2

Detrás del uso de pesticidas en café.

Inocuidad, impacto ambiental y economía

Alicia Rendón
M.Sc. Quimica

3 de Mayo de 2023
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Coffee Quality is…

Quality criteria
farmer exporter/ importer
Economic
Economic Quantity (regularity of
Quantity (Production level, easiness provisioning, tonnage available)
Economic
of culture) Physical characteristics (bean size,
Social and environmental (organic lack of defects)
Quantity coffee, fair trade…) Sensory characteristics
Origin
Social and environmental (Health)
Physical/Chemical characteristics

Sensory characteristics roaster consumer

Economic
Economic
Quantity
Origin Sensory characteristics
Physical/Chemical characteristics
Origin
(moisture content, biochemical
Social and environmental (Health,
compounds )
Social and environmental biochemical compounds, organic
Sensory characteristics (defined by
coffee, fair trade…)
market)
Origin
Leroy, T et al.. (2006). Genetics of coffee quality. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 18(1), 229–242
Perriot, J.-J., Ribeyre, F., & Montagnon, C. (2006). The qualities of a coffee. In C. Montagnon (Ed.), Coffee: Terroirs and qualities (pp. 11–20). Editions Quae
 3

Coffee Quality is…

Quality criteria
farmer exporter/ importer
Economic
Economic Quantity (regularity of
Quantity (Production level, easiness provisioning, tonnage available)
Economic
of culture) Physical characteristics (bean size,
Social and environmental (organic lack of defects)
Quantity coffee, fair trade…) Sensory characteristics
Origin
Effects on health
Physical/Chemical characteristics

Sensory characteristics roaster consumer

Economic Economic
Quantity Sensory characteristics
Origin Physical/Chemical characteristics Origin
(moisture content, biochemical Social and environmental (organic
compounds ) coffee, fair trade…)
Social and environmental
Sensory characteristics (defined by Effects on health (biochemical
market) compounds, contaminants)
Origin
Leroy, T et al.. (2006). Genetics of coffee quality. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 18(1), 229–242
Perriot, J.-J., Ribeyre, F., & Montagnon, C. (2006). The qualities of a coffee. In C. Montagnon (Ed.), Coffee: Terroirs and qualities (pp. 11–20). Editions Quae
 4

Coffee Quality is…

Quality criteria
farmer exporter/ importer
Economic
Economic Quantity (regularity of
Quantity (Production level, easiness provisioning, tonnage available)
Economic
of culture) Physical characteristics (bean size,
Social and environmental (organic lack of defects)
Quantity coffee, fair trade…) Sensory characteristics
Origin
Effects on health
Physical/Chemical characteristics

Sensory characteristics roaster consumer

Economic Economic
Quantity Sensory characteristics
Origin Physical/Chemical characteristics Origin
(moisture content, biochemical Social and environmental (organic
compounds ) coffee, fair trade…)
Social and environmental
Sensory characteristics (defined by Effects on health (biochemical
market) compounds, contaminants)
Origin
Leroy, T et al.. (2006). Genetics of coffee quality. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 18(1), 229–242
Perriot, J.-J., Ribeyre, F., & Montagnon, C. (2006). The qualities of a coffee. In C. Montagnon (Ed.), Coffee: Terroirs and qualities (pp. 11–20). Editions Quae
 5

Coffee Quality is…

Quality criteria
farmer exporter/ importer
Economic
Economic Quantity (regularity of
Quantity (Production level, easiness provisioning, tonnage available)
Economic
of culture) Physical characteristics (bean size,
Social and environmental (organic lack of defects)
Quantity coffee, fair trade…) Sensory characteristics
Origin
Effects on health
Physical/Chemical characteristics

Sensory characteristics roaster consumer

Economic Economic
Quantity Sensory characteristics
Origin Physical/Chemical characteristics Origin
(moisture content, biochemical Social and environmental (organic
compounds ) coffee, fair trade…)
Social and environmental
Sensory characteristics (defined by Effects on health (biochemical
market) compounds, contaminants)
Origin
Leroy, T et al.. (2006). Genetics of coffee quality. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 18(1), 229–242
Perriot, J.-J., Ribeyre, F., & Montagnon, C. (2006). The qualities of a coffee. In C. Montagnon (Ed.), Coffee: Terroirs and qualities (pp. 11–20). Editions Quae
 6

Coffee Quality is…

Quality criteria
farmer exporter/ importer
Economic
Economic Quantity (regularity of
Quantity (Production level, easiness provisioning, tonnage available)
Economic
of culture) Physical characteristics (bean size,
Social and environmental (organic lack of defects)
Quantity coffee, fair trade…) Sensory characteristics
Origin
Effects on health
Physical/Chemical characteristics

Sensory characteristics roaster consumer

Economic Economic
Quantity Sensory characteristics
Origin Physical/Chemical characteristics Origin
(moisture content, biochemical Social and environmental (organic
compounds ) coffee, fair trade…)
Social and environmental
Sensory characteristics (defined by Effects on health (biochemical
market) compounds, contaminants)
Origin
Leroy, T et al.. (2006). Genetics of coffee quality. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 18(1), 229–242
Perriot, J.-J., Ribeyre, F., & Montagnon, C. (2006). The qualities of a coffee. In C. Montagnon (Ed.), Coffee: Terroirs and qualities (pp. 11–20). Editions Quae
 7

Coffee Quality is…

Quality criteria
farmer exporter/ importer
Economic
Economic Quantity (regularity of
Quantity (Production level, easiness provisioning, tonnage available)
Economic
of culture) Physical characteristics (bean size,
Social and environmental (organic lack of defects)
Quantity coffee, fair trade…) Sensory characteristics
Origin
Effects on health
Physical/Chemical characteristics

Sensory characteristics roaster consumer

Economic Economic
Quantity Sensory characteristics
Origin Physical/Chemical characteristics Origin
(moisture content, biochemical Social and environmental (organic
compounds ) coffee, fair trade…)
Social and environmental
Sensory characteristics (defined by Effects on health (biochemical
market) compounds, contaminants)
Origin
Leroy, T et al.. (2006). Genetics of coffee quality. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 18(1), 229–242
Perriot, J.-J., Ribeyre, F., & Montagnon, C. (2006). The qualities of a coffee. In C. Montagnon (Ed.), Coffee: Terroirs and qualities (pp. 11–20). Editions Quae
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Coffee Quality is…

Quality criteria
farmer exporter/ importer
Economic
Economic Quantity (regularity of
Quantity (Production level, easiness provisioning, tonnage available)
Economic
of culture) Physical characteristics (bean size,
Social and environmental (organic lack of defects)
Quantity coffee, fair trade…) Sensory characteristics
Origin
Effects on health
Physical/Chemical characteristics
Effects on health
Sensory characteristics roaster consumer
Economic Economic
Quantity Sensory characteristics
Origin Physical/Chemical characteristics Origin
(moisture content, biochemical Social and environmental (organic
compounds ) coffee, fair trade…)
Social and environmental
Sensory characteristics (defined by Effects on health (biochemical
market) compounds, contaminants)
Origin
Leroy, T et al.. (2006). Genetics of coffee quality. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 18(1), 229–242
Perriot, J.-J., Ribeyre, F., & Montagnon, C. (2006). The qualities of a coffee. In C. Montagnon (Ed.), Coffee: Terroirs and qualities (pp. 11–20). Editions Quae
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Pesticides
around Quality criteria

Economic

Quantity

Physical/Chemical characteristics

Sensory characteristics

Origin

Social and environmental

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Pesticides
around Quality criteria

Economic

Quantity

Physical/Chemical characteristics

Sensory characteristics

Origin

Social and environmental

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Pesticides
around Quality criteria

• Exportation/ Importation
Economic Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs)
normativities

Quantity • Avoiding plague related losses Good management practices

Severe/slight Insect Damage &

Physical/Chemical • Green coffee defects Fungus Damage
characteristics • Contaminant residues content
Detection and quantification
methods

Sensory
• Green coffee defects Negative sensory attributes
characteristics

Social and • Health effects

Measures of mitigation
environmental • Environmental effects
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Pesticides
Pesticide means

“ Any substance, or mixture of substances

of chemical or biological ingredients
intended for: ”
Repelling
Regulating plant
Destroying or growth
Controlling
any pest L. Shyamal, CC BY-SA 3.0

FAO and WHO (2022) Manual on the development and use of FAO and WHO specifications for chemical pesticides – Second edition. Rome and Geneva
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Exportation/Importation
Economic

Federal Code of Regulations Title 40, part 180

Regulation (EC) No 396/2005

FNC (2023) Informe Mensual de Exportaciones. Febrero 2023 Resolution 5897 of 2018 (Resolution 2906 of 2007)
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Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs)

traces that remain on food after being applied

A maximum residue level (MRL) is the highest level of a Must be safe for consumers
pesticide residue that is legally tolerated in or on food or
feed when pesticides are applied correctly (Good
Agricultural Practice). Must be as low as possible

https://food.ec.europa.eu/plants/pesticides/maximum-residue-levels_en
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Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs)

Following Codex Alimentarius guidelines:
Colombia, Costa Rica and Cuba.

Own national standards:

Brazil, EU, Ghana, Indonesia, Japan, Kenya and the USA

Following Codex guidelines combined with one or more of the

following entities:
The East African Community (EAS), the European Union (EU), Japan
and the USA Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Ecuador,

Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Rwanda and Uganda.

ICO (2022) 134th Session International Coffee Council. Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). ICC 134-2 Rev. 1
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Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs)

Codex
Alimentarius
47 Residues

https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/pestres/commodities-detail/en/?c_id=240
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Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs)

EE.UU.
47 Residues

https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-E/part-180
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Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs)

Japan
107 Residues

http://db.ffcr.or.jp/front/
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Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs)

EU
500 Residues

https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/start/screen/products
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Chlorpyrifos

Codex Alimentarius 0.05 mg/kg

EU 0.01 mg/kg
Japan 0.05 mg/kg
USA Expire and are revoked on February 28, 2022
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Multiresidue Methods
Monitoring residue quantities

QuEChERS
"Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe"

GC-MS
Chromatographic
Extraction Purification Analysis & Spectrometric
LC-MS techniques
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Multiresidue Methods
Monitoring residue quantities

Merhi, A., Kordahi, R., & Hassan, H. F. (2022). Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 3420
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Health
Effect level & Short term
Depends on
´ Period and level of exposure
´ Environmental characteristics of the exposure site
´ Type of pesticide (toxicity, mode of action, composition, and persistence)

Can produce
´ Eye and skin irritation
´ Headaches
´ Dizziness
´ Nausea
´ Acute pesticide poisoning
´ Respiratory problems
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Health
Chronic impacts

linked to Some are

´ Nervous system (Parkinson) ´ Mutagenic (genetic defects)
´ Respiratory system (Asthma, lung capacity) ´ Teratogenic (Fetus malformations)
´ Reproductive system and endocrine disrupting effects ´ Carcinogenic (brain, breast,
(diabetes, birth defects, menstrual cycle disruption and lymphoma, and lung)
miscarriage)
´ The immune response
´ Mental health (Depression)
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Environment “a third of the

world’s food
pesticide drift
production depends
on bees” (FAO)

CC0

from Roy Bateman, CC BY-SA 4.0

endocrine disruptors

Contaminants of emerging concern

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Measures of mitigation
Research to produce more selective pesticides and improved application techniques

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques.

Biological control: arthropods or microorganisms (Beauveria bassiana)
Ethological control (alcohol and pheromone traps)
Precision application of agrochemicals (site-specific application)
Use only products of toxicological category II and III

Monitoring of export products and local consumption (MRLs)

The correct handling of pesticides

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Pesticide handling precautions

´ Observe national and provincial regulations and use registered products
´ Read well and follow the instructions.
´ Wear gloves, mask and glasses for preparation and fumigation.
´ Spray with and not against the wind.
´ Store in a locked cabinet out of the reach of children.
´ Wash hands and parts in contact well after fumigation.
´ Do not drink alcoholic beverages after fumigation.
´ Go to the doctor immediately when you have poisoning.
María José López license CC BY-SA-NC
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Victorhck license CC BY-SA