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Topic 2 - MEASUREMENT
Topic 2 - MEASUREMENT
Mathematics is the universal language that transcends borders and cultures, providing a structured and
systematic way to understand and quantify the world around us. One of the most fundamental applications of
mathematics is in the measurement of various physical quantities. In this discussion, we will delve into the
world of mathematical measurement, exploring its significance and applications in measuring time, length,
mass, volume, perimeter, and area.
Time
Time is a concept that has intrigued humanity for millennia. Math plays a critical role in measuring time, and
the standard unit, the second, is defined in terms of atomic vibrations. The use of mathematical principles in
timekeeping has led to the development of accurate and sophisticated time measurement devices, such as
atomic clocks. The ability to measure time with precision has transformed fields ranging from physics to daily
life, with applications in space exploration, telecommunications, and even global positioning systems.
What Is Time?
In math, time can be defined as an ongoing and continuous sequence of events that occur in succession, from
past through the present, and to the future.
Time is used to quantify, measure, or compare the duration of events or the intervals between them, and even,
sequence events.
We measure time in seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months and years with clocks and calendars.
A day has 24 hours. We use A.M. to tell the time running from midnight to noon and P.M. for the time running
from noon to midnight.
We do not write A.M. or P.M. at 12 o’clock in the afternoon and 12 o’clock at midnight. 12 o’clock at noon is
written as 12 noon and 12 o’clock at midnight is written as 12 midnight.
The hour hand, the shorter of the two hands, completes 1 rotation (360°) in 12 hours in a normal 12-
hour analog. The minute hand, the longer hand, completes 1 rotation through 360° in 60 minutes.
2. Digital Clock or the 24-hour clock
Generally, we use the 12-hour clock to measure time. But railways, airlines, armed forces, and newspapers use
the 24-hour clock.
On the 24-hour clock, the hours from midnight to the next midnight are marked 0 to 24.
On a 24-hour clock, we use 4 digits.
The two digits on the right show the minutes past an hour.
The two digits on the left show the number of hours.
For example:
12:45 means it is 45 minutes past 12 hours
18:20 means it is 20 minutes past 18 hours
A day starts at midnight. So, the time at midnight is expressed as 00:00 hours.
The day ends at midnight. So, midnight is also expressed as 24:00 hours.
Rules for converting time on a 12-hour clock time to time on a 24-hour clock:
If the time is before 1:00 P.M, we write the same time.
6:20 A.M. is expressed as 06:20 hours
12:25 P.M. is expressed as 12:25 hours
If the time is beyond 1:00 P.M., we add 12 to the number of hours.
4:45 P.M. is expressed as 16:45 hours (4 + 12 = 16)
Conversion:
1 day = 24 hours
1 hour = 60 minutes
1 minute = 60 seconds
1 hour = 3600 seconds
Length
Length measurement is a fundamental aspect of mathematics that has applications in diverse fields, from
construction and engineering to science and art. The use of units such as meters, feet, and inches, and the
principles of geometry, trigonometry, and calculus, enable accurate length measurements. The introduction of
more advanced measurement tools, like lasers and GPS, has greatly enhanced our ability to measure lengths
precisely.
Outside of the mathematics class, context usually guides our choice of vocabulary: the length of a string,
the width of a doorway, the height of a flagpole, the depth of a pool. But in describing rectangles or brick-
shaped objects, the choice of vocabulary seems less clear.
Question: Should we label the two dimensions of a rectangle length and width; or width and height; or
even length and height? Is there a “correct” use of the terms length, width, height, and depth?
Slanted rectangle.
Height: When a rectangle is drawn with horizontal and vertical sides, the word height makes it clear which
dimension is meant; height labels how high (how tall) the rectangle is. That makes it easy to indicate the other
dimension—how wide the rectangle is from side to side—by using the word width. And if the side-to-side
measurement is greater than the height, calling it the length of the rectangle is also acceptable, as it creates no
confusion.
Three dimensions
When naming the dimensions of a three-dimensional figure, the only rule is make sense and be clear. It will
help to use labels.
When the figure is “level,” height clearly refers to the vertical dimension—how tall the figure is—regardless of
whether that dimension is greatest or least or something in between; length (if you use the word) refers to the
longer of the other two dimensions. But you may also refer to the other dimensions as width and depth (and
these are pretty much interchangeable, depending on what “seems” wide or deep about the figure). See these
examples.
When height would be unclear—for example if the figure is not “level” —people cannot know what
is meant by width, depth, or height without labels, although length is generally still assumed to refer to the
longest measurement on the figure. And, as in two dimensions, terms like “length,” “width,” and “height”
won’t feel natural or be clear for some shapes, like a tennis ball.
What’s in a word?
Length, width, height, and depth are nouns are derived from the adjectives long, wide, high, and deep. They
follow a common English pattern that involves a vowel change (often to a shorter vowel) and the addition of th.
(The lone t in height is modern. Obsolete forms include heighth and highth, and it is still common to hear
people pronounce it that way.)
Metric Length: Centimeter (cm), Millimeter (mm), Meter (m), Decimeter (dm), and Kilometer (km) are used
to measure how wide or long, or tall an object is.
“The metric length of the path that is travelled by light in a vaccum within 1⁄299792458 seconds”.
Kilometres
Nanometer
Millimetres
Centimetres
Meters
Decimeters
For understanding how big the metric units are, look at the table below:
Metric Example
Millimetre The thickness of a credit card or a plastic id card is about a millimetre thick
Centimetre A fingernail is about a centimetre wide
Examples include measuring the thickness or metric length of cloth, a debit card, or distance between 2 cities.
1 km = 1000 m
1 m = 100 cm
1 m = 1000 mm
1 cm = 10 mm
Mass
Measuring mass involves using mathematical concepts related to weight and gravitational force. Units such as
kilograms, pounds, and grams are used to quantify mass. Math helps us design and calibrate scales and
balances for precise measurements. Accurate mass measurements are crucial in industries like chemistry,
physics, and healthcare, ensuring the safety and efficacy of various processes and products.
Weight is the measure of how heavy an object is. Weight is measured in standard customary units.
The mass of an object is the amount of material it contains. Mass is measured in standard metric units.
For everyday purposes, when you're on the surface of the earth, the difference is not important. But if you
measure something on another planet, its mass will be the same as it is on earth—but its weight will be
different. (Weight depends on gravity, and gravity is different on other planets! This is why when you're
floating in space, you're weightless. You still have mass, though,)
Metric Units
The gram and kilogram are two units used to measure mass in the metric system.
From the gram, we get the rest of the metric units using the standard metric prefixes.
Volume
Volume, the amount of space occupied by an object or substance, can be measured using mathematical
principles. Units like liters, gallons, and cubic meters are employed. Geometry and calculus play a vital role in
determining the volume of complex shapes. Applications range from determining the volume of a liquid in a
container to calculating the volume of irregularly shaped objects in fields like architecture and engineering.
Every three-dimensional object occupies some space. This space is measured in terms of its volume.
Volume is defined as the space occupied within the boundaries of an object in three-dimensional space. It is
also known as the capacity of the object.
Finding the volume of an object can help us to determine the amount required to fill that object, like the amount
of water needed to fill a bottle, an aquarium or a water tank.
Cube
The next simple and common three-dimensional shape is the cube. It is identified by the unique property that
each side of the cube is of the same length. Some everyday examples of objects in the shape of a cube are dice,
Rubik’s cubes, sugar cubes, gift boxes, etc. The volume of a cube is calculated using the length of its side.
Volume of a Cube = a3, where a is the length of each side of the cube.
Cuboid
Cuboid shape is also referred to as the rectangular prism. In a cuboid, the length of the sides will vary. The
following notation is used to represent the sides of a cuboid.
Length = l
Breadth = b
Height = h
All these dimensions are used to calculate the volume of a cuboid. Common examples of cuboids are books,
shoe boxes, bricks, mattresses, etc.
Volume of a Cuboid = l x b x h
Cylinder
A cylinder is also a three-dimensional shape with circular bases and a height separating the two bases.
Everyday objects that are cylindrical include water bottles, buckets, candles, cans, etc. The volume of a
cylinder is calculated by measuring the radius of the base and the height.
Volume of a Cylinder = πr2h, where r is the radius of the base, and h is the height of the cylinder.
Cone
A cone is a three-dimensional shape that we commonly see around us. An ice-cream cone, a party hat, a funnel,
or a Christmas tree, all of these are examples of a cone. A cone is a distinctive three-dimensional geometric
figure that has a flat surface and a curved surface, pointed towards the top.
Volume of a Cone = 13πr2h, where r is the radius of the base of the cone, and h is the height of the cone from
the base to the top.
Volume Measurement
Volume is calculated for three-dimensional objects and hence is represented in cubic units or another format of
writing cubic unit; as this is commonly used (unit)³ such as cubic centimeters, cubic inch, cubic foot, cubic
meter, etc If the length or radius is measured in centimeters, then the volume is measured in cubic centimeters
(cm3). If the measurements are in meters, the volume is measured in cubic meters (m3).
When we measure the volume of liquids (for example, to find the volume of water that a cylindrical bottle can
hold), we have to change the values in cm3 or m3 into liters. The volume can be converted from liters to
centimeters using the following formula.
1 l = 1000 cm3
1 l = 1000 ml
1000 cm3 = 1000 ml
So, 1 cm3 = 1 ml
= 5 ✕ 4 = 20 cm
The given table summarizes the formulas to find the perimeter of some regular polygons:
Perimeter of An Irregular Shape
Since the sides of an irregular polygon may not all be the same in length, we use the general formula to
find the perimeter of an irregular shape.
Therefore,
Perimeter of irregular polygon = sum of all sides
Area
Area is the measure of the extent of a two-dimensional surface. Mathematical techniques like
integration, geometric formulas, and trigonometry are essential for area measurement. Whether
calculating the area of a room for flooring installation, a piece of land for real estate purposes, or
determining the surface area of complex shapes in physics, mathematics is indispensable.
Definition of Area
Area is defined as the total space taken up by a flat (2-D) surface or shape of an object.
The space enclosed by the boundary of a plane figure is called its area. The area of a figure is the
number of unit squares that cover the surface of a closed figure. Area is measured in square units like
cm² and m². Area of a shape is a two dimensional quantity.
The term “area” refers to the space inside the boundary or perimeter of a closed shape. The geometry of
such a shape contains at least three sides joined together to form a boundary. Symbolic representation of
such space in mathematics refers to the “area” formula. To represent and draw real-life objects,
designers and architects use different shapes such as circle, triangle, quadrilateral, and polygon.
The invention of the wheel was the prime step of translating objects into geometric shapes. In the early
days, the interpretation of “area” using a formula for geometric shapes evolved from the experiments
conducted by Archimedes.