Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Building Science II
L e c t u r e 2
Sun as Heating Device
Sun Movement & Shading
Principles of Solar Angles
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The Sun
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Earth Axis
Solar Position
Darkness
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The Seasons
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The Seasons
If you live near the equator, no seasons
except summer
Countries with 4 seasons: Canada, Australia,
China, France, UK, Korea, Romania, Switzerland, Greece
Opposite Seasons
At North Pole, Sun stays up for At North Pole, Sun stays down for
6 months (182 straight days) during 6 months (182 straight days) during
Summer Winter.
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The Seasons
For North or South Pole, there are two very long seasons:
-sun stays up all summer
-sun stays down all winter
The Solstices
(21 June):
longest daylight hours of the year
12 + 12 hours (equal)
Sun is exactly
overhead at a point on
the equatorial line.
(21 December): 冬至 Equinoxes occur twice
shortest daylight hours of the year a year:
21 March and
23 September.
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The Equinoxes
The Earth is neither tilted directly towards nor
directly away from the Sun. Both hemispheres
received equal amounts of sunlight.
Equinoxes mark the seasons of Spring and Autumn.
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Spring
Summer
Autumn
Winter
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Latitude
San Diego is 33° North of the equator and Sydney is 33° South of the equator.
When it’s Spring in U.S, it is Autumn in Australia and vice versa.
When it’s Winter in U.S, it is Summer in Australia.
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Earth-Sun Geometry
the Earth is closest to the Sun in January(perihelion)
and farthest from the Sun in July (aphelion).
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The Atmosphere
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Solar Irradiance
Power per unit area produced by Sun in electromagnetic
radiation- watts per square meter (W/m2)
Greenland
Russia
US
Equator
Brazil
Africa
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Solar Insolation
Total amount of electromagnetic energy collected
on surface area within given time.
Unit: watt hour per sq metre (Wh/m2)
Equator Direct
2.5 times more energy
than poles (more
concentrated)
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Solar Insolation
The angle the sun’s rays make with the earth’s surface
also affects solar radiation levels. When the angle is
oblique, the rays are less intense.
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Solar Radiation
23.5° tilt
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Solar Insolation
When it is cloudy, the rays are diffused and even
less radiation reaches the earth’s surface. Shadows
are less severe and light is more even.
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Shadow Angles
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The best way to conceptualise a sun-path diagram such as the one shown
above is to liken it to a photograph of the sky, taken whilst lying on your back
looking straight up towards the zenith with a 180° fish eye lens. The paths
of the sun at different times of the year can then be projected onto this
flattened hemisphere (Figure 2).
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The generation of each sun-path line is done by determining the exact position of
the Sun as it passes through the sky in sub-hourly increments for each date - in
most cases on the 1st or 21st of each month. This is then projected from the sky
dome onto the flat image, as shown below.
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Sun Path
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Passive Design
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Passive Design
House orientation – positioning the house to allow
maximum sun in the winter and coolness in the summer.
Solar energy – using solar panels for water heating.
Use of structural elements - for example, wide eaves
protect from the sun in summer and provide increased
weather protection in winter.
Placement and glazing of windows – the larger
windows should face the sun to capture the warmth, and
use glazing and/or shading to stop heat escaping for
winter.
Ventilation – using window joinery that allows ventilation,
such as security catches allowing windows to remain
partially open, or vents in the joinery.
Insulation – to reduce heat loss.
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Sun Shading
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Sun Shading
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Sun Shading
Landscaping combined with
structural elements like
pergolas is effective
shading strategies for east
and west windows.
Shrubbery can shade
paved areas, reducing heat
radiated to the building.
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Living Awnings
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Vegetated Facade
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Sun Shading
Exterior shading device
Exterior devices and be both fixed and
adjustable.
There are two types:
1. Fixed shading device
2. Adjustable shading device
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Shading Coefficient
a value that determines one type of thermal performance
of a glass unit (panel or window) in a building.
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Solar Pergola
can aid in increasing the energy efficiency of houses.
Traditional pergolas use flat louvers, parallel to the
ground to provide semi shaded conditions
underneath pergola.
However, by positioning the pergola on the north
side of the house and placing louvers on the a low
angle, winter sun is able to penetrate through the
slats, increasing the amount of the light entering
windows on the north facing wall whilst blocking the
light from the high altitude, summer sun.
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Solar Pergola
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Plastic
cylinders
filled with
water
Insulating Shutter
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Roof Pond
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Why Southern
exposure in demand
in Northern
hemisphere?
Summer
Because both in
summer and winter,
the wall of house that
faces South Pole also
faces the Sun.
Winter
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Building Orientation
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Building Shape
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Building Exposure
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Design Solution
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