Electric Circuits & Networks Lectures by Dr.

Mithun Mondal 27/01/24, 9:00 AM

Electric Circuits & Networks

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Handout Lectures Tutorials

Introduction
Electric Circuit Analysis | Lecture - 4A | Superposition & Sou…
System of Units

Charge & Current

Voltage, Power, Energy,

Resistance, & Ohm's Law

Independent &
Dependent Sources

Electrical Networks

Ohmmeters

Ammeters

Voltmeters
Introduction
Electric circuits has led to an evolution from simple to complex circuits.
Wattmeters
To handle the complexity, engineers over the years have developed some theorems to simplify circuit analy
Basic Laws in Network
Analysis Such theorems include

Mesh & Nodal Analysis 1. Thevenin’s and Norton’s

Superposition & Source 2. Superposition

Transformation
3. Source transformation
Thevenin's & Norton's
4. Maximum power transfer
Theorem
Since these theorems are applicable to linear circuits, we first discuss the concept of circuit linearity
Maximum Power Transfer
Theorem

Fundamentals of
Linearity Property & Linear Circuits
Capacitors Linearity : property of an element describing a linear relationship between cause and effect.

Fundamentals of combination of homogeneity (scaling) + additivity property

Inductors
Homogeneity :
Natural Response of RC
Input (excitation) × K(constant) ⇒ Output (response) × K
Circuits
Ohm’s law
Natural Response of RL
V = IR ⇒ V × K = K × IR
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Electric Circuits & Networks Lectures by Dr. Mithun Mondal 27/01/24, 9:00 AM

V = IR ⇒ V × K = K × IR
Circuits & Singularity
Functions Additivity : response to a sum of inputs is the sum of the responses to each input applied separately

Step Response of RC v1 = i1 ⋅ R
Circuits v2 = i2 ⋅ R
v = (i1 + i2 ) R = i1 R + i2 R = v1 + v2
Step Response of RL
Circuits Linear circuit : output is linearly related (or directly proportional) to its input.

Natural Response of A resistor is a linear element because the voltage-current relationship satisfies both the homogeneity and t
Series RLC Circuits
A linear circuit consists of only linear elements, linear dependent sources, and independent sources
Natural Response of
Note: p = i2 R = v2 /R (making it a quadratic function rather than a linear one), the relationship between po
Parallel RLC Circuits
current) is nonlinear.
Step Response of RLC
Therefore, the theorems are not applicable to power.
Circuits

Sinusoidal & Phasors in

Superposition
AC Circuits
The idea of superposition rests on the linearity property
Phasor Representation of
Circuit Elements The superposition principle states that the voltage across (or current through) an element in a linear circuit
the voltages across (or currents through) that element due to each independent source acting alone.
Kirchoff's Laws in
Frequency Domain Helps to analyze a linear circuit with more than one independent source by calculating the contribution of e
separately
Sinusoidal Steady-State
Analysis Two things should be kept in mind:

Source Transformation, 1. consider one independent source at a time while all other independent sources are turned off.
Thevenin's and Norton's
replace every voltage source by 0 V (or a short circuit)
Theorems in FD
every current source by 0 A (or an open circuit)
Instantaneous & Average
Power 2. Dependent sources are left intact because they are controlled by circuit variables.

Complex Power in AC Steps to Apply Superposition Principle :

Circuits
1. Turn off all independent sources except one source. Find the output (voltage or current) due to that ac
AC Power Conservation technique
& Power Factor
Correction 2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent sources

Balanced Three-Phase 3. Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the contributions due to the independent source
Circuits
Note: superposition is based on linearity so not applicable to the effect on power due to each source.
Three-Phase Circuit
If the power value is needed, the current through (or voltage across) the element must be calculated first us
Connections

Power in Balanced
Three-Phase Systems

Unbalanced Three-Phase
Systems

Three-Phase Power
Measurement by two-
wattmeter

Magnetically Coupled
Circuits

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Electric Circuits & Networks Lectures by Dr. Mithun Mondal 27/01/24, 9:00 AM

Introduction to Laplace
Transform

Inverse laplace
Transform

Convolution Integral

Integro-Differential
Equations using Laplace

Circuit Analysis Using Source Transformation

Laplace
Based on concept of equivalence recalling that an equivalent circuit is one whose v-i characteristics are iden
Transfer Function circuit.

Frequency Response Source transformation is the process of replacing a Vs in series with R by Is in parallel with R, or vice versa
Using Transfer Function

Bode-Plots for Frequency

Response

Series-Resonance

Parallel Resonance

Two circuits have same voltage-current relation at terminals a-b

If the sources are turned off, the equivalent resistance at terminals a-b in both circuits is R.

source transformation requires

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