MACHINE DRAWING AND

CAD PRACTICAL MANUAL

(N–SCHEME)

N. IYANARAPPAN, M.E., M.I.S.T.E.

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MACHINE DRAWING AND CAD PRACTICAL MANUAL
Copy right © : K A L P a t hi p pa ga m
No part of this publication may be stored in a retrieval system,
Contents
transmitted or reproduced in any way, including but not limited to
Part – A : MANUAL DRAWING PRACTICE Page No.

photocopy, photograph, magnetic or other record, without prior 1. Sectional views 1

agreement and written permission of the publisher.
Part – A : EXERCISES
First Edition : November 2003 1. Sleeve and cotter joint 10
Revised Edition : October 2008 2. Screw jack 14
Revised Edition : June 2017 3. Plummer block 18
Revised Edition : September 2021
4. Simple eccentric 22
5. Machine vice 26
6. Protected type flanged coupling 30
Price : 148.00 For Contact :
99446 50380 Part – B : COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING (CAD)
96266 26747 1. Introduction to CAD software 35
Publisher : 2. Drawing aids and editing commands 49
KAL PATHIPPAGAM 3. Basic dimensioning, hatching, blocks and views 69
Vellore – 632 011
4. Step by step procedure 87

Part – B : EXERCISES
1. Sleeve and cotter joint 93
2. Screw jack 97
Type setting :
3. Plummer block 101
Students’ Media Computer Graphics 4. Simple eccentric 105
Vellore – 632 011. 5. Machine vice 109
6. Protected type flanged coupling 113
 MACHINE DRAWING AND CAD PRACTICAL EXERCISE :
Draw the Front View / Sectional Front View (Full Section / Half
DETAILED SYLLABUS Section) and Top View / Left Side View / Right Side View in the given
drawing sheet and create the same in the CAD package.
PART–A : MANUAL DRAWING PRACTICE
1) Sleeve & Cotter joint
Sectioning - sectional views – representation of sectional plane
– hatching – inclination – spacing – hatching large areas – hatching 2) Screw jack
adjacent parts - full section – half section – types of half sections – 3) Plummer Block
conventional representation of materials in section – Dimensioning.
4) Simple Eccentric

PART–B : COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING (CAD) 5) Machine Vice

CAD applications – Hardware requirement – Software 6) Protected type flanged coupling
requirement – CAD screen interface – menus – Toolbars – types of
co-ordinate system – Creating 2D objects – Using draw commands –
Creating text – Drawing with precision – Osnap options – drafting DETAILED ALLOCATION OF MARKS
settings.
Part – A : Manual Drawing …………………. 40 Marks
Drawing aids – Fill, Snap, Grid, Ortho lines – Function keys - Assembled Front View - 25
Editing and modify commands – Object selection methods – Erasing Assembled Top View / Side View - 15
object – Oops – Cancelling and undoing a command – Copy – Move
– Array – Offset – Scale – Rotate – Mirror – Break – Trim – Extend
Finishing - 10
– Explode – Divide – Measure – Stretch – Lengthen – Changing Part – B : Computer Aided Drafting …….. 50 Marks
properties – Color – line types – LTscale – Matching properties –
Drafting - 20
Editing with grips – Pedit – Ddedit – Mledit.
Assembly - 15
Basic dimensioning – Editing dimensions – Dimension styles – Dimensioning - 15
Dimension system variables – Creation of blocks – Wblock – inserting
Viva – voce ………………………….…………… 10 Marks
a block – Block attributes – Hatching – Pattern types – Boundary
hatch – working with layers – Controlling the drawing display – Total = 100 Marks
Blipmode – View group commands – Zoom, redraw, regen,
regenauto, pan, viewers – Realtime zoom – Inquiry groups –
calculating area – Distance – Time – Status of drawing– Using
calculator – Plot.
 PART - A
MANUAL DRAWING
PRACTICE
 The plane in front of the observer is the vertical plane of projection or
Unit – I
PART - A SECTIONAL VIEWS
the frontal plane. It is usually denoted by the letters V.P.

1.1 Review of orthographic projection
If straight lines are drawn from various points on the contour of an
object to meet a plane, the object is said to be projected on the plane. The
figure formed by joining the points at which these lines meet the plane, is
called a projection of that object. The lines drawn from the object to the plane
are called projectors.
1.4 Systems of orthographic projection
1.2 Orthographic projection
The other plane which is horizontal but perpendicular to the V.P. is the
horizontal plane. It is denoted by the letters H.P.
A plane perpendicular to both V.P. and H.P. is known as auxiliary vertical
plane and is denoted by A.V.P.
The line of intersection of V.P. and H.P. is known as the reference line
and is usually denoted by the letters X–Y.

V.P.
Plane
FRONT VIEW
X Y

TOP VIEW
TOP VIEW
X Y

FRONT VIEW

FRONT
(a) First angle projection (b) Third angle projection

Fig.1.1 Orthographic projection

Fig.1.2 Systems of orthographic projection

When the projectors are parallel to each other and also perpendicular to Orthographic views can be obtained by the following two methods.
the plane, then the projection is called an orthographic projection.
a) First angle projection
1.3 Planes of projection b) Third angle projection
The picture planes used for obtaining orthographic projection are called
The comparison of these two methods of orthographic projection is
reference planes or principal planes of projection. They meet each other
shown in the following table.
at right angles.
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 First angle projection Third angle projection 3) Draw centre lines in all the views for circles and arcs.
1. The object is assumed to be kept in first The object is assumed to be kept in third 4) Draw details simultaneously in all the views in the following order:
quadrant, i.e. in front of VP and above HP. quadrant, i.e. behind VP and below HP. Circles and arcs of circles.
2. The object lies between the observer and The plane of projection lies between the Straight lines for the general shape of the object.
the plane of projection. observer and the object. Straight lines, small curves, etc. for minor details.
3. The plane of projection is assumed to be The plane of projection is assumed to be
5) Check whether all the hidden features are shown in the drawing by dotted
non–transparent. transparent.
lines.
4. In this method, the top view comes below In this method, the top view comes above
the front view. the front view. 6) Erase all unnecessary lines completely.
5. The left side view of the object is drawn to The left side view of the object is drawn to 7) Fair the views with 2H or 3H pencil, making the outlines uniform and
the right of the front view. the left of front view. intensely black.

8) Dimension the views completely with required notes and titles.

1.5 Symbols of orthographic projection
9) Fill up the title block and add all other necessary particulars.

1.7 Review of sectioning

The invisible feature of an object are shown by dotted lines in their
orthographic views. But when the object contains too many visible features,
the dotted lines make the views more complicated and difficult to interpret. In
(a) First angle projection (b) Third angle projection
such cases, the sectional view is used.
Fig.1.3 Symbols of orthographic projection
1.8 Need for sectioning
For every drawing it is essential to indicate the method of projection
The sectional view is necessary for the following purposes:
adopted. This is done by means of a symbolic figure drawn within the title block
on the drawing sheet. The symbols recommended by BIS for first angle 1) To show the invisible (internal) details.
projection and third angle projection are shown in the Fig.1.3. The symbol 2) To show the dimensions of hidden line details clearly.
represents the views of a frustum of cone with its axis horizontal.
3) To avoid too many hidden lines which make the orthographic view
1.6 General procedure for drawing orthographic views complicated.

1) Determine the overall dimension of the required view. Select a suitable
scale so that the views are conveniently accommodated in the drawing
sheet.
2) Prepare a sheet layout. Draw rectangles for each view, keeping sufficient
space between them and from the borders of the sheet.
4) To give additional required information about the component.
1.9 Sectional view
A sectional view, or simply a section, is a view obtained when a portion
of the object between the cutting plane and the observer is assumed to be
removed and the remaining portion is projected.

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1.10 Cutting plane or section plane
The imaginary plane which is assumed to cut the object is known as
section plane or cutting plane. The section plane is taken parallel to the plane
on which the view is projected. Cutting planes are designated by capital letters,
with arrows indicating the direction for viewing the sections.
A A
1.11 Symbolic representation of cutting plane
Cutting planes are shown by lines made up of alternate long and short
dashes, thick at the ends and thin elsewhere. This line is known as cutting
plane line. It is also known as the line of section or trace of the cutting plane.
The direction of viewing is shown by two arrows on thick ends and designated
by capital letters.

Section B-B X X
Fig.1.5 Cutting plane
Arrow head indicates the direction in which the cut away object is
viewed. The portion of the object imagined to be removed is the portion
opposite to the direction of the arrows. When the cutting plane line coincides
B
with a centre line, the cutting plane takes precedence.
Section A-A B 1.12 Types of sections
(a) (b) The following are the important types of sections.
X 1. Full section 2. Half section 3. Broken or local section
X
4. Revolved section 5. Removed section 6. Offset section
X
1. Full section

Section lines
Y

Section X-X Section X-Y

(c) (d) SECTIONAL ELEVATION

Fig.1.4 Types of section plane Cutting plane (or)

Section plane

The following types of section planes are used in drawings :

(a) Section in one plane
(b) Section in two parallel planes
(c) Section in three successive planes PLAN
(d) Section in two intersecting planes Fig.1.6 Full section
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 When an object is assumed to be cut through entirely and the front half
removed, it is said to be in full section. The projected view is called a sectional
view. Fig.1.6 shows an imaginary vertical cutting plane passing through the
centre of an object entirely and cutting it into two halves. When the front half
is removed, its internal features are fully exposed by the section. The sectional
front view and top view are shown in Fig.1.6. When an object is cut by a
horizontal section plane, the top view is seen in section.
removed showing only a half section. The projected view is a half sectional view.
A section may be the left half, right half, lower half or upper half of the view.
The external appearance and the internal details of the object are thus
shown in a single view. In a half sectional view, dashed lines for the hidden
features on the unsectional side are always shown for clarity.
Uses: Half-sectional view are particularly used in assembly drawings.

When the cutting plane cuts an object lengthwise, the section obtained 3. Broken section (or) local section (or) partial section
is called longitudinal section. When the cutting plane cuts an object crosswise, Grub screw
the section obtained is called cross section.

Uses: This type of section is used for both detail and assembly drawings.

2. Half section

Fig.1.8 Broken or local section

When only a small portion of an object is required to be shown in section
to reveal a minute feature, the view is shown in a broken or local section. The
irregular lines show the boundary of the section.
HALF SECTIONAL ELEVATION
Uses: Broken sections save drawing time and drawing space. It is
particularly used when internal features of an object to be shown without
drawing another view.

4. Revolved section

PLAN
Fig.1.7 Half section
When an object is symmetrical, it may be assumed to be cut by two
cutting planes at right angles to each other and containing the two centre lines
of the object. The one quarter of the object between the two planes is then Fig.1.9 Revolved section

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 A section is formed by passing a cutting plane at right angles to the axis section. The position of the offset plane is always shown by a cutting plane line
of the object. It is infact the cross section of the object. This section is then in the view in which it is seen as line.
revolved and brought into the plane of the axis and shown in the view in which
the axis is seen as a line. The section shown in this manner is called a revolved
section. The outline of the revolved section is shown by a thin continuous line.

Uses : Revolved sections are used for showing the cross-section of

elongated bars, rims, connecting rods, rib of pulleys, spokes, etc.

5. Removed section

Section at A-A

A
Fig.1.10 Removed section
This section is obtained in the same manner as the revolved section, but
it is drawn outside the view, generally around the extension of the cutting
plane line. Sometimes it may be conveniently drawn away from its location. In
such a case, the section is identified by a note below it, e.g. section at A-A.
A A
Fig.1.11 Offset section
Uses : Offset section is used when the straight cutting plane does not
expose the required details of an object.
1.13 Hatching or section lining
Hatching is necessary to differentiate the cut area from the uncut
portions. Many drafting applications use hatching to fill an area with a
pattern. The pattern is used to differentiate components of a product or to
signify the material composing an object.
60°

Uses : Removed section is generally used when the section is to be

30°
shown on an enlarged scale for the purpose of dimensioning.
45°

6. Offset section
45°
In some objects, the section obtained by a straight cutting plane may
not reveal more details. In such cases, the cutting plane may be suitably offset Fig.1.12 Hatching rules
so that to show more details. The section thus obtained is called an offset

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The following points should be considered while creating hatching. Materials Convention Materials Conventions
Hatching lines should be drawn at 45o to the axis or the main outline of Packing and Liquids
the section. insulation materials Water, Oil,
Porcelain, stonewares, Petrol,
When three or more parts are in contact, Marble slate, etc. Kerosene,
a) Adjacent parts are hatched at 45o in opposite direction. etc.
Asbestos, Fibres,
b) The other adjacent parts may be hatched at 30o or 60o. Synthetic resin
c) The other parts may be hatched by varying the scale factor of products, Paper,
section lines. Cork, Linoleum,
Rubber, Leather,
Very thin sections are shown totally black leaving thin space between Wax, insulation and
adjacent sections. filling materials.

Large surfaces are sometimes sectioned around the edges only. 1.15 Conventions showing the section
The following are the important conventions to be followed while
Section line of the same piece in different views or for the same piece
creating sectional views.
in different place in the same view should be identical in spacing and
1) Bolts, nuts, studs, rivets, pins, keys, cotters, shafts etc. are never
direction.
shown in section longitudinally.
1.14 Conventional representation of materials in section (BIS 11663–1986) Example :

Materials Convention Materials Conventions

Metal Glass
Steel, cast iron,
Copper, and its alloys,
Aluminium and
its alloy

Bolt & Nut Stud Screw

Lead, Zinc, Tin,
White metal etc.

Wood Concrete
Wood, Plywood, etc. Brickwork
masonry,
Concrete,
Firebricks, etc
Rivet Pin Key Gib & Cotter

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2) Spokes or arms of wheels or pulleys are never sectioned Example :
longitudinally. The cutting plane is assumed to be offset so that the
arms are left intact and behind the cutting plane.
Example : Section of rectangular bar
X

Section of solid shaft (round rod)

X Section X-X Section of hollow shaft (pipe or tube)

Spokes in section

3) A web or a rib is also not shown in section when a cutting plane

cuts along its length and breadth.

Example :

X Section X-X
Webs and ribs in section

4) Shaft and pipes of long lengths are generally shown broken in the
middle to accommodate their views in a drawing sheet without
reducing the scale.

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8
 PART - A
MANUAL DRAWING
PRACTICE
EXERCISES

9
 PART - B
COMPUTER AIDED
DRAFTING (CAD)

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 Chapter – 1 1.4 Hardware and software requirements

Introduction to AutoCAD Software Hardware/Software Requirement

WIndows XP

1.1 Introduction Operating system Windows 2000

Windows NT 4.0 with SP 6a or later
AutoCAD was developed by Autodesk Inc., U.S.A. It is the most popular
PC-CAD based system available in the market. The term ‘Auto’ refers the Web browser Microsoft Internet Explorer 6.0
company Autodesk Inc., and the term ‘CAD’ is the acronym of Computer Aided Pentium III or later
Design or Drafting. It is one of the worldwide standard for generating various Processor 500 Mhz (minimum)
kinds of drawing. AutoCAD’s open architecture has allowed third party 800 Mhz (recommended)
developer’s to write application software by using programming language like RAM 128 MB (minimum)
AutoLISP, etc. and that has significantly added to its popularity. AutoCAD has Video 1024 x 768 VGA with True Color (minimum)
provided the facilities for the users to customize AutoCAD to make it more
Hard disk Installation 300 MB
efficient and therefore increases their productivity.
Pointing device Mouse, trackball, or other device

1.2 Applications of AutoCAD CD-ROM Any speed (for installation only)

• It is used by civil engineers in the design of buildings, dams, arches, etc. Open GL-compatible 3D video card
• It is used by mechanical engineers in the design of machine parts, Printer or plotter
Optional
assembly, automobile components, consumer products, etc. Digitizer
hardware
• It is used by electronics engineer in the design of PCBs. Modem or access to an Internet connection
• It is used by electrical engineers in the design of electrical wiring circuits. Network interface card
• It is used by art directors in the film industry for generating 3D models,
etc. 1.5 Windows desktop
Fig.1.1 shows the widnows desktop. It is the on-screen work area on
1.3 Advantages of AutoCAD which windows, icons, menus, and dialog boxes appear. Window is a portion
• Drawings can be created very easily and quickly. of the screen where programs and processes can be run. We can open several
• Accurate and high precise drawings can be created. windows at the same time. Icon is small image displayed on the screen to
• Existing drawings can be edited and modified easily. represent an object that can be manipulated by the user. Task bar appears at
• Dimensioning of drawings can be done easily. the bottom of the desktop. This contains the Start button and running
• Storage and retrieval of drawings are very easy. programs. You can click the taskbar buttons to switch between programs. We
• Visualization of drawings is very easy. can also hide the taskbar, move it to the sides or top of the desktop, and
• Drawing office productivity is increased considerably. customize it in other ways.
• The users can customize AutoCAD to suit their needs.

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 AutoCAD program can be opened by the following ways in Windows 8
1. Open a progam by standard way
Right-click a blank area on the screen and click All Apps. Then scroll to
the Office application you want to open and click its name.
2. Open a program from start scren
Click the application’s tile on the Start screen

When you start AutoCAD, it displays Startup dialog box as shown in

fig.1.2 [System variable : Startup = 1; Filedia = 1]. By using this dialog box
you can define the settings for a new drawing. There are three main methods
that you can use to create a new drawing. This dialog box can also be executed
by entering the command NEW in the command: prompt.

Fig.1.1 Windows desktop

1.6 Starting AutoCAD

Fig.1.2 Startup dialog box
AutoCAD program can be opened by the following ways in Windows 7 Options
1. Open a progam by standard way Start from Scratch
Click Start button ➤ All Programs ➤ Autodesk ➤ AutoCAD2010 ➤ Starts an empty drawing using default imperial or metric settings.
AutoCAD2010 Imperial : Starts a new drawing based on the Imperial measurement
system. The default drawing boundary (the drawing limits) is 12 × 9 inches.
2. By double clicking on the AutoCAD Program shortcut icon on the Desktop Metric : Starts a new drawing based on the metric measurement system.
The default drawing boundary (the drawing limits) is 429 × 297 millimeters.

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Use a Template
Starts a drawing based on a drawing template file. Template drawings
store all the settings for a drawing and may also include predefined layers,
dimension styles, and views.
Select a Template : Lists all DWT files that currently exist in the drawing
template file location, which is specified in the Options dialog box.
Browse : Displays the Select Template dialog box (a standard file selection
dialog box) where you can access template files that are not available in the
Select a Template list.
Use a Wizard
Sets up a drawing using a step-by-step guide.
Quick Setup : Displays the Quick Setup wizard, in which you can specify the
units and area for your new drawing. The Quick Setup wizard also changes
settings, such as text height and snap spacing, to an appropriate scale.
Advanced Setup : Displays the Advanced Setup wizard, in which you can
specify the units, angle, angle measure, angle direction, and area for your new
drawing.
1.7 AutoCAD screen interface
Fig.1.3 shows the typical arrangements of elements in AutoCAD window.
It includes the following.
Drawing area: The area in which your drawings are displayed and
modified. The size of the drawing area varies, depending on the size of the
AutoCAD window and on how the panels and other elements are displayed.
Application Icon : It displays an Application Menu. We can acces the
basic file handling commands from this menu such as New, Open, Save,
SaveAS, Export, Print, Close, etc.
Quick Access Toolbar : It is the toolbar located at the top left of the
screen. It displays the Save, Undo, and Redo buttons by default. You can
customize the Quick Access Toolbar to display any commands you want.
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Note : To display the Menu Bar, Click the small down arrow in the Quick
Access Toolbar and select Show Menu Bar in the pull-down menu.
Menu bar and Pull down menu: Pull-down menus are always pulled
down from the menu bar. It contains menu items that represent AutoCAD
commands.
InfoCentre : The InfoCenter gives you the opportunity to type in
keywords that will enable AutoCAD to search both online and offline resources
and provide you with a list of related help topics.
Ribbon an taps : Across the top of the screen is the Ribbon, a collection
of different tabs.
Panels : Each tab consists of different Panels. For example, the HOME
tab consists of eight panels: Draw, Modify, Layers, Annotation, Block,
Properties, Utilities, and Clipboard. Each tab offers a different set of buttons,
menus, and galleries. Each button executes an AutoCAD command while
clicking on it.
Tool pallets: Tool palettes are tabbed areas in the AutoCAD window.
You can place blocks and hatches that you use often on a tool palette. When
you need to add a block or a hatch to a drawing, drag it from the tool palette
onto your drawing.
AutoCAD cursor: It is in the form of cross hair consisting of two lines
that intersect. The cursor changes to a small box called pick box when the
selection of object is required.
Mini-toolbars and shortcut menus
A mini-toolbar is a toolbar that appears on-screen to help you do a task.
You can select an option from a drop-down list or click a button on the mini-
toolbar to complete a task. Mini-toolbars are very convenient. They save you
the trouble of going to a different tab to complete a task
Similar to mini-toolbars are the shortcut menus, you get when you
rightclick. Right-click just about anywhere and you get a shortcut menu of
some kind.
Fig.1.3 AutoCAD screen interface

38
 Command area: It is a text area reserved for keyboard input, prompts,
and messages.
Status bar: It is displayed at the bottom of the AutoCAD window. It
shows information about the current cursor position (coordinate display) and
the ON/OFF status of drawing aids such as SNAP, GRID, ORTHO, etc.
1.8 Execution of commands
AutoCAD provides the folllowing methods to execute commands.
1) Panels 2) Pull down menu 3) Keyboard
1) Panels
Panels are used for selecting AutoCAD commands easily and
conveniently. Each Panel contains a group of icons representing different
AutoCAD commands. Required AutoCAD command can be executed by clicking
on the corresponding icon in the respective Panel.
Example: LINE command can be executed by clicking on the Line icon
in the Draw Panel.
2) Pull down menu
AutoCAD commands can be easily selected from the pull down menu.
Each pull down menu contains a list of items representing different AutoCAD
commands. Required AutoCAD command can be executed by clicking on the
corresponding item in the respective pull down menu.
Example: LINE command can be executed by clicking on the Line item
in Draw pull down menu.
3) Keyboard
To enter a command by using the keyboard, type the full command
name on the command line and press ENTER or SPACEBAR, or right-click your
pointing device. Some commands also have abbreviated names called
command aliases and are defined in the acad.pgp file.
Notes:
• When you enter commands on the command line, AutoCAD displays either
a set of options or a dialog box. To choose an option, enter the letters
capitalized in the options in the brackets. You can enter uppercase or
lowercase letters.
39
• If you want to repeat a command that you have just used, press ENTER or
SPACEBAR, or right-click your pointing device at the Command prompt.
• To cancel a command in progress, press ESC.
1.8 Coordinate systems
To specify a point in a plane, we will take two mutually perpendicular lines
as reference. The horizontal line is called as X-axis and the vertical line is called as
Y-axis. The intersection of these two lines is known as origin. AutoCAD uses the
folllowing coordinate systems which can be used to locate a point in X-Y plane.
1) Absolute coordinate system
In absolute coordinate system, the points are located with reference to
the origin. Use an absolute coordinate when you know the precise X and Y
values of the point coordinate. For example, the coordinate 3,4 specifies a
point 3 units along the X axis and 4 units along the Y axis from the origin.
2) Relative coordinate system
Relative coordinate values are based on the last point entered. Use a
relative coordinate when you know the position of a point in relation to the
previous point. To specify a relative coordinate, precede the coordinate with
an @ sign. For example, the coordinate @3,4 specifies a point 3 units along
the X axis and 4 units along the Y axis from the last point specified.
Another method of entering a relative coordinate is by moving the
cursor to specify a direction and then entering a distance directly. This
method is called direct distance entry.
3) Polar coordinate system
To enter a polar coordinate, enter a distance and an angle separated by
an angle bracket (<). For example, to specify a point that is at a distance of 1
unit from the previous point and at an angle of 45 degrees, enter @1<45.
By default, angles increase in the counterclockwise direction and decrease
in the clockwise direction. To move clockwise, enter a negative value for the angle.
For example, entering 1<315 is the same as entering 1<-45. Polar coordinates
are either absolute (measured from the origin) or relative to the previous point.
To specify a relative coordinate, precede the coordinate with an @ sign.
Example:
80
Chapter – 2
P5 P4
CREATING OBJECTS
2.1 Creating lines
Command: LINE, L

60
Panel: Draw 
Menu: Draw  Line
100

P3 This command is used to create straight line segments. AutoCAD draws

a line segment and continues to prompt for points. You can draw a continuing
series of line segments, but each line segment is a separate object. Press
ENTER to end the command.

50
53 Options
°
P1 P2 Continue: Continues a line from the endpoint of the most recently drawn
50 line.

Fig.1.4 Coordinate systems Close: Ends the last line segment at the beginning of the first line
segment, which forms a closed loop of line segments. You can use Close after
The various methods of specifying the points shown in the fig.1.4 are
you have drawn a series of two or more segments.
listed below.
Coordinate method Undo: Erases the most recent segment of a line sequence. Entering u more
Point
Absolute Relative Polar than once backtracks through line segments in the order you created them.
P1 0,0 0,0 0,0
Example:1 To draw a line from point (2,3) to point (5,8)
P2 50,0 @50,0 @50<0
P3 80,40 @30,40 @50<53 Command: LINE (5,8)
P4 80,100 @0,60 @60<90 Specify first point: 2,3
P5 0,100 @-80,0 @80<180 Specify next point or [Undo]: 5,8
P1 0,0 @0,-100 @100<270 Specify next point or [Undo]: (2,3)

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Example:2 To draw an equilateral triangle with one of its end points at (2,3) 4) By specifying Start, Centre, Length
having side of 4 units. Command: ARC (3,4)
2.5
Command: LINE Specify start point of arc or [Center]: 2,3
Specify first point: 3,3 Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: C (2,3)
Specify next point or [Undo]: @4,0 (2,3)
Specify center point of arc: 3,4
4
Specify next point or [Undo]: @4<120 Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: L
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: C Specify length of chord: 2.5

5) By specifying Start, End, Radius

2.2 Creating arcs
Command: ARC
Command: ARC, A (2,3) (5,3)
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: 2,3
Panel: Draw 
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: E R2
Menu: Draw  Arc
Specify end point of arc: 5,3
This command is used to create arcs. The various methods for creating
Specify center point of arc or [Angle/Direction/Radius]: R
arcs are explained below with examples.
Specify radius of arc: 2
1) By specifying three points
Command: ARC (3,5)
Note: If you press ENTER without specifying a point, AutoCAD uses
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: 2,3 the endpoint of the last drawn line or arc and immediately prompts you to
(3,4)
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: 3,4 specify the endpoint of the new arc. This creates an arc tangent to the last
Specify end point of arc: 3,5 (2,3) drawn line, arc, or polyline.
2) By specifying Start, Centre, End
Command: ARC (2,5) 2.3 Creating circles
Command: CIRCLE, C
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: 2,3
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: C (2,4) Panel: Draw 
Specify center point of arc: 2,4 Menu: Draw  Circle
(2,3) This command is used to create circles. The various methods used to
Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: 2,5
create circles are explained below with examples.
3) By specifying Start, Centre, Angle 1) By specifying Centre, Radius
Command: ARC Command: CIRCLE R2
(2,5)
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: 2,3 Specify center point for circle or
°

[3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 2,3

90

Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: C (2,3)

Specify center point of arc: 2,5 Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: 2
Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: A
Specify included angle: 90 (2,3)

41
2) By specifying Centre, Diamter
Command: CIRCLE
Specify center point for circle or
[3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 2,3
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <2.0000>: D
Specify diameter of circle <4.0000>: 4
3) By specifying three points on the circumference
Command: CIRCLE
Specify center point for circle or (1,3) (2,3)
[3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 3P
Specify first point on circle: 2,3
(1,2)
Specify second point on circle: 1,2
Specify third point on circle: 1,3
4) By specifying two points on the diamter
Command: CIRCLE
Specify center point for circle or
[3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 2P
Specify first end point of circle's diameter: 2,3 (2,3)
Specify second end point of circle's diameter: 2,6
5) Tangent, Tangent, Radius method
C1
1
C2
L2
L1 L1
a) b) c)
a) Circle tangential to two lines
Command: CIRCLE
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: T
Specify point on object for first tangent of circle: Select L1
Specify point on object for second tangent of circle: Select L2
Specify radius of circle <current>: Enter suitable value
Ø4 b) Circle tangential to a line and a circle
Command: CIRCLE
(2,3) Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: T
Specify point on object for first tangent of circle: Select L1
Specify point on object for second tangent of circle: Select C1
Specify radius of circle <current>: Enter suitable value
c) Circle tangential to two circles
Command: CIRCLE
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: T
Specify point on object for first tangent of circle: Select C1
Specify point on object for second tangent of circle: Select C2
Specify radius of circle <current>: Enter suitable value
(2,6)
2.4 Creating rectangles
Command: RECTANG, REC
Panel: Draw 
Menu: Draw  Rectangle
This command is used to create rectangles by specifying the two
C2
opposite corner points.
Options
First Corner: Specifies a corner point of the rectangle.
Dimensions: Creates a rectangle using length and width values.
Chamfer: Sets the chamfer distances for the rectangle.
Elevation: Specifies the elevation of the rectangle.
Fillet: Specifies the fillet radius of the rectangle.
Thickness:Specifies the thickness of the rectangle.
Width: Specifies the polyline width of the rectangle to be drawn.
42
 3) By specifying center, one end point of any one axis and other axis
Example: distance
Command: RECTANG Command: ELLIPSE
(4,3)
Specify first corner point or Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: C (2,3)

1.5
3
[Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: Specify center of ellipse: 4,3
2,3 (2,3) Specify endpoint of axis: 2,3
6
Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]: @6,3 Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: 1.5

2.5 Creating ellipse 4) By specifying center, one end point of any one axis and angle of
Command: ELLIPSE, EL rotation
Panel: Draw  Command: ELLIPSE
Menu: Draw  Ellipse Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: C
This command is used to create ellipse or elliptical arc. The various Specify center of ellipse: 4,3
methods used to create ellipse are explained below with example. Specify endpoint of axis: 2,3
Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: R
1)By specifying both end points of an axis and other axis distance
Specify rotation around major axis: Enter a value
Command: ELLIPSE
(2,3) (6,3)
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: 2,3

1.5
Specify other endpoint of axis: 6,3
(2,3) (4,3) (2,3) (4,3) (2,3) (4,3)
Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: 1.5

2)By specifying both end points of an axis and rotation angle

Command: ELLIPSE
0° 45° 80°
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: 2,3
Specify other endpoint of axis: 6,3
Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: R
2.6 Creating donuts
Specify rotation around major axis: Enter a value Command: DONUT, DO
Menu: Draw  Donut

This command is used to create filled circles and rings. To create a

(2,3) (6,3) (2,3) (6,3) (2,3) (6,3)
donut, you specify its inside and outside diameters and its center. You can
continue creating multiple copies with the same diameter by specifying
different center points. To create solid-filled circles, specify an inside
0° 45° 80° diameter of 0.

43
 2
2) Inscribed circle method
1
Command: POLYGON
Enter number of sides <6>: 5
(2,3) (2,3)
Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: 2,3
Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/ R3
Circumscribed about circle] <I>: I
Inside diameter = 0 Specify radius of circle: 3
Example:
Command: DONUT 3) Circumscribed circle method
Specify inside diameter of donut <0.5000>: 1 Command: POLYGON
Specify outside diameter of donut <2.0000>: 2 Enter number of sides <6>: 4
(2,3)
Specify center of donut or <exit>: 2,3 Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: 2,3
Specify center of donut or <exit>: Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/ R2
Circumscribed about circle] <I>: C
2.7 Creating polygons Specify radius of circle: 2

Command: POLYGON, POL

2.8 Creating points
Panel: Draw 
Menu: Draw  Polygon Command: POINT, PO
Panel: Draw 
This command is used to create equilateral closed polylines with Menu: Draw  Point
between 3 and 1,024 equal-length sides. Creating polygons is a simple way
to draw squares, equilateral triangles, octagons, and so on. The various This command is used to create point objects. Points can act as nodes

methods of creating polygons are explained below with example. to which you can snap objects.
Command: POINT
1) Edge method Current point modes: PDMODE=3 PDSIZE=-2.0000
To draw a regular hexagon with base side of 3 units. Specify a point: Specify a location

Command: POLYGON Changing the point style

Enter number of sides <6>: 6 Command: DDPTYPE,
Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: E Menu: Format  Point style
Specify first endpoint of edge: 2,3
This command displays a dialog box which shows the current point
Specify second endpoint of edge: 5,3
(2,3) (5,3) style and size. Change the point style by selecting an icon.

44
Options
Point Display Images: Specifies the image used to display point objects.
The point style is stored in the PDMODE system variable.
Point Size: Sets the point display size. AutoCAD stores the point display
size in the PDSIZE system variable.
Options
Arc: Adds arc segments to the polyline. It provides various options for
drawing drawing polyarcs.
Close: Draws a line segment from the current position to the starting point
of the polyline, creating a closed polyline.
Halfwidth: Specifies the width from the center of a wide polyline line
segment to one of its edges.
Length: Draws a line segment of a specified length at the same angle as
the previous segment. If the previous segment is an arc, AutoCAD draws the
new line segment tangent to that arc segment.
Undo:Removes the most recent line segment added to the polyline.
Width: Specifies the width of the next line segment.

2.10 SKETCH
Command: SKETCH
This command is used to create a series of freehand line segments.
SKETCH is useful for entering map outlines, signatures, or other freehand
Fig.2.1 Point style dialog box drawings. Sketched lines are not added to the drawing until they are
recorded.
Set Size Relative to Screen: Sets the point display size as a percentage
Command: SKETCH
of the screen size.
Record increment <current>:Specify a distance or press Enter
Set Size in Absolute Units: Sets the point display size as the actual units Options
you specify under Point Size. Pen: Raises and lowers the sketching pen. The pen must be raised before
you can select menu items with the pointing device.
2.9 Creating polylines Exit: Records and reports the number of temporary lines sketched and
Command: PLINE, PL ends the command.
Panel: Draw  Quit: Discards all temporary lines sketched since the start of SKETCH or
Menu: Draw  Polyline the last use of the Record option, and ends the command.
Record: Records temporary lines as permanent and does not change the
This command is used to create two dimensional polylines.
pen's position.
Command: PLINE
Erase: Erases any portion of a temporary line and raises the pen if it is
Specify start point: Specify a point (1)
down.
Current line-width is <current>
Connect: Lowers the pen to continue a sketch sequence from the endpoint
Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: Specify a point (2)
of the last sketched line or last Erase.
or enter an option

45
 . (Period): Lowers the pen, draws a straight line from the endpoint of Specify upper right corner <12.0000,9.0000>: 120,90
the last sketched line to the pen's current location, and returns the pen to Command: ZOOM
the up position. Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or
[All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window] <real time>: A
2.11 TRACE Regenerating model.
Command: TRACE Command: LINE
This command is used to create a solid lines. Traces are solid filled if Specify first point: 0,0
the FILLMODE is ON. If the FILLMODE is OFF, only the trace outline is drawn. Specify next point or [Undo]: @40<0
Specify next point or [Undo]: @10<90
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @30<0
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @30<90
FILLMODE =1 FILLMODE =0
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @70<180
Command: TRACE Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: C
Specify trace width <0.5000>: 0.25 Command: CIRCLE
Specify start point: 2,3 Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 20,25
Specify next point: @1<0 Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: 10
Specify next point: @2<45 Command: CIRCLE
Specify next point: Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 50,25
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <10.0000>: 10
Example: 1
Example: 2
☞ Create the 2D drawing shown in the figure by using AutoCAD commands.
☞ Create the 2D drawing shown in the figure by using AutoCAD commands.

80
20 30 Ø20, 2 HOLES
25

20

25
30
40

5
25

Ø10

65
40
R30
70

Command: LIMITS
Reset Model space limits:
Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000,0.0000>: 0,0

46
Command: LIMITS
Reset Model space limits:
Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000,0.0000>: 0,0
Specify upper right corner <12.0000,9.0000>: 120,90
Command: ZOOM
Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or
[All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window] <real time>: A
Regenerating model.
Command: LINE
Specify first point: 0,0
Specify next point or [Undo]: @50<0
Specify next point or [Undo]:
Command: ARC
EXERCISES
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: 50,0
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: C
Specify center point of arc: 50,30
Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: 80,30
Command: LINE
Specify first point: 80,30
Specify next point or [Undo]: @5<90
Specify next point or [Undo]: @20<180
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @5<90
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @20<0
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @25<90
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @80<180
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 0,0
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]:
Command: CIRCLE
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 25,45
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: 5

47
 Chapter – 3 Fit: Specifies that text fits within an area and at an orientation defined
with two points and a height. Available for horizontally oriented text only.
CREATING TEXT AND DRAWING WITH PRECISION Center: Aligns text from the horizontal center of the baseline, which you
specify with a point.
3.1 Creating single line text Middle: Aligns text at the horizontal center of the baseline and the
Command: TEXT vertical center of the height you specify. Middle-aligned text does not rest on
Menu: Draw  Text  Single line text the baseline.
This command is used to create single line text. Each text line is an Right: Right-justifies the text at the baseline, which you specify with a
independent object that you can relocate, reformat, or otherwise modify. point.
When you create single-line text, you assign a text style and set alignment TL (Top Left): Left-justifies text at a point specified for the top of the
on the command line. text. Available for horizontally oriented text only.
TC (Top Center): Centers text at a point specified for the top of the text.
Command: TEXT
Available for horizontally oriented text only.
Current text style: current Current text height: current
TR (Top Right): Right-justifies text at a point specified for the top of the
Specify start point of text or [Justify/Style]: Specify a point
text. Available for horizontally oriented text only.
Specify height <current>: Enter a value
ML (Middle Left): Left-justifies text at a point specified for the middle of
Specify rotation angle of text <current>: Specify an angle
the text. Available for horizontally oriented text only.
Enter text: Enter text and press ENTER to exit the command
MC (Middle Center): Centers the text both horizontally and vertically at
the middle of the text. Available for horizontally oriented text only.
TL TC TR MR (Middle Right): Right-justifies text at a point specified for the middle
of the text. Available for horizontally oriented text only.
BL (Bottom Left): Left-justifies text at a point specified for the baseline.
ML
CAST IRON MR Available for horizontally oriented text only.
BC (Bottom Center): Centers text at a point specified for the baseline.
Available for horizontally oriented text only.
BL MC BC BR
BR (Bottom Right): Right-justifies text at a point specified for the
baseline. Available for horizontally oriented text only.
Options
Justify Style
Controls justification of the text. The various justification of text are Specifies the text style, which determines the appearance of the text
as follows: characters. Text you create uses the current text style.
Align: Specifies both text height and text orientation by designating the Enter style name or [?] <current>: Enter a text style name or enter ?
endpoints of the baseline. to list all text styles

49
3.2 Creating multi-line text
Command: MTEXT, T
Panel: Draw 
Menu: Draw  Text  Multiline text
This command is used to create multiline text. MTEXT creates
paragraphs that fit within a boundary that defines the width of the paragraph
and its location in the drawing. Each multiline text (mtext) object is a single
object, regardless of the number of lines it contains.
Command: MTEXT
Current text style: current Text height: current
Specify first corner:
Specify opposite corner or [Height/Justify/Line spacing/Rotation/
Style /Width]:
After you specify the point for the opposite corner, the Multiline Text
Editor is displayed.
The Multiline Text Editor includes a Text Formatting toolbar and a
shortcut menu.
Text Formatting Toolbar
Controls the text style for the multiline text object and the character
formatting for selected text. The various options in the toolbar are as follows.
Style: Applies a text style to the multiline text object.
50
Font: Specifies a font for new text or changes the font of selected text.
Text Height: Sets the character height in drawing units for new text or
changes the height of selected text.
Bold: Turns on and off bold formatting for new or selected text.
Italic: Turns on and off italic formatting for new or selected text.
Underline: Turns on and off underlining for new or selected text.
Undo: Undoes actions in the Multiline Text Editor, including changes to
either text content or text formatting. You can also use CTRL+Z.
Redo: Redoes actions in the Multiline Text Editor, including changes to
either text content or text formatting. You can also use CTRL+Y.
Stack: Creates stacked text, for example, fractions, if the selected text
contains stack characters. Also, unstacks text if stacked text is selected.
When the stack characters, carat (^), forward slash (/), and pound sign (#),
are used, the text to the left of the stack character is stacked on top of the
text to the right.
Text Color: Specifies a color for new text or changes the color of selected
text.
Close: Closes the Multiline Text Editor and saves any changes that you
made. You can also click in the drawing outside the editor to save changes
and exit the editor. To close the Multiline Text Editor without saving changes,
press ESC.
Multiline Text Editor Shortcut Menu
Provides standard editing options and options specific to multiline text
(mtext). Right-click in the Multiline Text Editor to display the shortcut menu.
Indents and Tabs: Displays the Indents and Tabs dialog box , where
you can set indentation for the paragraph and also set up tab stops. Set
Mtext Width: Displays the Set Mtext Width dialog box, in which you
can specify a width for the multiline text object in drawing units.
Justification: Sets justification and alignment for the multiline text
object. Top Left is the default setting.
Find and Replace: Displays the Replace dialog box.
 Select All: Selects all the text in the multiline text object. 3.4 Creating splines
Change Case: Changes the case of selected text. Options are Uppercase Command: SPLINE
or Lowercase. Panel: Draw 
AutoCAPS: Converts all newly typed and imported text to uppercase. Menu: Draw  Spline
Remove Formatting: Removes bold, italic, or underline formatting from This command is used to create Non-Uniform Raional B-Splines (NURBS).
the selected text. Command:SPLINE
Combine Paragraphs: Combines selected paragraphs into a single Specify first point or [Object]: Specify a point or enter o
paragraph and replaces each paragraph return with a space. Options
Stack/Unstack: Stacks text if any of the stack characters are contained First Point: Creates a spline using points you specify.
in the selected text. Unstacks text if stacked text is selected. Close: Closes the spline curve by defining the last point as coincident
Properties: Displays the Stack Properties dialog box. with the first and making it tangent to the joint.
Symbol: Inserts a listed symbol or nonbreaking space at the cursor Fit Tolerance: Changes the tolerance for fitting of the current spline
position. curve.
Import Text: Displays the Select File dialog box. Select any file that is Start Tangent: Defines the tangency for the first and last points of the
in ASCII or RTF format. spline curve.
Help: Displays the MTEXT topic in the Help system. Object: Converts 2D or 3D quadratic or cubic spline-fit polylines to
equivalent splines and deletes the polylines.
3.3 Creating multilines
Command: MLINE, ML 3.5 Drafting settings
Menu: Draw  Multiline Command: DSETTINGS, DS
This command is used to create multiple parallel lines. Panel: Object snap 
Menu: Tools  Drafting settings
Command: MLINE Shortcut menu: Right-click Snap, Grid, Polar, Osnap, or Otrack on the
Current settings: Justification = current, Scale = current, Style = current status bar and choose Settings.
Specify start point or [Justification/Scale/STyle]: Specify a point or
enter an option This command displays Drafting setting dialog box which specifies drafting
Options settings organized for drawing aids in three categories: Snap and Grid, Polar
Start Point: Specifies the next vertex of the multiline. Tracking, and Object Snap.
Justification: Determines how the multiline is drawn between the points
you specify. 3.5.1 Snap
Scale: Controls the overall width of the multiline. Command: SNAP, SN
Style: Specifies a style to use for the multiline. The multiline style can be This command is used to restrict the cursor movement to specified
changed by using MLSTYLE command. intervals. You can turn the snap on and off with the SNAP button on the status
bar.

51
Options
Snap Spacing: Activates Snap mode with the value you specify.
On: Activates Snap mode using the current resolution, rotation, and style
of the snap grid.
Off: Turns off Snap mode but retains the current settings.
Aspect: Specifies different spacing in the X and Y directions.
Rotate: Sets the origin and rotation of the snap grid.
Style: Specifies the format of the snap grid, which is Standard or
Isometric.
Standard: Displays a rectangular grid that is parallel to the XY plane
of the current UCS.
Spacing: Specifies the overall spacing of the snap grid.
Aspect: Specifies the horizontal and vertical spacing of the snap grid
separately.
Isometric: Sets an isometric grid, in which the grid points are initially
at 30-degree and 150-degree angles. Isometric snap can be rotated but
cannot have different Aspect values.
Type: Specifies the snap type.
Polar: Sets the snap to polar tracking angles that are set in the
POLARANG system variable.
Grid: Sets the snap to grid.
3.5.2 Grid
Command: GRID, GR
This command displays a dot grid in the current viewport. The grid is for
visual reference only. It is not plotted, and it is not part of the drawing. You
can turn the grid display on and off with the Grid button on the status bar.
Options
Grid Spacing (X): Sets the grid to the specified value.
On: Turns on the grid using the current spacing.
Off: Turns off the grid.
Snap: Sets the grid spacing to the snap interval specified by the SNAP
command.
Aspect: Changes the grid spacing in the X and Y directions.
52
3.5.3 Polar tracking
When you are creating or modifying objects, you can use polar tracking
to display temporary alignment paths defined by the polar angles you specify.
You can use polar tracking to track along polar angle increments of 90, 60, 45,
30, 22.5, 18, 15, 10, and 5 degrees, or you can specify other angles. PolarSnap
restricts cursor movement to increments of a polar distance you specify. For
example, if you specify a length of 4 units, the cursor snaps from the first point
specified to lengths of 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, and so on. As you move your cursor, a
tooltip indicates the nearest PolarSnap increment. To restrict point entry to
polar distances, both polar tracking and Snap mode must be on.
Options
Polar Tracking On: Turns polar tracking on and off.
Polar Angle Settings: Sets the angles used with polar tracking.
Increment Angle: Sets the polar increment angle used to display polar
tracking alignment paths.
Additional Angles: Makes any additional angles in the list available for
polar tracking.
New: Adds up to 10 additional polar tracking alignment angles.
Delete: Deletes selected additional angles.
Object Snap Tracking Settings: Sets options for object snap tracking.
Track Orthogonally Only : Displays only orthogonal object snap tracking
paths for acquired object snap points when object snap tracking is on.
Track Using All Polar Angle Settings: Permits the cursor to track along
any polar angle tracking path for acquired osnap points when object snap
tracking is on while specifying points.
Polar Angle Measurement: Sets the basis by which polar tracking
alignment angles are measured.
Absolute: Bases polar tracking angles on the current user coordinate
system (UCS).
Relative to Last Segment: Bases polar tracking angles on the last
segment drawn.
3.5.4 Object Snap Extension (EXT): Causes a temporary extension line to display when
Command: OSNAP, OS you pass the cursor over the endpoint of objects, so you can draw objects to
Panel: Object snap  and from points on the extension line.
Menu: Tools  Drafting settings Insertion (INS): Snaps to the insertion point of an attribute, a block,
Shortcut menu: Press SHIFT while right-clicking in the drawing area a shape, or text.
and choose Osnap Settings.

Using object snaps is a quick way to locate an exact position on an

object without having to know the coordinate or draw construction lines.
When more than one option is selected, AutoCAD applies the selected snap
modes to return a point closest to the center of the aperture box. Press TAB
to cycle through the options.

Options
Object Snap On: Turns running object snaps on and off. The object
snaps selected under Object Snap Modes are active while object snap is on.
Object Snap Tracking On: Turns object snap tracking on and off.
Object Snap Modes: Specifies the running object snap modes.
Select All: Turns on all object snap modes.
Clear All: Turns off all object snap modes.
Options: Displays the Drafting tab in the Options dialog box

Object Snap Modes

Endpoint (END): Snaps to the closest endpoint of an arc, elliptical
arc, line, multiline, polyline segment, spline, region, or ray, or to the closest
corner of a trace, solid, or 3D face.
Fig.3.1 Drafting setting dialog box
Midpoint (MID): Snaps to the midpoint of an arc, ellipse, elliptical
arc, line, multiline, polyline segment, region, solid, spline, or xline.
Perpendicular (PER): Snaps to a point perpendicular to an arc, circle,
Center (CEN): Snaps to the center of an arc, circle, ellipse, or elliptical arc.
ellipse, elliptical arc, line, multiline, polyline, ray, region, solid, spline, or
Node (NOD): Snaps to a point object, dimension definition point, or
xline.
dimension text origin.
Tangent (TAN): Snaps to the tangent of an arc, circle, ellipse,
Quadrant (QUA): Snaps to a quadrant point of an arc, circle, ellipse,
elliptical arc, or spline.
or elliptical arc.
Nearest (NEA): Snaps to the nearest point on an arc, circle, ellipse,
Intersection (INT): Snaps to the intersection of an arc, circle, ellipse,
elliptical arc, line, multiline, point, polyline, ray, spline, or xline.
elliptical arc, line, multiline, polyline, ray, region, spline, or xline.

53
 Apparent Intersection (APPINT): Apparent Intersection snaps to
the apparent intersection of two objects that do not intersect in 3D space but
may appear to intersect in the current view.
Parallel (PAR): Draws a vector parallel to another object whenever
AutoCAD prompts you for the second point of a vector.
From (FRO): Snaps to a point relative to a given point

3.6 Drawing Aids

3.6.1 Setting limits
Command: LIMITS
Menu: Format  Drawing limits
This command sets and controls the limits of the drawing boundaries
and grid display in the current Model or layout tab.

Example: To set the drawing limits to 210 x 297 (A4) units.

Command: LIMITS
Reset Model space limits: Fig.3.2 Drawing Units dialog box
Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000,0.0000>: 0,0
Specify upper right corner <12.000,9.000>: 210,297 Angle: Specifies the current angle format and the precision for the current
angle display.
3.6.2 Setting units Type: Sets the current angle format.
Command: UNITS, UN
Precision: Sets the precision for the current angle display.
Menu: Format  Units
Clockwise: Calculates positive angles in the clockwise direction. The
This displays Drawing Units Dialog box which is used to define units
default direction for positive angles is counterclockwise.
and angle format.
Options Drag and Drop Scale: Controls the unit of measurement for blocks that
Length: Specifies the current unit of measurement and the precision for are dragged into the current drawing.
the current units.
Type: Sets the current format for units of measure. The values include Sample Output: Displays an example of the current settings for units
Architectural, Decimal, Engineering, Fractional, and Scientific. The and angles.
Engineering and Architectural formats produce feet-and-inches displays and
Direction: Displays the Direction Control dialog box which defines the
assume that each drawing unit represents one inch. The other formats can
angle for 0 degrees and specifies the direction angles are measured.
represent any real-world unit.
Precision: Sets the number of decimal places or fractional size
displayed for linear measurements.

54
3.6.3 ORTHO Chapter – 4
Command: ORTHO
Status bar: ORTHO EDITING AND MODIFYING OBJECTS
You can use Ortho mode to restrict the cursor movement to the
horizontal or vertical axis. By imposing orthogonal constraints, you can draw
4.1 Object selection methods
more quickly. For example, you can create a series of perpendicular lines by
AutoCAD requires that objects be selected in order to be processed.
turning on Ortho mode before you start.
The Select Objects prompt occurs after many commands. A small box, called
the object selection target, replaces the crosshairs on the graphics cursor.
3.6.4 Function Keys
The selected objects are displayed as dashed.
Function keys are used to execte an action very quickly. The uses of
function keys in AutoCAD are listed below.
You can select objects individually with the pointing device, by drawing
a selection window around them, by entering coordinates, or by using one of
Function key Use
the selection methods listed below.
F1 Help
Window: Selects all objects completely inside a rectangle defined by two
F2 Switches between text window and graphics window
points. Specifying the corners from left to right creates a window selection.
F3 OSNAP on or off
(Specifying the corners from right to left creates a crossing selection.)
F4 TABMODE on or off.
Last: Selects the most recently created visible object.
F5 ISOPLANE on or off.
Crossing: Selects objects within and crossing an area defined by two
F6 COORDS on or off.
points. A crossing selection is displayed as dashed.
F7 GRIDMODE on or off.
[Note: Specifying the corners from right to left creates a crossing
F8 ORTHOMODE on or off.
selection. Specifying the corners from left to right creates a window
F9 SNAPMODE on or off.
selection.]
F10 Polar Tracking on or off.
Box: Selects all objects inside or crossing a rectangle specified by two
F11 Object Snap Tracking on or off.
points. If the rectangle's points are specified from right to left, Box is
equivalent to Crossing. Otherwise, Box is equivalent to Window.
All: Selects all objects on thawed layers.
Fence: Selects all objects crossing a selection fence.
WPolygon: Selects objects completely inside a polygon defined by points.
The polygon can be any shape but cannot cross or touch itself.
CPolygon: Selects objects within and crossing a polygon defined by
specifying points.
Group: Selects all objects within a specified group.

55
 Add: Switches to the Add method: selected objects can be added to the 4.3 Restoring the erased objects
selection set by using any of the object selection methods. Auto and Add are Command: OOPS
the default methods. This command is used to restore the objects erased by the last erase
Remove: Switches to the Remove method: objects can be removed from command.
the current selection set using any object selection method. An alternative
to Remove mode is to hold down SHIFT while selecting single objects or use 4.4 Reverses the effect of action
the Automatic option. Command: UNDO
Multiple: Specifies multiple points without highlighting the objects, thus Toolbar : Quick Access 
speeding up the selection process for complex objects.
This command reverses the effect of previous commands. To reverse
Previous: Selects the most recent selection set.
more than one action at a time, click the arrow next to the Undo button on
Undo: Cancels the selection of the object most recently added to the
the Quick Access toolbar and select the last in the sequence of actions you
selection set.
want to undo.
Auto: Switches to automatic selection: pointing to an object selects the
Options
object.
Number: Undoes the specified number of preceding operations. The
Single: Switches to the Single method: selects the first object or set of
effect is the same as entering u multiple times.
objects designated rather than continuing to prompt for further selections.
Auto: Groups the actions of a single command, making them reversible
by a single U command.
Example:
Control: Limits or turns off UNDO.
P1 P2 All: Turns on the full UNDO command.
None: Turns off the U and UNDO commands and discards any UNDO
command information saved earlier in the editing session.
One: Limits UNDO to a single operation.
Begin, End: Groups a sequence of actions into a set. After you enter the
Begin option, all subsequent actions become part of this set until you use the
P2 P1 End option.
Window selection Crossing selection Mark, Back: Mark places a mark in the undo information. Back undoes
all the work done back to this mark.
4.2 Removing objects
Command: ERASE, E
4.5 Reverses the effect of UNDO
Panel: Modify  Command: REDO
Menu: Modify  Erase
Toolbar: Quick Access 
This command is used to remove the selected objects from the drawing.
Menu: Edit  Redo
Any object selection method can be used. After selecting the objects, press
REDO reverses the effects of a single UNDO or U command. REDO must
Enter to remove the selected objects.
immediately follow the U or UNDO command.

56
4.6 Move objects
You can move objects without changing their orientation or size. By Example:
5
using coordinates and object snaps, you can move objects with precision.
Command: MOVE, M
Panel: Modify 
Menu: Modify  Move
This command is used to move objects to a specified distance in a
Before After Before After Before After
specified direction.

Example: Command: OFFSET

Specify offset distance or [Through] <5.0000>: 5
B B
Select object to offset or <exit>:Seelct the line
A Specify point on side to offset:Click on the right side of line
Select object to offset or <exit>:

Before move After move 4.8 ROTATE

Command: MOVE Command: ROTATE, RO
Select objects: Select the circle Panel: Modify 
Select objects: 1 found Menu: Modify  Rotate
Specify base point or displacement: Select point A This command is used to rotate objects around a specified point. To
Specify second point of displacement or determine the angle of rotation, you enter an angle value or specify a second
<use first point as displacement>:Select point B point.

4.7 OFFSET Optiions

Command: OFFSET, O Rotation Angle: Determines how far an object rotates around the base
Panel: Modify  point.
Menu: Modify  Offset Reference: Specifies the absolute current rotation angle and desired new
OFFSET creates a new object at a specified distance from an existing rotation angle.
object or through a specified point. It is used to creates concentric circles,
parallel lines, and parallel curves Example:
Options
Offset Distance: Creates an object at a specified distance from an

30°
existing object. A
Through: Creates an object passing through a specified point. Before After

57
 Command: ROTATE 4.10 FILLET
Current positive angle in UCS: ANGDIR=counterclockwise ANGBASE=0 Command: FILLET, F
Select objects: Select the rectangle Panel: Modify 
Select objects: Menu: Modify  Fillet
Specify base point:Pick at A FILLET rounds the edges of two arcs, circles, elliptical arcs, lines,
Specify rotation angle or [Reference]: 30 polylines, rays, splines, or xlines with an arc of a specified radius. FILLET also
rounds the edges of 3D solids.

4.9 SCALE Options

Command: SCALE, SC First Object: Selects the first of two objects required to define a 2D fillet
Panel: Modify  or the edge of a 3D solid to fillet.
Menu: Modify  Scale Edge: Selects a single edge. You can continue to select single edges until
This command is used to enlarge or reduces selected objects you press ENTER.
proportionally in the X, Y, and Z directions Chain: Toggles from selection of single edges to selection of sequential
tangent edges.
Options Edge Chain: Selects a tangential sequence of edges when you select a
Scale Factor: Multiplies the dimensions of the selected objects by the single edge.
specified scale. A scale factor greater than 1 enlarges the objects. A scale Edge: Switches to a single edge selection mode.
factor between 0 and 1 shrinks the objects. Radius: Defines the radius of the fillet arc.
Reference: Scales the selected objects based on a reference length and Polyline: Inserts fillet arcs at each vertex of a 2D polyline where two line
a specified new length. segments meet.
Trim: Controls whether AutoCAD trims the selected edges to the fillet arc
Example endpoints.
Trim: Trims the selected edges to the fillet arc endpoints.
No Trim:Does not trim the selected edges.
Multiple: Rounds the edges of more than one set of objects.
A
Before scale After scale Example:
B R5
Command: SCALE
Select objects: Select the objects A

Select objects:
Specify base point: Pick at A
Before After Before After Polyline fillet
Specify scale factor or [Reference]: 2

58
 Command: FILLET Example:
Current settings: Mode = TRIM, Radius = 0.5000
B
Select first object or [Polyline/Radius/Trim/mUltiple]: R
Specify fillet radius <0.5000>: 5 A
Select first object or [Polyline/Radius/Trim/mUltiple]:Pick at A
Select second object: Pick at B
Before After Polyline chamfer
Command: CHAMFER
4.11 CHAMFER
Command: CHAMFER, CHA (TRIM mode) Current chamfer Dist1 = 0.5000, Dist2 = 0.5000
Select first line or [Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method/mUltiple]: D
Panel: Modify 
Specify first chamfer distance <30.0000>: 10
Menu: Modify  Chamfer
Specify second chamfer distance <10.0000>: 10
Chamfer is used to create a beveled edge on a corner of two
Select first line or [Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method/mUltiple]:Pick at A
intersecting objects. CHAMFER can also be used to bevel all corners of a
Select second line: Pick at B
polyline.

4.12 TRIM
Options
Command: TRIM, TR
First Line: Specifies the first of two edges required to define a two-
Panel: Modify 
dimensional chamfer, or the edge of a three-dimensional solid to chamfer.
Menu: Modify  Trim
by one line or arc segment, AutoCAD deletes the segment and replaces it
This command is used to trim objects at a cutting edge defined by
Edge: Selects an individual edge to chamfer.
other objects. Objects that can be trimmed include arcs, circles, elliptical
Loop: Switches to Edge Loop mode.
arcs, lines, open 2D and 3D polylines, rays, splines, and xlines. Pressing
Edge Loop: Selects all edges on the base surface.
SHIFT while selecting an object extends it to the nearest boundary rather
Edge: Switches to Edge mode.
than trimming it.
Polyline: Chamfers an entire 2D polyline.
Distance: Sets the distance of the chamfer from the endpoint of the
Options
selected edge.
Object to Trim: Specifies the object to trim. AutoCAD repeats the prompt
Angle: Sets the chamfer distances using a chamfer distance for the first
for the object to trim so that you can trim multiple objects. Pressing ENTER
line and an angle for the second line.
ends the command.
Trim: Controls whether AutoCAD trims the selected edges to the chamfer
Project: Specifies the projection AutoCAD uses when trimming objects.
line endpoints.
None: Specifies no projection.
Method: Controls whether AutoCAD uses two distances or a distance and
UCS: Specifies projection onto the XY plane of the current UCS.
an angle to create the chamfer.
View: Specifies projection along the current view direction.
Multiple: Bevels the edges of more than one set of objects.

59
 Edge: Determines whether an object is trimmed at another object's
implied edge or only to an object that intersects it in 3D space. Example
Extend: Extends the cutting edge along its natural path to intersect an 2
object in 3D space. 1 3

No Extend: Specifies that the object is trimmed only at a cutting edge 4

that intersects it in 3D space.
Undo: Reverses the most recent change made by TRIM. Before extend After extend Before extend After extend & trim

Example: Command: EXTEND

2 Current settings: Projection=UCS, Edge=None
Select boundary edges ...
1 3 Select objects: Select the rectangle
4 Select objects:
Before trim After trim Before trim After trim Select object to extend or shift-select to trim or [Project/Edge/Undo]: Pick at 1
Select object to extend or shift-select to trim or [Project/Edge/Undo]: Pick at 2
Select object to extend or shift-select to trim or [Project/Edge/Undo]: Pick at 3
Command: TRIM
Select object to extend or shift-select to trim or [Project/Edge/Undo]: Pick at 4
Current settings: Projection=UCS, Edge=None
Select object to extend or shift-select to trim or [Project/Edge/Undo]:
Select cutting edges ...
Select objects:Select the rectangle
4.14 BREAK
Select objects:
Command: BREAK, BR
Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/Edge/Undo]:Pick at 1
Panel: Modify 
Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/Edge/Undo]:Pick at 2
Menu: Modify  Break
Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/Edge/Undo]:Pick at 3
This command is used to break the selected object between two points
Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/Edge/Undo]:Pick at 4
Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/Edge/Undo]:
Options
Second Break Point: Specifies the second point for AutoCAD to use to
4.13 EXTEND
break the object.
Command: EXTEND, EX
First Point: Overrides the original first point with the new point that you
Panel: Modify 
specify.
Menu: Modify  Extend
A B
This command is used to extend an object to meet another object. The
options available in EXTEND command are same as the TRIM command.
Pressing SHIFT while selecting an object trims it rather than extending it. Before break After break

60
Example:
Command: BREAK
Select object: Select the line
Specify second break point or [First point]: F
Specify first break point: Pick at A
Specify second break point: Pick at B

4.15 ARRAY
Command: ARRAY, AR
Panel: Modify 
Menu: Modify  Array
This command is used to create multiple copies of objects in a pattern.
You can create copies of objects in a rectangular or polar (circular) pattern.
For rectangular arrays, you control the number of rows and columns and the
distance between each. For polar arrays, you control the number of copies of
the object and whether the copies are rotated. To create many regularly
spaced objects, arraying is faster than copying. Fig.4.1 Array dialog box (Rectangular)
Pick Row Offset: Temporarily closes the Array dialog box so that you
This command displays Array dialog box. You can create rectangular can use the pointing device to specify the distance between rows.
or polar arrays by choosing the appropriate option Pick Column Offset: Temporarily closes the Array dialog box so that you
can use the pointing device to specify the distance between columns.
Creating rectangular array Pick Angle of Array: Temporarily closes the Array dialog box so that you
can specify the angle of rotation by entering a value or using the pointing
Options: device to specify two points.
Rows: Specifies the number of rows in the array. Example
10
Columns: Specifies the number of columns in the array.
Row Offset: Specifies the distance (in units) between rows. To add rows
downward, specify a negative value. To specify row spacing with the pointing

10
device, use the Pick Both Offsets button or the Pick Row Offset button.
Column Offset: Specifies the distance (in units) between columns.
Angle of Array: Specifies the angle of rotation.
Pick Both Offsets: Temporarily closes the Array dialog box so that you
can use the pointing device to set the row and column spacing by specifying
two diagonal corners of a rectangle. Before array After array

61
Creating polar array
Angle Between Items: Sets the included angle between the base points
of the arrayed objects and the center of the array. Enter a positive value.
The default direction value is 90.
Pick Angle to Fill: Temporarily closes the Array dialog box so that you
can define the included angle between the base points of the first and last
elements in the array.
Pick Angle Between Items: Temporarily closes the Array dialog box so
that you can define the included angle between the base points of the arrayed
objects and the center of the array.
Rotate Items as Copied: Rotates the items in the array, as shown in
the preview area.
More/Less: Turns the display of additional options in the Array dialog
box on and off. When you choose More, additional options are displayed, and
the name of this button changes to Less.
Object Base Point: Specifies a new reference (base) point relative to the
selected objects that will remain at a constant distance from the center point
Fig.4.2 Array dialog box (Polar) of the array as the objects are arrayed.

Options Set to Object's Default: Uses the default base point of the object to

Center Point: Specifies the center point of the polar array. Enter position the arrayed object.

coordinate values for X and Y, or choose Pick Center Point to use the pointing Base Point: Sets a new X and Y base point coordinate..

device to specify the location. Select Objects: Specifies the objects used to construct the array. You

Pick Center Point: Temporarily closes the Array dialog box so that you can select objects before or after the Array dialog box is displayed. To select

can use the pointing device to specify the center point in the AutoCAD objects when the Array dialog box is displayed, choose Select Objects. The

drawing area. dialog box temporarily closes. When you finish selecting objects, press

Method: Sets the method used to position objects. ENTER. The Array dialog box is redisplayed, and the number of objects

Total Number of Items: Sets the number of objects that appear in the selected is shown below the Select Objects button.

resultant array. The default value is 4. Preview Area: Shows a preview image of the array based on the current

Angle to Fill: Sets the size of the array by defining the included angle settings in the dialog box. The preview image is dynamically updated when

between the base points of the first and last elements in the array. A positive you move to another field after changing a setting.

value specifies counterclockwise rotation. A negative value specifies Preview: Closes the Array dialog box and displays the array in the current

clockwise rotation. The default value is 360. A value of 0 is not permitted. drawing. Choose Modify to return to the Array dialog box to make changes.

62
Example: 4.17 EXPLODE
Command: EXPLODE, X
Panel: Modify 
Menu: Modify  Explode
This command is used to break a compound object into its component
objects. A compound object comprises more than one AutoCAD object. A
block, rectangle (polylines) are examples of compound objects.

4.18 REGION
Before array After array Command: REGION, REG
Panel: Modify 
4.16 MIRROR Menu: Modify  Region
Command: MIRROR, MI This command is used to convert an object that encloses an area into
Panel: Modify  a region object. Regions are two-dimensional enclosed areas you create from
Menu: Modify  Mirror objects that form closed loops.
This command is used to create a mirror image copy of objects.
4.19 STRETCH
Example: Command: STRETCH, S
Mirror line
B Panel: Modify 
Menu: Modify  Stretch
This command is used to stretch an object. You can resize objects to
FLANGE FLANGE FLANGE
make them longer or shorter in only one direction or to make them
A proportionally larger or smaller.
Before mirror After mirror
Command: MIRROR Example:
Select objects: ALL Crossing window

5 found
Select objects:
Specify first point of mirror line: Pick at A
Specify second point of mirror line: Pick at B
Before stretch After stretch
Delete source objects? [Yes/No] <N>: N
Note:In Delete source objects? [Yes/No] <N>: prompt press ‘Y’ for
deleting the original objects and placing the mirrored image.

63
 Command: STRETCH
Select objects to stretch by crossing-window or crossing-polygon... Example:
Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 2 found
3.0000 6.0000
Select objects:
Specify base point or displacement: Specify a base point
Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as Before lengthen After lengthen
displacement>:Specify a displacement point
Command: LENGTHEN
4.20 LENGTHEN Select an object or [DElta/Percent/Total/DYnamic]: DE
Command: LENGTHEN, LEN Enter delta length or [Angle] <2.0000>: 3
Menu: Modify  Lengthen Select an object to change or [Undo]:Select the object
This command is used to changes the length of objects and the Select an object to change or [Undo]:
included angle of arcs.
Options 4.21 DIVIDE
Object Selection: Displays the length and, where applicable, the included Command: DIVIDE, DIV
angle of the object. Menu: Draw  Point  Divide
Delta: Changes the length of an object by a specified increment, This command is used to divide an object in to a number of segments
measured from the endpoint that is closest to the selection point. Delta also of equal length without actually breaking it. It places evenly spaced point
changes the angle of an arc by a specified increment, measured from the objects or blocks along the length or perimeter of an object.
endpoint that is closest to the selection point. A positive value extends the
object; a negative value trims it. Example:
Delta Length: Changes the length of the object by the specified
increment. Before divide After divide
Angle: Changes the included angle of the selected arc by the specified
Command: DIVIDE
angle.
Select object to divide: Select the line
Percent: Sets the length of an object by a specified percentage of its total
Enter the number of segments or [Block]: 4
length.
Total: Sets the length of a selected object by specifying the total absolute
4.22 MEASURE
length from the fixed endpoint. Command: MEASURE, ME
Total Length: Lengthens the object to the specified value from the Menu: Draw  Point  Measure
endpoint that is closest to the selection point. This command is used to place point objects or blocks at measured
Angle: Sets the included angle of the selected arc. intervals on an object. The last segment of a measured object may be shorter
Dynamic: Turns on Dynamic Dragging mode. You change the length of a than the interval you specify.
selected object by dragging one of its endpoints.

64
4.23 Changing properties of objects 4.24 Layer
Command: PROPERTIES, PR Command: LAYER, LA
Tool bar: Standard  Tool bar: Layers 
Menu: Tools  Properties Menu: Format  Layer

Fig.4.3 Properties tool pallette

This command displays the Properties pallette. The Properties palette

lists the current settings for properties of the selected object or set of objects.
You can modify any property that can be changed by specifying a new value.
Fig.4.4 Layer Properties Manager
• When more than one object is selected, the Properties palette displays
This command displays the Layer Properties Manager. This dialog boxk
only those properties common to all objects in the selection set.
makes a layer current, adds new layers, deletes layers, and renames layers.
• When no objects are selected, the Properties palette displays only the
You can assign properties to layers, turn layers on and off, freeze and thaw
general properties of the current layer, the name of the plot style table
layers globally or by viewport, lock and unlock layers, set plot styles for
attached to the layer, the view properties, and information about the
layers, and turn plotting on and off for layers. You can filter the layer names
UCS.
displayed in the Layer Properties Manager, and you can save and restore
layer states and properties settings.

65
4.25 Changing linetype Command: LTSCALE
Command: LINETYPE, LT Enter new linetype scale factor <1.0000>: 2
Menu: Format  Linetype Regenerating layout.

4.27 Matching properties

Command: MATCHPROP, PAINTER
Tool bar: Quick Access 
Menu: Modify  Match Properties
You can copy some or all properties of one object to other objects using
Match Properties. The types of properties that can be copied include, but are
not limited to, color, layer, linetype, linetype scale, lineweight, plot style, and
thickness.

Example
Command: MATCHPROP
Select source object: Select the source object
Current active settings: Color Layer Ltype Ltscale Lineweight Thickness
Fig.4.5 Linetype Manager
PlotStyle Text Dim Hatch Polyline Viewport
This command displays the Linetype Manager. Using this dialog box you can Select destination object(s) or [Settings]: Select the destination object
load, set and modify the linetype. Select destination object(s) or [Settings]:

4.26 Changing linetype scale 4.28 Editing with grips

Command: LTSCALE Grips are small, solid-filled squares that appear at strategic points on
Thic command is used to change the scale factor of linetypes for all objects selected with a pointing device. You can drag these grips to stretch,
objects in a drawing. Changing the linetype scale factor causes the drawing move, rotate, scale, or mirror objects quickly.
to regenerate.
Example: To use grips, select a grip to act as the base point for the action. Then
select one of the grip modes. You can cycle through these modes by pressing
ltscale = 1.0000 ENTER or SPACEBAR. You also can use shortcut keys or right-click to see all
of the modes and options.
ltscale = 2.0000

You can use multiple grips as the base grips to keep the shape of the
ltscale = 0.5000
object intact between the selected grips. Hold down SHIFT as you select the
grips.
ltscale = 0.2500

66
 point location, or decrease the size by dragging inward. Alternatively, you
can enter a value for relative scaling.

Mirror with Grips

You can mirror selected objects across a temporary mirror line. Turning
Ortho on helps you specify a vertical or horizontal mirror line.

4.29 Editing polylines

Command: PEDIT, PE
Panel: Modify 
Menu: Modify  Object  Polyline
By using this command you can edit polylines by closing and opening
them and by moving, adding, or deleting individual vertices. You can
Fig.4.6 Grip location of various objects
straighten the polyline between any two vertices and toggle the linetype so
that a dash appears before and after each vertex. You can set a uniform
Stretch with Grips
width for the entire polyline or control the width of each segment. You can
You can stretch an object by moving selected grips to new locations.
also create a linear approximation of a spline from a polyline.
Grips on text, block references, midpoints of lines, centers of circles, and
point objects move the object rather than stretching it. This is an excellent
Options
method for moving block references and adjusting dimensions.
Multiple: Enables selection for more than one object
Close: Creates the closing segment of the polyline, connecting the last
Move with Grips
segment with the first.
You can move objects by the grip selected. Selected objects are
Join: Adds lines, arcs, or polylines to the end of an open polyline and
highlighted and are moved the direction and distance of the next point
removes the curve fitting from a curve-fit polyline. For an object to join the
location you specify.
polyline, their endpoints must touch.
Width: Specifies a new uniform width for the entire polyline.
Rotate with Grips
Edit Vertex: Marks the first vertex of the polyline by drawing an X on the
You can rotate selected objects around a base point by dragging and
screen and performs different editing operations.
specifying a point location. Alternatively, you can enter an angle value. This
Fit: Creates a smooth curve consisting of arcs joining each pair of
is an excellent method for rotating block references.
vertices. The curve passes through all vertices of the polyline and uses any
tangent direction you specify.
Scale with Grips
Spline: Uses the vertices of the selected polyline as the control points, or
You can scale selected objects relative to a base point. Increase the
frame, of a spline-fit polyline. The curve passes through the first and last
size of an object by dragging outward from the base grip and specifying a
control points unless the original polyline was closed.

67
 Decurve: Removes extra vertices inserted by an arc-fit or spline-fit ways. You can also edit multiline styles to change the properties of individual
polyline and straightens all segments of the polyline. line elements or the end caps and background fill of future multilines.
Ltype Gen: Generates the linetype in a continuous pattern through the With the help of the dialog box you can create and modify multiline
vertices of the polyline. patterns. The dialog box displays sample images in four columns. The first
Undo: Reverses operations as far back as the beginning of the PEDIT column governs multilines that cross, the second governs multilines that form
session a tee, the third governs corner joints and vertices, and the fourth governs
multilines to be cut or joined. You can click any of the image samples to
4.30 Editing text display a brief description in the lower-left corner of the dialog box.
Command: DDEDIT
Panel: Home 
Menu: Modify  Object  Text  Edit
This command is used to edit text, dimension text, attribute
definitions, and feature control frames. After seelcting the feature, relevant
dialog box is displayed for editing the feature. DDEDIT repeats the prompt
until you press ENTER to end the command.

4.31 Editing multilines

Command: MLEDIT
Menu: Modify  Object  Multiline
This command displays Multiline Edit Tools dialog box.

Fig.4.7 Multiline Edit Tools dialog box

You can edit a multiline by adding and deleting vertices and controlling
the display of corner joints. You can make multilines intersect in various

68
 Chapter – 5
BASIC DIMENSIONING
5.1 Dimensioning terms and notations
Dimensioning is the process of indicating the sizes and other descriptions Fig.2 Leader line
on a drawing using lines, figures, letters, symbols, and notes. The
dimensioning contains the following information. The different terms and notations used in dimensioning are explained
• Exact length, width, and height of the object. below.

• Sizes and positions of holes, groves, etc.

• Object line or outline: They are thick continuous lines drawn to represent
• Distance between surfaces.
visible edges, surfaces and surface boundaries of objects.
• Dimensional tolerances.
• Dimension line: Dimension line is a thin continuous line. It is terminated
• Surface finish and roughness value. by arrowheads touching the outlines, extension lines or centre lines.
• Material to be used. • Extension line: An extension line is a thin continuous line drawn in
• Machining processes, etc. extension of an outline. It should be extended by about 2mm beyond
the dimension line. It is preferred to keep a gap of about 1mm between
30
the extension line and an outline.
R15 • Note: A note gives information regarding specific operation relating to a
feature. It should be always written horizontally.

20
Note Object line • Leader line: It is a thin continuous line connecting a note or a dimension
Ø20 -2 HOLES figure. Leader line should terminate with a dot if it ends within outlines
of an object. It should terminate with an arrowhead if it ends on the
outline of an object. It should terminate without dot or arrowhead if it
Leader line ends on a dimension line.
40

20 20 20 5 20 8
5
20

3
Centre line
Fig.3 Termination of dimension line
20 20
Dimension lines are terminated by arrowheads, oblique strokes or an
80 origin indication.
Dimension line Arrow head
• Arrowhead: It is placed at each end of a dimension line. The length of
Dimension
the arrowhead should be about three times its maximum width. The
Fig.1 Dimensioning terms and notations
arrowhead may be open, closed or closed and filled.

69
 • Oblique stroke: Oblique stroke is drawn as a short line inclined at 45o Mtext, Text, Angle : These text editing and formatting options are
• Origin indication: It is drawn as a small open circle of approximately identical in all dimension commands.
3mm diameter. Horizontal: Creates horizontal linear dimensions.
Vertical: Creates vertical linear dimensions.
Rotated: Creates rotated linear dimensions.
Oblique stroke
Object Selection: Automatically determines the origin points of the first
and second extension lines after you select an object.
1

Origin indication Example : 1. (Horizontal dimensioning)

Arrow heads
10.0000 C

Fig.4 Origin indication

A B
Only one type of arrowhead termination should be used on a single Command: DIMLINEAR
drawing. But, where space is insufficient for an arrowhead, the oblique stroke Specify first extension line origin or <select object>:Pick at A
or a dot may be used.
Specify second extension line origin: Pick at B
5.2 Linear dimensioning Non-associative dimension created.
Command: DIMLIN Specify dimension line location or
Panel: Dimensions  [Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]: H
Menu: Dimension  Linear Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle]: Pick at C
Linear dimensions can be horizontal, vertical, or aligned. Dimension text = 10.0000

Note : Dimensions panel is under Annotate tab.

Example : 2 (Vertical dimensioning)
Options B
Command: DIMLINEAR
First Extension Line Origin: Prompts for the origin point of the second
Specify first extension line origin or <select object>:
extension line after you specify the origin point of the first.
Specify second extension line origin:
Dimension Line Location: Uses the point you specify to locate the
Non-associative dimension created.

10.0000
dimension line and determines the direction to draw the extension lines. After
Specify dimension line location or
you specify the location, AutoCAD draws the dimension.
[Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]: V
Mtext: Displays the Multiline Text Editor, which you can use to edit the
Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle]:
dimension text. C
Dimension text = 10.0000
Text: Customizes the dimension text on the command line. AutoCAD
displays the generated dimension measurement within angle brackets. A

Angle: Changes the angle of the dimension text.

70
Example : 3 (Rotated dimensioning) baseline increment value is specified in Baseline Spacing on the Lines and
C Arrows tab of the New, Modify, and Override Dimension Style dialog boxes.
00
5.00
AutoCAD stores this value in the DIMDLI system variable. Baseline
A B dimensioning is also called parallel dimensioning.

If no dimension was created in the current session, AutoCAD prompts

Command: DIMLINEAR
you to select a linear, ordinate, or angular dimension to use as the base for
Specify first extension line origin or <select object>:Pick at A
the baseline dimension. To end the command, press ENTER twice, or press
Specify second extension line origin: Pick at B
ESC. The current dimension style determines the appearance of the text.
Specify dimension line location or
[Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]: R Example:
Specify angle of dimension line <0>: 15
Specify dimension line location or E E
[Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]: Pick at C
D D
Dimension text = 5.0000
A B A B
5.3 Aligned dimensioning
2.0
20 2.0 2.0 2.0
Command: DIMALIGNED C
C
4.0
40
Panel: Dimensions 
Menu: Dimension  Aligned 6.0
60

Example: Baseline dimensioning Continue dimensioning

Command: DIMALIGNED C
Command: DIMLINEAR
Specify first extension line origin or Specify first extension line origin or <select object>:Pick at A
5.

A
00

Specify second extension line origin: Pick at B

0

<select object>:Pick at A
Specify second extension line origin: Pick at B Non-associative dimension created.
B
Specify dimension line location or Specify dimension line location or
[Mtext/Text/Angle]: Pick at C [Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]: Pick at C
Dimension text = 5.0000 Dimension text = 2.0
Command: DIMBASELINE
5.4 Baseline dimensioning Specify a second extension line origin or [Undo/Select] <Select>: Pick at D
Command: DIMBASELINE Dimension text = 4.0
Panel: Dimensions  Specify a second extension line origin or [Undo/Select] <Select>: Pick at E
Menu: Dimension  Baseline Dimension text = 6.0
DIMBASELINE creates a series of related dimensions measured from Specify a second extension line origin or [Undo/Select] <Select>:
the same baseline. AutoCAD uses a baseline increment value to offset each Select base dimension:
new dimension line and to avoid overlaying the previous dimension line. The

71
5.5 Continue dimensioning Example:
Command: DIMCONTINUE
C
Panel: Dimensions  B
135
°

45°
Menu: Dimension  Continue
DIMCONTINUE draws a series of related dimensions, such as several A
shorter dimensions that add up to the total measurement. Continued
dimensioning is also known as chain dimensioning.

When you create linear continued dimensions, the first extension line
is suppressed and the placement of text and arrowheads might include a

45°
leader line. These appear as overrides for the continued dimension (the 135
°

DIMSE1 system variable is on, and the DIMTMOVE system variable is 1).
Command: DIMANGULAR
The command sequence for DIMCONTINUE is same as DIMBASELINE. Select arc, circle, line, or <specify vertex>:Pick at A
Select second line: Pick at B
5.6 Angular dimensioning Specify dimension arc line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle]: Pick at C
Command: DIMANG
Dimension text = 45
Panel: Dimensions 
Menu: Dimension  Angular
5.7 Diameter dimensioning
DIMNAG is used to create angular dimension between two non parallel Command: DIMDIA
lines. Panel: Dimensions 
Menu: Dimension  Diameter
Options
Arc Selection: Uses points on the selected arc as the defining points for
DIMDIAMETER draws different types of diameter dimensions
a three-point angular dimension. The center of the arc is the angle vertex.
depending on the size of the circle or arc, the options set for the dimension
The arc endpoints become the origin points of the extension lines.
style, and the position of the cursor. The dimension style controls center
Circle Selection: Uses the selection point (1) as the origin of the first
marks and centerlines. AutoCAD does not draw a center mark or a centerline
extension line. The center of the circle is the angle vertex.
when a dimension line is drawn inside the arc or circle. AutoCAD stores the
Line Selection: Defines the angle using two lines.
setting for center marks and centerlines in the DIMCEN system variable.
Three-Point Specification: Creates a dimension based on three points
you specify. AutoCAD measures the diameter and displays the text with a diameter
Dimension Arc Line Location: Specifies the placement of the dimension symbol(φ) in front of it. The position of the cursor determines the location of
line and determines the direction to draw the extension lines. After you the dimension line. As you move the cursor, the dimension moves around or
specify the location, DIMANGULAR ends. inside the circle or arc.

72
Example: Use QLEADER to quickly create leaders and leader Dimension. The
Command:DIMDIAMETER Ø10 leader line is associated with the multiline text object, so when the text object
Select arc or circle:Selct the circle A is relocated, the leader line stretches accordingly.
Dimension text = 10
Specify dimension line location or Ø3 Example
[Mtext/Text/Angle]:Pick at A

4 HOLES Ø4 AT PCØ40
5.8 Radius dimensioning
Command: DIMRAD
Panel: Dimensions 
Menu: Dimension  Radius
A radial dimension consists of a radius dimension line with an
arrowhead at the arc or circle end. AutoCAD draws a center mark if the
DIMCEN system variable is not set to 0. Command: QLEADER
Specify first leader point, or [Settings] <Settings>:
DIMRADIUS draws different types of radial dimensions depending on Specify next point:
the size of the circle or arc, the options in the New, Modify, and Override Specify next point:
Dimension Style dialog boxes and the position of the cursor. AutoCAD stores Specify text width <0.0000>:
the values of the options in the DIMUPT, DIMTOFL, DIMATFIT, DIMTIH, Enter first line of Dimension text <Mtext>: 4 HOLES %%C4 AT
DIMTOH, DIMJUST, and DIMTAD system variables. AutoCAD measures the PC%%C40
radius and displays the text with the letter R in front of it. Enter next line of Dimension text:

Example: 5.10 Dimensioning editing

R10 Command: DIMEDIT
Command:DIMRADIUS
A
Panel: Dimensions 
Select arc or circle:Selct the circle
Dimension text = 10 DIMEDIT affects dimension text and extension lines on one or more
Specify dimension line location or R10
dimension objects. The Home, New, and Rotate options affect dimension
[Mtext/Text/Angle]:Pick at A text. The Oblique option controls the angle of extension lines.

Options
5.9 Dimensioning with leader
Home: Moves rotated dimension text back to its default position.
Command: QLEADER
New : Changes dimension text using the Multiline Text Editor.
Panel: Dimensions 
Rotate: Rotates dimension text.
Menu Dimension  Leader
Oblique:Adjusts the oblique angle of the extension lines for linear
dimensions.

73
5.11 Changing dimensioning styles
A dimension style is a saved set of dimension settings that determines
the appearance of the dimension. By creating dimension styles, you can set
all relevant dimensioning system variables and control the layout and
appearance of any dimension.

Dimension styles can have multiple secondary styles with varying

settings. For example, within a dimension style, you can create a secondary
style for radius dimensions and another secondary style for angular
dimensions. AutoCAD uses the appropriate secondary style for the type of
dimension you create. If there are no differences in settings for a dimension
type, the primary dimension-style settings are used.

Command: DDIM, D
Panel: Dimensions 
Menu: Dimension  Edit Options
This command displays Dimension Style Manager which creates new styles, Current Dimstyle: Displays the current dimension style. AutoCAD
sets the current style assigns styles to all dimensions. If you do not change the current style,
Styles: Displays all dimension styles in the drawing.
A dimension style is a saved set of dimension settings that determines
List: Provides options that control which dimension styles are displayed.
the appearance of the dimension. By creating dimension styles, you can set
All Styles: Displays all dimension styles.
all relevant dimensioning system variables and control the layout and
Styles in Use: Displays only the dimension styles that are referenced
appearance of any dimension.
by dimensions in the drawing.
Don't List Styles in Xrefs: Suppresses display of dimension styles in
Dimension styles can have multiple secondary styles with varying
externally referenced drawings under Styles.
settings. For example, within a dimension style, you can create a secondary
Set Current: Sets the style selected under Styles to current.
style for radius dimensions and another secondary style for angular
New: Displays the Create New Dimension Style dialog box, in which you
dimensions. AutoCAD uses the appropriate secondary style for the type of
can define new dimension styles.
dimension you create. If there are no differences in settings for a dimension
Modify: Displays the Modify Dimension Styles dialog box, in which you
type, the primary dimension-style settings are used.
can modify dimension styles. Dialog box options are identical to those in the
New Dimension Style dialog box.

74
 Override: Displays the Override Current Style dialog box, in which you
can set temporary overrides to dimension styles. Dialog box options are
identical to those in the New Dimension Style dialog box.
Compare: Displays the Compare Dimension Styles dialog box, which
compares the properties of two dimension styles or lists all the properties of
one style.
New Dimension Style Dialog box
By using this dialog box, you can set properties for dimension styles.
After you choose Continue in the Create New Dimension Style dialog box, the
New Dimension Style dialog box is displayed. You define the properties for
the new style in this dialog box. The dialog box initially displays the properties
75
of the dimension style that you selected to start the new style in the Create
New Dimension Style dialog box.
Choosing either Modify or Override in the Dimension Style Manager
displays the Modify Dimension Style or the Override Dimension Style dialog
box. The content of these dialog boxes is identical to the New Dimension
Style dialog box, although you are modifying or overriding an existing
dimension style rather than creating a new one.
The New, Modify, and Override Dimension Style dialog includes the
following tabs
• Lines and Arrows Tab: ets the format and properties for
dimension lines, extension lines, arrowheads, and center marks.
• Text Tab: Sets the format, placement, and alignment of
dimension text.
• Fit Tab: Controls the placement of dimension text, arrowheads,
leader lines, and the dimension line.
• Primary Units Tab: Sets the format and precision of primary
dimension units and sets prefixes and suffixes for dimension text.
• Alternate Units Tab: Specifies display of alternate units in
dimension measurements and sets their format and precision.
• Tolerances Tab: Controls the display and format of dimension
text tolerances.
 Chapter – 6 BIS code (IS 696 –19 72) for representation of materials

HATCHING Materials Convention Materials Conventions

Metal Glass
6.1 Hatching rules Steel, cast iron, Glass
Copper, and its alloys,
Hatching is necessary to differntiate the cut area from the uncut
Aluminim and its alloy
portions. Many drafting applications use hatching to fill an area with a Lead, Zinc, Tin,
pattern. The pattern is used to differentiate components of a project or to White metal etc.
signify the material composing an object.

60°

Packing and insulation Liquids

30° materials Water,
45°
Porcelain, stonewares, Oil,
marble slate, etc, Petrol,
Asbestos, Fibres, Kerosene,
45° Synthetic resin products, etc.
Paper, Cork, Linoleum,
Rubber, Leather, Wax,
The folllowing points should be considered while creating hatching.
Insulation and filling
• Hatching lines should be drawn at 45o to the axis or the main outline of materials.
Wood Concrete
the section.
Wood, Plywood, etc. Brickwork
• When three or more parts are in contact, masonry,
a) Adjacent parts are hatched at 45o in opposite direction.
Concrete,
Firebricks,
b) The other adjacent parts may be hatched at 30o or 60o. etc
c) The other parts may be hatched by varying the scale factor of
section lines.
6.2 Boundary Hatch
• Very thin sections are shown totally black leaving thin space between Command: BHATCH, BH, H
adjacent sections. Panel: Draw 
Menu: Draw  Hatch
• Large surfaces are sometimes sectioned around the edges only.
This command displays Boundary Hatch and Fill dialog box which is
• Section line of the same piece in different views or for the same piece in used to define the boundary, pattern type, pattern properties, and attributes
different place of the same view should be identical in spacing and for hatch and gradient fill objects.
direction.

76
 The Boundary Hatch and Fill dialog box includes the following tabs: Pattern: Lists the available predefined patterns. The six most recently
• Hatch used predefined patterns appear at the top of the list. The [...] button
• Advanced displays the Hatch Pattern Palette dialog box, in which you can view preview
• Gradient images for all predefined patterns at once to help you make a selection.

Hatch tab
It defines the appearance of the hatch pattern to be applied.

Swatch: Displays a preview of the selected pattern. You can click the
swatch to display the Hatch Pattern Palette dialog box.
Fig.6.1 Boundary Hatch dialog box
Options Custom Pattern: Lists the available custom patterns. The six most
Type: Sets the pattern type. recently used custom patterns appear at the top of the list.
Predefined: Specifies a predefined AutoCAD pattern. Angle: Specifies an angle for the hatch pattern relative to the X axis of
User Defined: Creates a pattern of lines based on the current linetype the current UCS.
in your drawing. You can control the angle and spacing of the lines in your Scale: Expands or contracts a predefined or custom pattern.
user-defined pattern. Relative to Paper Space: Scales the hatch pattern relative to paper
Custom: Specifies a pattern that is defined in any custom PAT file that space units. Using this option, you can easily display hatch patterns at a scale
you have added to the AutoCAD search path. that is appropriate for your layout. This option is available only from a layout.

77
 Spacing: Specifies the spacing of lines in a user-defined pattern.
ISO Pen Width: Scales an ISO predefined pattern based on the selected
pen width.
Advanced tab
Defines how AutoCAD creates and hatches or fills boundaries.
Options
Island Detection Style: Specifies the method used to hatch or fill
objects within the outermost boundary. If no internal boundaries exist,
specifying an island detection style has no effect. Because you can define a
precise set of boundaries, it's often best to use the Normal style.
Normal: Hatches or fills inward from the outer boundary. If AutoCAD
encounters an internal intersection, it turns off hatching or filling until it
encounters another intersection.
Outer: Hatches or fills inward from the outer boundary. AutoCAD turns
hatching or filling off if it encounters an internal intersection.
78
Ignore: Ignores all internal objects and hatches or fills through them.
Object Type: Specifies whether to retain boundaries as objects, and the
object type that AutoCAD applies to those objects.
Retain Boundaries: Adds the temporary boundary objects to the
drawing.
Object Type: Controls the type of the new boundary object.
Boundary Set: Defines the set of objects AutoCAD analyzes when
defining a boundary from a specified point.
Current Viewport : Defines the boundary set from everything visible in
the current viewport.
Existing Set: Defines the boundary set from the objects that you
selected with New.
New: Prompts you to select the objects that define the boundary set.
Island Detection Method: Specifies whether to include objects within
the outermost boundary as boundary objects. These internal objects are
known as islands.
Flood:Includes islands as boundary objects.
Ray Casting: Runs a line from the point you specify to the nearest
object and then traces the boundary in a counterclockwise direction, thus
excluding islands as boundary objects.
Gradient tab
Defines the appearance of the gradient fill to be applied.
Options
One Color: Specifies a fill that uses a smooth transition between darker
shades and lighter tints of one color.
Two Color: Specifies a fill that uses a smooth transition between two
colors.
Color Swatch: Specifies the color for the gradient fill. Click the Browse
button [...] to display the Select Color dialog box, where you can select an
AutoCAD Index color, true color, or color book color.

Shade and Tint Slider: Specifies the tint (the selected color mixed with
white) or shade (the selected color mixed with black) of a color to be used
for a gradient fill of one color.
Centered: Specifies a gradient configuration that is symmetrical.
Angle: Specifies the angle of the gradient fill.
Gradient Patterns: Displays nine fixed patterns for gradient fills.
Additional options
Pick Points: Determines a boundary from existing objects visible on the
screen. The objects must form an enclosed area. How AutoCAD detects
objects using this option depends on which island detection method is
selected on the Advanced tab. When you select Pick Points, the dialog box
closes temporarily, and AutoCAD displays a prompt.
Select internal point: Specify a point within the area to be hatched or
filled
79
Select internal point: Specify a point, enter u or undo to undo the last
selection, or press ENTER to end point specification and return to the dialog
box
While specifying points, you can right-click in the drawing area at any
time to display a shortcut menu. You can undo the last or all point
specifications, change the selection method, change the island detection
style, or preview the hatch or gradient fill.
Select Objects: Specifies objects for hatching or filling. The dialog box
closes temporarily, and AutoCAD prompts you to select objects.
Remove Islands: Removes from the boundary definition any of the
objects that AutoCAD detects as islands when you use the Pick Points option.
You cannot remove the outer boundary.
View Selections: Temporarily dismisses the dialog box and displays the
currently defined boundaries with the hatch or fill settings that you last
previewed. This option is unavailable when no boundary has been defined.
Inherit Properties: Hatches or fills specified boundaries using the hatch
or fill properties of one object. After selecting the associative hatch or fill
object whose properties you want the hatch or fill to inherit, you can right-
click in the drawing area and use the shortcut menu to toggle between the
Select Objects and Pick Points options to create boundaries.
Double: For user-defined patterns, draws a second set of lines positioned
at 90 degrees to the original lines, creating a crosshatch.
Composition: Controls whether the hatch or gradient fill is associative or
nonassociative.
Associative: Creates a hatch or fill that is updated when you modify its
boundaries.
Nonassociative: Creates a hatch or fill that is independent of its
boundaries.
Preview: Temporarily dismisses the dialog box and displays the currently
defined boundaries with the current hatch or fill settings.
 Chapter – 7
BLOCKS, VIEWS AND INQUIRY GROUPS
7.1 Blipmode
Command: BLIPMODE
This command is used to controls the display of marker blips. When
Blip mode is on, a temporary mark in the shape of a plus sign (+) appears
where you specify a point. BLIPMODE is off by default. To remove marker
blips, use REDRAW, REGEN, ZOOM, PAN, or other commands that redraw or
regenerate the drawing.
7.2 Zoom
Command: ZOOM, Z
Panel: ViewNavigate 
Menu: View  Zoom
This command is used to increases or decreases the apparent size of
objects in the current viewport. You can change the magnification of a view
by zooming in and out. Like zooming in and out with a camera, ZOOM does
not change the absolute size of objects in the drawing; it changes only the
magnification of the view.
Options
All: Zooms to display the entire drawing in the current viewport.
Center: Zooms to display a window defined by a center point and a
magnification value or height. A smaller value for the height increases the
magnification. A larger value decreases the magnification.
Dynamic: Zooms to display the generated portion of the drawing with a
view box.
Extents: Zooms to display the drawing extents and results in the largest
possible display of all the objects.
Previous: Zooms to display the previous view. You can restore up to 10
previous views.
Scale:Zooms the display at a specified scale factor.
80
Window: Zooms to display an area specified by two opposite corners of
Real Time: Using the pointing device, zooms interactively to a logical
extent. Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right-click to display the shortcut
menu.
7.3 Redraw
Command: REDRAW, R
Menu: View  Redraw
This command is used to refreshe the display in the current viewport.
AutoCAD redraws the current viewport, removing marker blips and display
artifacts (stray pixels) left by editing commands.
7.4 Regen
Command: REGEN, RE
Menu: View  Regen
This command is used to regenerate the entire drawing from the
current viewport . REGEN regenerates the entire drawing and recomputes
the screen coordinates for all objects in the current viewport. It also
reindexes the drawing database for optimum display and object selection
performance.
7.5 Pan
Command: PAN, P
Panel : View Navigate 
Menu: View  Pan  Realtime
You can shift the location of your view by using PAN or by using the
window scroll bars. With the Realtime option, you pan dynamically by moving
your pointing device. Like panning with a camera, PAN does not change the
location or magnification of objects on your drawing; it changes only the
view. The cursor changes to a hand cursor.
By holding down the pick button on the pointing device, you lock the
cursor to its current location relative to the viewport coordinate system. The
drawing display is moved in the same direction as the cursor. To stop
panning at any time, press ENTER or ESC.
7.6 View
A view is a portion of a drawing that is displayed in a viewport. You Orthographic and Isometric Views Tab
can save and restore views by name for convenient access. Views are saved Current View: Displays the name of the current view.
separately in model space and paper space. View Names: Lists the orthographic and isometric views.
Set Current: Restores the selected orthographic view. iew.
Command: VIEW, V Relative To: Specifies the base coordinate system for defining the
Panel: View  Views  Named Views
orthographic view.
Menu: View  Named Views Restore Orthographic UCS with View: Restores the associated UCS
This command displays View dialog box. when you make an orthographic view current.

7.7 Inquiry groups

7.7.1 Measuring distance
Command: DIST, DI
Panel : Home  Utilities 
Menu: Tools  Inquiry  Distance
This command is used to measure the distance and angle between two
points

Example:
10

A B
Command: DIST
Specify first point: Pick at A
Specify second point: Pick at B
Fig.7.1 View dialog box
Distance = 10.0000, Angle in XY Plane = 0, Angle from XY Plane = 0
Options
Delta X = 10.0000, Delta Y = 0.0000, Delta Z = 0.0000
Named Views Tap
Current View: Displays the name of the current view.
7.7.2 Calculating area
View Names: Lists the named views in the current drawing.
Command: AREA, AA
Set Current : Restores the selected view.
Panel : Home  Utilities 
New: Displays the New View dialog box.
Menu: Tools  Inquiry  Area
Details: Displays the View Details dialog box.
Rename (Shortcut Menu Only): Renames the selected view. This command is used to calculate the area and perimeter of objects

Delete (Shortcut Menu Only): Deletes a named view. or of defined areas.

81

Options
First Corner Point: Calculates the area and perimeter you define by
specifying points.
Object: Calculates the area and perimeter of the selected object. You can
calculate the area of circles, ellipses, splines, polylines, polygons, regions,
and solids.
Add: Turns on Add mode and keeps a running balance of the total area
as you continue to define areas. The Add option calculates the individual
areas and perimeters of defined areas and objects as well as the total area
of all defined areas and objects.
Subtract: Turns on Subtract mode and keeps a running balance of the
total area as you subtract specified areas.
7.7.3 Displaying time
Command: TIME
Menu: Tools  Inquiry  Time
This command displays the date and time statistics of a drawing.
Options
Display: Repeats the display with updated times.
On: Starts the user elapsed timer if it was off.
Off: Stops the user elapsed timer.
Reset: Resets the user elapsed timer to 0 days 00:00:00.000.
7.7.3 Displaying status
Command: STATUS
Menu: Tools  Inquiry  Status
This command is used to display drawing statistics, modes, and
extents. STATUS reports the number of objects in the current drawing. This
includes graphical objects such as arcs and polylines, and nongraphical
objects such as layers and linetypes, and block definitions. When used at the
DIM prompt, STATUS reports the values and descriptions of all dimensioning
system variables.
7.8 Calculator
Command: CAL
CAL is an online geometry calculator that evaluates point (vector), real,
or integer expressions. The expressions can access existing geometry using
the object snap functions such as CEN, END, and INS.
7.8.1 Evaluating real and integer expressions
The real and integer expressions consists of real or integer numbers
combined with numeric operators such as +, -, *, /,^(exponent), etc.
Example:
Command: CAL
>> Expression: (6.5+(2^4))
22.5

Example:
7.8.2 Evaluating vector expression
Command: TIME
A vector expression consists point vectors, numbers and functions that
Current time: Monday, April 02, 2007 at 4:28:50:656 PM
are combined with vector operators.
Times for this drawing:
Created: Thursday, June 30, 2005 at 9:56:35:704 PM Example:
Last updated: Monday, April 02, 2007 at 4:12:01:305 PM Command: CAL
Total editing time: 1 days 16:57:59.802 >> Expression: [5,6,3]+[2,-5,4]
Elapsed timer (on): 1 days 16:57:59.712 (7.0 1.0 7.0)
Next automatic save in: 0 days 00:07:37.986
Enter option [Display/ON/OFF/Reset]:Enter an option

82
7.8.3 Evaluating numeric functions Command: LINE
The calculator supports the folllowing standard numeric functions. Specify first point: 'CAL
Function Description >> Expression: (cen+end)/2
>> Select entity for CEN snap:Select the circle
sin(angle) Sine of the angle
>> Select entity for END snap: Select P1
cos(angle) Cosine of the angle (79.4087 75.2025 0.0)
tang(angle) Tangent of the angle Specify next point or [Undo]: 'cal
ln(real) Natural log of the number >> Expression: (cen+end)/2
>> Select entity for CEN snap: Seelct the circle
log(real) Base-10 log of the number
>> Select entity for END snap: Select P2
exp(real) Natural exponent of the number
(79.4087 45.5587 0.0)
sqr(real) Square of the number Specify next point or [Undo]:
sqrt(real) Square root of the number
abs(real) Absolute value of the number 7.9 BLOCK
Block is a generic term for one or more objects that are combined to
create a single object.
7.8.4 Using AutoCAD Snap Modes in arithmetic expression
You can use the AutoCAD Snap modes as parts of arithmetic Command: BLOCK, BMAKE, B
expressions. AutoCAD prompts you to select an object and returns the
Panel : Home  Block 
coordinate of the appropriate snap point. Using arithmetic expressions with
Menu: Draw  Block  Make
Snap modes greatly simplifies entering coordinates relative to other objects.
This command displays Block Definition Dialog box which defines and
Example:
names a block.
P2

Options
P4
Name: Names the block.
Base Point: Specifies an insertion base point for the block.
P5 B A
Objects : Specifies the objects to include in the new block and whether
to retain or delete the selected objects or convert them to a block instance
after you create the block.
P3
Preview Icon: Determines whether to save a preview icon with the block
definition and specifies the source of the icon.
P1
Drag and Drop Units: Specifies the units to which the block is scaled
Given a line A and a circle. Draw a line B such that P3 is the mid point of
when it is dragged into a drawing using DesignCenter or i-drop.
P1P5 and P4 is the midpoint of P2P7.

83
 Fig.7.3 Insert dialog box

Options
Name: Specifies the name of a block to insert, or the name of a file to
insert as a block.
Insertion Point: Specifies the insertion point for the block.
Scale: Specifies the scale for the inserted block.
Rotation: Specifies the rotation angle for the inserted block in the current
Fig.7.2 Block Definition dialog box
UCS.
Description: Specifies the text description associated with the block.
Explode: Explodes the block and inserts the individual parts of the block.
Hyperlink: Opens the Insert Hyperlink dialog box, which you can use to
associate a hyperlink with the block definition.

7.10 INSERT
Command: INSERT, I
Panel: Insert  Blocks 
Menu: Insert  Block
This command is used to place a drawing or named block into the
current drawing. It displays Insert Dialog box.

84
 PART - B
COMPUTER AIDED
DRAFTING (CAD)
EXERCISES

85
Step by step procedure
Switching to layout tab
In AutoCAD, it is more convenient to use the Paper Space (Layout tab)
for creating two-dimensional drawing rather than the Model Space. Each layout
in AutoCAD represents a drawing sheet. We can directly take printout of the
drawing from the layout in a standard drawing sheet.

• Click on Layout1

• Page Setup dialog box will be displayed

• Select the Plot Device as DWF6 ePlot.pc3 Now AutoCAD automatically sets the drawing limits as A2 size.
Similarly, we can select suitable paper size according to the drawing to be
created. There is no need to set the limits. We can directly create the 2D
drawing in the paper space.

• Draw a rectangle

L2
L1
L3 P2

P1

Command: RECTANG
Specify first corner point or
• From Layout Settings tab, select paper size as ISO A2 (594x420mm) [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: Pick at P1
Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]: @166,60

87
Command: EXPLODE Command: MOVE
Select objects: Select the rectangle Select objects: Select the entire portion of cotter by any selection method.
Select objects: Select objects:
• Draw two lines L1 and L2 by joining the midpoints. Specify base point or displacement: Pick at P1
Command: OFFSET Specify second point of displacement or
Specify offset distance or [Through] <Through>: 62 <use first point as displacement>: Pick at P2
Select object to offset or <exit>: Select L3 • Draw the rod end
Specify point on side to offset: Pick at the right side of L3
Select object to offset or <exit>:
E F
• Draw the cotter
Command: LINE D C
B A
Specify first point:Pick at A
Command: RECTANG
Specify next point or [Undo]: @35<180
Specify first corner point or
Specify next point or [Undo]: @90<270
[Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: Pick at C
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @32<0 P3 Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]: @90,30
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: C
Command:RECTANG
Command: ARC
Specify first corner point or
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: Pick at A
[Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: Pick at D
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: E
Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]: @25,25
Specify end point of arc: Pick at B
• Move this small rectangle and place point E to point F
Specify center point of arc or [Angle/Direction/Radius]: R
• Explode the two rectangles
Specify radius of arc: 60
Command: EXPLODE
• Similarly draw an arc at the bottom
Select objects: Select two rectangles
• Move this cotter and place point P3 to point P2
Select objects:
• Create chamfer and fillet
L8
L6
L10 L7 L5
P2 L4
L9

Command: CHAMFER
(TRIM mode) Current chamfer Dist1 = 1.0000, Dist2 = 1.0000
Select first line or [Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method/mUltiple]: D
Specify first chamfer distance <1.0000>: 2

88
Specify second chamfer distance <2.0000>: 2 Command: MIRROR
Select first line or [Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method/mUltiple]: U Select objects: Select Arc 2
Select first line or [Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method/mUltiple]: Select L4 Select objects:
Select second line: Select L5 Specify first point of mirror line: Pick at 1
Select first line or [Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method/mUltiple]: Select L5 Specify second point of mirror line: Pick at 4
Select second line: Select L6 Delete source objects? [Yes/No] <N>:N
Select first line or [Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method/mUltiple]:
Command: FILLET
Current settings: Mode = TRIM, Radius = 1.5000
Select first object or [Polyline/Radius/Trim/mUltiple]: R • Move this rod end and place the midpoint of L5 to midpoint of L2
Specify fillet radius <1.5000>: 2
Select first object or [Polyline/Radius/Trim/mUltiple]: Selct L8
Select second object: Selct L7 L11

• Similarly create fillet between L7 and L9

L7
(Note: If any line disappears while creating fillet, draw the line
again and continue filleting.)
• Consider the line L10 for creating convention for the shaft.
1 1

• Offset L7 to 30mm and L11 to 2.5mm

2
Command: OFFSET
3 Specify offset distance or [Through] <62.0000>: 30
Select object to offset or <exit>: Selct L7
Specify point on side to offset: Pick at the right side of L7
Arc 2 Select object to offset or <exit>:
4 4 Command:OFFSET
Step - I Step - II
Specify offset distance or [Through] <30.0000>: 2.5
Command: ARC
Select object to offset or <exit>:Select L11
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: Pick at 1
Specify point on side to offset: Pick at the right side of L11
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: Pick at 2
Select object to offset or <exit>:
Specify end point of arc: Pick at 3 • The unwanted portions which are to be trimmed are shown as dotted
Command: Press Enter lines. Use TRIM command to trim these lines.
ARC Specify start point of arc or [Center]: Press Enter Command: TRIM
Specify end point of arc: Pick at 4 Current settings: Projection=UCS, Edge=None
Select cutting edges ...

89
Select objects: - Select pattern type as ANSI31
Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or - Select scale as 10
[Project/Edge/Undo]: Select the unwanted lines - Click on pick points icon in the dialog box and the select any point
inside the required area to be hatched.
M2 - Clik on OK to apply the hatch pattern.
Hatch 2
Hatch 1

M1

Using SKETCH
or ARC
Hatch 1 Hatch 2
M2 - Angle : 0 - Angle : 90
- Scale :10 - Scale :10

• Create the title block using LINE command

• Add the text inside the title block using TEXT or MTEXT comamnd.
• To make the drawing to fit into A4 size for taking print out:
M1 - Select the entire drawing and SCALE it to 0.5
Command: SCALE
• Create mirror image of the entire portion Select objects: ALL
Command: MIRROR Select objects:
Select objects: Select the entire portion by window selection option Specify base point: Pick the middle point
Select objects: Specify scale factor or [Reference]: 0.5
Specify first point of mirror line: Pick at M1 - Copy the entire drawing using COPYCLIP command (Ctrl+C)
Specify second point of mirror line: Pick at M2 Command: COPYCLIP
Delete source objects? [Yes/No] <N>: N Select objects: ALL
• Remove the unwated portions, if any, using TRIM command. - Select Layout2 and change the Page setup as A4
• Create fillet of radius 3mm at all the corners of the sleeve. - Paste the copied drawing into this layout.
• Extend the axis line and change the linetype to centre line. Command: PASTECLIP
(Change the linetype scale if needed) Specify insertion point: Specfy a suitable point
• Draw the local section representation using SKETCH or ARC command. - Take printout of the drawing using PLOT command.
• Create hatching with relevant hatch pattern using BHATCH command

90
 To change linetype : Select the required objects and choose suitable
Ex. No.1. CREATING ASSEMBLED VIEWS OF linetype from the Properties panel.
SLEEVE AND COTTER JOINT 6. Create hatching in the sectional view.
Aim : Use BHATCH command to display Hatch and Gradient dialogue box.
To draw the assembled views of SLEEVE AND COTTER JOINT using Select Pattern = ANSI31, Angle = 0 and Scale = 10 for single
CAD software. hatching.
Click Add Pick points, select a point inside an area to be hatched
Requirements : and press Enter.
Hardware : PC with Pentium-IV Processor, 2GB RAM, Change the value of Angle and Scale for hatching adjacent parts.
120 GB Hard disk, Graphics card, etc. 7. Create dimension in the assembly drawing.
Operating System : Windows XP or Higher Set the dimension style using DDIM command.
Software : AutoCAD 2010 or Higher Use DIMLINEAR command to create linear dimensions.
Use DIMDIA command to create diameter dimensions.
Procedure : Use DIMRAD command to create radius dimensions.
1. Open AutoCAD application software. Use DIMANG command to create angular dimensions.
Click Windows Start button ➤ All Programs ➤ Autodesk ➤
8. Name the parts in the assembly drawing.
AutoCAD 2010 - English
Use QLEADER command to create leader line and type the part
2. Create a New Drawing File number as MTEXT.
Type NEW in command window and select “acad.dwt” file. Encircle the number using CIRCLE command.
Save the drawing with a file name “sleeve and cotter joint” using
9. Add title block.
SAVE command.
use RECTANG and LINE command to create title block.
3. Set up the paper size to A2 (594 x 420) Draw the projection symbol using LINE and CIRCLE command.
Right click on Layout1 tab and select Page Setup Manager. Add title of the drawing in the title block using MTEXT command.
Choose Modify from the Dialogue box and select Paper size as
10. Add bill of materials.
ISO A2 (594 x 420).
Create table using TABLE command.
4. Draw the front view, top view and side view of the assembled machine part. Edit and add text in the table by double clicking inside the cell.
Use LINE, RECTANG, CIRCLE and ARC commands to draw the
11. Print the drawing to suitable scale.
basic shapes.
Use PLOT command to display Plot dialogue box.
Use COPY, MIRROR, and OFFSET to make multiple copies of the
Select correct Printer, Paper size and Scale. Click OK to take print
objects.
out.
Use EXPLODE, EXTEND, TRIM, FILLET, CHAMFER and SCALE
commands to modify and remove the unwanted portions in the Result :
drawing. The assemble views of SLEEVE AND COTTER JOINT are drawn with
Use MOVE, ROTATE and ALIGN commands to properly assemble sectioning, dimensions and bill of materials using CAD software. The print
the various parts in the assembly. out of the drawing is taken.
5. Change the colour and linetype (Hidden line, Center line, etc.) of the objects.
To change colour : Select the required objects and choose suitable
colour from the Properties panel.

93
 To change linetype : Select the required objects and choose suitable
Ex. No.2. CREATING ASSEMBLED VIEWS OF linetype from the Properties panel.
SCREW JACK 6. Create hatching in the sectional view.
Aim : Use BHATCH command to display Hatch and Gradient dialogue box.
To draw the assembled views of SCREW JACK using CAD software. Select Pattern = ANSI31, Angle = 0 and Scale = 10 for single
hatching.
Requirements : Click Add Pick points, select a point inside an area to be hatched
Hardware : PC with Pentium-IV Processor, 2GB RAM, and press Enter.
120 GB Hard disk, Graphics card, etc. Change the value of Angle and Scale for hatching adjacent parts.
Operating System : Windows XP or Higher Use Pattern = ANSI37, Angle = 0 and Scale = 5 to create cross
Software : AutoCAD 2010 or Higher hatching for knurling.
7. Create dimension in the assembly drawing.
Procedure :
Set the dimension style using DDIM command.
1. Open AutoCAD application software. Use DIMLINEAR command to create linear dimensions.
Click Windows Start button ➤ All Programs ➤ Autodesk ➤ Use DIMDIA command to create diameter dimensions.
AutoCAD 2010 - English Use DIMRAD command to create radius dimensions.
2. Create a New Drawing File Use DIMANG command to create angular dimensions.
Type NEW in command window and select “acad.dwt” file. 8. Name the parts in the assembly drawing.
Save the drawing with a file name “sleeve and cotter joint” using Use QLEADER command to create leader line and type the part
SAVE command. number as MTEXT.
3. Set up the paper size to A2 (594 x 420) Encircle the number using CIRCLE command.
Right click on Layout1 tab and select Page Setup Manager. 9. Add title block.
Choose Modify from the Dialogue box and select Paper size as use RECTANG and LINE command to create title block.
ISO A2 (594 x 420). Draw the projection symbol using LINE and CIRCLE command.
4. Draw the front view, top view and side view of the assembled machine part. Add title of the drawing in the title block using MTEXT command.
Use LINE, RECTANG, CIRCLE and ARC commands to draw the 10. Add bill of materials.
basic shapes. Create table using TABLE command.
Use COPY, MIRROR, and OFFSET to make multiple copies of the Edit and add text in the table by double clicking inside the cell.
objects.
11. Print the drawing to suitable scale.
Use EXPLODE, EXTEND, TRIM, FILLET, CHAMFER and SCALE
Use PLOT command to display Plot dialogue box.
commands to modify and remove the unwanted portions in the
Select correct Printer, Paper size and Scale. Click OK to take print
drawing.
out.
Use MOVE, ROTATE and ALIGN commands to properly assemble
the various parts in the assembly. Result :
The assemble views of SCREW JACK are drawn with sectioning,
5. Change the colour and linetype (Hidden line, Center line, etc.) of the objects.
To change colour : Select the required objects and choose suitable dimensions and bill of materials using CAD software. The print out of the
colour from the Properties panel. drawing is taken.

97
 To change linetype : Select the required objects and choose suitable
Ex. No.3. CREATING ASSEMBLED VIEWS OF linetype from the Properties panel.
PLUMMER BLOCK 6. Create hatching in the sectional view.
Aim : Use BHATCH command to display Hatch and Gradient dialogue box.
To draw the assembled views of PLUMMER BLOCK using CAD software. Select Pattern = ANSI31, Angle = 0 and Scale = 10 for single
hatching.
Requirements : Click Add Pick points, select a point inside an area to be hatched
Hardware : PC with Pentium-IV Processor, 2GB RAM, 120 GB and press Enter.
Hard disk, Graphics card, etc. Change the value of Angle and Scale for hatching adjacent parts.
Operating System : Windows XP or Higher 7. Create dimension in the assembly drawing.
Software : AutoCAD 2010 or Higher Set the dimension style using DDIM command.
Use DIMLINEAR command to create linear dimensions.
Procedure :
Use DIMDIA command to create diameter dimensions.
1. Open AutoCAD application software. Use DIMRAD command to create radius dimensions.
Click Windows Start button ➤ All Programs ➤ Autodesk ➤ Use DIMANG command to create angular dimensions.
AutoCAD 2010 - English
8. Name the parts in the assembly drawing.
2. Create a New Drawing File Use QLEADER command to create leader line and type the part
Type NEW in command window and select “acad.dwt” file. number as MTEXT.
Save the drawing with a file name “sleeve and cotter joint” using Encircle the number using CIRCLE command.
SAVE command.
9. Add title block.
3. Set up the paper size to A2 (594 x 420) use RECTANG and LINE command to create title block.
Right click on Layout1 tab and select Page Setup Manager. Draw the projection symbol using LINE and CIRCLE command.
Choose Modify from the Dialogue box and select Paper size as ISO Add title of the drawing in the title block using MTEXT command.
A2 (594 x 420).
10. Add bill of materials.
4. Draw the front view, top view and side view of the assembled machine part. Create table using TABLE command.
Use LINE, RECTANG, CIRCLE and ARC commands to draw the Edit and add text in the table by double clicking inside the cell.
basic shapes.
11. Print the drawing to suitable scale.
Use COPY, MIRROR, and OFFSET to make multiple copies of the
Use PLOT command to display Plot dialogue box.
objects.
Select correct Printer, Paper size and Scale. Click OK to take print
Use EXPLODE, EXTEND, TRIM, FILLET, CHAMFER and SCALE
out.
commands to modify and remove the unwanted portions in the
drawing. Result :
Use MOVE, ROTATE and ALIGN commands to properly assemble The assemble views of PLUMMER BLOCK are drawn with sectioning,
the various parts in the assembly. dimensions and bill of materials using CAD software. The print out of the
5. Change the colour and linetype (Hidden line, Center line, etc.) of the objects. drawing is taken.
To change colour : Select the required objects and choose suitable
colour from the Properties panel.

101
 To change linetype : Select the required objects and choose suitable
Ex. No.4. CREATING ASSEMBLED VIEWS OF linetype from the Properties panel.
SIMPLE ECCENTRIC 6. Create hatching in the sectional view.
Aim : Use BHATCH command to display Hatch and Gradient dialogue box.
To draw the assembled views of SIMPLE ECCENTRIC using CAD software. Select Pattern = ANSI31, Angle = 0 and Scale = 10 for single
hatching.
Requirements : Click Add Pick points, select a point inside an area to be hatched
Hardware : PC with Pentium-IV Processor, 2GB RAM, 120 GB and press Enter.
Hard disk, Graphics card, etc. Change the value of Angle and Scale for hatching adjacent parts.
Operating System : Windows XP or Higher 7. Create dimension in the assembly drawing.
Software : AutoCAD 2010 or Higher Set the dimension style using DDIM command.
Use DIMLINEAR command to create linear dimensions.
Procedure :
Use DIMDIA command to create diameter dimensions.
1. Open AutoCAD application software. Use DIMRAD command to create radius dimensions.
Click Windows Start button ➤ All Programs ➤ Autodesk ➤ Use DIMANG command to create angular dimensions.
AutoCAD 2010 - English
8. Name the parts in the assembly drawing.
2. Create a New Drawing File Use QLEADER command to create leader line and type the part
Type NEW in command window and select “acad.dwt” file. number as MTEXT.
Save the drawing with a file name “sleeve and cotter joint” using Encircle the number using CIRCLE command.
SAVE command.
9. Add title block.
3. Set up the paper size to A2 (594 x 420) use RECTANG and LINE command to create title block.
Right click on Layout1 tab and select Page Setup Manager. Draw the projection symbol using LINE and CIRCLE command.
Choose Modify from the Dialogue box and select Paper size as ISO Add title of the drawing in the title block using MTEXT command.
A2 (594 x 420).
10. Add bill of materials.
4. Draw the front view, top view and side view of the assembled machine part. Create table using TABLE command.
Use LINE, RECTANG, CIRCLE and ARC commands to draw the Edit and add text in the table by double clicking inside the cell.
basic shapes.
11. Print the drawing to suitable scale.
Use COPY, MIRROR, and OFFSET to make multiple copies of the
Use PLOT command to display Plot dialogue box.
objects.
Select correct Printer, Paper size and Scale. Click OK to take print
Use EXPLODE, EXTEND, TRIM, FILLET, CHAMFER and SCALE
out.
commands to modify and remove the unwanted portions in the
drawing. Result :
Use MOVE, ROTATE and ALIGN commands to properly assemble The assemble views of SIMPLE ECCENTRIC are drawn with sectioning,
the various parts in the assembly. dimensions and bill of materials using CAD software. The print out of the
5. Change the colour and linetype (Hidden line, Center line, etc.) of the objects. drawing is taken.
To change colour : Select the required objects and choose suitable
colour from the Properties panel.

105
 To change linetype : Select the required objects and choose suitable
Ex. No.5. CREATING ASSEMBLED VIEWS OF linetype from the Properties panel.
MACHINE VICE 6. Create hatching in the sectional view.
Aim : Use BHATCH command to display Hatch and Gradient dialogue box.
To draw the assembled views of MACHINE VICE using CAD software. Select Pattern = ANSI31, Angle = 0 and Scale = 10 for single
hatching.
Requirements : Click Add Pick points, select a point inside an area to be hatched
Hardware : PC with Pentium-IV Processor, 2GB RAM, 120 GB and press Enter.
Hard disk, Graphics card, etc. Change the value of Angle and Scale for hatching adjacent parts.
Operating System : Windows XP or Higher 7. Create dimension in the assembly drawing.
Software : AutoCAD 2010 or Higher Set the dimension style using DDIM command.
Use DIMLINEAR command to create linear dimensions.
Procedure :
Use DIMDIA command to create diameter dimensions.
1. Open AutoCAD application software. Use DIMRAD command to create radius dimensions.
Click Windows Start button ➤ All Programs ➤ Autodesk ➤ Use DIMANG command to create angular dimensions.
AutoCAD 2010 - English
8. Name the parts in the assembly drawing.
2. Create a New Drawing File Use QLEADER command to create leader line and type the part
Type NEW in command window and select “acad.dwt” file. number as MTEXT.
Save the drawing with a file name “sleeve and cotter joint” using Encircle the number using CIRCLE command.
SAVE command.
9. Add title block.
3. Set up the paper size to A2 (594 x 420) use RECTANG and LINE command to create title block.
Right click on Layout1 tab and select Page Setup Manager. Draw the projection symbol using LINE and CIRCLE command.
Choose Modify from the Dialogue box and select Paper size as ISO Add title of the drawing in the title block using MTEXT command.
A2 (594 x 420).
10. Add bill of materials.
4. Draw the front view, top view and side view of the assembled machine part. Create table using TABLE command.
Use LINE, RECTANG, CIRCLE and ARC commands to draw the Edit and add text in the table by double clicking inside the cell.
basic shapes.
11. Print the drawing to suitable scale.
Use COPY, MIRROR, and OFFSET to make multiple copies of the
Use PLOT command to display Plot dialogue box.
objects.
Select correct Printer, Paper size and Scale. Click OK to take print
Use EXPLODE, EXTEND, TRIM, FILLET, CHAMFER and SCALE
out.
commands to modify and remove the unwanted portions in the
drawing. Result :
Use MOVE, ROTATE and ALIGN commands to properly assemble The assemble views of MACHINE VICE are drawn with sectioning,
the various parts in the assembly. dimensions and bill of materials using CAD software. The print out of the
5. Change the colour and linetype (Hidden line, Center line, etc.) of the objects. drawing is taken.
To change colour : Select the required objects and choose suitable
colour from the Properties panel.

109
 To change linetype : Select the required objects and choose suitable
Ex. No.6. CREATING ASSEMBLED VIEWS OF linetype from the Properties panel.
PROTECTED TYPE FLANGED COUPLING 6. Create hatching in the sectional view.
Aim : Use BHATCH command to display Hatch and Gradient dialogue box.
To draw the assembled views of PROTECTED TYPE FLANGED Select Pattern = ANSI31, Angle = 0 and Scale = 10 for single
COUPLING using CAD software. hatching.
Click Add Pick points, select a point inside an area to be hatched
Requirements : and press Enter.
Hardware : PC with Pentium-IV Processor, 2GB RAM, 120 GB Change the value of Angle and Scale for hatching adjacent parts.
Hard disk, Graphics card, etc. 7. Create dimension in the assembly drawing.
Operating System : Windows XP or Higher Set the dimension style using DDIM command.
Software : AutoCAD 2010 or Higher Use DIMLINEAR command to create linear dimensions.
Use DIMDIA command to create diameter dimensions.
Procedure : Use DIMRAD command to create radius dimensions.
1. Open AutoCAD application software. Use DIMANG command to create angular dimensions.
Click Windows Start button ➤ All Programs ➤ Autodesk ➤
8. Name the parts in the assembly drawing.
AutoCAD 2010 - English
Use QLEADER command to create leader line and type the part
2. Create a New Drawing File number as MTEXT.
Type NEW in command window and select “acad.dwt” file. Encircle the number using CIRCLE command.
Save the drawing with a file name “sleeve and cotter joint” using
9. Add title block.
SAVE command.
use RECTANG and LINE command to create title block.
3. Set up the paper size to A2 (594 x 420) Draw the projection symbol using LINE and CIRCLE command.
Right click on Layout1 tab and select Page Setup Manager. Add title of the drawing in the title block using MTEXT command.
Choose Modify from the Dialogue box and select Paper size as ISO
10. Add bill of materials.
A2 (594 x 420).
Create table using TABLE command.
4. Draw the front view, top view and side view of the assembled machine part. Edit and add text in the table by double clicking inside the cell.
Use LINE, RECTANG, CIRCLE and ARC commands to draw the
11. Print the drawing to suitable scale.
basic shapes.
Use PLOT command to display Plot dialogue box.
Use COPY, MIRROR, and OFFSET to make multiple copies of the
Select correct Printer, Paper size and Scale. Click OK to take print
objects.
out.
Use EXPLODE, EXTEND, TRIM, FILLET, CHAMFER and SCALE
commands to modify and remove the unwanted portions in the Result :
drawing. The assemble views of PROTECTED TYPE FLANGED COUPLING are
Use MOVE, ROTATE and ALIGN commands to properly assemble drawn with sectioning, dimensions and bill of materials using CAD software.
the various parts in the assembly. The print out of the drawing is taken.
5. Change the colour and linetype (Hidden line, Center line, etc.) of the objects.
To change colour : Select the required objects and choose suitable
colour from the Properties panel.

113
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