juk; - 12, 13

nghUspay;
nghUspay;

re;ijr; rkepiy
juk;juk;
12, - 13
12, 13
Nju;r;rp kl;l;lk; - 2.11

re;ijr; rkepiy jPHkhdpf;fg;gLk; tpjj;ij tpgupj;jy;

Nghl;br; re;ij xd;wpy; nfhs;tdthsuJk; tpw;gidahsuJk; vjpHghHf;iffs; rkg;gLk; re;jHgNk

re;ij rkepiyahFk;. mjhtJ cr;r gaid Nehf;fhff; nfhz;l EfHNthUk;> cr;r ,yhgj;ij
Nehf; f hf; nfhz; l tpw; g idahsUk; rkurk; mile; J gupkhw; w j; j py; <LgLk; epiy re; i j
rkdpiy MFk;.

 re;ij rkdpiy xd;wpd; epge;jidfs;

 vjpHghHf;fg;gLk; Nfs;tp tpiyiaAk; vjpHghHf;fg;gLk; epuk;gy; tpiyAk;

rkdhf ,Uj;jy;

 vjpHghHf;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpj;njhifAk; vjpHghHf;Fk; epuk;gy; njhifAk; rkdhf ,Uj;jy;

 kpiff; Nfs;tpj;njhifAk;> kpif epuk;gy; njhifAk; g+r;rpakhf fhzg;gly;

 kpiff; Nfs;tp tpiyAk; kpiff; epuk;gy; tpiyAk; g+r;rpakhf ,Uj;jy;

 EfHNthH nryTk; tpw;gidahsH tUkhdKk; rkdhf ,Uj;jy;

 ,t;thwhd re;ijr; rkepiy cz;ikahd xd;W my;y khwhf vjpHghHf;Fk; epiy MFk;

 re;ij epiyikfis fhl;Lk;

 re;ij rkepiy vg;NghJk; jhdhf Vw;gLk; xd;whFk;

1. Nfs;tp - epuk;gy; ml;ltiz %yk;

re;ijr; rkepiyapidf; fhl;Lk; gy;NtW Kiwfs;

tpiy Nfs;tpj;njhif epuk;gy; njhif

5 500 200
10 300 300

15 100 400

njhFg;G : jpU.A.gpughfud;, MrpupaH - nghUspay;, (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpaurH fy;Y}up> ,sthiy)

fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU.f.Ffjhrd; MrpupaH - j.njh.njh (fpsp/Gdpj gw;wpkh Nwh.f.j.f ghlrhiy> cUj;jpuGuk;)
juk;juk;
12, - 13
12, 13
2. tiuglk; %yk;
NkNy cs;s ml;ltizg;gb tiuig Nehf;fpd;

tpiy

10 E

njhif
300

3. rkd;ghl;bd; %yk;
NkNy cs;s ml;ltizapd; rkd;ghl;il Nehf;fpd;

QD=a - bp
QS = a + bp B:
500 = a—40 X 5 B:
500 = a - 200 = 200 = a + 20 X 5

500 + 200 = a 200 = a + 100 =

700 = a = 40 200—100 = a

Qd = 700-40P 100 = a = 20
QS = 100 + 20P

vdNt rkepiy

QD = QS
700 - 40P = 100 + 20P
700 - 100 = 20P + 40P
600 = 60P
600/60 = P
10 = P
rkepiy tpiy 10/= MFk;

njhFg;G : jpU.A.gpughfud;, MrpupaH - nghUspay;, (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpaurH fy;Y}up> ,sthiy)

fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU.f.Ffjhrd; MrpupaH - j.njh.njh (fpsp/Gdpj gw;wpkh Nwh.f.j.f ghlrhiy> cUj;jpuGuk;)
juk;juk;
12, - 13
12, 13
vdNt rkepiy njhif

QD = 700 - 40P QS = 100 - 20P

QD = 700 - 40 X 10 = 100 - 20 X 10
= 700 - 400 = 100 + 200
= 300 = 300

gpd;tUk; ml;ltiz %yk; Nkw;$wpa re;ijr; rkepiy xd;wpd; epge;jidfspy; $wg;gl;l vz;zf;
fUit Nehf;FNthk;

tpiy Nfs;tpj;njhif epuk;gy; njhif

2 500 100

4 400 200

6 300 300

8 200 400

10 100 500

kpiff; Nfs;tpj; njhif = Nfs;tpj;njhif - epuk;gy; njhif

2/= tpiyapy; = 500 - 100
= 400 myFfs;

kpiff; epuk;gy; njhif = epuk;gy; njhif - Nfs;tpj;njhif

8/= tpiyapy; = 400 - 200
= 200 myFfs;

kpiff; Nfs;tp tpiy = Nfs;tpf;Fupa tpiy - epuk;gYf;Fupa tpiy

200 myfpw;FupaJ = 8 - 4
= 4/=

njhFg;G : jpU.A.gpughfud;, MrpupaH - nghUspay;, (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpaurH fy;Y}up> ,sthiy)

fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU.f.Ffjhrd; MrpupaH - j.njh.njh (fpsp/Gdpj gw;wpkh Nwh.f.j.f ghlrhiy> cUj;jpuGuk;)
juk;juk;
12, - 13
12, 13

kpif epuk;gy; tpiy = epuk;gYf;Fupa tpiy - Nfs;tpf;Fupa tpiy

500 myfpw;FupaJ = 10 - 2
= 8/=

re; i j r; rkepiy tpi y 6/= myFfs; 300 M Fk; . ,e; epiyapy;

kpiff;Nfs;tp msNth> kpif epuk;gy; msNth g+r;rpak; vd;gJk; kpiff;
Nfs;tp tpiyNah> kpif epuk;gy; tpiyNah g+r;rpak; vd;gJk; ftdpf;fg;gl
Ntz;baJ.

Nkw;$wpa vz;zf;fis tiugluPjpahf Nehf;FNthkhapd;

tpiy
S

100 200 300 400 500 njhif

2/= tpiyapy; kpiff;Nfs;tp msT = Nfs;tp msT - epuk;gy; msT

= 500 - 100
= 400 myFfs;

2/= tpiyapy; kpif epuk;gy; msT = epuk;gy; msT - Nfs;tp msT

= 100 - 500
= -400 myFfs;

njhFg;G : jpU.A.gpughfud;, MrpupaH - nghUspay;, (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpaurH fy;Y}up> ,sthiy)

fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU.f.Ffjhrd; MrpupaH - j.njh.njh (fpsp/Gdpj gw;wpkh Nwh.f.j.f ghlrhiy> cUj;jpuGuk;)
juk;juk;
12, - 13
12, 13

8/= tpiyapy; kpiff;Nfs;tp msT = Nfs;tp msT - epuk;gy; msT

= 200 - 400
= -200 myFfs;

8/= tpiyapy; kpif epuk;gy; msT = epuk;gy; msT - Nfs;tp msT

= 400 - 200
= 200 myFfs;

tpiy

S
10

2
D

200 300 500 njhif

200 myF Nfs;tpj;njhiff;Fupa kpif Nfs;tp tpiy = Nfs;tpapd; tpiy - epuk;gy; tpiy
= 8 - 4
= 4/=

500 myF epuk;gy; njhiff;Fupa kpif epuk;gy; tpiy = epuk;gy; tpiy - Nfs;tp tpiy
= 10 - 2
= 8/=

njhFg;G : jpU.A.gpughfud;, MrpupaH - nghUspay;, (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpaurH fy;Y}up> ,sthiy)

fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU.f.Ffjhrd; MrpupaH - j.njh.njh (fpsp/Gdpj gw;wpkh Nwh.f.j.f ghlrhiy> cUj;jpuGuk;)
juk;juk;
12, - 13
12, 13
kpiff; Nfs;tp msT> kpif epuk;gy; msT vd;gtw;iw tiugl uPjpahf fhl;Ltjhapd;

tpiy
kp.epuk;gy;

6 rkepiy tpiy

kp.Nfs;tp

0 njhif

,t; vz;zf;fUit Gjpa cjhuz tiugl uPjpahf Nehf;FNthkhapd;

tpiy

20

10 D

300 500 700 njhif

10/= tpiyapy; kpiff;Nfs;tp msT = Nfs;tp msT - epuk;gy; msT

= 700 - 300
= 400 myFfs;

10/= tpiyapy; kpif epuk;gy; msT = epuk;gy; msT - Nfs;tp msT

= 300 - 700
= -400 myFfs;

njhFg;G : jpU.A.gpughfud;, MrpupaH - nghUspay;, (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpaurH fy;Y}up> ,sthiy)

fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU.f.Ffjhrd; MrpupaH - j.njh.njh (fpsp/Gdpj gw;wpkh Nwh.f.j.f ghlrhiy> cUj;jpuGuk;)
juk;juk;
12, - 13
12, 13

tpiy

S
30

20

300 500 700 njhif

30/= tpiyapy; kpiff;Nfs;tp msT = Nfs;tp msT - epuk;gy; msT

= 300 - 700
= -400 myFfs;

30/= tpiyapy; kpif epuk;gy; msT = epuk;gy; msT - Nfs;tp msT

= 700 - 300
= 400 myFfs;

,jd; mbg;gilapy; jdpj;J kpiff; Nfs;tp> kpif epuk;gy; tisapfis Nehf;fpd;

tpiy tpiy
kp.ep
30 30
re;ijr; rkepiy tpiy
20
20 rkepiy tpiy
10 kp.Nf 10

-400 0 +400 njhif 0 njhif

-400 +400

njhFg;G : jpU.A.gpughfud;, MrpupaH - nghUspay;, (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpaurH fy;Y}up> ,sthiy)

fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU.f.Ffjhrd; MrpupaH - j.njh.njh (fpsp/Gdpj gw;wpkh Nwh.f.j.f ghlrhiy> cUj;jpuGuk;)
juk;juk;
12, - 13
12, 13

kp.ep
30

20 rkepiy tpiy

10
kp.Nf

-400 +400 njhif

kpiff; Nfs;tp rkd;ghL> kpif epuk;gy; rkd;ghL vd;gtw;iw Nehf;FNthkhapd;> Nkw;$wpa

ml;ltizapd; gb rkd;ghLfis nfhz;L Nehf;FNthk;

QD = 600 - 50P QS = 50P

kpiff; Nfs;tpr; rkd;ghL kpif epuk;gy; rkd;ghL
ED = QD—QS ES = QS—QD
= 600 - 50P— (50P) = 50P-(600-50P)
= 600—50P—50P = 50P-600+50P
= 600—100P = 600+100P

vdNt rkepiyapy; kpiff; Nfs;tp> kpif epuk;gy; msTfs; g+r;rpak; vd;gjid epWt KbAk;.

ED = 600-100 P ES = -600 + 100 P

0 = 600 - 100 P 0= -600 + 100 P

600 = - 100 P 600 = 100P

6=P 6=P

njhFg;G : jpU.A.gpughfud;, MrpupaH - nghUspay;, (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpaurH fy;Y}up> ,sthiy)

fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU.f.Ffjhrd; MrpupaH - j.njh.njh (fpsp/Gdpj gw;wpkh Nwh.f.j.f ghlrhiy> cUj;jpuGuk;)
juk;juk;
12, - 13
12, 13

re;ij rkepiyapy; EfHNthd; kpifAk; cw;gj;jpahsH kpifAk;

EfHNthd; kpif:

re;ijr; rkepiyapy; EfHNthd; nfhs;tdT nra;aj; jahuhd tpiyf;Fk; nfhs;tdT nra;j

rkepiy tpiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghL EfHNthd; kpifahFk;.

P1
E.kpif
S

E
P

0 Q D

EfHNthH nfhs;tdT nra;aj; jahuhd gpuNjrk; - OP1EQ

EfHNthH nfhs;tdT nra;j gpuNjrk; - OPEQ
EfHNthH kpif - PP1E

,jid Nkw;$wpa rkd;ghl;il mbg;gilahf Nehf;fpd;

EfHNthH kpif = 1/2 X nfhs;tdT rkepiyj; njhif X (EfHNthupd; Mff; $ba

tpiy - rkepiy tpiy)
= 1/2 X 300 X (12-6)
=1/2 X 300 X 6
= 900/=

njhFg;G : jpU.A.gpughfud;, MrpupaH - nghUspay;, (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpaurH fy;Y}up> ,sthiy)

fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU.f.Ffjhrd; MrpupaH - j.njh.njh (fpsp/Gdpj gw;wpkh Nwh.f.j.f ghlrhiy> cUj;jpuGuk;)
juk;juk;
12, - 13
12, 13

cw;gj;jpahsH kpif:

re;ijr; rkepiy tpiyapy; tpw;gidahsH tpw;gid nra;j tpiyf;Fk; tpw;gid nra;aj; jahud
tpiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd kpif cw;gj;jpahsH kpif vdg;gLk;

6 cw;gj;jpahsH kpif

0 300 D

cw;gj;jpahsH kpif = 1/2 rkepiyj; njhif X (rkepiy tpiy - tpw;gidahsupd; Mf

Fiwe;j tpiy)
=1/2 X 300 X (6 - 0 )
=1/2 X 300 X 6
= 900/=

njhFg;G : jpU.A.gpughfud;, MrpupaH - nghUspay;, (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpaurH fy;Y}up> ,sthiy)

fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU.f.Ffjhrd; MrpupaH - j.njh.njh (fpsp/Gdpj gw;wpkh Nwh.f.j.f ghlrhiy> cUj;jpuGuk;)