Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Quite often material test data are supplied using values of nominal stress and strain. In such situations you must use the expressions
presented below to convert the plastic material data from nominal stress-strain values to true stress-strain values.
The relationship between true strain and nominal strain is established by expressing the nominal strain as
l − l0 l l0 l
εnom = = − = − 1.
l0 l0 l0 l0
Adding unity to both sides of this expression and taking the natural log of both sides provides the relationship between the true strain
and the nominal strain:
ε = ln(1 + εnom ).
The relationship between true stress and nominal stress is formed by considering the incompressible nature of the plastic deformation
and assuming the elasticity is also incompressible, so
l0 A0 = lA.
l0
A = A0 .
l
F F l l
σ = = = σnom ( ),
A A 0 l0 l0
where
l0
1 + εnom .
Making this final substitution provides the relationship between true stress and nominal stress and strain:
σ = σnom (1 + εnom ) .
where
pl
ε
The first step is to use the equations relating the true stress to the nominal stress and strain and the true strain to the
nominal strain (shown earlier) to convert the nominal stress and nominal strain to true stress and true strain. Once these
values are known, the equation relating the plastic strain to the total and elastic strains (shown earlier) can be used to
determine the plastic strains associated with each yield stress value. The converted data are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Stress and strain conversions.
Nominal Stress (Pa) Nominal Strain True Stress (Pa) True Strain Plastic Strain
Abaqus/Explicit attempts to use enough intervals such that the maximum error between the regularized data and the user-
defined data is less than 3%; however, you can change this error tolerance. If more than 200 intervals are required to
obtain an acceptable regularized curve, the analysis stops during the data checking with an error message. In general, the
regularization is more difficult if the smallest interval defined by the user is small compared to the range of the independent
variable. In Figure 4 the data point for a strain of 1.0 makes the range of strain values large compared to the small intervals
defined at low strain levels. Removing this last data point enables the data to be regularized much more easily.
Interpolation between data points
Abaqus interpolates linearly between the data points provided (or, in Abaqus/Explicit, regularized data) to obtain the
material's response and assumes that the response is constant outside the range defined by the input data, as shown in
Figure 5. Thus, the stress in this material will never exceed 480 MPa; when the stress in the material reaches 480 MPa, the
material will deform continuously until the stress is reduced below this value.
Figure 5. Material curve used by Abaqus.