CHAPTER SEVEN

SEVEN

0.8 0 L 3.5 × 1 0 k J
4
0.30 kJ work 1h 1 kW
7.1 = 2.33 kW
kW ⇒ 2.3 kW
h L 1 kJ heat 3600 s 1 k J s
−3
2.33 kW 1 0 W 1.341 × 10
3
hp
3.1 2 hp
hp 3. 1 h p
1 kW
kW 1W = ⇒
7.2 All kinetic energy dissipated by friction

mu 2
(a) E k =
2
5500 lbm 552 miles2 52802 ft 2 12 h2 1 l bf 9 .486 × 10 − 4 Btu
=
2 h2 1 2 mile 2 36002 s2 32.174 lbm ⋅ ft / s2 0.7376 ft ⋅ lb
lb f
= 715 Btu
(b)
8

3 ×1 0 br
brakings 715 Btu 1 day 1h 1 W−4 1M 6W = 2617 MW
day braking 24 h 3600 s 9.486 × 1 0 Btu/s 1 0 W
⇒ 3000 MW

7.3 (a) Emissions:

1000 sacks 0 510 + 0.05
(0.05 0516) oz 1 lbm
Paper ⇒ = 6.41 lb m
s ac k 16 oz
2000 sacks 0 045 + 0.01
(0.00 0146) o z 1 lbm
Plastic ⇒ = 2.39 lb m
sack 16 oz
Energy:

Paper ⇒ 1000 sacks (724 + 905) Btu = 1.63 × 1 0 6 Btu

sack
2000 sacks (185 + 464 ) Btu
Plastic ⇒ = 1.30 × 106 Btu
sack
(b) For paper (double for plastic)

Raw Materials Sack 1000 sacks 400 sacks

Acquisition and Production and Disposal
Materials Production Use
for 400 sacks

7- 1
7.3 (cont’d)

Emissions:
400 sacks 0.0510 oz 1 lb m 1000 sacks 0.0516 oz 1 lb m
Paper ⇒ + = 4.5 lb m
s ac k 1 6 o z sack 16 oz
30% reduction
⇒
800 sacks 0.0045 oz 1 lb m 2000 sacks 0.0146 oz 1 lb m
Plastic ⇒ + = 2.05 lb m
sack 16 oz s a ck 16 oz
⇒ 14% reduction
Energy:
400 sacks 724 Btu 1000 sacks 905 Btu
Paper ⇒ + = 1.19 × 10 6 Btu; 27% reduction
reduction
sack sack
800 sacks 185 Btu 2000 sacks 464 Btu
Plastic ⇒ + = 1.08 × 106 Btu; 17% reduction
reduction
sack sack

(c) . 3 × 1 0 pe
8 persons 1 sack 1 da y 1h 649 Btu 1J 1 MW
9.486 × 10 Btu 10 J / s
-4 6
person
person - day 24 h 3600 s 1 sack
= 2 ,375 MW
375
Savings for recycling: 0.17
17 (2 ,37 5 MW) = 404 MW

(d) Cost, toxicity, biodegradability, depletion of nonrenewable

nonrenewable resources.
resources.

3
3.00 gal 1 ft (0.792)(62.43) lb m 1 min
7.4 (a & =
(a)) Mass flow rate: m = 0330
. lb m s
3
mi n 7.4805 gal 1 ft 60 s

3.00 gal 1728 in 3 1 1 ft 1 min

Stream velocity: u = 2 2
= 1225
. ft s
min 7.4805 gal 0.5 in 12 in 60 s

Kinetic energy: E k =
mu
2
=
0.330 lb m
Π2
1.225 ft2 1 bg 1 lb f
70 × 10 −3
= 7.70
ft ⋅ lb f
2 s s2 2 32.174 lb m ⋅ ft / s2 s

d7.7070 × 10 F1.341 × 10 hp I = 1.40 × 10

/ siG
−3
= −3
ft ⋅ lb f
H0.73
J
ft ⋅ lb / sK
76 ft
7376 f
−5
hp

(b) Heat losses in electrical circuits, friction in pump bearings.

7- 2
7.5 (a) Mass flow rate:
2
42.0 m π ( 0.07 m ) 1 03 L 673 K 130 kPa 1 mol 29 g
m& = 3
= 127.9 g s
s 4 1m 273 K 101.3 kPa 22.4 L (STP ) m ol
2 2
&
mu
& 127.9 g 1 kg 42.0 m 2 1N 1J
Ek = = = 113 J s
1 k g ⋅ m / s2 N ⋅m
2
2 2 s 1000 g s

(b)
127.9 g 1 mol 22.4 L (STP ) 673 K 101.3 kPa 1 m3 4
= 49.3
49.32
2 ms
s 29 g 1 m ol 273 K 1 30 kP a 10 3 L π (0.07)2 m2
2
&
&
mu 127.9 g 1 kg 49.32 2 m 2 1N 1J
Ek = = = 1558
. J/s
2 2 s 1000 g s2 1 k g ⋅ m / s2 N⋅ m
∆E& k = E& k (400 C) - E& k (300 C) = (1
o
- 113) J / s = 42.8 J / s ⇒ 43 J / s
( 155.8 -1 o

(c) Some of the heat added goes to raise T (and hence U) of the air

7.6 (a) 1 gal 1 ft

3
62.43 lbm 32.174 ft −10 ft 1 lbf
∆E p = mg∆z = = −83.4 fftt ⋅ lb f
7.4805 gal 1 ft 3
s2 32.174 lbm ⋅ ft / s2
2 12
(b) E k = − ∆E p ⇒
mu
2
bg
= mg − ∆z ⇒ u = 2g 2G
b− ∆z g = M3 2.174 Jb
12

NH s K Q s10 ftg
P = 2 5.4
ft ft
2

(c) False

7.7 (a) ∆E& k ⇒ positive When the pressure decreases, the volumetric flow rate increases, and
hence the velocity increases.
∆E& p ⇒ negative
negative The gas exits at
at a level below
below the entrance
entrance level.

2
5m π 1.5 cm2 1 m3 273 K 10 bars 1 kmol 16.0 kg CH 4
(b) & =
m
s 10 4 ccm
m2 303 K 101325
. bars 22.4 m 3 ST
STP bg 1 kmol

= 0.0225
0225 kg s
PoutV&out &
⇒ uout (m/s) ⋅ A(m)2 = Pin
&
= nRT ⇒ V&out = Pi n 2

PinV&in &
nRT Vin Pout uin (m /s)) ⋅ A ( m ) Pout
(m/s
Pin 10 bar
⇒ u out = uin = 5( m s ) = 5.555 m s
Pout 9 bar
1 0.5(0.0225) kg ( 5. 555
2
− 5. 000 2 ) m 2 1N 1W
∆E&k = m& (u
2
−u ) =
2

1 k g ⋅ m/ 1 N ⋅ m/
out in 2 2
2 s s m/s m /s
= 0.0659 W
0.0225 kg 9. 8066 m -200 m 1N 1W
∆E& p = mg
& ( z out − z in ) =
s s kg ⋅ m/s
2
1 N ⋅ m/ s

= − 44.1 W

7- 3
7.8 105 m3 103 L 1 kg H2O 9.81 m −75 m 1N 1J 2.778 × 10−7 kW ⋅ h
∆E& p = m& g∆z =
h 1 m3 1L s2 1 kg ⋅ m / s2 1 N⋅ m 1J
= −2.04 × 104 kW⋅ h h
kW

The maximum energy to be gained equals the potential energy lost by the water, or
2. 04 × 10 k W ⋅ h
4
24 h 7 days
= 3.43 × 10 6 kW ⋅ h wee
eek
k (mor
(moree tha
than suffi
uffici
cient
ent))
h 1 da y 1 w e e k

7.9 (b) Q − W = ∆U + ∆E k + ∆E p
∆E k = 0 system is stationary
b
∆E p = 0 no height change g
Q − W = ∆U , Q < 0,W > 0

(c) Q − W = ∆U + ∆E k + ∆E p
Q = 0 ad
adiabatic
iabatic , W = 0 no movin
moving
g parts
parts or generated
generated currents
∆E k = 0 bsystem is stationary
stationary g
∆E p = 0 bno height change
chang eg
∆U = 0

(d). Q − W = ∆U + ∆E k + ∆E p
W= 0 no moving
moving parts oror generated
generated c urrents
b
∆E k = 0 system is stationary g
b
∆E p = 0 no height change g
Q = ∆U , Q < 0 Even though the system is isothermal, the occurrence of a chemical
reaction assures that ∆U ≠ 0 in a n non-adiab
on-adiabatic
atic reactor. If the
temperature went up in the adiabatic reactor, heat must be transferred
from the system to keep T constant, hence Q < 0 .

7.10 4.00 L, 30 °C, 5.00 bar ⇒ V (L), T (°C), 8.00 bar

(a). Closed system: ∆U + ∆E k + ∆E p = Q − W
∆E k = 0 init
initial
ial / final states stationa
stationary
ry
S
|T b
∆E p = 0 by assumption g
∆U = Q − W

(b) −7.65 L ⋅ bar 8.314 J transferred from

Constant T ⇒ ∆U = 0 ⇒ Q = W = = −765 J gas to
0.
0.08
08314 L ⋅ bar
314
surroundings

(c) Adiabatic ⇒ Q = 0 ⇒ ∆U = −W = 7.65 L ⋅ bar > 0,

0, Tfinal > 30° C

7- 4
 2
3 cm 2 1 m2
7.11 A=
π

4 2
= 2.83 × 10 −3 m
2

10 cm
(a)) Downward force on piston:
(a

Fd = Patm A + mpiston+weight g
−3
1 atm 1.01325 × 10 N / m2 2.83 × 10
5 2
m 24.50 kg 9.81 m 1N
= + 2 2
= 527
527 N
atm s 1 kg ⋅ m / s
Upward force on piston: Fu = APgas = 2.8 3 × 10
−3
m
2
iP g N m
2
i
Equilibrium condition:
−3
Fu = Fd ⇒ 2.83 × 10
10 m2 ⋅ P0 = 527 ⇒ P0 = 1.86 × 10
10
5
N m
2
= 1.86 × 10 5
10 Pa

1.01325 × 10 Pa 0.08206 L ⋅ atm

5
nR
nRT
T 1.40 g N 2 1 mol N2 303 K
V0 = = = 0677
. L
P0 28.02 g 1.86 × 10 Pa
Pa 5
1 atm mol ⋅ K

(b) For any step, ∆U + ∆E k + ∆E p = Q − W ⇒ ∆U = Q − W

∆Ek = 0
∆E p = 0

Step 1: Q ≈ 0 ⇒ ∆U = −W
Step 2: ∆U = Q − W As the gas temperature changes, the pressure
pressure remains cons
constant,
tant, so

that V = nRT Pg must vary. This implies that the piston moves, so that W is not zero.

Overall: Tinitial = Tfinal ⇒ ∆U = 0 ⇒ Q − W = 0

In step 1, the gas expands ⇒ W > 0 ⇒ ∆U < 0 ⇒ T decreases
(c) Downward force Fd = 1.0 0 1.01325 × 10 5 2.83 × 10 −3 + 4 .50 9.81 1 = 331 N (units
as in Part (a))
F 331 N
Final gas pressure Pf = = = 1.1 6 × 10 5 N m
2

A 2 .83 × 10− 3 m 2
P0
b L 1.86 × 1 05 P
g
5 Pa
a
Since T0 = T f = 30° C , Pf V f = P0V0 ⇒ V f = V0 = 0677
. = 10
108
. 8L
Pf 1.1 6 × 1 0 Pa
1.08 − 0677
3
Distance traversed by piston =
∆V = . L 1 m
= 0142
. m
A 103 L 2.83 × 10 −3 m2
⇒ W = Fd = = 4 7 N ⋅ m = 47 J
331 N 0.142 m
Since work is done by the gas on its surroundings, W = +47 J ⇒ Q = +47 J
Q −W = 0

(heat transferred to gas)

32.00 g 4.684 cm3 1 03 L

$
7.12 V = = 01499
. L mol
mol 106 cm3 g
41.64 atm 0.1499 L 8.314 ( mol ⋅ K)
J / (m
$ $ $
H =U + PV = 1706 J mol + mo l 0.08206 L ⋅ atm / (mol ⋅ K) = 2338 J mol

7- 5
7.13 (a) Ref state U$ = 0 ⇒ li
liqu
quid
id Br
Brom
omiine @ 30
300
0 K, 0.310 bar

(b) ∆U$ = U$ final − U$ initial = 0.000 − 2 8.2 4 = −2 8.2 4 kJ

kJ mol

∆ H$ = ∆U$ + ∆ PV$ = ∆U$ + P∆V$ (Pressure Constant)

0.310 bar ( 0.0516 − 79.94) L 8.314 J 1 kJ
∆ Hˆ = −28.24 kJ mol + mol 0.08314 L ⋅ bar 10 J = −30.7 kJ mol
3

∆ H = n∆ H$ = 5.0 0 mol −30.7 kJ / mol = −153.5 8 kJ ⇒ − 154 kJ

(c) U$ independent of P ⇒ U$ 300 K, 0.20 5 bar = U$ 300 K , 0.310 bar = 28.24 kJ m o l

U$ 340 K , Pf = U$ 340 K , 1.33 bar = 29.6 2 kJ m
mool

∆U$ = U$ final − U$ initial

E
∆U$ = 29.62 62 − 28.24 24 = 1.380 kJ
kJ m o l

V$ ch
chaanges wi
with pr
pressure
ure. At constant
ant te
temperature $ = P' V
ture ⇒ PV $ ' ⇒ V'=
$ $ / P'
PV

$ ' (T = 300K
(0
(0.31
.310
0 bar)(79
bar)(79.94
.94 L / mol)
mol)
V 300K,, P = 0.20
.205 bar)
bar) = = 120
120.88 L / mol
0.20
205
5 bar
bar
5.00 L 1 mol
n= = 00414
. mol
120.88 L
∆U = n∆U$ = 0.0414 mol 1.38 k J / mo
mo l = 0.0571 kJ
∆U + ∆E k + ∆E p = Q − W ⇒ Q = 0.0571
0571 kJ
0 0 0
(d) Some heat is lost to the surroundings; the energy needed to heat the wall of the container is
being
being neglected;
neglected; in
interna
ternall energ
energy
y is not complete
completely
ly inde
independ
pendent
ent of pressur
pressure.
e.

7.14 (a) By definition H$ = U$ + PV$ ; ideal gas PV$ = RT ⇒ H$ = U$ + RT

$ $ $ $ $
U T, P =U T ⇒ H T, P =U T + RT = H T independent of P
cal 1987
. ca
c al 50 K
(b) ∆ H$ = ∆U$ + R∆T = 3500 + = 3599 call mol
ca
mol mo l ⋅ K
mo
∆ H = n∆ H$ = 2.5 mol 3599 cal / mol = 8998 cal ⇒ 9.0 × 1 0 3 cal

7.15 ∆U + ∆E k + ∆E p = Q − Ws
∆ E k = 0 no change in m and u
b
∆ E p = 0 no elevation change g
b
Ws = P∆V since energy is transferred from the
the system
system to the surroundings
surroundin gs g
∆U = Q − W ⇒ ∆U = Q − P∆V ⇒ Q = ∆U + P∆V = ∆(U + PV ) = ∆H

7- 6
7.16. (a
(a)) ∆ E k = 0 u1 = u 2 = 0
b
∆ E p = 0 no elevation change g
∆P = 0 (the pressure
pressure is constant since restraining force
force is constant, and area is constrant)
b
Ws = P∆V the only work done is expansion
expansio n work g
. H$ = 34980 + 3 5.5T ( J / mol), V1 = 785 cm3, T 1 = 400 K, P = 1 12
25 kP
kPa, Q = 883
3. 8 J
PV 125 × 1 0 Pa
3
Pa 785 cm3 1 m3
.
n = RT = 8314 m3 ⋅ Pa / mo
mol ⋅ K 400 K 10 6 ccm m3 = 0.0295
0295 mol
$ $
Q = ∆H = n ((HH 2 - H 1 ) = 0 .0
.0295 mol 34980 + 35.5T2 - 34980 - 35.5(400K) (J / mol)
83.8 J = 0.
0.0295 3535.5T2 - 35.5(400) ⇒ T = 480 K 2

nRT
nRT 0.0295 mol 8.3 14 m 3 ⋅ Pa 10 6 cm3 480 K
i) V = = = 941 cm3
P 12 5 × 105 Pa mol ⋅ K 1 m3
125 × 1 05 N (941 - 785)cm3 1 m3
ii ) W = P∆V = = 19.5 J
m2 106 cm3
iii ) Q = ∆U + P ∆V ⇒ ∆U = Q − ∆PV = 83.8 J − 19.5 J = 64.3 J
(b) ∆Ep = 0

7.17 (a) "The gas temperature

temperature remains constant
constant while the circuit is open." (If heat losses could
occur, the temperature would drop during these periods.)
(b) ∆U + ∆ E p + ∆ E R = Q& ∆t − W& ∆t
∆Ep = 0, ∆Ek = 0, W& = 0, U$ ( t = 0) = 0
0.9 0 × 1.4 W 1 J s
Q& = = 1.26 J s
1W
U (J ) = 1.26 t
1 atm 2. 10 L 1 m ol ⋅ K
Moles in tank: n = PV RT
RT = = 0.0859
b25 + 273gK 0.08206 L ⋅ atm
0859 mol

U$ =U = 1.26t (J)
= 14.67t
n 0.0859 mol
Thermocouple calibration: T = aE + b T ° C = 1 8.1 E mV + 4.5 1
T = 0, E =− 0.249
T =1 00 , E =5 .27

U$ = 14.67 t 0 4 40 880 1320

T = 1 8.1 E + 4.5 1 2 5 45 6 5 85
(c) To keep the temperature uniform throughout the chamber.
(d) Power losses in electrical lines, heat absorbed by chamber walls.
(e) In a closed container, the
the pressure will increase with increasing tem
temperature.
perature. However, at
the low pressures of the experiment, the gas is probably close to ideal ⇒ U$ = f T only.
Ideality could be tested by repeating experiment at several initial pressures ⇒ same
results.

7- 7
7.18 (b) ∆H& + ∆E& k + ∆E& p = Q& − W&s (The system is the liquid
liquid stream.)
∆ E& k =0 no change in m and u
∆ E& p =0 cno elevati on changeh
W& s = 0 c
no moving parts or g enerated currentsh
generated

∆ H& = Q& , Q& > 0

(c) ∆H& + ∆E& k + ∆E& p = Q& − W&s (The system is the water)
&
∆ H =0 T a nd P ~ constant
∆ E& k =0 cno change in m and uh
Q& = 0 cno ∆ T between surroundingss h
between system and surrounding

∆E& p = −W& s , W& s > 0 for water syste

system
m

(d) ∆H& + ∆E& k + ∆E& p = Q& − W&s (The system is the oil)
∆ E& k =0 no velocity change

∆H& + ∆ E& p = Q& − W& s Q& < 0 (friction loss); W& s <0 (pump work).

(e) ∆H& + ∆E& k + ∆E& p = Q& − W&s (The system is the reaction mixture)
∆ E& k = ∆ E& p =0 given
∆W& s = 0 cno moving parts or ggenerated
enerated currenth

∆ H& = Q& , Q& pos

pos.. or neg. depends on rea
reactio
ction
n

1.25 m3 273 K 122 kPa 1 mo l 103 L

= 43.4
7.19 (a) mola
molarr flow:
min 423 K 101.3 kPa b g1m
22.4 L STP 3
mo
mol min

∆ H& + ∆ E& k + ∆ E& p = Q& − W& s

∆ E& k = ∆ E& p =0 given
Ws c
& = 0 no moving par tsh
parts

Q& = ∆ H& = n&∆ H$ = 4337

. mmo
ol 1 min 3640 J k3 W = 2.63 kW
min 60s mo l 1 0 J / s
(b) More information would be needed. The change in kinetic energy would depend on the
cross-sectional area of the inlet and outlet pipes, hence the internal diameter of the inlet
and outlet pipes would be needed to answer this question.

7- 8
7.20 (a) H
$
= 1.04 T ° C − 25 H$ in kJ kg
P=
H$ out = 1.04 34.0 − 25 = 9.9.36
36 kJ kg
11
H$ in = 1.0 4 30.0 − 2 5 = 5.20 k J k
30 kg
g n& 0
(m kP 34
∆ H$ = 9.36 − 5.2 0 = 4.16 kJ kg kg ol/ a o
C
∆ H& + ∆ E& k + ∆ E& p = Q& − W& s s)
N2 Q&
∆ E& k = ∆ E& p =0 cassumed h 30 =1
W& = 0 c no moving partsh
o
s
C .25
k
Q& = ∆ H& = n& ∆ H$
W

Q&
3
1 .2 5 k W kg 1 kJ / s 10 g 1 mol
⇒ n& = = = 10.7 m
mo
ol s
∆ H& 4 .1 6 k J kW 1 kg 28. 02 g

10.7 mol 22.4 L STP 303 K . kPa

1013
⇒ V& = = 245.5 L / s ⇒ 246 L s
s mol 273 K 110 kPa
(b) Some heat is lost to the surroundings, some heat is needed to heat the coil, enthalpy is
assumed to depend linearly on temperature and to be independent of pressure, errors in
measured temperature and in wattmeter reading.

H$ 2
− H$ 1 129.8 − 25.8
$
7.21 (a) H = aT + b a =
T2 − T1
=
50 − 30
= 5.2
⇒ H$ |V bkJ kgg= 5.2Tb° Cg− 130.2
$ − aT = 2 5.8 − 5.2 30 = −1 30.2
b=H 1 1 b gbg |
H$ = 0 ⇒ Tref = 1302
.
= 25° C
5.2
3
Table B.1 ⇒ bS. G.g bg= 0659
C 6 H 14 l
. ⇒V =
659 kg
$
1m
= 1.52 × 10 −3 m
3
kg

U$ k J kg = H$ − PV$ = 5.2 T − 13 0.2 kJ / kg

1 atm 1.0132 × 1 05 N / m2 1.52 × 10 −3 m3 1J 1 kJ
−
1 atm 1 kg 1 N ⋅ m 1 03 J
⇒ U$ kJ kg
kg = 5.2 T − 130.4

20 kg [(5.2 × 20 - 130.4) - (5.2 × 8 0 - 13

130.4)] kJ
(b) Energy balance: Q = ∆U = = −6240 kJ
∆Ek , ∆E p , W =0 1 kg
6240 kJ
kJ 1 min
Average rate of heat removal = = 20
208
.8 kW
5 min 60 s

7- 9
7.22 & (kg/s)
m & (kg/s)
m
260°C, 7 bars 200°C, 4 bars
H$ = 2974 kJ/kg H$ = 2860 kJ/kg
u0 = 0 u (m/s)

∆H& + ∆E& k + ∆E& p = Q& − W&s

∆E& p = Q& = W&s = 0

mu
∆E& k = − ∆H& ⇒ & 2

2 d i
=− m& H$ out − H$ in

u 2
=2dH $
in
$
− Hout i= (2)b
2974 − 2860g
kg
kJ 10 3 N ⋅ m 1 kg ⋅ m / s2
1 kJ 1N
= 2.28 × 1100 5 m2
s2
⇒ u = 477 m / s

7.23 (a) 5 L/min 5 L/min

0 mm Hg (gauge) 100 mm Hg (gauge)

Qin Qout
Since there is only one inlet stream and one outlet stream,
stream, and m& in = m& out ≡ m& ,
Eq. (7.4-12
( 7.4-12)) may be written

m& ∆U$ + m
& ∆ PV$ +
m
&

2
di di
∆ u 2 + m& g∆z = Q& − W& s
∆U$ = 0 (given )
& ∆PV$ = m
m & V$ P a
out
f
− Pin = V&∆P
∆ u 2 = 0 (assume for incompre ssible fluid )
incompressible
∆z = 0
W& s = 0 (all energy other than flow work included in heat terms)
&
Q = Q& in − Q& out
V&∆P = Q
&
in − Q& out

5L 100 − 0 mm Hg 1 atm 8.314 J

&
(b) Flow work: V∆P =
min 760 mm Hg 0.08206 liter ⋅ atm = 66.7 J min
5 ml O2 20.2 J
input: Q& in
Heat input: = = 101 J mi
min
n
min 1 ml O 2
V& ∆ P 66.7
66.7 J min
min
Ef
Effi
fici
cien
ency
cy:: = ×100% = 66%
100%
Q& in 101
101 J min

7.24 (a) ∆H& + ∆E& k + ∆E& p = Q& − W&s ; ∆E& k , ∆E& p , W& s = 0 ⇒ ∆H& = Q&
H$ 400° C , 1 atm = 3278 kJ kg (Table B.7)
H$ 100° C, sat' d ⇒ 1 atm = 2676 kJ kg (Table B.5)

7- 10
7.24 (cont’d)
100 kg H 2 O(v) / s 100 kg H 2 O
O((v) / s
o o
100 C, satur
aturaated
ted 400 C, 1 atm
atm

Q& (kW)
3

Q = 100 kg
& 3278 − 2676.0 k J 1
10
0 J = 6.02 × 10 7 J s
s kg 1 kJ

(b) ∆U + ∆E k + ∆E p = Q − W ; ∆E k , ∆E p , W = 0 ⇒ ∆U = Q
3
kJ m
Table B.5 ⇒ Uˆ (100 °C, 1 atm ) = 2507 , Vˆ(100 °C, 1 atm ) = 1.673 = Vˆ ( 400°C, Pinal )
kg kg
Vˆ =1.673 at 400oC, and then interpolate again to
Interpolate in Table B.7 to find P at which V̂
Ûˆ at 400oC and that pressure:
find U

Vˆ
 3.11 − 1.673  = 3.3 bar , Uˆ (400 C, 3.3 bar) = 2966 kJ/kg
= 1.673 m3 /g ⇒ Pfinal = 1.0 + 4.0  o

 3.11 − 0.617 
⇒ Q = ∆U = m ∆Uˆ = 100 kg [( 2966 − 2507 ) k J kg ] (10 J kJ ) = 4.59 × 10 J 3 7

The difference is the net energy needed to move the fluid through the system (flow work). (The
energy change associated with the
the pressure change in Part (b) is insignif
insignificant.)
icant.)
$
7.25 H H 2 O l , 2 0° C = 83.9 kJ kg (Table B.5)
H$ steam, 20 bars, sat' d = 2797.2 kJ k g (Table B.6)

& [kg H O(l) / h ]

m & [kg H O(v) / h ]
m
2 2
o
20 C 20 ba
barr (sat
(sat'd)
'd)

Q& = 0.65(813 kW) = 528 kW

& & & & & & & & & &
(a
(a)) ∆H +∆H∆ = m∆+H∆
Ek Ep =Q− Ws ; ∆Ek , ∆ Ep , Ws = 0 ⇒ ∆H = Q
& & $

Q& 528 kW
kW kg 1 kJ / s 3600 s
m& = = = 701
∆ H$ b2797.2 − 83.9gkJ 1 kW 1 h
kg h

(b) V& = 701 k g h 0.0995 m 3 k g = 69.7 3

m h sat' d steam @ 20 bar
A
Table B.6

&
nRT 701 kg
kg / h k g 485.4 K 0.08314 L ⋅ bar
10 3 g / kg 1 m3
(c) V& = = = 78.5 m3 / h
P 18.02 g / mol 20 bar mol ⋅ K L 103
The calculation in (b) is more accurate because the steam tables account for the effect of
pressure
pressure on specific
specific enthalpy
enthalpy (nonideal
(nonideal gas
gas behavior
behavior).
).

(d)
(d) Most energy released goes to raise the temperature of the combustion products, some iiss transferred
to the boiler tubes and walls, and some is lost to the surroundings.

7- 11
 $
H 2 O l , 24° C, 10 bar = 100.6 g (Table B.5 for saturated liquid at 24 C; assume H$
o
7.26 H kJ k
kg
independent of P).

H$ 10 bar, sat' d steam = 2776.2 kJ kg (Table B.6) ⇒ ∆ H$ = 2776.2 − 100.6 = 2675.6 kJ kg

& [kg
m [kg H2O(l)
O(l)/h]
/h] & [kg
m [kg HO(v)/h]
HO(v)/h ]
2
o 3
24 C, 10 bar 15,00
15,000
0 m /h @10 bar (sat'd
d))
&
Q (kW)

15000 m 3 kg
m& = h .
01943 m3 = 7.7 2 × 10 4 kg h
A
bTable 8.6g

Energy balance ∆E& p , W& s = 0 : ∆H& + ∆E& k = Q&

E& kinitial≈0
& &
∆E k = Ek − Ek & ∆ E& k = E& k
fin al initial final

mu
& f
2 7.72 × 10 kg
4
15,000 m h
3

2
i
2
1 1 h
3
1J
&
∆E k = 2 = h 0.15 2 π 4 m2
A
2 3600 3 s3 1 kg ⋅ m 2 / s2
A=π D2 4
= 5.96 × 105 J / s
7.72 × 10 k g 5.96 × 10 J
4 5
& $ &
2675.6 kJ 1h 1 kJ
Q=m
& ∆H + ∆E k = + 3
h kg 3600 s s 10 J
= 57973 kJ s = 5.80 × 1 0 4 kW

7.27 (a) 228 g/min 228 g/min

o o
25 C T( C)

&

Q( kW) =0
228 g 1 min ( H$ out − H$ in) J
Energy balance: Q& = ∆H& ⇒ Q& W =
∆ E& x , ∆E& p , W&s =0 min 60 s g

⇒ H$ out J g = 0.263Q& W
T °C 2 5 2 6.4 27.8 29.0 32.4
H$ J g b g= 0.263QbW g 0 & 4.47 9.28 1 3.4 24 .8

$
(b) H b g
= b T − 25
Fit to data by least squares (App. A.1)
b= ∑ H bT − 25g∑ bT − 25g= 3.34
i
$
i i i i
2

⇒ H$ J g = 3.34 T ° C − 2 5
7.27 (cont’d)

7- 12
 40 − 20 J kW ⋅ s
3
& &
350 kg 1 0 g 1 min 3.34 40
(c) Q = ∆ H = 3
= 390 kW heat input to liquid
mi n kg 60 s g 10 J
(d) Heat is absorbed by the pipe, lost through the insulation, lost in the electrical leads.

7.28
& w [ kg H 2 O(v) / min]
m m& w [ kg H 2 O(l) / min]
Q& ( kW)
3 bar
bar, sat' d 27 o C
m
& [ kg C H / mi
e 2 6
m in ] m
& [ kg C H / m
e 2 6
miin]
o o
16 C, 2.5 bar 93 C, 2.
2.5
5 bar
bar

3 3
(a) C H mass fl 795 m 10 L 2.50 bar 1 K - m ol 30.01 g 1 kg
2 6 flow: m& e = 3
min m 289 K 0.08314 L - bar mo l 1000 g
= 2.48
487 × 103 k
kg
g min

H$ ei = 941 kJ k g , H$ ef
= 1073 kJ kg
En
Ener
ergy
gy Balancee on C 2 H 6 : ∆E& p , W& s = 0, ∆E& k ≅ 0 ⇒
Balanc Q& = ∆H&

&
Q = 2.487 × 103
kg
min L
b
M
N 1073 − 941
kg
= O
gP
2.487 × 1 03 k
kJ
Q
kJJ 1 min
min 60 s
= 5.47 × 103 kW

$
(b) H s1 3.00 bar, sat' d vapor = 2724.7 kJ kg (Table B.6)
H$ s2 liquid, 2 7° C = 1131
. kJ kg (Table B.5)

Assume that heat losses to the surroundings are negligible, so that the heat given up by the
condensing steam equals the heat transferred to the ethane 5.47 × 1 0 3 kW

Energy
Ener balancee on H 2O: Q& = ∆H&
gy balanc = m& H$ s2 − H$ s 1 i
Q& −5.4 7 × 10 3 kJ kg
⇒ m= &
$ $
= = 2.09 kg s st
stea
eam
m
Hs2 H s1 s
⇒ V&s =
−
2.0 9 kg / s 0.606 m
3 b113.1 − 2724.7 kJ
kg = 1.27 m s
g 3

A
Table B.6

Too low. Extra flow would make up for

for the heat losses to surroundings.
surroundings.

(c) Countercurrent flow Cocurrent (as depicted on the flowchart) would not work, since it
would require heat flow from the ethane to the steam over some portion of the exchanger.
(Observe the two outlet temperatures)

7- 13
7.29
250 kg H2 O( v )/min 250 kg/min Heat 250 kg/min
Turbine
40 bar, 500°C 5 bar, T 2 (°C), H$ 2(kJ/kg) exchanger 5 bar, 500°C
H$ 1 (kJ/kg) H$3 (kJ/kg)
W s =1500 kW Q (kW)

H 2 O v , 40 bar, 500° C : H$ 1 = 3445 kJ k g (Table B.7)

$

H2O v , 5 bar, 50 0° C : H 3
= 3484 kJ k g (Table B.7)
(a) Energy balance on turbine: ∆E& p = 0, Q& = 0, ∆E& k ≅ 0

∆H& = −W&s ⇒ m& H$ 2 − H$1 = −W& s ⇒ H$ 2 = H$ 1 − W&s &

m
1500 kJ min 60 s
= 3445 kJ − = 3085 k
kJJ kg
kg s 250 kg 1 min

H$ = 3085 kJ kg and P = 5 bars ⇒ T = 31

310° C (Table B.7)

(b) Energy bal

b alance
ance on heat exchanger: ∆E& p = 0, W&s = 0, ∆E& k ≅ 0
250 kg 3484 − 3085 kJ 1 min 1 kW
& & & $ $
Q = ∆H = m H 3 − H2
d i= min kg 60 s 1 kJ / s = 1663 kW

(c) Overall energy balance: ∆E& p = 0 , ∆E& k ≅ 0

∆H& = Q& − W& s ⇒ m& s H$ 3 − H$ 1 = Q& − W&s

250 kg
kg 3484 − 34
3 445 kJ 1 min 1 kW 1500 kJ
kJ 1 kW
Q& = ∆H& + ∆W& s = +
min kg 60 s 1 kJ / s s 1 kJ / s
= 1663 kW √

(d) H 2 O v , 40 bar, 50 0° C : V$1 = 0.0864

0864 m 3 k g (Table B.7)

H 2 O v , 5 bar, 31 0° C : V$2 = 05318

. m 3 kg (Table B.7)
3
250 kg 1 min 0.0864 m 1
u1 = 2 2
= 183
. m s
mi n 60 s kg 0. 5 π 4m
3
250 kg mi n 0.5318 m 1
u2 = 2 2
= 113
11.3 ms
min 60 s kg 0.5 π 4m
2 2
&
m& 250 kg
kg 1 1 m in 11.3 − 1.8 3 m
2
1N 1 kW ⋅ s
∆E k = 2
u2 − 2
u1 =
2 min 2 60 s s2 1 kg ⋅ m / s2 10 3 N ⋅ m
= 0.26 kW << 1500
1500 kW
kW

7- 14
7.30 (a) ∆E& p , ∆E& k , W& s = 0 ⇒ Q& = ∆H& ⇒ −hA Ts − To = −300 b g kJ h ⇒ 1.8h Ts b − T g= 300 kJh
o

(b) Clothed: h = 8 ⇒ To = 13.4° C

Ts =34.2

Nude,
Nud immersed: h = 64 ⇒ To
e, immersed: = 316
31.6° C (Assuming Ts remains 34.2°C)
Ts = 34.2

(c) The wind raises the effective heat transfer coefficient. (Stagnant air acts as a thermal
insulatorr —i.e.,
insulato — i.e., in the absence of wind, h is low.) For a given To , the skin temperature
energy balance equation: when Ts drops, you feel cold.
must drop to satisfy the energy

7.31 Basis: 1 kg of
of 30°C stream
stream

1 kg H2 O(l)@30o C
o
3 kg H2O(l)@
O(l)@T
Tf( C)
o
2 kg H2 O(l)@90 C

(a)) T f
(a =
1
3
b
30 Cg
+ b
2
o

3
90 Cg
= 70 C o o

(b) Internal Energy of feeds: U$ 30° C, liq. = 125.7 kJ k g

b
U$ 90° C, liq. g = 376.9 kJ kg
kg
V
|
(Table B.5 - neglecting effect of P on H$ )
Q= W= ∆E = ∆E =0
Energy Balance: Q - W = ∆U + ∆E p + ∆E k ∆U = 0
p k

⇒ 3U$ f − (1 kg
kg) 125.7 kJ / k g − (2 kg) 376.9 kJ / kg = 0
⇒ U$ f = 293.2 kJ kg ⇒ T f = 70.05° C (Table B.5)
70.05 − 7 0.0
05 00
0
Diff. = × 100% = 0.0077% (Any answer of this magnitude is acceptable).
70.05
7.32 .
m (kg/h) 52.5 m3 H O(O(vv)/h
. kg H2 O( v)/kg
0.85 .
m(kg/h)
2

0.15 kg H2 O( l )/kg 5 bar, T( oC)

5 bar, saturated, T(oC) .
Q (kW)

P = 5 bars
(a) Table B.6 T = 1518
. °C , H$ L = 640.1 kJ kg , H$ V = 2747.5 k
kJJ kg
3
$ 52 .5 m 1 kg
V d) = 0.375 m 3 / k
(5 bar, sat' d) kgg⇒m
& = = 140 kg h
h 0.375 m 3
(b)
(b) H2 O evaporated = 0.15 140 kg h = 21 kg h ( Q = energy needed to vaporize this much water)

Energy balance:Q& = ∆H&

21 kg
kg ( 2747.5 − 640.1) ] kJ 1h 1 kW
= h k g 3600 s 1 kJ s = 12 kW

7- 15
 Table B.6
(a)) P = 5 bar
7.33 (a Tsaturation = 1518
. o C . At 75°C the discharge is all liquid

(b) Inlet: T=350°C, P=40 bar Table B.7

H$ in = 3095 kJ / kg , V$in = 0.0665 m3 / kg

Outlet: T=75°C, P=5 bar Table B.7

H$ out = 314.3 kJ / kg , V$out = 1.03 × 10 -3 m 3 / kg
kg
3
V&in 200 kg
kg 1 min 0.0665 m / kg
u in = = 2 2 = 5018
. m/s
Ain min 60 s π
(0.075) / 4 m
V&out 200 kg 1 min 0.00103 m 3 / kg
u out = = = 1.75 m / s
Aout min 60 s π (0.05 )2 / 4 m 2
m&
Energy balance: Q& − W&s ≈ ∆H& + ∆E& k = m $
& (H $
2 − H1 ) + (u 22 − u12 )
2
200 kg 1 mi n (314-3095) kJ 200 kg 1 min (1.752 -50.18 2 ) m 2
Q& − W&s = +
min 60 s kg 2 min 60 s s2
= −13,460
13,460 kW ( ⇒ 13,460
13,460 kW tra
transf
nsfer
erre
red
d fr
from
om th
thee tu
turb
rbiine)

(a)) Assume all heat from stream

7.34 (a stream transferred to oi
oill
& 1.00 × 10 4 k J 1 min
Q= min 60 s = 167 kJ s
100 kg oil/min 100 kg oil/min
135°C 185°C
m& (kg H 2O(v)/s) & (kg H2O(l)/s)
25 bars, sat'd 25 bars, sat'd
Energy
Energy balanc on H 2O: Q& = ∆H& = m
balancee on $
& H $
ou t − H in

∆E& p , ∆ E& k , W&s = 0

H$ ( l , 2
25 . kJ kg , H$ (v , 25 bar, ssaa t ' d ) = 28009
5 bar, s a t ' d ) = 9620 . kJ kg (Table B.6)
28009

Q& −167 kkJJ kg

m& =
H$ out − H$ in
=
s b 962.0 − 2800.9 kJ g
= 0.091 kg s

1200 g 1s 1 kg
Time between discharges: 3 = 13 s di
disc
scha
harg
rgee
discharge 0.091 kg 1 0 g

$1 2800.9 − 8 3.9 kJ 0.9486 Btu

(b) Unit Cost of Steam: 6 = $2.6 × 10 −3 / kg
10 Btu kg kJ
Yearly cost:
−
1000 traps 0.091 kg stream 0.10 kg la st 2.6 × 1 0 3$ 3600 s 24 h 360 day
t ra p ⋅ s kg stream kg lost h day year
= $7.4 × 105 / year

7-16
7.35 Basis: Given feed rate

200 kg H2 O(v)/h
10 bar, sat’d, H$ = 2776.2 k
kJJ / kg n& 3 [kg H 2 O(v) / h ]
10 bar, 250oC, H$ = 2943 kJ / kg
n& 2 [ kg H 2 O(v ) / h]
10 bar, 300 C, H$ = 3052 kJ / kg
o

Q& (kJ / h )

H$ from Table B.6 (saturated steam) or Table B.7 (superheated steam)

balanc e: 200 + n&2 = n& 3

Mass balance: (1)

Energy balance: Q& = ∆H& = n&3 2943 − 200 27

2 776.2 − n&2 3052 , Q& in k J h (2))
(2
∆ E& K , ∆E& p , W& =0

(a)) n& 3 = 300 kg h

(a (1) n& 2 = 100 kg h ( 2) Q& = 2.25 × 1 0 4 kJ h

& =0 (1), (2 )
(b) Q n&2 = 306 kg h , n& 3 = 506 kg h

o
(a)) Tsaturation @ 1.0 bar = 99.6 °C ⇒ T f = 99.6 C
7.36 (a
d) ⇒ H$ l = 417.5 kJ / kg, H$ v = 2675.4 k J / kg
H 2 O (1.0 bar, sat' d)
o
H 2 O (60 bar, 25 0 C) = 10858
. kJ / k
kg
g

bala nce: mv + ml = 1 00 kg
Mass balance: (1)
Energy balance: ∆H& = 0
∆E& K , Q& , ∆E& p , W& = 0

⇒ mv H$ v + ml H$ l − m1 H$ 1 = mv H$ v + ml H$ l − (100 kg)(1085.8 kJ / kg) = 0 (2)

(1,2 ) 29.6 kg vapor kg vapor

kg, mv = 2 9.6 kg ⇒ yv =
ml = 7 0.4 kg, = 0296
.
100 kg kg

(b) T is unchanged. The temperature will still be the saturation temperature at the given final

pressure. The system

system underg
undergoes
oes eexpan
xpansion,
sion, so assumin
assuming
g the same
same pipe diameter, ∆E&k > 0.
diameter,
yv would be less (less water evaporates) because some of the energy that would have

vaporized water instead is converted to kinetic energy.

(c) Pf = 39.8 bar (pressure at which the water is still liquid, but has the same enthalpy as the
feed)

7-17
7.36 (cont’d)

(d) Since enthalpy does not change, then when Pf ≥ 39.8 bar the temperature cannot increase,
because a higher temperature
temperat ure would increase
increas e the en thalpy. Also, when Pf
enthalpy. ≥ 39.8 bar , the product
is only liquid ⇒ no evaporation occurs.

0.4 300

250
0.3
) 200
C
(
y 0.2 150
f
T
100
0.1
50
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 36 3
39
9.8 60

Pf (bar) Pf (bar)

3 3
7.37 10 m , n moles of steam( v), 275°C, 15 bar ⇒ 10 m , n moles of water (v+l), 1.2 bar

10.0 m3 H2O (v) 10.0 m3

m in (kg)
mv [kg H2O (v)]
275 oC, 1.5
, 15bar
bar ml [kg H 2O (l )]
Q
1.2 bar, saturated

Table B.6 o
(a) P=1.2 bar, saturated, T2 = 104.8 C

10 m3 1 kg
(b) Total mass of water: min = = 55 kg
0.1818 m 3
Bala nce: m v + m l = 55.0
Mass Balan
3 3 3
Volume add itivity: Vv + Vl = 10.0 m = m v (1.428 m / kg) + m l (0.001048 m / k g )

⇒ mv = 7.0 kg, ml = 4 8.0 kg condensed

condensed

(c) Table B.7 ⇒ U$ in = 27

2 739.2 kJ / kg; V$in = 0.
0 .1818 m3 / kg

Table B.6 ⇒ U$ l = 439.2 kJ / kg

||
S
R kg;; V$l = 0.001048 m 3 / kg
U$ v = 2512.1 kJ / kg
kg;; V$v = 1.428 m3 / kg

Energy balance: Q = ∆U = mvU$ v + ml U$ l − mi nU$ in

∆E p ,∆Ek , W = 0

= [( 7.0)(2512.1 kJ / kg
kg) + (48.0)(439.2 ) - 55
55 kg (2739. 2)] kJ
= −1.12 × 10 5 kJ

7.38 (a) Assume both liquid and vapor

vapor are present in the valve effl
effluent.
uent.

1 kg H 2 O ( v ) / s
1 5 b a r , Tsat + 1 5 0 o C & [ k g H O (l ) / s
m l 2 s]]
m& v [ kg H 2 O ( v ) / s
s]]
1.0 bar, saturated

7-18
7.38 (cont’d)
(b) Table B.6 ⇒ Tsat'n (15 bar) = 198.3o C ⇒ Tin = 34 8.3 o C
Table B.7 ⇒ H$ in = H$ ( 348.3 C, 15 bar) ≈ 3149 kJ / kg
o

Table B.6 ⇒ H$ l (1.0 bar, sat'd)= 417.5 kJ / kg; H$ v (1.0 bar, sat'd
'd)) = 2675.4 kJ / kg
balance: ∆H& = 0 ⇒ m
Energy balance: & H
l
$ +m
l
& H
v
$ −m
v
& H
in
$
in = 0
∆ E& p ,∆E& k ,Q& , W& s = 0
&v + m
m &l
⇒ m& in H$ in = m& l H$ l + m& v H$ v 3149 kJ / kg = m& l (417.5) + (1 − m& l )(2675.4 )

There is no value of m& l between 0 and 1 that would satisfy this this equation. (For any value
in this range, the
the right-hand side would be between 417.5 and 2675.4). The two-phase two-phase
assumption is therefore incorrect; the effluent must be pure vapor.
i n = m out = 1
&
m &
$ $
(c) Energy balance ⇒ m & out H out = m
& in H in 3149 kJ / kg = H$ (1 bar, Tout )
31
Table B.7
Tout ≈ 33 7 C o

(This answer is only approximate, since ∆E& k is not zero in this process).

7.39 Basis: 40 lb
lb m mi
min
n circ
circul
ulat
atio
ion
n

(a) Expansi
Expansion
on valve
R = Refrigerant 12
40 lb m R(l )/min 40 lb
l b m / min
93.3
93.3 ps ig, 86°F x v l b m R (v ) / l b m
$ = 27.8 Btu/lb
H m (1 − xv ) l b m R (l ) / l b m
H$ v = 77 .8 B t u / l b m , H$ l = 9.6 B t u / l b m

Energy balance: ∆E& p , W& s , Q& = 0 , neglect ∆E& k ⇒ ∆H& = ∑n H − ∑n H

ou t
&i $ i
in
&i $ i =0

4 0 X v lb m R v 7 7.8 Btu 40 1 − X v lb m R l 9.6 Btu 40 lb m 27.8 Btu

+ − =0
min lb m mi n lb m min lb m

X v = 0267
.
b
26.7% evaporates
g
(b) Evaporator coil

40 lb /min 40 lb R(v )/min

0.267 R( v ) 11.8 psig, 5°F
0.733 R( l ) H$ = 77.8 Btu/lb
11.8 psig, 5°F
H
$v
= 77.8 Btu/l
Btu/lbb , H$ l = 9.6 Btu/lb m
Energy
Energ y balance: ∆E& p , W&s = 0, neglec
neglectt ∆E& k ⇒ Q& = ∆H&
40 llb
bm 7 7.8 Btu 40 0.267 lb m R v 77.8 Btu 40 0.733 lb m R l 9.6 Btu
Q& = − −
min lb m m in lb m m in lb m

= 2000 Bt
Btu mi
min
n

7-19
7.39 (cont’d)
(c) We may analyze the overall process in several
s everal ways, each of which leads to the same
result. Let us first note that the net rate of heat
heat input to the system is

Q& = Q& evaporator − Q& condenser = 2000 − 2500 = −5 00 B

Btu
tu min

and the compressor work Wc represents the total work done on the system. The system is
closed (no mass flow in or out). Consider a time interval ∆t min . Since the system is at
steady state, the changes ∆U , ∆E k and ∆E p over this time
time interval all equal zero. The
total heat input is Q& ∆t , the work input is W& c ∆t , and (Eq. 8.3-4) yields
−3
−500 Bt
Btu 1 min 1.341 × 10 hp
Q& ∆t − W&c ∆t = 0 ⇒ W&c = Q
& = = 11.8 hp
118
min 60 s 486 × 10 −4 Btu s
9.48

7.40 Basis: Given feed rates

rates

n&1 (m
(mo
ol / h)
n&C 3 H8 ((m
mol C 3 H 8 / h
h))
0.2 C3 H 8
&
nC 4 H10 ((m
mol C 4 H 1 0 / h
h))
0.8 C 4 H 10
o
0o C, 1.1 atatm
m 227 C

n& 2 ((m
mol / h)
&
Q (kJ
(kJ / h) 0 .4 0 C 3 H 8
0.60 C 4 H10
25o C, 1.1 atm atm

Molar flow rates of feed streams:

300 L 1.1 atm 1 m ol
n&1 =
hr 1 atm 22.4 L ST
S TP
= 14.7 m
mool h
b g
200 L 273 K 1.1 atm 1 mol
n& 2 =
hr 298 K 1 atm 22.4 L ST
S TP
= 9.00 m
mo
ol h
b g
14.7 mol 0.20 mol C 3 H 8 9.00 mo
mol 0. 40 m ol C 3 H 8
balance ⇒ n&C 3 H8 =
Propane ba +
h mol h mol

= 6& .54 mol C3 H 8 h

Total mole balance: n C 4 H10 = (14.7 + 9 .00 − 6.54 ) mol C 4 H 20 h = 1 7.16 mol C 4 H 20 h

Energy balance: ∆E& p , W&s = 0, neglect

neglec t ∆E& k ⇒ Q& = ∆H&

6. 54 m ol C 3 H 8 20.685 kJ 17.16 mol C4 H 10 2 7. 44 2 k J

Q& = ∆H& = ∑N H −∑N H
out
&
i
$
i
in
&
i
$
i = h mo l
+ h mo l

−
b0.40 × 9.00gmol C H 3 8
−
b
1.772 kJ 0.60 × 9.00 mol C 4 H10 g 2.394 kJ
= 587 kJ h
h m ol h m ol

( H$ i = 0 for components of 1st feed stream)

7-20
 51 0 m 3 273 K 103 L 1 mol 1 kmol
7.41 Basis:
m in 291 K m3 22.4 L ST
STP bg 1 0 3 mol
= 214
21.4 km
kmol
ol mi
min
n

(a)
Q& (kJ/min)

n. 0 ( kmol /min) 21.4 k mo

moll/min
38°C, h r = 97% 18°C, sat'd
y 0 ( mo l H 2O(v )/mo
)/mo l ) y 1 ( mol
mo l H 2 O(v)/
O(v)/mo
mo
) l
(1 – x 0) ( mol
mo l dry air/
air/mol
mol)) (1 – y 1) (mol dry air)
.
n 2 ( kmol H 2O(l )/
)/mo
mo l)
18°C

hr PH∗ O ( 38°C ) 0.97( 49.692 mm Hg )

49.692
Inl
Inlet
et condition:: yo =
condition 2
= = 0.06
0.0634
34 mol
mol H2 O mol
P 760 mm Hg
PH∗ O (18°C ) 15.477 mm Hg
Outlet
Outlet condition:: y1 =
condition 2
= = 0.0204
0.0204 mol
mol H2 O mol
P 760 mm Hg
Dry air balance: 1 − 0.0634 n& o = 1 − 0.0204 2 1.4 ⇒ n& o = 2 2.4 kmo
kmoll min

Waterr balance: 0.0634 22.4 = n& 2 + 0.0204 21.4 ⇒ n&2 = 0.98 kmol min
Wate
0.9 8 km
k mol 1 8.0 2 k g
= 18 kg / min
min H 2 O con
conde
dens
nsees
min kmol

$
(b). Enthaphies : H air 3 8° C = 0.0291 38 − 25 = 0.3783 kJ mol

H$ air 18° C = 0.0291 18 − 25 = −0.204 kJ m o l

b g 25708. kkJg 110 kgg 18.0m2ogl = 46.33 kkJJ mol|

H$ H2 O v, 38° C = 3
||
H$ H2 O bv, 18° Cg= 25345 . kJ 1 kg 18.02 g
kg 10 g mol
= 4567
. 3k J mol V
kJ Table B.5

H$ H2 O
bl, 18° Cg= 75.5 kkJg 101 kgg 18.0m2 ogl = 136
. 6 k
13 3kJJ mo l
|
Energy balance:
∆ E& , W& = 0, ∆E& ≅0
gd ib g b
p s k

Q& = ∆H& = ∑n H − ∑ n H
out
&i $ i

in
&i $ i ⇒ Q& = 1 − 0.0204 2 1.4 × 10 3 −0.204

+b
0.0204g
d21.4 × 10 ib45.67g+ d0.98 × 10 ib
3
1.3 6g−b
1 − 0.0634g
d22.4 × 10 ib0.3783g
3 3

−b
0.0634g
d22.4 × 10 ib46.33g= −5.67 × 10 kJ min
3 4

4
⇒ 5.6 7 × 10 kJ 60 min 0.9486 Btu 1 ton cooling = 270 tons of cooling
min h kJ 12000 Btu

7-21
7.42 Basis: 100 mol feed
n2 (mol), 63.0°C
A - Acetone 0.98 A(v )
Qc (cal)
B - Acetic Acid 0.02 B(v )
0.5 n 2 (mol) 0.5 n 2 (mol)
100 mol, 67.5°C
0.98 A(l ) 56.8°C 0.98 A(l )
0.65 A(l )
0.02 B(l ) 0.02 B( l )
0.35 B( l )
n 5 (mol), 98.7°C
98. 7°C
0.544 A(v )
0.456 B(v )
n5 (mol), 98.7°C
0.155 A(l )
0.845 B(l )
Qr (cal)

(a)) Overall balances:

(a balances:
Total moles: 100 = 0.5n 2 + n 5 n 2 = 120 mol
bg b g
A: 0.65100 = 0.98 050.5n 2 + 0.15 5n 5 n 5 = 40 mol V
Product flow rates: Ov
Overhead 0 .5 120 0.98 = 5 8.8 mol A
12
bg
0.5 120 0.02 = 1.2 mol B
Bottoms 0.155 4 0 = 6.2 mol A
0.845bg
40 = 33.8 mol B
Overall energy balance: Q = ∆H =
∆ E , W = 0 , ∆E ≅ 0
p 2 x
∑n H − ∑n H
o ut
i
$
i
in
i
$
i

interpola
interpolate
te in table
table interpola
interpolate
te in table
↓ ↓
⇒ Q = 58.8 (0 ) + 1.2 ( 0 ) + 6.2 (1385 ) + 33.8 (1312 ) − 65 ( 354 ) − 35 ( 335 ) = 1.82 × 10 4 cal

5 8.8 = 117.6 mols A

(b) Flow through condenser: 2 58
2 1.2 = 2 .4 mols B
Energy balance on condenser: Qc = ∆H
p 3 k

∆E , W = 0 , ∆E ≅ 0
5
Qc = 117 .6 0 − 7322 + 2.4 0 − 6807 = −8.77 × 1 0 cal heat removed from condenser
Assume negligible heat transfer between system & surroundings other than Q c & Q r
( )
Qr = Q −Qc = 1.82× 10 4 − −8.77 ×10 5 = 8.95 × 1 05 cal heat added to reboiler

7.43 1.96 kg, P1= 10.0 bar, T1

2.96 kg, P 3= 7.0 bar, T 3 =250o C

1.00 kg, P2= 7.0 bar, T 2

Q= 0

7-22
7.43 (cont’d)
o
(a)) T2 = T ( P = 7.0 bar, sa t ' d steam) = 16
(a 1 65.0 C
H$ 3 ( H 2 O(v), P = 7.
o
7.0 bar, T = 250 C) = 2954 kJ kg (Table B.7 )
$ 7.0 bar, sat' d ) = 2760 kJ k g ( Table B.6)
H 2 (H 2 O( v ), P = 7.
Energy balance
∆E , Q, W , ∆E ≅0
p s k

∆H = 0 = 2.96 H$ 3 − 1.9 6 H$ 1 − 1.0 H$ 2 ⇒ 1.96 H$ 1 = 2 .96 kg

kg(2
(295
954
4 kJ
kJ / kg
kg)) -1.
-1.0
0 kg(
kg(27
2760
60 kJ
kJ / kg)
⇒ H$ 1 (10.0 ba
bar, T1 ) = 3053 kJ / kg ⇒ T1 ≅ 300 C o

(b) The estimate is too low.

low. If heat is being lost the entering steam temperature
temperature would hav
havee to
be higher
higher for
for the exiting
exiting steam
steam to be at the given tempe
temperatur
rature.
e.

7.44 (a) T1 = T ( P = 3.0 ba

bar,
r, sat
sat'' d.) =133.5
=133.5 C
o
Vapor
V$l ( P = 3.0 ba
3
bar, sat
sat'd.) = 0.00
.001074 m / kg P=3 bar

V$v ( P = 3.0 ba 'd.) = 0.606 m 3 / kg

barr, sat'd.)
Liquid
3
0001074
. m 1000 L 165 kg m=165.0 kg
Vl = = 1772
. L
kg m3
=
Vspace 200.0 L -17
-177.
7.2
2 L = 22
22.8
.8 L V=200.0
P L
max=20 bar
22. 8 L 1 m 3 1 kg
mv = = 0.03
0376
76 kg
1000 L 0.606 m 3

(b) P = Pmax = 20.0 bar

bar;; mtotal = 165.0 + 0.0376 = 165.0 4 kg
o
T1 = T ( P = 20.0 ba
bar, sat
sat'd.) = 212.
212.4
4 C
V$l ( P = 20.0 bar, sat'd.) = 0.001177 m3 / kg; V$v ( P = 2 0.0 bar, sat'd.)
'd.) = 0.0995 m3 / kg
Vtotal = m lV$l + mvV$v ⇒ ml V$l + (mtotal − m l )V$v
1 m3
⇒ 200.0 L = ml kkgg (0.001177 m 3 / k g) + (165.04 - ml ) kg (0.0995 m 3 / kg)
1000 L
⇒ ml = 164.9 8 kg;
kg; mv = 0.0 6 kg
0.001177
001177 m 3 1000 L 164.98 kg
Vl = = 194.2 L; V space = 200.0 L - 194.2 L= 5.8 L
kg m3
0.04) kg 1000 g
( 0.06 - 0.
mevaporated = = 20 g
kg

(c) Energy balance Q = ∆U = U ( P = 20.0 bar, s a t ' d) − U ( P = 3.0 bar, sat' d )

∆E , W , ∆E ≅0
p s k

U$ l ( P = 20.0 bar, sa
sat'd.) = 906.2 kJ / kg; U$ v ( P = 20.0 bar, sat
t'd.) sat'd.) = 2598.2 kJ / kg
U$ l ( P = 3.0 bar,
bar, sa
sat'd
t'd.)
.) = 561.1 kJ / kg; U$ v ( P = 3.0 bar, sat
561.1 at'd.)
'd.) = 2543 kJ / kg

Q = 0.06 kg(25
(2598.2 kJ / kg) +164.9
+164.98
8 kg(9
kg(906
06.2
.2 kJ / kg) - 0.0
.04
4 kg
kg(2
(254
543
3 kJ
kJ / kg
kg))
− 165.0 kg (561.1 kJ / kg) = 5.70 × 10 4 kJ
Heat lost to the surroundings, energy needed to heat the walls of the tank

7-23
7.44 (cont’d)
(d) (i) The specific
specific volume
volume of liquid increases with the temperature, hence the same mass of
liquid water will occupy more
more space; (ii) some liquid water vaporizes,
vaporizes, and the lower
density of vapor leads to a pressure increase; (iii) the head space is smaller as a result of
the changes mentioned
mentioned above.

(e) – Using an automatic control system

system that interrupts the heating at a set value of pressure
– A safety valve
valve for pressu
pressure
re ov
overlo
erload.
ad.
– Never leavin
leavingg a tank under
under pressure
pressure unatte
unattended
nded duri
during
ng operati
operations
ons that
that involve
involve
temperature and pressure changes.

7.45 Basis: 1 kg wet steam

(a) 1 kg H2 O 20 bars 1 kg H 2 O,(v) 1 atm 1 kg H2 O

0.97 kg H2 O(v) Tamb , 1 atm
amb
H$ 2 (kJ/kg)
0.03 kg H2 O(l)
H (kJ/kg) Q=0 Q
$1

Enthalpies: H$ v, 20 bars, sat' d = 2797 .2 kJ k g

b g
H$ l , 20 bars, sat' d = 908.6 kJ kg |bTable B.7g
V
Energy balance on condenser: ∆H = 0 ⇒ H$ 2 = H$ 1 = 0.97 2797.2 + 0.03 90 8.6
∆E , ∆E , Q, W =0
p K 3

Table B.7
⇒ H$ 2 = 2740 kJ / kg T ≈ 132 C
o

(b) As the steam (which is transparent)

transparent) moves away from the trap, it cools.
cools. When it reaches
its saturation temperature at 1 atm, it begins to condense, thatt T = 100° C . The white
condense, so tha
plumee is a mist forme
plum formed
d by liquid
liquid drople
droplets.
ts.

3
7.46 Basis:
8 oz H 2 O l 1 quart
32 oz 1057 quarts
1m
m
1000 kg
3
= 02365
. k
kg
g H 2O l bg
(For simplicity, we assume the beverage is water)

0.2365 kg H O (l)
18°C 2 (m + 0.2365) (kg H 2O (l))
m (kg H 2O (s)) 4°C
32°F (0°C) Assume P = 1 atm

Internal energies (from

(from Table
Table B.5):

U$ H 2 O( l )),, 1 8° C = 7 5.5 kJ / kg
kg; U$ H 2 O(l ), 4° C = 16.8 kJ / kg ; U$ H 2 O( s), 0° C = -348 kJ / kg
kg

Energy balance closed system : ⇒ ∆U =

balance closed ∑n U − ∑n U
out
i
$
i
in
i
$
i =0
∆E p , ∆E k , Q , W = 0

⇒ (m + 0.2365) kg (16.8 kJ / kg) = 0 .2

.2365 kg(75.5 kJ / kg) + m kg (-348 k J / kg)
⇒ m = 0.038 kg = 38 g ice

7-24
 $o o
(a)) When T = 0 C, H
7.47 (a = 0, ⇒ Tref = 0 C

System: ∆U = 0
(b) Energy Balance-Closed System:
∆E , ∆E , Q,W = 0
k p

25 g Fe, 175°C

1000 g H 2O(l) 25 g Fe
1000 g H 2O
20°C T f (°C)

U Fe T f + U H2 O T f − U Fe 175° C − U H 2 O 2 0° C, 1 atm = 0 or ∆U Fe + ∆U H2 O = 0

2 5.0 g 4.13 T f − 1 75 cal 4.184 J

∆U Fe = = 432 Tf − 175 J
g cal

Table B.5 ⇒ ∆U H 2O =
1.0 L 1 0 g
3
i
U$ H2 O T f − 8 3.9 J
e di j
= 1000 U$ H 2 O T f − 83.9 J
1 L g

di
⇒ 432T f + 1000U$ H 2 O T f − 1.60 × 10 5 = f T f = 0 di
Tf ° C 30 40 35 34 Interpolate
⇒ T f = 34.6° C
di
f Tf −2.1 × 10 4 +2 .5 × 1 0 4 1670 −2612

7-25
7.48 I II
H 2O( v) H 2 O( v)
760 mm Hg (760 + 50.1) mm Hg
100°C Tf ⇒ 1.08 bar sat'd
⇒
⇒ Tf = 101.8°C (Table 8.5)
H 2 O( l), 100 °C H2 O( l), Tf
T0 Tf

Energy balance
balance - closed
closed system:
system:
∆E p , ∆ E K , W , Q = 0

v -vapor
mv U$ v ml U$ l mb U$ b mv U$ v ml U$ l mbU$ b
II IIII II IIII II II
II I I I I I I
∆U = 0 = + + − − − l -liquid
b-block

bar, 100° C
I 1.01 ba II 1.08 bar, 101.8° C
b g
V$l L kg 1.044 1.046
b g
V$v L kg 1673 1576
b g
U$ L kg
l 41 9.0 426.6
U$ L kg 2506.5 2508.6
b g
v

50 kg
kg 1L
Initial vapor volume: Vv = 20.0 L − 5.0 L −
I

8.92 kg
= 14.4 L H 2 O v bg
I −3
14.4 L 1673 L k g = 8.61 × 10
Initial vapor mass: mv = 14 kg H 2 O v
I
Initial liquid mass: ml = 5.0 L 1.044 L kg = 4.7 9 kg H 2 O l

y of bar: U$ b = 0.36 101.8 = 36.6 kJ kg

II
Final ener g
gy

Assume negligible change in volume & liquid ⇒ VvII = 14.4 L

II −3
Final vapo r mass: mv = 14.4 L 1576 L kg = 9.1 4 × 10 kg H 2 O v

Initial energy of the bar:

1
U$ bI =
5.0 kg
d9.14 × 10 −3
2508.6 + 4.79 4
4226.6 + 5.0 3
366.6 − 8.6 1 × 10 −3 2506.5 − 4.79 4
4119.0 i
= 441
44.1 k
kJJ kg
44.1 k J / kg
Temperature: To =
(a)) Oven Temperature:
(a o
= 122 .5° C
122
0.36 kJ / kg ⋅ C
H 2 O evaporated = mvII − mvI = 9.14 × 1 0 −3 kg - 8.6 1 × 1 0 −3 kg = 5.3 0 × 1 0 −4 k g = 0.53 g

(b) U$ bI = 44 .1 + 8.3 50
5.0 = 4 5.8 k
kJJ k g
To = 45.8 0.3 6 = 127.2° C

(c) Meshuggeneh forgot to turn the oven on ( To < 100° C )

7-26
 weight of piston
7.49 (a cylinder =
(a)) Pressure in cylinder + atmo
atmosphe
spheri
ri c pressure
area of piston
2
30.0 kg 9.807 N 100 cm 1.0 bar 1 aattm 1.013 b
baar
P= + = 108
. bar
400.0 cm
2
kg
2
1 m bg 2 5
10 N m
2
atm

⇒ Tsat = 1018
. °C

Heat required to bring the water and block to the boiling point
Q = ∆U = m w U$ wl 1.08 ba i
bar, s at ' d − U$ wl l , 20° C + m Al U$ Al Tsat − U$ Al 20° C i
=
7.0 kg b426.6 − 839
83.9 g
kJ 3.0 kg
+
94 (101.8 − 20) ]kJ
[0.94
= 2630 kJ
kg kg
2630
2630 k 3310 kJ ⇒ Su
kJJ < 3310 Suff
ffic
icie
ient
nt he
heat
at for
for vap
vapor
oriz
izat
atio
ion
n

V$l = 1.046 L kg , U$ l = 426.6 kJ kg

. ° C . Table B.5 ⇒
(b) T f = Tsat = 1018
V$ = 1576 L kg , U$ = 2508.6 kJ kg
v v

mv ( kg H2 O( v ))
7.0 kg H 2 O (l ) T ≡ 101.8°C 1576 L/kg, 2508.6 kJ/kg
H$ = 426.6 kJ/ kg P ≡ 1.08 bars
V$ =1.0
=1.046 L / kg 1.046 L/kg, 426.6 kJ/kg
ml ( kg H 2 O( l) )
Q (kJ) W (kJ)
(Since the Al block stays at the same temperature in this stage of the process, we can
ignoree it - i.e., U$ in = U$ out )
ignor
Water balance: 7.0 = m l + mv (1)
p iston:: W = F∆ z = w piston + Patm A ∆ z
Work done by the piston

=
L
M
w O
PbA∆ z g= P∆V ⇒ W = b 1.0 8 bar g1 576m + 1.046m − b
1.046g
b7.0gL
NA + P Q
atm v l

8 . 3 14 J / m o l ⋅ K 1 kJ
× =b170.2m + 0.113m − 0.7908gkJv l
3
0. 08 31 4 l iter - ba r / m o l ⋅ K 10 J

Energy balance: ∆U = Q − W
∆U444448 Q
6444447 64 4744 8 6444447 W
444448
bg
⇒ 2508.6mv + 426.6mL − 426.6 7 = ( 3310 − 2630 ) − (170.2 mv + 0.113mL − 0.7908)
⇒ 2679mv + 426.7 mL − 3667 = 0 (2)
Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously yields m v = 0.302
302 kg , m l = 6698
. kg
Liquid volume = 6.698 k g 1.046 L k g = 7.01 L liquid

Vapor volu me = 0.302 kg 1576 L k g = 476 L vapor

3 3
∆V 7.01 + 476 − 7.0 1.046 L 10
10 cm 1
Piston displacement: ∆z = = = 1190 cm
A 2
1 L 400 cm
(c) Tupper ⇒ All 3310 kJ go into the block before a measurable amount is transferred to the
∆ = ⇒ − = ⇒ = °
water. Then U AL Q 3.0 kg 0.94 Tu 2o0 kJ kg 3310 Tu 1194 C if melting is
neglected. In fact, the bar would melt at 660 C.

7-27
7.50 o
1.00 L H 2 O( v ), 2 5 C
m v1 (kg)
m v2 [kg H2 O( v )]
= m v1 + me U
Assume not all the liquid
V
is vaporized.
vaporized. Eq. at
W
T , P . m = kg H O v
f f e vapo
2aporiz
rizeed.
o
4.00 L H 2O (l ), 25 C m L2 [kg H 2O ( l) ]
m L1 (kg) = m L1 + m e

Q=2915 kJ

Table B.5 ⇒ U$ L1
Initial conditions: Ta L1 = 104.8 k J kg , V$LL11 = 1003
104 . L kg P = 00317
. bar
T = 2 5° C, ssaat' d ⇒ U$ v1 = 24
2409 kJJ kg , V$LL11 = 43,400
09.9 k 400 L kg
m v1 = 1.00 l 43400 l kg = 2.30 4 × 10 −5 k g , m LI = 4.00 l 1.003 l k g = 3.988 kg
Energy balance:

∆U = Q ⇒ 2.304 × 10
10 d −5
i di b
+ me U$ v T f + 3.9 88 − m e U$ L T f − 2.304 × 1
10 g di d
0 − 2409.9
5
ib g
− 3.98 8 (1 04.8) = 2915 kJ

d
⇒ 2.304 × 10
−5
i di b
+ me U$ v T f + 3.988 − me U$ v T f g d i= 3333
3333 − 2.304 × 10 −E
5 $
U v − 3.98 8U$ L
⇒ me = (1)
U$ v − U$ L

G J di b
V L + Vv = Vtan k ⇒ 2.304 × 1 0 −5 + m e V$L T f + 3.988 − me V$L T f = 5.00 L
G AJKA
gd i
H kg liters
liters kg

⇒ me =
d
5.00 − 2.304 × 10
−5
iV$ v − 3.988V$L
b2g
V$v − V$L
−5
3333 − 2.304 × 1 0 U$ v T f − 3.988U$ L T f
b
1g
− bg
2 ⇒ fd
T i= f
U$ v − U$ L
− ×
−5 $ − $
− 5.00
d2.304V$ 1−0V$ i V 3.98 8V L = 0
v

v L

d i Find T
Table 8.5
Procedure: Assume T f ⇒ U$ v , U$ L , V$v , V$L ⇒ f T f f such that f T f = 0

Tf U$ v U$ L V$v V$L f
−2
201.4 2593.8 856.7 123.7 1.15 9 − 5.12 × 1 0
198.3 2592.4 842.9 1 31.7 1.15 4 −1.9 3 × 10 −2
−2
195.0 2590.8 828.5 140.7 1.14 9 1.3 4 × 10
196.4 2591.5 834. 6 136.9 1.151 −4.0 3 × 10 − 4 ⇒ T f ≅ 196.4° C, Pf = 14.4 bars
Eq 1
−3
me = 2.6 × 10 kg ⇒ 2.6 g evaporated
kg
bg
orEq 2

7-28
7.51. Basis: 1 mol feed
B = benzene
nV (mol vapor)
T = toluene
B(mol B(v
B(v)/mol)
(1 – B ) (mol T(v
T(v)/mol)
1 mol
mol @ 130 130°C in equilibrium
z B (mol B(l
B(l)/mol) at T (°C), P(mm Hg)
(1 – z B )(mol T(l
T(l)/mol) nL (mol liquid)
x B(mol B(l
B(l)/mol)
(1 – x B ) (mol T(l
T(l )/mol)

(a
(a)) 7 variables: ( nV , y B , nL , x B , Q , T , P)
–2 equi
equili
librium
brium equati
equations
ons
–2 material
material balances
balances
–1 energy balance
balance
2 degrees of freedom. If T and P are fixed, we can calcul
calculate
ate nV , y B , n L , x B , and Q .

(b) Mass balanc e: nV + n L = 1 ⇒ nV = 1 − n 2 (1)

Benzene balance: z B = nV y B + n L x B (2)

$ $ $
C6H6
C6H 6
i i
l : T = 0, H = 0 , T = 80, H = 10.8 5 ⇒ H BL = 0.1356 T
i i
v : T = 8 0, H$ = 41.61 , T = 120, H$ = 45.79 ⇒ H$ BV = 0.1045T + 33.25
(3)
(4)

C7H8 l : T = 0, H$ = 0 , T = 1 11, H$ = 18.5 8 ⇒ H$ TL = 0.1674 T (5)

C7H8 v : T = 89 , H$ = 49.18 , T = 111, H$ = 52 .05 ⇒ H$ TV = 0.1304T + 37 .57 (6)

Energy balance: ∆E p , Ws = 0, neglect ∆E k

Q = ∆H = nV y B H$ BV + nV 1 − y B H$ TV $ $ − 1z H
TV + n L x B H BL + n L 1 − x B HTL
TL B
$
BL TF
(7)
bg
b g bg
− 1 1 − zB H$ TL TF
Raoult's Law: y B P = x B p B* (8)
(8 )
*
(1 - y B ) P = (1 − x B ) pT (9)
(9 )
Antoine Equation. For T= 90°C and P=652 mmHg:
* o [6.89272 −1203.531/(90+ 219.888)]
p B (90 C) = 10
10 = 1021 mmHg
pT* (90 o C) = 10[6.95805−1346.773/(90+219.693)] = 406.7 mmHg

Adding equations (8) and (9) ⇒

P − p*T P − p*T 652 − 406.7

P = x B p *B + (1 − x B ) pT* ⇒ x B = = = = 0399
. mol B(l) / mol
mo
p *B − pT* p *B − pT* 1021
1021 - 406
406.7
.7
xB p *B 0.399(1021
1021 mmHg)
yB = = = 0625
. mol B(v ) / mol
mo
P 652 mmHg
z B − xB 0.5 − 0.399
Solving (1) and (2) ⇒ nV = = = 0.446 mol vapor
− −
y B xB 0.6
62
25 0.3 39
99
n L = 1 − nV = 1 − 0.446 = 0.554 mol liquid

7-29
7.51 (cont’d)
Substituting (3), (4), (5), and (6) in (7) ⇒

Q = 0.446(0.62
625)[ 0.1045(9 0) + 33.25] + 0.44
44 6(1 − 0.625)[0.1304( 90) + 37.5
57
7]
+ 0.554 (0.399 )[0.1356(90))]] + 0.554 (1 − 0.399 )[0.1674( 90)] − 0.5[0.1356(1
39 13
30)]
− 0.5[0.1674 (13
130)] ⇒ Q = 8.14 kJ / mol

(c). If P<P min, all the output is vapor. If P>Pmax , all the output is liquid.

(d) At P=652 mmHg it is necessary to add heat to achieve the equilibrium and at P=714
mmHg, it is necessary to release heat
heat to achieve the equilibrium
equilibrium.. The higher the pressure,
pressure,
there is more liquid than vapor, and the liquid has a lower enthalpy than the equilibrium
vapor: enthalpy out
out < enthalpy in.

zB T P pB pT xB yB nV nL Q
0.
0.55 90 652 1021 406.7
406. 7 0.399 0.625 0.446 0.554 8.14
0.5 90 714 1021 406.7 0.500 0.715 -0.001 1.001 -6.09
0.
0.55 90 582 1021 406.7
406. 7 0.285 0.500 0.998 0.002 26.20
0.
0.55 90 590 1021 406.7
406. 7 0.298 0.516 0.925 0.075 23.8
23. 8
0.
0.55 90 600 1021 406.7
406. 7 0.315 0.535 0.840 0.160 21.0
21. 0
0.
0.55 90 610 1021 406.7
406. 7 0.331 0.554 0.758 0.242 18.3
18. 3
0.
0.55 90 620 1021 406.7
406. 7 0.347 0.572 0.680 0.320 15.8
15. 8
0.
0.55 90 630 1021 406.7
406. 7 0.364 0.589 0.605 0.395 13.3
13. 3
0.
0.55 90 640 1021 406.7
406. 7 0.380 0.606 0.532 0.468 10.9
10. 9
0.
0.55 90 650 1021 406.7
406. 7 0.396 0.622 0.460 0.540 8.60
0.
0.55 90 660 1021 406.7
406. 7 0.412 0.638 0.389 0.611 6.31
0.
0.55 90 670 1021 406.7
406. 7 0.429 0.653 0.318 0.682 4.04
0.
0.55 90 680 1021 406.7
406. 7 0.445 0.668 0.247
0. 247 0.753 1.78
0.5 90 690 1021
1021 406.7 0.461 0.682 0.176 0.824 -0.50
0.5 90 700 1021
1021 406.7 0.477 0.696 0.103 0.897 -2.80
0.5 90 710 1021
1021 406.7 0.494 0.710 0.029 0.971 -5.14

(e). Pmax = 71
714 mmHg, Pmin = 58
58 2 m m Hg

nV vs. P

0.8

V
0.6
n
0.4

0.2

0
58 2 632 682 732

P (mm Hg)

nV = 0.5 @ P ≅ 640 m
mm
m Hg

7-30
 ∆P ∆u 2
7.52 (a). Bernoulli equation: + + g∆z = 0
ρ 2
∆P 0.977 × 1 0 −5 − 1.5 × 10 5 Pa 1 N / m 2 m3 m
2
= = −46.7
ρ Pa 1.12 × 1 0 3 k g s2
g∆z = (9.8066 m / s2 ) 6 m = 5 8.8 m 2 / s 2

Bernoulli ⇒ ∆u = 4 6.7 − 58.8 m 2 / s2 ⇒ u 22 = u12 + 2 −12.1 m 2 / s2

b g d i
2

2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= 5.00 m / s − (2)(12.1) m / s = 0.8 00 m / s ⇒ u 2 = 0.894 m / s

(b). Since the fluid is incompressible, V& m 3 s = π d 12 u1 4 = π d 22 u 2 4

⇒ d1 = d 2
u2
u1
b g0894
.
= 6 cm
ms
5.00 m s
= 2 .54 cm

d i di b g di b g A A1 =4 A2
(a)). V& m 3 s = A1 m 2 u 1 m s = A2 m2 u 2 m s ⇒ u 2 = u1 1
7.53 (a u2 = 4u 1
A2
(b). Bernoulli equation ( ∆z = 0)

∆P ∆u
2 ρ u 22 − u 12
+ = 0 ⇒ ∆ P = P2 − P1 = −
ρ 2 2
Multiply both sides by − 1
2 2
Substitute u 2 = 16u1
2
Multip
Multiply
ly top and bottom of right - hand side by A1
bottom

note V& = A1 u1
2 2 2

15ρV&
2

P1 − P2 = 2
2 A1

15ρ H 2 OV&
2
2 A12 gh ρ Hg
P −P = ρ −ρ gh = ⇒ V& 2 = −1
2 A12 15
d i G
H K
J
(c) 1 2 Hg H2 O ρH O
2

2
2 6
2 π 7.5 c m4 1 m4 9.8066 m 38 cm 1m 13.6 − 1 −3 m
V& =
2
= 1.955 × 10
15
8
10 cm
4
s
2
10 cm
2 s2

⇒ V& = 0.044 m s = 4 4 L s
3

7-31
 (a)). Point 1-
7.54 (a 1 - surface
surface of fluid . bar , z1 = +7 m , u1 = 0 m s
fluid . P1 = 31
Pointt 2 - discharg
Poin outlet . P2 = 1 atm , z2 = 0 m , u 2 = ?
dischargee pipe outlet
b=1.013 bar g
∆ρ 1.013 − 3.1 bar 105 N 1 m3 2 2
= 2 3 = −2635
. m s
ρ m ⋅ bar 0.792 × 10 kg

9.8066 m −7 m 2 2
g∆z = s 2
= −68.6 m s

∆u 2
Bernoulli equation ⇒
2
=−
∆P
ρ
b
− g ∆z = 263.5 + 68.6 m g 2 2
s = 332.1 m
2
s
2

2 2 2
∆u = u 2 − 0

u 22 = 2 (332.1 m 2 s2 ) = 664.2 m 2 s 2 ⇒ u2 = 2 5.8 m / s

2 2
π (1.0 0 ) c m 2580 cm 1 L 60 s
V& = 3 3
= 122 L / min
4 1 s 10 cm 1 min

(b) The friction loss term of Eq. (7.7-2), which was dropped
dropped to derive the Bernou
Bernoulli
lli equation,
becomes
becomes increasi
increasingly
ngly signi
significa
ficant
nt as the valve
valve is closed.
closed.

surface of lake . P1 = 1 atm , z1 = 0 , u1 = 0

7.55 Point 1- surface
Point
Point 2 - pi
pipe
pe outlet . P2 = 1 atm , z2 = z ft
outlet

V&
3 2
95 gal 1 ft 1 144 in 1 mi n
u2 = = = 353
35.3 ft s
A min 7.4805 gal π b0.5 × 1.049gin 2 2
1 ft
2
60 s

Pressure drop: ∆ P ρ= 0 P1 = P2

Friction loss: F = 0.041 2 z ft ⋅ lb f lb m = 0.0822 z (ft ⋅ lb f lb m )

F
G Z I
HL = sin 30° = 2zJK
W& s -8 hp 0.7376 ft ⋅ lb f / s 1 min 7.4805 gal 1 ft 3 60 s
Shaft work:
work : =
−3 3
m& 1.341 × 10 hp 95 gal 1 ft 62.4 lb m 1 min
= −333 fftt ⋅ lb f lb m
2 2 2
2 35.3 − 0 ft 1 lb f
Kinetic
Kinet ic energ y: ∆ u
e nergy: 2= = 19.4 ft
ft ⋅ lb f lb m
2 2
2 s .
32174 lb m ⋅ ft / s

energy: g ∆z =
Potential energy:
3 2.174 ft
ft
s
2
z ft
32174
.
1 lb f
lb m ⋅ ft / s
2 b
= z ft ⋅ lb f lb m g
∆u 2 −W& s
b g
Eq. 7.7 - 2 ⇒
∆P
ρ
+
2
+ g∆z + F =
&
m
⇒ 1 9.4 + z + 0.082 z = 333 ⇒ z = 29 0 ft

7-32
7.56 Point 1 - surface reservoir . P1 = 1 atm (assume), u1 = 0 , z1 = 60 m
surface of reservoir
Pointt 2 - discharge
Poin discharge pipe outlet . P2 = 1 atm (assume), u 2 = ? , z2 = 0
pipe outlet

∆P ρ =0
2
V& (m / s )
2 6 2 8 4
∆u
2
u22 V& A 1 10 cm 1 N
= = =
2 2 2 (2) bg
35 cm π
2 2 4
1m
4
1 kg ⋅ m / s
2

. V&
= 3376
2
bN ⋅ m kg
kg g

9.8066 m −65 m 1N
g∆z = 2 2 = −637 N ⋅ m kg
s 1 kg ⋅ m / s
W&s 0.8 0 × 1 0 6 W 1 N ⋅ m / s 1 m3
m
&
=
W V& mdi
3
s
10 00 k g
b
= 800 V& N ⋅ m kg g
Mechanical energy
energy balance:
balance: neglec
neglectt F Eq. 7.7 - 2

∆P ∆u 2 −W&s 800 1.2 7 m T +E 3

60 s
+ + g ∆z = ⇒ 3.376V& − 637 = −
2
⇒ V& = = 76.2 m
3
min
ρ 2 m& V& s 1 min

Include friction (add F > 0 to left side of equation) ⇒ V& increases.

storage tank, P1 = 1 atm , u1 = 0 , z1 = H m

(a)). Point 1: Surface at fluid in storage
7.57 (a
Point 2 (just within pipe): washing machine. P2 = 1 atm , z2 = 0
pipe): Entrance to washing
3 3
600 L 10 cm 1 m in 1m
u2 = = 7.96 m s
min π b4.0 cmg 4 2
1 L 60 s 100 cm
2 2
∆P ∆u 2 u2 7.96 m s 1 J
=0; = = 2 2
= 31
317
.7 J / kg
ρ 2 2 2 1 kg ⋅ m / s

9.807 m 0− H m 1 J
g∆z = 2 2 2
= −9807
. H ((JJ / k g )
s 1 kg ⋅ m / s
2
Bernoulli Equation: ∆P + ∆u + g ∆z = 0 ⇒ H = 3.23 m
ρ 2
(b). Point 1: Fluid in washing machine. P1 = 1 atm , u1 ≈ 0 , z1 = 0
pipe). P2 = 1 atm , u 2 = 7.96 m s , z 2 = 3.23 m
Point 2: Entrance to storage tank (within pipe).
∆u 2
∆P
ρ
=0;
2
= 31.7
J
kg
; g∆z = 9.807 3.23 − 0 = 31.7 b g kg
J
; F = 72
J
kg
2
∆P ∆u
Mechanical energy balance: W& s = −m&
ρ
+
2
+ g∆z + F M P
600 L 0.96 kg 1 min 31.7 + 31.7 + 72
72 J 1 kW
⇒ W&s = − 3 = −1.30 kW
min L 60 s k g 10 J s
(work applied to the system)
Rated Power = 1.30 kW 0.75 = 1.7 kW

7-33
 Basiss: 1000 liters of 95% solution . Assume volume additivity.
7.58 Basi
1 x 0.95 0.05 l
Density of 95% solution: = ∑ ρi = + = 0.8 04 ⇒ ρ = 1.24 k
kg
g liter
bEq. 6.1-1g ρ i 1.26 1.00 kg
1 0.35 0.65 l
Density
Densit solution:
y of 35% solution = + = 0.9278 ⇒ ρ = 1.08 kg liter
ρ 12
126
. 6 100
10
. 0 kg
1000 liters 1.24 kg
kg
Mass of 95%
95 % solution: = 1240 kg
liter
G = glycerol
W = water
1240 kg (1000 L) m2 (kg)
0.95 G 0.60 G
0.05 W 0.40 W
23 m
m1 (kg)
0.35 G
5 cm I.D.
0.65 W

1 240 + m1 = m2
Mass balance: 1240
V⇒ m = 1740 kg 35% solution 1

Glycerol balance:
b alance: 0.9 5 12
1240 + 0.35 m = 0.6 0 m m = 2980 kg 60% solution
b g
b g b g
b g b g
b g
1 2 2

1740 kg
kg 1L
Volume of 35% solution added = = 1610 L
1.08 kg
⇒ Final solution volume = 1000 + 1610 L = 2610 L
Point 1.
1. Surface of fluid in 35% solution storage tank . P1 = 1 atm , u1 = 0 , z1 = 0
storage tank
Point 2. Exit from
from discharg pipe. P2 = 1 atm , z2 = 23 m
dischargee pipe.
3 4 2
1610 L 1 m 1 mi n 1 10 c m
u2 =
13 m in 103 L 60 s π b2.5gcm
2 2
1 m2
= 1051
. ms

2 2
∆u 2 ∆u 2 1051
.
2
m /s
2
1 N
∆P ρ = 0, = = = 0.552 N ⋅ m kg
2 2 (2 ) 1 kg ⋅ m / s 2

g∆z = 9.8066 m2 23 m 1N
2 = 225.6 N ⋅ m kg , F = 50 J k g = 5 0 N ⋅ m kg
s 1 kg ⋅ m / s
1740 kg 1 min
Mass flow rate: m& = = 2.23 kg s
13 min 60 s

Mechanical energy
energy balance Eq. 7.7
7.7 - 2

∆P ∆u
2 2 .23 kg
kg 0 . 5 52 + 225.6 + 50 N ⋅ m
22 1J 1 kW
M
W& s = −m&
N ρ
+
2
+ g∆z + F = −
s
P
Q kg 1 N ⋅ m 10
3
J s
= −0.62 kW ⇒ 0.62
0.62 kW de
deli
live
vere
red
d to fl
flui
uid
d by pu
pump
mp..

7-34