism facilities. On-going environmental, economic and socio-cultural changes in rural and urban
regions as well can harbor a potential for more sustainable development in Caucasus; but they can also
or simultaneously generate negative impacts.
Given this background overarching research question for our field study course (FSC) within the
University education project “Sustainable Mountain Development (SMD) and Resource Governance”
(SCOPES) at ASPU for Armenia and TSU for Georgia is: How can research support efforts towards a
more sustainable development – specifically for the transition context of Caucasus mountain regions?
Preparation and methods applied for FSC - Mid-term preparation
FSC working with transdisciplinary teaching and research methods need a Mid-term preparation
phaseinvolving “real world” partners and building-up partnership within FSC region. This preparation
phase from the experience of this SCOPES project lasts as least 8 month an in this ideal case of Lagodechi
up-to 3 years.
During preparation phase SCOPES team in cooperation with not-academic, non-university partners had
the chance to bring in TD research and teaching methods to the FSC in a mid-term perspective. Overall
intention was to work for real-world clients for a real world case study region in the Caucasus transition
context.
Coming from this pre-condition our transdisciplinary field study courses focused it’smid-term preparation
on the following three pillars:
• “Real world” partnership with local “clients” beneficiaries in a concrete case study region
• Case-study-based preparatory socio-ecological research
• Involvement of local beneficiaries oriented on jointly implementing “pilot” small infrastructure
projects; so called “Seed Money Activities” (SMA)
The preparation of the Lagodekhi FSC in summer 2017 lasted 3-4 years with in an NGO based
“environment and security” project component. This gave the chance to developed TD research and
real world involvement continuously. Cooperation was step-by step developed, bringing together
university staff and “real world” actors, such as local NGO, water user association and local government
institutions. This locally based institutional development was leaded by a national NGO.
Seed-Money-Activities (SMA):
Transdisciplinary“action research approach”during FSC was followed up by implementation ofsmall

pilot infrastructure projects – so called Seed Money Activities (SMA).Our TD field study course profited
297
very much from preparatory baseline research and SMA implementation. Students had the possibility
to join a real world learning process on the ground with local stakeholders and clients on the ground.
As lesson learnt it is recommended to foresee a preparation phase for TD-FSCourses of a Minimum of

one year. In case of preparation of the Lagedekhi FSC in Georgia there was an ideal combination of
preparatory research and implementation projects plus partner network established. Overall preparation
and learning process lasted even 3 years – with parallel engagement of Tbilisi University and a national
NGO. In case of pilot FSC ofMarmarik in Armenia concrete results were reached as well within a
preparation phase of at least 8 month and a similar partnership approach involving Erevan University
and a national NGO.
Short-term preparation
During short-term preparation of FSC SCOPES team did not involve only university teaching
staff and master students, but also the well-established networklocal partners and NGO as partners-
facilitatorsplus possible clients in FSC case study region
On the university level -starting two month before the FSC -during student’s workshopsthe following
five thematic issues have to be prepared during student’s workshops.
Step by step 1 – 5:
1. Defining overall objective of FSC andConcept and Methodology of FSC

• What means TD research for Sustainable Mountain Development (SMD)
• Presentation of the preparatory work of University researches, NGO, local partners, natural resource
user associations, local government in FSC municipality/communes
• Definition of focus domains of field work during FSC – on the example of the Lagodechi FSC the
following:
1. Agriculture and Pastoralism
2. Water (Drinking water – irrigation water) and natural hazards
3. Regional and Landscape planning – Sustainable Regional Development – as integrated topic
4. Infrastructure – housing – social infrastructure and services (School, kindergarden, medical
services, a.o.)
5. Nature conservation and Lagodekhi National park (Ecosystem services – benefits for local
population, Participatory management of protected areas)
• Definition of DRAFT positve/negative factors having impact on SMD in FSC region
2. Methodological Workshop: Defining specific objectives of baseline research intended during FSC:
• Basic method of Triangulation
• Socio-ecological analysis with the help of Questionnaires
• Excel-based assessment of the questionnaires– test and final results
• Mapping exercise of land use and housing with the help of GIS tools
• Conduction of expert interviews along the domains, assessed during FSC (see below under
“Procedure for conduction of FSC”)
3. Workshop on Action Research: Development of specific methods for identification and participation
in FSC of hands-on, non-academic local partners:
• Methods for analyzing and identifying relevant stakeholders in the field study course region
• Definition of the terminology, e.g. stakeholder, researcher, client, beneficiary, Local action group,
locally based natural resource use association, e.g. for water, forest or pastures
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Chapter 6. Transdisciplinary field study course: Exposure to the real-world transition context in the Caucasus
4. Discussion Workshop on TD- Water governance and water planning, natural hazards and Disaster
Risk Reduction
• Housing, communal infrastructure, public services
• Sustainable Regional Development and Spatial-, Landscape-Planning
• Sustainable Tourism Development
• Mapping of Housing on the example of the community of Gurgeniani
• Nature conservation and Large Protected Area Management on the example of the Lagodekhi
National Park
“Summer schools” are mostly oriented on “testing” contact to local population, get information,
testing methods defined before – covering the more possible domains of sustainable or not-sustainable
development. But this approach is mostly lacking a baseline participatory research phase as pre-condition
for tine-tuning objectives with relevance for planning practice and benefits for local stakeholders or
“clients”. Summer schools if consulting Bootsma et al 2014 are clearly associated to the category
“Bringing the real world into the classroom” with elements of “Visiting the real world” (see categories
defined byBootsma et al 2014 , discussed in the following paragraph).
During our Field Study Course (FSC) transdisciplinary and action research methods have been used
with exposure to the real live challenges of a mountain region in Georgia or Armenia. During SCOPES
IP FSC have been officially integrated into Curricula of TSU and ASPU – the Georgian and Armenian
Partner Universities.
Based hands-on examples of small infrastructure projects – so called Seed Money Activities (SMA, see
chapter above) - andon their own field experience, the thematic student’s working groups analyzed and
presented their findings to a broader public and local government just in the premises of the municipality
administration. The aim of this part is to create awareness of inter- and transdisciplinary nexus between
various studies, and to integrate individual disciplinary methodological experience – based on a SMA
case study – into a joint research strategy and methodology that supports more sustainable development
and landscape planning of the region. This means giving development issues priority over academic
issues, and thus reflecting the role of research in SMD and landscape planning against the needs of a
local government administration – in this case the representatives of the Lagodechi Municipality of
Kacheti / Eastern Georgia.
Questionnaire
Golden regulation for interview:
Students are allowed, to stay with one interview only for 40 minutes, and then to proceed further with
additional interviews in order to achieve our results. Further perspective and personal contact to you
as respondent and knowledgeable person is very important for us and we would like to invite you to the
presentation of results.
Language will be in Georgian, but in any case your patience is necessary, because it has briefly to be
translated to English for our international students.
A. GENERAL INFORMATION ON HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS
Community/Village: _______________ district____________________
profession _______________ Age: ______ Sex: _______________ Married/not Married:

_____________
Date: _______________ Time started _______________ Time Finished _______________

299
1. Basic information about the household members (List of all the people who normally use the same
entrance, live and eat their meals together)
ID Sex Age range M a r i t a l E t h n i c Level of education Main occupation

1: 0.1–14y. status group a. Unlearned g. Agriculture
2: 15- 25 b. Elementary (6-12) h. Tourism (hotel etc.)
3: 26 – 45 c. Basic (12-15) i. Student
4: 46 – 64 d. Secondary (15-18) j. School
e. Vocational (15-17) k. Household
5: 65 +
f. Higher edu. l. Government
(Bachelor, Master, m.Services (health, edu…)
Doctor) n. Trade & industry
o. Other (pls specify)
1
2
2. Basic information about the household establishment
A) Since how many years do you live 0-5 6-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 Morethan
in this place? (In case they do not years years years years years 40 years
know, then the year or general period)
When did you move to the village?
B. Born here: Y/N

3. Why did you move to this village/place?
4. Agriculture (if household performs agriculture) – Crops
Plot Area/size What is the status Land use (list How much Is this amount Hoch much How
ID of the plot of the plot? crops) of [CROP] corresponding of this crop much
(ha) p. Bought w. annual has your to a good, did you use did
q. Rented crops (list) household average or for your you
r. Borrowed x. perennial harvested, bad harvesting household? sell?
s. Gift crops (list) during the season? (Y/N) Kg Kg
t. Inherited y. Meadow for last cropping
u. Given by govt. Haymaking
season?
v. Other (specify) z. pasture
Kg
1*
2
*House garden
5. Physical assets (buildings) – What buildings does your household own?
Building Nr. of Do you rent Which is the Do you live in house Observations by
ID rooms out your year, the house only for summer – or all interviewer
building, was built? year. – – Type of house
e.g. Or other period of time – State of house
for Tourists during year (e.g. jan-feb)
300
Chapter 6. Transdisciplinary field study course: Exposure to the real-world transition context in the Caucasus
6. Do you have any specific business? (Y/N); Please describe ______________________________
7. How would you rate your level of happiness/life satisfaction? (Circle nr.) 1 2 3 4 5
8. Income & Occupation of the household
Member What is/are your How many hours Where do you perform What is your position
ID occupations? per week do you this occupation? in this company?
spend on average
Main occupation e.g. Name of company
for this occupation?
Additional occupations Own company?
(Nebenjobs)
9. Does any member of your household currently own and/or operate livestock?
Stock Livestock type Number What is the status of the livestock? During the last 12 months,
ID 1. Owned (bought/natural regrowth) what livestock products have
you produced?
2. Rented
List products (eggs, meat,
3. Borrowed milk etc.)
4. Gift
5. Inherited
6. Other (specify)
1
2
10. How do you rate pasture Management 1 2 3 4 5 * 1 very poor, 2 poor, 3 average, 4 good, 5very
good
GROUP 1 – LAND AND PASTURE MANAGEMENT

GROUP 2 – WATER, IRRIGATION AND NATURAL HAZARDS
GROUP 3 – ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
GROUP 4 – LANDSCAPE PLANNING, FOREST RESOURCES, NATURE PROTECTION, BIO
DIVERSITY AND PROTECTED AREAS
GROUP 5 – SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Results of the teaching-learning process during FSC
Key Results of the learning process during FSC for both - University teachers and professors and for
master-students -can be summarized as follows:
• From the methodological point of view the need for contextualization through socio-ecological
baseline researchwas clearly identified; before implementing action – SMA - on the ground
• From the adaptation point of view, existing proofed in practice survey methods – here HAI+
(https://www.cifor.org/library/3341/measuring-livelihoods-and-environmental-dependence-
methods-for-research-and-fieldwork)must be adapted to the specific context,to research questions
301
and to the stakeholder and client network (e.g. NGO, district government, local resource users as
SMD “clients in the region of the TD-FSC
• From the mutual learning point of view 2-phase preparation of TD FSC is crucial. Learning
process going through baseline research, stakeholder participation and Client’s needs for SMA on
the ground cannotbe finalized during FSC.
• From the participatory point of view, work with stakeholders and clients-beneficiaries is mostly
a new approachfor professors and teaching staff and even more for master students participating in
FSC
• From the point of promoting locally basedResource Governanceinvolving researcher, stakeholders
and local NGO concerned conduction of TD-FSC combined with SMA implementation on the
ground contribute to more Resource Governance und transparency on natural resource management.
Topics of this compendium on methods for research and fieldwork: research, methodology, liveli-
hoods, environmental assessment, developing countries, household surveys, rural communities, poverty,
methodology.
302
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Smd - ნოდარ ელიზბარაშვილი

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nodar elizbaraSvili, heino meeseni, aSot xoeciani,

giorgi melaZe, Tomas koleri

Nodar Elizbarashvili, Heino Meessen, Ashot Khoetsyan,

The text-book is dedicated

mTiani regionebis mdgradi ganviTareba

saxelmZRvanelo umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebisTvis

Textbook for students of higher educational institutions

saxelmZRvanelo gamocemulia Sveicariis nacionaluri

saxelmZRvaneloSi, romelic gamoicema pirvelad, ganxilulia: mdgradi ganviTarebis Teori-

saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebisTvis da analogiuri

saxelmZRvanelo momzadda analogiuri saxelwodebis saerTaSoriso proeqtis (SCOPES)

samecniero redaqtori: profesori ioseb saluqvaZe

recenzentebi: profesori zurab seferTelaZe

redaqtori: manana darCiaSvili

Scientific Editor: Professor Ioseb Salukvadze

Reviewers: Professor Zurab Seperteladze

Editor: Manana Darchiashvili

© nodar elizbaraSvili, 2018

Institution and capacity development jointly with partner universities

• Theoretical basis of SMD related to SDGs and 2030 Agenda

Case studies,best practices and lessons learned in SMD on three levels:

• Regional and national levels – worldwide in examples

• Preparatory curriculum modules on socio-ecological baseline research

Tavi 3. mdgradi ganviTarebis globaluri problemebi ................................................................... 87

Tavi 4. kavkasiis mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi ...................... 140

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi .......... 179

ukanaskneli ori saukunis manZilze, mosaxleobis swrafi zrdis Sedegad, arnaxul

aseve masStaburi da globaluria ekologiuri problemebis zrdis tendenciebi, rac

kidev ufro rTuladaa viTareba mTian regionebSi. isini gansakuTrebuli ekonomi-

adamiani mTebSi aTasobiT wlis manZilze cxovrobs da saqmianobs, qmnis bunebisa

amgvar viTarebaSi, Tanamedrove msoflioSi dRis wesrigSi aqtiurad dadga mTia-

TaobebisTvis xelsayreli socialuri, ekonomikuri da ekologiuri garemos for-

1.1. mdgradi ganviTareba – arsi da principebi

„mdgradi ganviTareba“, rogorc termini, aqtiurad iqna gamoyenebuli 1972 wels

1992 wels rio-de-JaneiroSi (brazilia), gaeros mier gamarTul konferenciaze, ro-

9 Tanamedrove civilizaciis mier ekologiuri safrTxis da problematikis daZle-

da gamoyenebis masStabebs, alternatiuli energiis wyaroebs, biomravalferovnebis

amJamad termini`ganviTareba~ ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba rogorc:

• procesi, romelsac mivyavarT sulier da gonebriv srulyofilebamde;

aRsaniSnavia, rom ganviTarebis amgvari xedva garkveuli terminologiuri qaosis

amrigad, mxolod mosaxleobis ekonomikuri keTildReoba ver iqneba mdgradi gan-

mdgradi ganviTareba ver iqneba mxolod ekonomikuri Tu socialuri ganviTarebis

termini `mdgradoba~ ukavSirdeba imgvar movlenebsa Tu procesebs, roca cvlile-

zogierTi ganmartebis mixedviT, mdgrad ganviTarebaSi igulisxmeba:

9 ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da garemos dacvis erToblivi sistema, ekologiurad

amgvar ganmartebaTa raodenoba Zalian didia, radgan ZiriTadi aqcentebi keTdeba

1.2. mdgradi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi koncefciebi

mdgradi ganviTarebis ekonomikuri koncefcia efuZneba da iTvaliswinebs amowurva-

mdgradi ganviTarebis socialuri koncefcia efuZneba da iTvaliswinebs socialuri

mdgradi ganviTarebis ekologiuri koncefcia efuZneba da gulisxmobs ekologiuri

mdgradi ganviTarebis samive koncefcia, miuxedavad gansaxilveli sakiTxebis mra-

marTuleba, romlebic dargobriv Tu komponentur doneze ganixilavs mdgradi gan-

kacobriobis istoriis manZilze araerTi problema aRiniSna, romelTac umeteswi-

1.3. mTiani teritoriebis Taviseburebani da mdgradi ganviTarebis problemebi

mTebi did rols TamaSobdnen da TamaSoben kacobriobis istoriasa da ganviTareba-

mTebSi aramdgradi bunebrivi garemoa, rac ramdenime faqtors ukavSirdeba. esenia:

mTebs uZvelesi droidan iTvisebdnen, rac ZiriTadad usafrTxo, TavdacvisTvis xel-

mTiani teritoriebis bunebrivi pirobebi da resursebi rTuli gamosayenebelia, ris

ri formebi, rac erTis mxriv, miwaTsargeblobais araxelsayrel (mciremiwianobis

mTebi mdidaria araerTi saxeobis bunebrivi resursiT, romelTagan kacobriobisaT-

mTebi msoflioSi biologiuri da landSafturi mravalferovnebiT, bunebrivi srul-

mTebis bunebrivi mravalferovneba damokidebulia ramdenime faqtorze, kerZod: ge-