Case Solutions for Winninghams

Critical Thinking Cases in Nursing 6th

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 All iagde and frounst, with diuers colours deckt,
They swere, they curse, and drinke, till they be fleckt.

26.

They hate all such as these theyr maners hate,

Which reason would no wiseman should allowe,
With these I dwelt, lamenting mine estate,
Till at the length they had got knowledge, howe
I was exilde, because I did avow
A false complaynt against my trusty friende,
For which they namde me traytour, still vnhende.[361]

27.

That what for shame and what for werines[362]

I stale fro thence,[363] and went to Venise towne,[364]
Where as I found more ease and friendlines,[365]
But greater griefe:[366] for now the great renowne
Of Bolenbroke, whom I would haue put downe,
Was waxt so great in Britayne and in Fraunce,
That Venise through, eche man did him auaunce.

28.

Thus lo, his glory grewe through great despite,[367]

And I thereby encreased in defame:
Thus enuy euer doth her most acquite[368]
With trouble, anguish, sorrow, smart, and shame,
But sets the vertues of her foe in flame:[369]
Like water waues which clense the muddy stone,
And soyles themselues by beating[370] thereupon.

29.

Or eare I had soiournd there a yeare,

Straunge tidinges came hee was to England gone,
Had tane the king, and that which touched him neare,
Imprisoned him with other of his fone,
And made him yeelde him vp his crowne, and throne:
When I these thinges for true by search had tryed,
Griefe gript mee so, I pinde away and dyed.

30.

Note here the end of pride, see flatteries fine,

Marke the rewarde of enuy and [false] complaynt,
And warne all people from them to decline,
Lest likely fault doe finde the like attaynt:
Let this my life to them bee a restraynt:
By other’s harmes who listeth take no heede,
Shall by his owne learne other better reede.

T. Ch.[371]
 This tragicall example was of all the company well liked, howbee
it a doubt was found therein, and that by meanes of the diuersity of
the chronicles: for whereas Hall (whose chronicle in this worke wee
chiefly followed) maketh Mowbrey appellant and Bolinbroke
defendant, Fabian reporteth the matter quite contrary, and that by
record of the parliament roll, wherein it is playne that Bolinbroke was
appellant and Mowbrey defendant.[372] Wherefore whatsoeuer shall
bee sayde here in the person of Mowbrey, (who being a most noble
prince, had too much wrong to bee so causeles defamed after his
death) imagine that to bee spoken agaynst his accuser. Which
matter[373] sith it is more hard to decide than needefull to our
purpose, which minde only to disswade from vices and exalt vertue,
wee referre to such as may come by the recordes of the actes of the
parliament,[374] contented in the meane while with Maister Halle’s
iudgement, which maketh best for[375] our forshewed purpose. This
doubt thus let passe. “I would,” sayde Maister Ferrers, “say
somewhat for king Richard,[376] after whose depriuing, his
brother[377] and diuers others made a maske, minding by king[378]
Henrye’s destruction to haue restored him, which masker’s matter so
runneth in this, that I doubt which ought to goe before, but seeing no
man is ready to say ought in theyr behalfe, I will giue (who so listeth)
leasure to looke[379] therevpon, and in the meane time to furder your
enterprise, I will in king Richarde’s behalfe[380] recount such part of
his story as I thinke most necessary. And therefore imagine Baldwine
that you see the corps of this prince all[381] to be mangled with blewe
woundes, lying pale and wan, all naked vpon the cold stones in[382]
Paule’s church, the people standing round about him, and making
his complaynt in manner as followeth.”[383]
How King Richard the second was for
his euill gouernaunce deposed from
his seate, in the yeare 1399, and
murdered in prison[384] the yeare
following.
1.

Happy is the prince, that hath in welth the grace

To followe vertue, keeping vices vnder,[385]
But woe to him whose will hath wisdome’s place:
For who so renteth right and lawe asunder,
On him at length all the worlde shall wonder:
High byrth, choyce fortune, force, nor princely mace,[386]
Can warrant king or keyser fro the case:
[Shame sueth sinne, as rayne drops doe the thunder:[387]
Let princes therefore vertuous life embrace,[388]
That wilfull pleasures[389] cause them not to blunder.]

2.

Behold my hap, see how the seely rout

On mee doo gaze,[390] and ech to other say:
See where hee lyeth, but late that was so stout,[391]
Loe how the power, the pride, and rich aray
Of mighty rulers[392] lightly fade away:
The king, which erst kept all the realme in doute,
The veriest rascall now dare checke and floute:[393]
[What moulde bee kinges made of, but carion clay?[394]
 Behold his woundes how blew they bee about,
Which while hee liued, thought[395] neuer to decay.]

3.

Mee thinke I heare the people thus deuise:

Wherefore, Baldwine, sith thou wilt declare[396]
How princes fell, to make the liuing wise,
My lawlesse life[397] in no poynt see thou spare,
But paynt it out, that rulers may beware
Good counsayle, lawe, or vertue to despise:
For realmes haue rules, and rulers haue a sise,
[Which if they breake, thus much to say I dare[398]
That eyther’s griefes the other shall agrise
Till one[399] bee lost, the other brought to care.]

4.

I was a king, who ruled all by lust,

Forcing but light of[400] justice, right,[401] or lawe,
Putting alwayes flatterers false in trust,[402]
Ensuing such[403] as could my vices clawe,
By faythfull counsayle passing not an hawe,[404]
As pleasure prickt, so needes obay I must:
Hauing delight to feede and serue the gust,[405]
[Three meales a day could scarse content my mawe:[406]
Mee liked least to torney or to just,
To Venus sport my fancy did mee[407] drawe:][408]

5.

Which to mayntayne, my people were sore polde[409]

With fines, fifteenes, and loanes by way of prest,[410]
Blanke charters,[411] othes, and shiftes not knowne of
olde,
For which the commons[412] did mee sore detest:[413]
I also solde the noble towne[414] of Brest,
My fault wherein because mine vncle tolde,
[(For prince’s actes may no wise bee[415] controlde)]
I found the meanes his bowels to vnbrest,[416]
[The worthy peeres, which his cause did vpholde[417]
With long exile, or cruell death opprest.][418]

6.

None ayde I lackt in[419] any wicked deede,

For gaping gulles whome I promoted had,
Would furder all in hope of higher meede:
There can no king imagine[420] ought so bad,
But shall finde some that will[421] performe it glad:[422]
For sicknes seldome doth so swiftly breede,
As humours ill doe growe[423] the griefe to feede:
[Thus kinge’s estates of all bee worst[424] bestad,
Abusde in welth, abandoned at neede,
And nerest harme when they bee least adrad.]

7.

My life and death the trueth of this hath tryde:[425]

For while I fought in Ireland with my foes,
Mine vncle Edmund[426] whome I left to guide
My realme at home, rebelliously arose
Percyes to helpe,[427] which plied my depose:[428]
And calde fro Fraunce earle Bolenbroke, whom I
Exiled had for ten yeares there to lye:[429]
[Who cruelly did put to death all those[430]
That in mine ayde durst looke but once awrye,
Whose numbre was but slender I suppose.][431]

8.
For comming backe this soden stur[432] to stay,
The earle of Worcester whome[433] I trusted moste,
(Whiles I in Wales at Flint my castle[434] lay,
Both to refresh and multiply myne hoste)
There[435] in my hall, in sight of least and most,[436]
His staffe did breake, which was my householde stay,
[437]
Bad ech make shift, and rode himselfe away:
[See princes, see the strength whereof wee bost,
Whom most wee trust, at neede doe vs betray:
Through whose false fayth my land and life I lost.][438]

9.

My stuard false, thus being fled and gone,

My seruants sly shranke of on euery side,
Then caught I was and led vnto my foen,
Who for theyr prince no pallace did prouide,
But pryson strong, where Henry puft with pride
Causde mee resigne my kingly state and throne:[439]
And so forsaken and left as post[440] alone,
[These hollow friendes, by Henry soone espyed,
Became suspect, and fayth was giuen to none,
Which caused them from fayth agayne to slyde.][441]

10.

And strayt conspyrde[442] theyr newe king[443] to put

downe,
And to that end a solemp[444] oth they swore,
To render mee my royall seate[445] and crowne:
Whereof themselues depriued mee before:
But late medcynes can help no sothbynde sore:[446]
When swelling flouds haue ouer flowen the towne,
To late it is to saue them that shall drowne:
[Till sayles bee spred a ship may keepe the shore,
No anker holde can keepe the vessel downe,
With streme and stere perforce it will bee bore.][447]

11.

For though the peeres set Henry in his state,[448]

Yet could they not displace him thence agayne:
And where they easely depriued[449] mee of late,[450]
They could restore mee by no manner payne:[451]
Thinges hardly mend, but may bee mard amayne,
And when a man is fallen in[452] froward fate,
Still mischiefs light one on[453] another’s pate:
[And meanes well meant all mishaps[454] to restrayne
Waxe wretched mones, whereby his ioyes abate,
Due proofe whereof in this appeared playne.][455]

12.

For whan the king did know[456] that for my cause,

His lordes in maske[457] would kill him on a night,[458]
To dash all doubtes hee tooke no farder pause,
But Pierce of Exton, a cruell murdering[459] knight,
To Pomfret castle sent him, armed bright,[460]
Who causelesse kild mee there against all lawes,[461]
Thus lawles life to lawles death ey drawes:
[Wherefore bid kinges bee rulde and rule by right:
Who worketh his will, and shunneth wisedome’s
sawes,
In snares of woe, ere hee bee ware, shall light.][462]

G. F.[463]
 [When hee had[464] ended this so woefull a tragedy,[465] and to
all princes a right worthy[466] instruction, wee paused:[467] hauing
passed through a miserable time full of piteous tragedies. And
seeing the raigne of Henry the fourth ensued, a man[468] more
wary[469] and prosperous in his doings, although not vntroubled with
warres both of outforth and inward enemies, wee began to searche
what peeres[470] were fallen therein, whereof the nombre was not
small: and yet because theyr examples were not much to be noted
for our purpose, we passed ouer al the maskers (of whom king
Richard’s brother was chief) which were all slayn and put to death for
theyr trayterous attempt. And finding Owen Glendour next, one of
fortune’s owne whelpes, and the Percies his confederates, I thought
them vnmeete to be ouerpassed, and[471] therefore sayd thus to the
sylent company: “What my maisters is euery man at once in a
browne study? hath no man affection to any of these stories? you
minde so much some other belike, that these doe not moue you: and
to say the[472] truth, there is no speciall cause why they should.
[473]How be it Owen Glendour, because he was one of fortune’s

owne darlings, and affected to bee prince[474] of Wales, although to

his owne mischiefe and destruction, rather then he should bee
forgotten, I wil take vpon mee (by your fauour) to say somewhat in
his personne:[475] which[476] Owen comming out of the wilde
mountaynes of Wales like the image of death in all poyntes (his harte
onely excepted) as a ghost forpined with extreame famine, cold, and
hunger, may lament his great misfortune after[477] this manner.”][478]
How Owen Glendour seduced by false
prophesies, tooke vpon him to bee
Prince of Wales, and was by Henry
Prince[479] of England chased[480] to
the mountaynes, where hee miserably
died for lack of foode.[481] Anno 1401.
[482]

1.

I pray thee, Baldwine, sith thou doest entende

To shewe the fall[483] of such as climbe to hie,
Remember mee, whose miserable end
May teach a man his vicious life to flye,[484]
Oh fortune, fortune, out on thee,[485] I crye:
My liuely corps thou hast made leane and slender,
For lacke of foode, whose name was Owen Glendour.
[486]

2.

A Welshman borne,[487] and of the Troyan bloud,[488]

But ill brought vp, whereby full well I finde,
That neyther byrth nor linage make vs good,[489]
Though it bee true that cat will after kinde:
Fleshe gendreth fleshe, but not the soule or minde,[490]
They gender not, but fouly doe degender,
 When men to vice from vertue them surrender.[491]

3.

Each thing by nature tendeth to the same

Whereof it came, and is disposed like:
Downe sinkes the mould, vp mounts the fiery flame,
With horne the hart, with hoofe the horse doth strike,
The wolfe doth spoile, the suttle foxe doth pike,
And to conclude,[492] no fishe, fleshe, foule or plant,
Of their true dame the property doth want.[493]

4.

But as for men, sith seuerally they haue

A minde, whose maners are by learning made,
Good bringing vp all only doth them saue
In honest actes,[494] which with their parents fade:
So that true gentry standeth in the trade
Of vertuous life,[495] not in the fleshely line:
For bloud is brute, but gentry is deuine.

5.

Experience doth cause mee thus to say,

And that the rather for my countreymen,
Which vaunt and boast themselues aboue the day,
If they may straine their stocke fro[496] worthy men:
Which let bee true, are they the better than?
Nay far the worse, if so they bee not good,
For why, they staine the bewty of their blood.

6.

How would wee mocke the burden bearing mule,

If hee would brag hee were an horse’s sonne,
To presse his pride[497] (might nothing else him rule)
His boastes to proue no more but bid him run:
The horse for swiftnes hath his glory wonne:
The mule[498] could neuer[499] the more aspyer,
Though hee should proue that Pegas was[500] his sier.

7.

Each man may[501] crake of that which was[502] his

owne,
Our parents’ vertues are theirs,[503] and no whit ours:[504]
Who therefore will of noble birth[505] bee knowne,
Ought[506] shine in vertue like his auncestours:
Gentry consisteth not in landes and towers:
Hee is a churle, though all the world were his,[507]
Yea Arthur’s heyre, if that hee liue amis.

8.

For vertuous life a gentleman doth make[508]

Of her possessour all bee hee poore as Iob,
Yea though no name of elders hee can take,[509]
For proofe take Merlin fathered by an hob:[510]
But who so sets his minde to spoyle and rob,
Although hee come by due discent from Brute,
Hee is a chorle, vngentle, vile, and brute.

9.

Well, thus did I for want of better wit,

Because my parents naughtely brought mee vp:
For gentlemen (they sayd) was nought so fyt,
As to attast by bold attempts the cup
Of conquest’s wine, whereof I thought to sup:
And therefore bent my selfe to rob and ryue,
And whome I could of landes and goodes depriue.
 10.

For[511] Henry the fourth did then vsurpe the crowne,

Despoyled the king, with Mortimer the heyre:
For which his subiects sought to put him downe,
And I, while fortune offered mee so fayre,
Did what I might his honour to appayre:
And tooke on mee to bee the prince of Walles,
Entiste thereto by prophesies and tales.[512]

11.

For which, such idle[513] as wayt vpon the spoyle,

From euery part of Walles vnto mee drewe:
For loytering youth vntaught in any toyle,
Are ready aye, all mischiefe to ensue:
Through helpe of these so great my glory grewe,
That I defied my king through lofty hart,
And made sharpe warre on all that tooke his part.

12.

See lucke, I tooke lord Raynold Gray of Rythen,

And him enforst my daughter to espouse,
And so vnraunsomed I[514] held him still; and sythen
In Wigmore land through battayle rigorous,
I caught the right heyre of the crowned house,
The earle of March, sir Edmund Mortimer,
And in a dungeon kept him prisoner.

13.

Than all the marches longing vnto Wales,

By Syuerne west, I did inuade and burne:
Destroyed the townes in mountaynes, and in vales,
And rich in spoyles had[515] homeward[516] safe returne:
Was none so bolde durst once agaynst mee spurne:
 Thus prosperously doth fortune forward call,
Those whome shee mindes to geue the sorest fall.

14.

Whan fame had brought these tidings to the king,

(Although the Scots than vexed him right sore)
A mighty army against[517] mee hee did bring:
Whereof the French king being warned afore,
Who mortall hate against king Henry bore,
To greeue our foe hee quickely to mee sent
Twelue thousand Frenchmen, armed to warre and
bent.

15.

A part of them led by the earle of March,

Lord Iames of Burbon, a valiaunt tried knight,[518]
With held by wyndes to Walles ward forth to march,
Tooke land at Plimmouth priuely on a[519] night:
And whan hee had done all that[520] hee durst or might,
After that a[521] meyney of his men were slaine,
Hee stole to ship and sailed home agayne.

16.

Twelue thousand moe[522] in Milford did ariue,

And came to mee, then lying at Denbigh:
With armed Welshmen thousands double fiue,
With whome wee went to Worcester well nigh,
And there encampt vs on a mount on high,
To abide[523] the king who shortly after came,
And pitched his field, on a hill hard[524] by the same.

17.

There eyght dayes long our hostes lay face to face,

And neyther durst other’s power[525] assayle:
But they so stopt the passages the space,
That vitayles could not come to our avayle,
Where through constraynde our hearts began to fayle,
So that the Frenchmen shranke away by night,
And I with mine to th’ mountaynes[526] tooke our flight.

18.

The king pursued greatly to his cost,

From hilles to woods, from woods to valleys playne:
And by the way his men and stuffe hee lost:
And when hee sawe[527] hee gayned naught but payne,
Hee blewe retreate and gate[528] him home agayne:
Then with my power I boldly came abroade,
Taken in my countrey for a very god.[529]

19.

Immediately after fell a ioly jarre

Betweene the king, and Percie’s worthy blouds,
Which grue at last vnto a deadly warre:
For like as drops engender mighty flouds,
And litle seedes sprout forth great leaues and buds,
Euen so small striues,[530] if they bee suffered run,
Breede wrath and war, and death or they be don.

20.

The king would haue the ransome of such Scots

As these the Percies tane had in the fielde:
But see how strongly lucre knits her knots,
The king will haue, the Percies will not yeelde,
Desire of goods some craues, but graunteth seelde:
Oh cursed goods, desire of you hath wrought
All wickednes, that hath or can bee thought.
 21.

The Percies deemde it meeter for the king

To haue redeemde theyr cosin Mortimer,
Who in his quarell all his power did bring
To fight with mee, that toke him prisoner,
Than of their pray to rob his souldier:
And therefore willed him see some meane were
founde,
To quite forth him whome I kept vily bounde.

22.

Because the king misliked theyr request,

They came themselues and did accorde with mee,
Complayning how the kingdome was opprest
By Henrye’s rule: wherefore wee did agree
To plucke[531] him downe, and part the realme in three:
The north part theyrs, Wales wholy[532] to bee mine,
The rest, to rest to th’earle of Marche’s line.

23.

And for to set vs hereon more agog,

A prophet came (a vengeaunce take them all)
Affirming Henry to bee Gogmagog,
Whom Merline doth a mouldwarp euer call,
Accurst of God that must bee brought in thrall
By a wolfe, a dragon, and a lion strong,
Which should deuide his kingdome them among.

24.

This crafty dreamer made vs three such beastes,

To thinke wee were the foresayde beastes in deede:
And for that cause our badges and our creastes
Wee searched out, which scarsly well agreede:
Howbeit the heroldes, ready[533] at such a neede,
Drewe downe such issues from olde auncesters,
As proued these ensignes to bee surely oures.[534]

25.

Yee crafty Welshmen, wherefore doe yee mocke,

The noble men thus with your fayned rymes?
Yee noble men, why fly yee not the flocke
Of such as haue seduced so many times?
False prophesies are plagues for diuers crimes,
Which God doth let the deuilish sort deuise,
To trouble such as are not godly wise.

26.

And that appearde by vs three beastes indeede,

Through false perswasion highly borne in hand,
That in our feate wee coulde not chuse but speede,
To kill the king and to enioy his land:
For which exployt wee bound our selues in band,
To stand contented ech man with his parte,
So fully folly assurde[535] our foolish hearte.

27.

But such, they say, as fishe before the net,

Shall seeldome surfet of the pray they take:
Of thinges to come the haps bee so vnset,
That none but fooles may warraunt of them make:
The full assured successe doth oft forsake:
For fortune findeth none so fit to flout,
As sure be[536] sots which cast no kinde of doubt.

28.

How sayst thou, Henry Hotspur, doe I lye:

For thou right manly gauest the king a fielde,
And there wast slayne because thou wouldest not fly:
Syr Thomas Percy thine vncle forst[537] to yeelde,
Did cast his head (a wonder seene but seelde)
From Shrewsbury towne to th’top of London bridge:
Loe thus fond hope did both theyr liues abridge.

29.

When king Henry[538] this victory had wonne,

Destroyde the Percyes, put theyr power to flight,
Hee did apoynt prince Henry, his eldest sonne,
With all his power to meete mee if hee might:
But I discomfyt, through my partner’s fight,
Had not the heart to meete him face to face,
But fled away, and hee pursued the chase.

30.

Now, Baldwine, marke, for I, calde prince of Wales,

And made beleeue I should bee hee in deede,
Was made to fly among the hilles and dales,
Where all my men forsooke mee at my neede:
Who trusteth loyterers seelde hath lucky[539] speede:
And when the captayne’s courage doth him fayle,
His souldier’s hearts a litle thing may quayle.

31.

And so prince Henry chased mee, that loe,

I found no place wherein I might abide:
For as the dogges pursue the seely doe,
The brache behinde, the houndes on euery side,
So traste they mee among the mountaynes wide:
Whereby I found I was the hartles hare,
And not the beast colprophet[540] did declare.
 32.

And at the last: like as the litle roach,

Must eyther[541] be eate, or leape vpon the shore,
When as the hungry pickerell doth approch,
And there finde death which it escapt before:
So double death assaulted mee so sore,
That eyther I must vnto mine enmy yeelde,
Or starue for hunger in the barrayn feelde.

33.

Here shame and payne a while were at a strife,

Payne bade[542] mee yeelde, shame bad mee rather fast:
The one bad spare, the other bad spend my life,
But shame (shame haue it) ouercame at last:
Then hunger gnew,[543] that doth the stone wall brast,
And made mee eat both grauel, durt and mud,
And last of all, my dung, my flesh, and bloud.[544]

34.

This was mine end too horrible to heare,

Yet good enough for a[545] life that was so ill,[546]
Whereby, O Baldwine, warne all men to beare
Theyr youth such loue, to bring them vp in skill,[547]
Bid princes fly colprophet’s[548] lying byll,[549]
And not presume to climb aboue theyr states:[550]
For they bee faultes that foyle men, not theyr fates.

Th. Ph.[551]
 [Whan starued Owen had ended his hungry exhortation, it was
well enough liked, howbeit one founde a doubte[552] worth the
mouing, and that concerning this title, earle of March: for as it
appeareth, there were three men of three diuers nations together in
one time entituled by that honour: first syr Edmund Mortimer, whom
Owen kept in pryson, an Englishman: the second the lord George of
Dunbar, a valiaunt Scot, banished out of his countrey, and well
esteemed of Henry the fouerth: the thirde lord Iames of Bourbon, a
Frenchman, sent by the Frenche king to help Owen Glendour.
These three men had this title all at once, which caused him to
aske how it was true that euery one of these could bee earle of
March: whereto was answered, that euery countrey hath Marches
belonging vnto them, and those so large, that they were earledomes,
and the lords thereof entituled thereby: so the[553] lord Edmund
Mortimer was earle of March in England, lord Iames of Burbon, of
the Marches of Fraunce, and lorde George of Dunbar, earle of the
Marches in Scotland. For otherwise neyther coulde haue interest in
other’s title. This doubt thus dissolued, maister Ferrers sayde: “If no
man haue affection to the Percies, let vs passe the times both of
Henry the fourth and the fift, and come to Henry the sixt, in whose
time fortune (as shee doth in the minority of princes) bare a great
stroke among the nobles. And yet in Henry the fourth’s time are
examples which I would wish, Baldewine, that you should not forget,
as the conspiracy made by the byshop of Yorke, and the lord
Mowbrey, sonne of him whome you late treated of, pricked forwarde
by the earle of Northumberland, father to sir Henry Hotspur, who fled
himselfe, but his parteners were apprehended and put to death, with
Bainton and Blinkinsops, which could not see theyr duty to theyr
king, but tooke parte with Percy, that banished rebell.” As hee was
proceding, hee was desired to stay by one which had pondered the
story of the Percies, who briefly sayde: “To the end, Baldwine, that
you may knowe what to say of the Percies, whose story is not all out
of memory (and is a notable story) I will take vpon mee the person of
the lord Henry Percy,[554] earle of Northumberland, father of sir[555]