PROEUS DARA

PROEUS DARA

~~~

dlfifi
d

... "" .
tn8iYJfiifii8Ql;!fiUtonqpm

.fiR'H ~~G mm1G Lu~2m~u ~tum

 PROEUS DARA

""
~~:;n;mua~~
""' ... w..nn ""'
H 1
hlliHtl ~ illlnlfd ""'g 1HlHH1
u
II Q U

&n.nn 2n rnaf:h tilllni_,M iin

1
tu'ija
1

ms 'hf:h &illln ua
1
J
lJ

su d61

""""
tiet,~U~f &rum 61s m~

!iiUj~uje
0
tillln 9Jh fq&fH:l tillln 1_,r1 ~s
1

!fi~emft~~
0 "'
"""'
tillln "'&2 'ij 'i:fU

... ,_
!fi~fiGft~ tillln HS
1
~'iji_,t'US
1

""""
~~:ii5fffl$~~e5j &illln "ttl t'i.fl h tillln fd2
1
""'
11

tillln uu MS &illln t'i.fl h ti Sl

"'

ffl'eTI5ffHutru2 I£JI£16m HrurtUHt " ""

tpr;~g oa m
0

.,. I£Jooa
r:~'ejq.Juunfdtm m'enrumr;D s '1

HiJHU2 ©
.,. ......
l,i:i8f!!16tti18Qtf6i:lt6nqpru

ISBN 9-789-995-000-684
 PROEUS DARA

0 ""
[ft1 1~.ni?Hl../ln~9flnH'llHlHh8ctln9ll
'jil """
e.)"
'""
U c:t OS
a§'i:!l87drln
W U
~~
runflHrl
0

tJ""
Nri
6
0"" ""

2hH 8'i:!l8UHH11iri1
I 1.1
9fl
eJ.
HSI ~'t:H~HtHt~lM~
if tNHtl
U
2hH8f!i'i5a
I
&nflffl'h1
H~f!i~aL~&fflM'i:!llJ'l ffitjN t~t~ t,umu rH~~5 '1
u

mnijmhatij8t8iniluuJttrot8: tfl89Li:id~nmilttma
I

- t~tfl\J s S'i:3tiJ")OlSUI1Tl
I.J C&
RHrl ~ nun.nhtsnnhmfd
"' il-l.
1

- '21:3W1H1:3tfls
6\1 \j
s1:3ru1
I.J
t~1:3r:ts
51
mr1 ~Hntn:nl-ll' nhn
"'-" OS
~.mm fdr:si
I

- 'i:!lS ruun~Lu~h5~WdltlrlL~hGW.Jlg~b MNJ

msr:Ds311
- mr:D s 2~ ru"]'i:!lS ruun ~sb ruun ~d Qnt'l5m5§JMNJH~~ ~r:fl1:3jr11!5tl

- r:mqt~9rhlsr:MJH.nir:sg 'l:!lsrlsJrumnJ~~g stl'l:!lam~ruruun~t'l5nti§j

MNJt~b~~ '1

truJttm r3fU1t8 :mlimry ru;an

- tbl..flnL~ l;!nt~tt:j rums WlnruJb~ ru~ runmuru
u u

- tbl..fln15i l;!nL~tt:j rums WlnruJhUttbl s ~H NJ H.nl MnJl&S g

u u J
- ~M:n'i:3nUtlrunt1:3tt:jruQlsdru1Jnnnsm
~ I.J
6\1 il
sbclrutrmuru '1
51
I.J

tfl1:3j§jt NJ ~ t.nl r:sg filS tn'llt.ur:f'da trub~sb~~mg ~ runrumJ1 g~s sb tnruH

1

ut~'i:3Hrl t'l5n.m Rtbl..flnL~ l;!nL~shtfitir@~l;!nttlit.mn5r:MJ ~ t.ni ~n1in1 9Jlfi1n~ru~ s

u u
 PROEUS DARA

"" .......................................................................................................................... 1
~$
~

:L f1ntl ~ 2 n n ...................................................................................................... 2
"" 0 ""

""I) I)"' ........................................................................... 10

2. hlfi2b12
1

3. "" ""
f1nUaM'l:fllj1 ............................................................................................... 16
1
da , '~ A d e:st
~~eif.S~~e~4~eG~jre~e~f~ei~~G~m;fi.................................. 27
er 5 .. •CJ

1. H~t'i'i:32~tlhlJM~~hlJbU ........................................................................... 28
u
"' "" ......................................................................................... .48
2. H2t'i'i:32trrnffl:in
1

d , ""
: ~~eif.S~t,fiGm~~t,fi ................................................................................... 67

1. "' ""
H~t'i1:32LntfflM'l:flLn .................................................................................. 68

2. ""
3151:3~1J1&fflM'l:fllj1 ......................................................................................... 88
Ql t::!. ~ c::» t:::»
3. hl-affl~2h~ hl1:3fflaLntfflM'l:flLn ............................................................... 98
,, e:f!i' Q «' (!$ '

• ~t~~~eGt:G~;~~e ............................................................................... tt3

1. " "" hll:fltJ ......................................................................................................... 114

2. t~fg:i{§M~ ................................................................................................. 130

($tf!:J Q J!..
ref.Sfi~eG~~G@) ............................................................ 139

1. rn{§n sh ~ tJ1 &1 ............................................................................................... 140

2. H 2 ~ n 2"'"t 2 ~: ~""':i &1............................................................................................160

I n
s ~ ';) cl
3. HuU'flb12hLffl15&2H~t'i1:32 ....................................................................... 174

1.:.~~~
., ................................................................................................................. 197
1. Lumu ............................................................................................................... r98
......u
~$...................................................................................................................... 219

1. ffl:i tuh tur;9 2 8rummm ru .......................................................................22o

""
2. a~fd&2~rrnn ................................................................................................ 228

3. ~~hlmhlifMhfun ..................................................................................... 238

eGiwt,~fl ............................................................................................................................... 247

 PROEUS DARA

r=m flinn Mn s1 §1f3

;j' " tJ
mn g'l'HHHWl n~ gnms f'n'i::llS m~1 nt3 ~1 s ~;g"l!t~ tl'i:3li5 ~G tvl'i:3li5 ttl
tl' 'W 1.J "' 1.J "'
'1
I

fi1'1:3 ~ ru: GrnuU n n1.J ts hl n ffiB §nR

<l eJ
hli1 m 2 2U ~ fiUltl h~ H2I R'i:3 su~ t ffHlJl'i::llUn Stl H2I R'i:3 S
1

W.flfil1n@sufl'i:3tm5m..m8RffiB§HRRlli12l0122lnt'i:3trn2
IM tJ U 6V
e Sb n wQnntl '1
 PROEUS DARA

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... '1
0 '
I:J'l'i:fl2tHl2f:'iRf:i
!J u
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ... '1

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 '1

0
.. 11111
u~2tU2912 1.
2, 3, 4. 5• 6 '1

B~2tt:JrndJ'lHil'iHthllut28tt.rrlm ~n &a
1

m"" n = 1 bf:n g f(l) = 2 X } +1 = 3 ""

mn=2 t218f(2)=2x2+1=5
,
mn=3 t218f(3)=2x3+1=7 ""
mn=4 I:Sl8f(4)=2x4+1=9

2
 PROEUS DARA

n. 1, 5, 9, ... 2. 1, 8, 27,

n. 1 , 5, 9, 13, 17, 21 2. 1, 8, 27, 64, 125,216 '1

I ':I ~ I I

n5 H flH U1ti ~ t 2 ~ 61 fltHHu an = -'-----'--:-

1

- (-I )3
2 , a2- -3-

1 1 l '1
2' - 3' 4' - 5' 6

1. t~§1f'661 3, 8, 15, ... '1 'USn5Htu~f'661tSg§H:f12tl~H9'l61 '1

iJ "1 !'l "
1
iJ \J 'J

2. n5Hn5HH2n561 (a 11 )
u
" ""

~
0
nru161tt:flt15 a 11•
= n+1 "
telbli 1 ~n~4 '1

b """'
esss
e$
2.
:J
n G~~gs
'%
C» C:.~ Q t:::J 0 I
mt~r1261Hblin56113S2~61 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...
iJ "1 \J

nHl1itsgt~m a 1 =1 dl61913ru
\J \J
a2 =2 dl619th
\J
eJ 0 t::» '\;) 0
1:ltJ!?ntsgteJwtmgtu61tS132S 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ...
u .. "1 \J

a2 = 4 = 2x2 , a3 = 6 = 2x3 , a4 = 8 = 2x4, ... , "" n

a"= 2xn '1 ~13&2g t~Qls~g

" "" <:II

&2 ~61~ an = 2 x n '1
1

3
 PROEUS DARA

0 • Ql ~ Q) 0
nrul£1~9 n t!Hi:1ri 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, ... mmg V'nEIN '1
1

a 3 = 7 = 2 x 3 + 1 , a4 =9 =2x 4+ 1
C» ~ C» e:::b
a5 = 11 = 2x5+1, ... , an= 2n+l ~13b28 tl"lf.il2~9 n I:Gl~nl"l an= 2n+l '1
1
0 • 0
ruUTHi ~ ~ 2 mnhm.J'inlf.il29't:f1Rnn't1M
u ~ w n
6m '1 ~:1:llru~trcn
u
mnhSl gmfi~ mr1 fr~h fr~trulnt:&l'ih
GV
mms 3~ 'ts n1:1fdf~
't-J trn1 ......._, S1
ru
t I 0 I I\;:) I t

mrutSl gmnog mnn.n

u
nn't1nHsmruthtiS'lJSltH1:il
n
"" 1 " .;
ruMHnH ''
J

' '

trulnb9jhr;ill1QJf.fl2 ~ ts 6m ~ 6(~)m 't:flSn~M 4m '1

n~ hl 6(~) m I:Ul rut ruln t9jh1 QJffiGl 6(~) (~) ~ 6(~)

2
brnn9 thmrlig1fi ri '1

An.n~~g n Btmg VnEIN t2~n2lhtLfll't1 :

l

2 3 4 5
n. -1, 2, 7, 14, 23, 2. 3' 4' 5' 6' ... '1

Mnu:
r7 I
•
tl"l~~n
1

I< 2 < 3 < 4 < 5 < 6 < ... ~ a 1 < a 2 < a 3 < a 4 < ... <a"< an+ 1 < ... '1

tl"l~~n (an)nEIN
I

ffi'i§' ru 1:lltinu [s Mn
.o
m nHhn mill mrn -...!>
I

4
 PROEUS DARA

~ d 0

~~~~~ - ~n (an) dl~ntfis 'l.PUfltnLmh.;~sl=l~ nElN an+! >a" 'i

1 1

- ~6'1 (a") dl~ntp opLmfnLI=ltlU~Sl=l~ nE[N a"+ 1 <an 'i

1 1

tt:lrn a"= 3n+l dl~nbRS 'i

I

ft:lrn b 11 = 12 2n dl~ntp '1

I

n. tl=l'i::flS an= 3n+l, an+l = 3(n+l)+l = 3n+4

I:SHtl=!QlS a 11 + 1 -a 11 = 3n+4-(3n+l) = 3>0 sl~ a 11 + 1 >a 11

~msg ~n(a") tt:lilla =3n+l dl~n&RS'i 11

l 1

2. tl=!'i::flS b 11 = l2-2n, bll+l = 12-2(n+l) = 10-2n

tSHI:l=!OlS bn+l bn = l0-2n (12-2n) = -2<0 sl~ an+l <a 11

tt:lrn b" = 12-2n dl~ntp '1

1

""
n. f156l (an)nG!5 ft:l rn an = 3n
" I
2
"" (an)n"' 3 ft:lrn an= -2
2. Mn
"I n

3.2
1/1'
2fTif.nt{'tfl] tl=!§J~n (an)nE!N ftJill an= n '1
I n+l
_ .. ...,_,., l 2 3 4
tl=!QlS~tSftJiiiR l' 3, 4, 5,... '1
1

ffi1:Hlli:htl~ tEl ~6'1 tl=l Mt~ 6'1 b'tll E!Jffi ~ < ~ < ~ < ~ < .. . ~
1

~tHS&d5 a 1 <a 2 <a 3 <a 4 < ... <a 11 <a 11 + 1 < ... tl!1&1~6l (an\zEIN tS&dl~6l
1 I
 PROEUS DARA

~llii:IU)tgf.ll:lit
<i!til.....,~<l>il......,
_ "-~~ (an) .-!-,.,_~~~'onn~C>
bUoo
n<ouf{"\r~
WlbUooObWI••"" •u o bllbblal<a
a <an+l< ...
& & u uu 1 2 <a3<a 4 < ••• < 11
1 1

n+l n+l
t~Ql2 an+l = (
n+ 1) +l - n+
--2
o n+l n 1 >0
titmg \:ln~l tti01S an+l a 11 = n+ -n+J = (n+l)(n+2)
2

<.1...., roo ..~~ ( ) .-!-> .,_~~.·~ n n l"; o '1

~Ubi"'Ob~bl an nE!N Wlb~oo'ilbWJ•u""
1 I

n+1 n+l '1

t ~'i:fl2 an + I = (n + I ) + 1 = n + 2

n+ 1
2
an+! n+2 n+l n+l n +2n + 1
t~Ql2 = n
=- -x--
n+2 n
= 2
> 1
an n +2n
n+ 1
2 2
n + 2n + I > n + 2n

&Slg an+ I >an 'f ~msg ~~ (a 11 )nEN ctl~~~OJJ~2 '1

1 1

n. l'
1 1
2' 3' 4' 5,... ' n,... 2. a 11 = 2"n , n;;: 1

~- 1'

4.
4.1
...
MfHn
117
nnru . ""'

I "'
tJ!nmtnn 1 t~2J~~ 2, 1, o, -1, -2, -3, ... '1
1

t~hlt~~&IDE!Jctl a 1 = 2 > a 2 = 1 > a 3 = 0 > ... '1

~~mh'1~ts8mt'd~mnhru
IJ IJ
'1 Bss lJ
2 ttrrlmtmrntrutst\5~
IJ
'1
I 1 I

antfflblitrut2~~ (a 11 )nEN ttfnJ 11

an= 3-2 '1
1

6
 L
h ~fusHl.LY1:JruL.JaHP ~
~ ~ v
ssBsLR 0
1\t
1
ru~H1LY1HULB~fuwns:J~fut.pl:::I:J ···>~ = 7 V>~ = sv>~ = zv>~ = v SlJJl:::ll rn~Hl
" · "" "" L 9 ~ 17
I
311
Nl (''v) ~WSH1LY1:JruL.Ja.:J!H !;l
tt::1
e.
h u~+I= uv ruM:J
(')(:) r ~ unru
0 ' 0
~~sp~,LY1HuL.JalLP~:J N ss¥ h N<uv ~~!;f~:J NJ3UA
I I
gwwru~:J N ~USSBSLA,~:JW1gru RLY1:Jrul.B~WLP (''v) ~fu
0 (;I '1;:::::1 0 (';) I fi.'::l (t:)
m~g;m~
" ""
I
M
h ~fus:JRLY1:JruL.Ja:JL.P SSB 0
I l ""' "'
':1 (J (J 1\t
h RL!d1:JruLB~.NLPgS:J~.Nt.pl:::I:J ... > 6 = tv>~ = 'v > S = zv > T = Iv SlJJl:::lj rn~3!l
' "" ""
I
3
h I- uz = un ru ~l Ni "("o) ~fu S:JRLYllruL.Jal!:H Z UVll.nUJg
I
" "" "' I l "'
fJ ':1 M ':1 fJ fl
h ~.N
tl;:t
S:JRL!d1lruWH.P C.,
Z S SB h RL!d1:!ru LB~.N
0 ti:::J'
l.PgS:J~.N t.pl:::I:J I «:;;I
1
h ... >OI = 'v>s = tv>9 = 'v>v = zD>Z = D LPWffim~:J.Nl:::ll
I
""
h ··· ·o, ·s '9 ·v ·z ~~r§l:::ll l UVIl.nUJg
;J> I
Rl.tHtru LSYfu
..., . z·t
I
1 11
h z< u m ~ = uv ' r = v ru M:J ( o) ~fu s:Jru:JruL.JaHH ·e
tt::1 f ulJ fl n
~ e.. t~::t
l
u 311 11
h - = 1/v ru M:J N/ ( 17) ~fus:Jru:~ruwHH ·!J ys~s1
Z n,.
""' "'"" "' ""
l
fJ £ M
h ~~ slw:~ruw:~ LP 1 s S¥SlRru ~J
I I
WlfULB~~LPgSj~~l_pl;lj ···<~=tv< r; = s17<~ = Zn<T = lv SlJ}l;lj ""
mala
I
""
11 3 n
h 1 -up= 17 ruM:J Nf U(''v) ~fus:~ru:JruL.Ja:JYt g!il ~ unru
U nr, tt::1 <:o..D 0 ' 0
I
h ~fu s:Jru:JruWl t.p~as:J
~ e.~
w s SB h 0
w > "v ' N13 uA
I I
M M :J I fl 11 f1
gLL'Jl£Jru~HQR
o P
W ~USSBSLA,~lW1gru
'I:::J on
ru:Jrul.B~.NLP
tt::1 ~~
( n) ~W ~
m~g;m~
" "'
I
(J M
h !2~StWlruW:JLP SSB h ru:J
0 ""
I l
(J ~ ~
(J ,. 1 ,.,
ruLB~_NUJgSj~_Nl_pl;lj ···<n-= vv<s;-= "1?<] = "v<[ = l?tJlJ}l;lj rn~l!l
' ""' ""
c; ~s[juu c; u~p
PROEUS DARA
 8
u l
~ = ":; nH::!A N/3"(".?) !-2~ "!;i
r
I I
r-u-v="qruM:J ·t; U£- I = "v ru~u ("v) !-2W 'Y
""
,..,,. Nl3"("q)!-2w I> ""
I
M Q' M
h C.rnRSYPJ
C'i:;J
S:Jru!J3:JYWE
c..
I., ru
t
L6it:~'
l l I I
I? ':) Q' "" Q' ':) Q' '-'
YW lP g t; urn YPJ Yl g Sl RL!d1l !;fl.ZYPJ urn n y~~~,
t (0' (0(0 (0
ttl
I..P!:fS\:::7 RUH:J ru L6 ru :l ru L6 YPJ
b
., ""
h yfu
«;.-,
S:JRU:!ll
c..
ruill HP ~l !;fS yfu Sjru
~ C..lb
:Jruill:J lP
(0
~I gS :ID~
I
h ~ Y~Yg I +uuz &LS:JSSHY~Yg u urnrul!d&W1l Y~
I l
Z Q' ':l £ "- U Q' M
S:Jru
C...«:J
:Jruill:J lP -I !;fS YPJ S:JRL!d1:Jruill:J
C.. ~
LP b
-I LPW ffi:J Y !;flPJ!il YPJ Sl YP..~ru Rill
(0 (0 C.,. I 0
···'(I +uz) '···,§=tv ,f = £v '~ = Zv '~ = !v SL!Jl:lj rnRln
u v s z r ~
""...
I+ uz 3 u 11 ~ II
N/ ( v) YPJS:JRU:!l:Jruilll!;fS ru:Jruill:JYE H:H~llfUtl
«::; e.. t;:, b
h -u- = uv ruj:j:J~
0 • 0
h 1:111
I I l I
11 11
RlY1:JruLB!;ff:Jru:JruLB!-2WLP ( v) YW!-2lill18luruL6YWLP ( v) YW
I (0 I (b l'Q ~ I (0 (0
m~~m~
<> ""
l I
Q' 'l Q' ll
h !-2PJS:JRL!d1:Jruill:JI..P
(0 e..
£ !;fS!-2PJS:Jru:Jruill:Ji..P
t;:, (0 c.. (I:)
v gS:JBj:j
u '-'
h s !-2~Yg I+£ SSH!-2~Yg
I I l
Q' u "" Q'
u urnrul.Jdgw1:~ YWS:JRU:!l:Jruill:JLP s !:fS Y~SHJ5jruill:JI..P v LPW~JU!-2\:flPJ~,t:J Y~
"" " "'
n
SlYP..~rufl.ill (u ) v =
···' - + £ '···'- tv ' -S = s7J ' Z
- = -cv '
v = 1V SI.O!ij ""
rn~ln
" • o 1 sr or L
u . 3 u 11 ~
h - + S = "v ruj:j:J M ( v) YPJS:JRU:!l:Jruill:J!;fS ru:Jruill:JYE l $iUVlUlUJB
I ,. "" " "' ""
I I
Q' Q' ll
h flHBY~I..PgS:JY~lP!il gsHJj:j
I l
'l Q' Q'
h !;ffjfl.U:H:JruLB!;fS !;ffjru:Jrul68S:JYPJSL!l!i:J k !:PJSjrujru!J3jl.lJ
I ~ C..tl:::l (0 I (0 (0
z+u '-' ~ ~
£1jj:jj() l YMY~
G -
T+u SSH!-2MYt;
G '=='
u urnrul.JdgW1:1 YPJS:Jru:Jruillli..P
D c..«:~' e..
I t{>S~ YPJS:JRU:!ll (0
ruill:JLP !-2fus:~~n~ruRill ·! ·~ ·~ yfuf~!:!:J r uvtUlUJt
$i
~rLPWm:JY~:Jru!i:J
"" """' o
~., ···'~-vszr.,::?:
a
tiJ
ru L.BYru c-t
' ""
I
3
h T +uz = "v ruj:l:J Nl "(uv) YWS:IRU:!l:Jruill:JYt 't;
" "" " I
h z+u = "v £1jj:lj ("v) YWS:JruillWt ·y y~~~,
,. "" " .. "'
PROEUS DARA
 PROEUS DARA

0 '
= re~ii =-==-=-=-·-=--=~·-=-=-·-=·-=·-======·-=-=-=====-=~--=·

n. 5, 10, 15, 20, ... 2. 1, 5, 14, 30, 55, ...

2. hlH hl~ 61 t2 M61dltl~ hl~tl t'ifll'B

u &
I
t.:.
(-1 )"
n. a n = -n- mmg 1:;;; n:::;; 8
0

2. b, = ?1. C 11 = (-1 )"(n 2/ ill. dn = (-J)n 2'1-·1

+n

4. Rrul~~g n BtmgUJti nEIN t2~61~htLfil'B

1

n. s, 7, 9, 11, 13, ... 2. -3, -1, 1, 3, 5,

2 3 4 5
t:l. 16, 13, 10, 7, 4, ... ill. 3, 5' 7, 9' ...
~......,""~c)<)"'
5. 'i5wtmulfDOJ a 11 twill a 11 = -I- ......,,."%~..,g'1
WI&~••Lj
Ul'-' ~ n+ 3 1

2. ~61 (an) tt:l rn an = n2 - 4n- 5

1

9. tfiM61~tlt1fil'BctlM61VHlimg
& t.:. & .,..
?
I I

~
n. ,."%~
&u.,
(a )nE!N f:'"' n< n 3 + 2 n2 - 1
bW&u a = - -::-----
12 11 7
~ n- + n
n+1
n+

11
e
2. a 11 = -::----
+n + 3n-4

11. t?l'i:fl2~61 (a 11 ) tt:lrn n m8~2t1~ tmru a 0 = 1 stl an+ I= a~+a 11 + 1 '1

1

n. tihlmrhhl61
Ul"'-l> &
(an) tt:lrn n ctltJ22?1~
u mflimfis
&
'1
1 I

9
 PROEUS DARA

1.
""
tf.:l'tll2~n 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... '1
1

u3 = 3 = 2 + 1 = U2 + 1 , u4 = 4 = 3 + 1 = u3 + 1 ,

8~2 1 ~UTltrHH15tutlJ13t2~n '1 ~n 1 ,2,3,4,5, ...

1 1

~UTlm Mn2rl2tt:iru'tll2tHlitutl~13tM'2tl
4 40 w 1 '1 ~
1

2.
"" I, 2, 3, 4, s, ...
tf.:l'tll2tun
4
1

bf,:l Ql 2 UI =1 , U2 = 2 = 1 + 1 = UI + d , U3 =3 =2+1 =U J + 2d ,

10
 PROEUS DARA

0 ' 0
ru'i.fTHHU 1 ~ "" biS
1!1'i:fHHtH12 2, 8, 14, 20, . . . '1
u ()
I
()"

n. 1!1rulm~g "" 20
JJ

U 20 = 2+(20-l)x6 = 116 '1 i':lmsg

u
~g
JJ
20 tSM~~
()
116 '1
1

2. mb un = 236 '1 ~1!1Q12 un = 2+(n-l)x6 ~mg

236 = 2 + (n l) x 6 , 236 = 6n- 4 , 6n = 240 ~ n = 40

ruun5iia 2 firunhLnl3tilsmm'hti~bl;Jrug~ruLQ1rhuJ1~Jijh~9 ~ 30 ru1s~uru

1 1

2hL01fimJ~'\fljh~9 7 ~ 6o ru1scuru '1 2ti'i:fllh ~~ru2tSL01fimJ~~JDJffi~mnhn~

1

m~~QlsthM~sns
n <J <Jn
'1 RM~U01fim'~~,mnim~nhm9 10 '1
U li ot ot
1 1

~1!1'i:flSLQ1RmJl~Jijb~g I ~ al = 30 rulsturu L01RmJ1~Jijb~9 7 ~

1 1

a7 = 60 rulsturu tmg a7 = at+(n-l)d '60 = 30+(7-l)d tf!1Q12 d = 5 rulsturu

~msg LQ1RmJ~~Jijh~9 10 ~ a 10 = a 7 +(10 7)d, a 10 = 60+3x5 , a 10 = 75
1

~ cJ C:t, 0 I t::»
n.
Q)

tf!1~'ifU~S bl
tJ ()I () "
S't3tiHi':l
JJ
ru U 0 = 2 , U1 = 9 sb U2 = 16 '1 nrul~~g
JJ
5

2bl!1rulSl U 5 '1

2. tfUJ~tflil;Jtl5nJlill'i:f12 100 9n~qgtru29rhrl 1 i':lru 100 '1 ant3~s9n~

tl:lru'i:flstru2~hob
I
5 '1

11
 PROEUS DARA

3.
tl'l'tflS~~S~~ U1 , U 2 , U 3 , U4 , U5 , U 6 '1 U1 Stl U6 tunrn ~~tl '1 U 2 Stl U 3
1

ttfiru sb u4 tunrnm2it~13'tfll15rl~13tl '1

IJ .... "' IJ 1

3 ' ................... ' u, '1

S" = U 1 +U 2 +U 3 + ............... +U" 1+U,,

+ Sn = Un+Un-1+ .................. +U2+U1

2S" = (U 1 + U") + (U2 + Un-l) + ............ + (U,_l + U2) + (U1 + Un)

= (U 1 + U,) + (U 1 + U,) + ............... + (U 1 + U,J

12
 PROEUS DARA

ruun~~i 1 t~'i:fHH~~2~~ 51, 47, 43, ... '1

1
0 I ":) eJ Q)~ 0 ':) C:r, t::::.; 0 l '\:) '\:)
fHU1~flt13'
GV
n t1::\rutu~1G!:l:i'i5n
<I U U
n ~1::\Utl
IJ U
S.I. 'HlG:~mH~m'i:ll
GV
2tlnru1~~mts
6\J
S" '1

t~'Ql2 Un =U 1 +(n l)d = 5l+(n-l)(-4) = 55-4n

0 ;L: 0 q 0
Sl<\J U 11 >0 mmg n = 1, 2, ... , 13 2tl U 11 <0 mmg n = 14, 15, ... '1

~13b28 S" H~m'i:lltsitrlruttlru n = 13 Sb Su=Sl+( 55 _ 4 . 13 )xl3 = 35 '1

2

31
m13'ml3'2G
u
ruun~~2
u IJ
M~2 r12 mm2
61 & <'61
1

S = (U 1 +~18 )xl8 = 14+31 xl8 = 405

18

1::lm2g
U
mauu~ 1::l'9GVml3'1 2G4 gu~~t3run ru~ 1::\HM
~ ~
u
405 ~1 '1
14 ~
l

<) ct
3 t2t5 "'-
12 hl'Ql'lfl
61
'1

m~tl'u A g~rumG:tmRmJ~~J 4ooooo tUrutlb~rut2 ttilru~tgjt! 1ooooo tDru

1

tDt~nruf'2 '1 mHru B g~rumG:tmRmJ~~J woooo tDrutlb~ruhl!Jlul tmru~n~jt~

I

5 000 curucut~nruhl!Jlul '1 t~t~~Hl?hlt1hlli5nfnairurun~li51Ythl~thtl ?

otiru t3tmgmH:m A tmRmJ1~Jhl1t5hlL'i:flthru:tnru 3 f'2~

sA = 400, ooo + soo, ooo + 600, ooo = 1, soo, ooo 'U ru

m~tn~ B tmRmJ~~J~ wo ooo , 150 ooo , 200 ooo, ... , U 12 '1

13
 PROEUS DARA

lhmgm~iru B unr9mJ~~Jfl5fi.Ht5L'i:fltbru:r;m15 3 t2 y 12 MWul~

sf! = 100 ooo + 105 ooo + 101 ooo + ... + 155 ooo

= ( JOO OOO + ~ 5 OOO) X

12 = 255 000 X 6 = 153 000 t~J bl5

Ltnr9msrlmHru B tLfismhmsrlmHru A '1 ~msg tm1MrunmHru B '1

l. fi. ~Hl.fl2l0bl5'Ufi (-6)+(-1)+4+9+ ... +64 '1

u

2. l':Hl.Jl2l0bl5'Ufi
u J.l u
0

/)
"
25 ~1:lt5bt2fl5~21:12
/) G1
..,
2, 9, 16, 25,
1
o , eJ cr
2. r:tJ'i:fl2Aldi!Ul1:l~cnl 2 ftJnmru:r;r~ru 3
UG1
t2t5 "'-
12 ftJtntll
G1
'1 m~cru A ggru
J.l

rnslrnr9mJ1~J 325ooo r:uruQt~~ru&2 tffiru~~:gjt~ 1ooooo tDru~:ut~mli

I

&2 '1 mdcru s g~rurnslrnr9mJ1~J 8oooo ~:uruQt~~ruftJwtfl ~:ffiru

I

~wjt~ 3ooo cu rucut~mliMWtfl '1

t~ttJUHW fl5t1 ftJrunmdmHunLmMdltlb ?

()

= ru ~ ~
. -=·=-=-==-==·=···-=-·-=-·=-··=-=·=·-=···-=-=..··=-·-=·-=..···=......=-=-=··=·=-===-·=·=·-=-..=....

n. 4, 15, 26, 37, ... 2. 5, I, -3, -7, -11,

t'i. -2, -9, -16, -23, m. 7, 12, 17, 22. 27.

fi. lj 1 = 3 , lj 2 = 10 2. un = 7 + 3n

3. "'/)
tt'i'i:f1Sfl5~21:12
/) G1
-8, -3, 2, 7, ... '1
I

n. 18, 13, 8, ... , -102 2. -9, -4, I, ... , 171

fi. un = 13 + 6(n -1) 2. U0 = 3 , u11+i = u"- 41u"

14
 PROEUS DARA

7 !3
3. U 7 =
2 , U 13 = :2 '1 firwl2l U 0 '1

fi. U2 = -12 , s12 = 18 '1 firwl2l ul , d @~ u6 '1

7. tfi§H~612t12 2, 7, 12, ... @~rd612t12 2, 5, 8, ... '1

U A
I
&~ 4 4~
1
Ql 0 '::IQI 0~ ll e) '::1 ~

t61Fi~LHruTI'i:3 121 rit2n56'19l~t1H28'i:ll2'li2l26Ht:lrn'i:ll26lb'i:3tft5')m ?

c; U () 1'-'b U GV ..; 01
I I

., v "" o • 2n + 3 "" ""

8. 'lii:llmttln561 (U") tt:lrn'i:ll2619
u
n Firwlrittllru U = - 11 - thn561Glt12tn2
()
'1
111 "'-.!> ()
1 4 tl
1
~

9. tfi§~umcr2
U U
2th rd612
&
nA~2 '1 fi rwl2lG 2U 2 il~ (; 2l g btl[fi ~~ttl d rn'lintH
U
rdS~
'-'b
125 ttfi ru
I

dru'lintl~6l~'li~trds~
u u u ..;
38 '1

1428 '1

Fi. 2+4+6+ ... + 146 2. 100 + 95 + 90 + 85 + ... -20 '1

I 1 3
fi. - 193 - 189 - 185 - . . . 21 - 17 'li5. 54+ 42 + 34 + ... - 3 '1

13. ~n~8n~~fid~~mfi~ml:3~"a A Li12G¥1ru 1s ~9J&'~61Q~ 1 &~ '1 Lm't~tLAlru'i:3n &'915

u u 1

Hn~g
ct
n~'9riamthn'lHG~
6l
r; M:i m'i:3d ~ A tltimttll
u c::t: ~
rutr3'91:3ru
lJ
m~~g n~Li12u'i:llru !4 6\l (:1 ~
u
~il:r~&<J61n~
\.J ct
1 &oCJ
r;tfiru&r3ti2'li2ltl'i:3ntlfl61m~Uri~~g~:fi2rn2G'i:llru
61 4 CJ rJ 2 ~~nt'<J61nh
i.J o;
1 Cl
toty
U I U U 1

m~:Dt~ r1ru t~ t~l:3j~918~n~ g n~9\1ru A '1 r;~~n~8n~9'ti~1f~tirun ru:i ru:r;n rnHW"

u

ru rl~ti611 r; fil rt.fl m

0 "" ..,
14. nn rn'i'lid'i:3 ru t:Ul ru ff1'i:3'id ~ t'i g 5 r; 2
l.j 1 u "' l.j l.j
1

nnrn~'lidt2l8
l.j 1
tfit:flmnlHth
'J ts d:itf:lrnda'i:32tfi
u u 1 15 d:i
u
'li~W"tD'lirn2 25 ~:niH r:tfiru~:i'9riaD'lirns 27 tnlH

~a9litD'lirn2 29 tnlH '1 tr:ltDmn1Hm'i:3ruil

25 tnlH
21~trnaUlG'it:~ruoa21~t~filru
u u L.:,
'1 firwl2ltn1H

fD'i'i:lltlH~
l.j A
ruil~ H n5 &'t:l rn'i:lls nh
01
nnrn1m1
l.j 1
'1
I 1

15
 PROEUS DARA

54, 162, ... '1 tfi012 ul = 2,

u1 = 18 =6x 3 = u2 x 3 ,

= 54 = 18 X 3 = lj3 X 3 ,

lj 5 = J62 = 54 X 3 = lj 4 X 3

&?Hi.H~millmm
n ~
"S'iHll")tShl"
u u IJ
1

UUnHi"9 I ) thls~"~stHntiJ:lnns~nEls
U ~1.! 1.! I ~ l

~oa~ru
u
( ~:g;:Jab
__.;
3 ) '1

~" 2, 6, 18, 54, 162, ... n.nim

1

""' ""
~"mnnmt" '1
l

GElStOS
u

MnmruimU" fil::hMnt::lnssn"ft:Jruns~ru"J
IJ
1
u 1.! 1.!
IJ
1
(cumn"9 1 HMs~
1.! __.;

n~SUGntiJ:lMS~nsstd~
u 1 1 u ~
q ft:Jru q,.o '1 nsstd~
IJ
q tsg
t'UTlmdrumJu3~ts~nmruimUl '1
1

16
 PROEUS DARA

t?llflf'Hi~tl "" 2, 6, 18, 54, 162, ... 'i

1

Ut = 2, Uz = 6 = 2 X 3 = Ut X 3 ' u3 = 18 = 6 X 3 = u2 X 3 '

t~u~.nt~millmm
n ""-'>
tlsl:iru<Jt2Wn
lJ 1J 4
( c1nint19
lJ IJ
1 ) ~:wsi:\51:i2'li~ti?Jn.n2ho22
-i> IJI & I IJ
1

t:tlmru
IJ
{ ~:w2t~ -i>
3 ) , 022
IJ
3 ~:'Lllimt:Hl.Htt'm'et2W5
u IJ 4
'1
1

~tit28 ~5 2, 6, 18. 54, 162, ... t'Lllim ~t'IUHlfllflLtl~f;Hli1fl2t:HtHt{)'li~l:iHri

I I

n-l
U n = U 1 xq

0 • 0
rutmn?la 1 "" ""
t?J1fl2~nmn.nmLn 6. 12. 24, 48, ... '1
l

n. ?Jn.fl~n9
IJ
"" 14

t:ltit28
u
n9
IJ
14 ~ U 14 = 49152

t?JQ12 384 = 6xt' 1

, 64 = 2"- 1 , 26 = 2"- 1
, 6 =n 1 =:> n =7

0 • 0
rutmn):H 2
u
1titilct 2 t si9Uni:lt:i rums us s 2 ru12 ~Rni:lm 2000
l..J l IJ IJ "'1 "'

Utilll--.,
mmusu smtilti
l..J
21Ummut~nQ12til
l..J "' n
hlt'IU~
4
MlflUtl
I
 PROEUS DARA

tH{§ruG\1
mmt:J2nhm
LJ ct c::t
2ooo ~ ul = 2 ru1221fi '1
I
0 ""'
'itithd2ntlm
L,; .. ..
2001 2tl'i:f12 2+2(0.04) = 2(1.04) ru12
1

21fi DJthd2Qtl.[l2oo2 ~ u, = 2(!.04) 2 ru1221fi

1

'itith
L,;
d 2 ntlm
.. ..
2003 Stl'i:fl@ u4 = 2 X ( 1.04 )3 rul2 8l A
1

~
U 10 = 2x(l.04) 9 = 2.846624 rul28ln

1. ""
~l':1'i:f12~ntsH1Sl'i:f1Ln ""' 3, 12, 48. 192, ... '1
l

""' 9
n. !':1M ms:;g
w

2. Ll':1hll~\jt.1HtHL'i:H:s8~ttinl':1n.n ~hu2JUnRth'i:{2 hlL'i:fllim~ ~nJlmft5~2 m~ '1 tsi

lJ

tn rnlrimlirhru'lnn2mfdm~
Clu
m~tf12li5n'iQlRG2
[_; lJ
2 100 ooo ~:D rnt94 tn...., tsi

cr8lma1:flruQl29~rnHunm~L01Rhl'i:flhl 6% Qtl\jru.[l '1 cr2lma~m~HLmma

I

tmfi\im,~~tl '1

n. Rn.n ~G 2wl,;
S'iQlAhlm tsi nrrh:stlmS'tlli5c:Jl2ti 2Ml~titl
I !COW WCOU
stl Rn.n ~G 2wl,;
2'iQlR hlali
l

3.
tl':1'i:f12 ~nm M'i:fl'[jl ul ,U2 ,U3 ,U4 .Us ,U6 '1 VI sh u6 t'lllim~~tl
1

=
C:O QJ ? t:» Cl1 I
tH~ru ffi'tl~li'tl~~g n t2~nmM'i:f1Ln : UN = ul X q"
I

( 1)

xq 5 (2)

(3)

1.8
 PROEUS DARA

dj U1 ,U2 ,U3 ,... , UP ,... ,UII-r>+l ,... , U" 2 ,U11-1 , Un dH~fiuHUl't:fllfi <J
t

I, u"

~ 0 ~ ~ C),)

'li1322nm
1.1 C!
a, b sb c ctltunuHl.Sl't:flUn
/)
1

hl131Hli
u
~
a
= ~=
b
q 'i5 a
"'-
X c = b
2
'i5 ( b =
"'-
~- t'iJTl m
13UJ13tiHUl't:fllfi&2 a Sb c) <J

~ ') ~ c:» t:::) eJ

sb c- nth ~fiuHlJl't:flUlttls <J
t

tit3~sfiw a, b sb c c:h~fiuHUl't:fllfib218 b =a
2
X c '1
t

.,
mf.lil't:flUl ?

2. ~n13uJ13uHUl't:fllfit2'rlat3~s 4 sb 9 <J

?1. t?i2J~nmM't:flU11;3ti5~tlbli u3 = 4 sb Us = 36 <j

1

1Q
 PROEUS DARA

0 '1::1 I:$ Q.l

?HlJ12ltHlitin
U
7 n1:l'OiHSMn8Ht.fl'tllH'i
II U /J l.j
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 '1
1

S = I + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 + 64 (l)

?H1JlHtliJtlrhts
1 A
(1) '2tlt:Hl.Hu'~mi:HM
U II ~
2 t?'i[f!S

2S = 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 + 64 + 128 (2)

run (2)- (1) r:?'ims

2S-S = (2+4+8+ 16+32+64+ 128)-(1 +2+4+8+ 16+32+64)

s = 128- 1 = 127
t?'iHltHi{hm0'05tl~9ltmrull
L.; ~
RnniAm'eSf.ibli'On
U 61 U
n n~'OtltSMnuHl1i'i:fl'in
II U /J l.j
1 1

u n n~titltSMnuHtfl'i:fl'int1:lrn'i:flsn'913ru
d5t?'irun s" ctltHlitin wu /) l.j ww U1 ~tldrumlti
u
I

q S II = U lq + U lq zu3
+ lq + ••• + u"
lq (2)

run (2)- (I) r:?'ims

~(q-l)S, = U4'-UI=*'(q-1)SII = Ul(q"-1)

r;{j q,;l t?'i,..,...S S = Ul(qn-1)

'-ll n q 1

0 tO o ';) t::~ Q.l

ruunr;r:~~ 1 n. ?'iM2ldrutin 1 ni::ltitltSMnu~M'i:fl'in 5+ 10+20+40+ ... '1
1.1 U II U <J l.j
1

2. ?'iM2ldrutinntSMnmn1imH'i
u IJ /) l.j
2+6+18+ ... +1458 '1
1

20
 PROEUS DARA

U1 = 5 or;mcrJm'\:3
w
q = 2 '1 ffi'\:3aJ'
u
i:3S11 s, = _..;;.___
q-I
7
m"" n = 7 t?lQlS S1 =
5(? -1)
-
2 1
= 5(128-l) = 635 '1

2. mb s = 2 + 6 + 18 + ... + 1458 tf:lrn U1 = 2, u, = 1458 2btlrnmJtiJ1:3

q = 3

U,=U 1q n - l , 1458 = 2x3" 1

, 729 = 3" 1
, 36 = 3"- 1 , 6= n-l=:o-7 =n
tS'H S dltlrntin 7 n~tibtSMn'i:3wHUhflH1 '1 mmti'\:32 s, = U q-1
(q" 1
I)
u w u ~ t..:i u 11

tl"1Ql2 s7 = ~(r -~!) =

2 218 7
( 2
1
) = 2186 '1 ~msg 2 + 6 + 18 + ... + 1458 = 2186
rn1m~hhU 2 t~t.HHirunw.mgM'h1:3mstJml§1dlbl:flridhnHHnb
11 S ...; 1 c.9- U ~ <111 t..:iA
ttiit1Husmn2br:ls
i.)' U

t!hLnijlu1f~9lb 64 ttiitmmJm:!lril:fls~un!;vl ~
1

1 Lmut!bU'W9iJru 2 LmuQbLnijl9'fll 4 Lmut!bLnijl9li 8 Lmlit!bl.flltl19

1 1 1 l
0 I I ~ct:::Q 0 I (:;»

tiS
w u ~ suntJLw1 t!b Ln ijlti ~m fg s bu ~ sLmtJuu 1Ln ltll~ s f!1 n.ns b 2 "~
u 1 u

ffi1:3tJL'i:flUU ~ 2LfflULhl1 ftj rn t:!l rinliLnijl131f~ mb 64 Lnijltit~ &'!QlSdl ~&'I

u 1

mrul'i:fllf 1, 2,
""
4, 8, ... ~
I v,_,
2, 2, 2, 2 ,... , twill'i:f12 U 1 =
0 2 3
l2wl.ilillWJtiJ1:3
""l<>.-1 lJ
q =2 '1

ffi'i:3a51:32 S = Ut(q" -1)

U 11 n q 1
264
•b>ll.ll""
..,,..,..." S64 = 1( 2-1 -I) = -2 64 1 = 18 ' 446 ' 744 ' 073 ' 709 ' (55 1, 6 15) '1

~ms g u~ sLmliLw~ t!:l rn mri t ruLnijlulf~ mb

64 LnWR"
~

18, 446, 744, o73, 709, 551615

u
LmtJ
. '"~

t 0 I eJ

LffltJLhl~u~s 37000 LffltJtyrmrn 1 kg t2'HLhl1

u u
g~s 1t = 37oooooo Lmli "~
~msgLw1tf:lrn1:!lritruLnW11Ln~mb 64 Lnijltyt'mrn 4986 x I0
8
t &R"tlhm'9~orn
u

Lhl~LtJm.!fltJ~tiJ~a5Mn1;1dlLtJt'Ul rn 5 x I0 6 t '1
U I I
 PROEUS DARA

"' ...
1JS~~i

1. tl"i'i:fl2 ~nm M'i:flU1 6 ; 3 ; 1.5 ; 0.75 ; .. . '1 l"i ru121

!

n. n9
IJ
7

2. l"irulSl S" = 7+77+777+7777+ ... +77 ... +(777 ... ) (n f:liHill27)

3. truln B mstnrhmfi 100$ t9id:~nhl"irul~tusHsraEnmH:H.1HtnruggrumsHum

w ~~
1
u IJ IJ

ffl~'it:nRtu'i:flM
lj
w% nh'Srum
~IJ~
'1 raEnm~gm6'iHUmffla'iLflR'Sru~2'Sh
u lj IJ ..
'1 'iQIRtua
lj 1
'l5
!

~f:lrutruln B ggrumstsicrhm9
1J 1
5 ~
~

2 3 60
A= 100 x (1 + o.1o) + 100 x (1 + o.1o) + wo(1 + · ) + .. + 100(1 +
12 12 12 . 12
0 10 0
.1°) '1

l"irulSl A '1

4. tfhru'Stl.Jt1iflill~'l5b(fl2'i'l5~~bG
1J u lj ~
18cm Sbt1iflillch'l52'l52ltJ
.. .,:;
u
'Snt9Qnttll tl5'Sh"]'i:fl2'i'l5~~bG
bl l.J et
0.95cm t2'i'li~"abG'i:32
L.J c:t1
'1
u u
0 I t:) I t::l)

n. nruln'i'li&~hG'liEn'limMrums
lj ~ .,:;
10 f:lb '1
u

2. 'Lffltl.JrJt1iflill(fl2 15 f:lb '1 Rrul6'il'l5~~btut'l5t2ffiH1iflillt2l& '1

18 + 1.8 + 0.18 + 0.018 + 0.0018 + 0.00018 + ...

l
J'S q = 10 '1

bl"iQI2 : S2 = 19.8 , S3 = 19.98 , s4 = 19.998 , Ss = 19.9998 ,

S6 = 19.99998, ... , Sn = 19.999 ... 998 f:lcrtsg

u
S" 2n~n 20 fflillruTl n 2n~nH22.. '1

22
 PROEUS DARA

u I(q" - I ) - u I q" u I ""

S, = q l - q_ I- qJ m q ¢ 1 '1

ttJ lql < 1 tS"H q" mMG1G1LH9i<Jmruomr3ssG1

u u u
n mMG1th9i<J'tfls2rum
q" --'> 0 [bl ru n --'> +CXJ tfi(flS S, ~ =~
= 0 q-1 tf:lru n __,. + oo '1
1-q

0 '
~mru

~
t:H1§ru 6+2+-+-+2 2 ... mdrutinG'ltstunBHl.flffi~n»ssG'ltL::iru'tfls
" "" "" " U1 = 6, q =-I '1
"" 3 9 u u ~ l_j 6"11-J 3
ffil:Hti'tlS S, = ~ tfi(flS S, = - - = 9 '1
6
u Gl Iq I~
3
tuHtuanss9tu.filfi2li 4.57 mnsstuS9ls~f:lruffiS9~'tl~
0 ' <>
rutmnf!Uu z 1-J u 1-J lJ
ab_ '1

4.57 = 4+0.57 +0.0057 +O.oooos7 + ... mtir1G1'9ria94mdrutints~n

1-J u 4
1

4.57 = 4 0.57 - 4 0.57 - 4 57 - 453 '1

+ I- 0.01 - + 0.99 - + 99 - 99

0 • 0

rutmnf!'ia 3
 tZ
h-I u 11u C1 ~ n
1 > JbJ m ~!1 = S !:!SSH!HLRlf1.H!HH\HH1illiJ.
""' ""' ""'
Ih C1 ~ 1111 n
I -.cb ill};!J (I b)tn = "s !:!~LR!J'tH.O!:!~SttlR.~Y u 1WillP -
II I
C1 fl n11u n
hx 1!1 = "n ' hx"n = l+"n Y~LRU1H.OYPJS:J 1 -R~B!:!Sf!.~U -
[-U ~ ~ ~ t:--tJ
l
C1 (l 11 11 11 11
h Y~LR!J1.H.OY~Em 4millPLP!.JSl.:Jgs:~ h HllSS¥ h o. . h ill};!J h H1:JSS¥tl~
I I
l :> I 11 ,.._ 11 C"J 11 11 11 I? C"J I?
lJU!:mLSn.sEYtlSPJ:J ( r BYU'LW) LrnESYill};!lYussoYrut.PiiY1LRlJUWYru
' «::)(t:J tt:::l
- ~ ~r- "=' ~ ~ 0 lb ~ b
Z u up ~ 11 n
J., u X en+ 1!1) = s SUS!:!~ SlY u k!R.illP -
I
11 up fl n11u n
px(I u)+ 1[1 = [1 SUSYPJSl!£l6YSf1nt-
11
""' 11"' 11
11 1
h ( !1 +U!l = P f!.tt{PJillPLP!J.fl.l) rnf!. P HllSSO
0
I I
n ::- 1 11 ,.._ 11 C1 11 11 11 fl up I?
k!R.R.LSR.Sf!.Yt{SPJ:J ( I 6!:!U 1 LH:J) LrnES!:!SLRill};!lYUSSOSl!:!PJl,pii SUSYPJ
I d:::J~ lfO {10~ ~ (';) ~ 0 ~ «:::J q::, «:::1
I
I M f/'
h <II !£:1 N1 U US -
0 (:) lt:::lo 0
~·
YlJU !Jill };!H~ill :J J'JS Eli S Hl,pii!:!
4:t ~
S OS:!c.. YPJ
h t{SillSLP.,f~l
""o "
fU };!!:! lr!.t dlYt.ru:J ~ill !J tl~ ~l.Bn.grufe;J tl ~JmLS lflj 11 h t{UnYw ill !::!Jff;J tl~J msl ~ S!.O
wlk!f18h¥illtl~~tltl>mwill};!Jillu:~fUu ~-. E~:~fe;Jtl~Jmsl T sLOwlk!Etl})lY~rn!.f1l
:J M.P, 1J !10 I
woz:r tl ~J m~illfY n.t tl~:J k! tl~t.BHU 1 e;J t{Orn u:;!:J SLru wl !J Yt.ru:J S!.Of!LRPJ m ·11
----,~--.,------.,-n h ~ tjof11 B SLRill j:l l
u • "
M 11 M
SLBSPJSSOt,p ~£Z'O Q.f;&iU:fPJ6SSO~PJHPJ ·g
"' 0 - 0
h "'+6+Z:I+9!
l
nu C1 fl' n s, ~
!:!SSHY1LRlJUWYPJk!R.illiJ.l.SlJU&i 'k! til~~~~
«:: tt:P ~ 'W
h UlPOZ!
"" n 1 "" :1 n
t{Sru:Jn.rnJ ~ill mill!::! t{R.};!illLrn :Jill t:n u illLO:JillLrn jill s:Jmru tlS 1itl ~w1 g SW!::!
<S:::Iot'::::J I 1 0 ~ Jl 0 ~ (:J
8'0- I h- l M l5 ~ u I'!
OZ:! = ---pz = lj} = "S YSSHY£Jl:lf1R.Ef!.ill
PROEUS DARA
 PROEUS DARA

0 ,

= ilS~fi =··-=-=~-=-==-=---=-=·=-=·-=-=--=-===. =-=-==--==-=-~=-=·~=-=-=·-=·-·

1. ~ McitHmuJliJ'Ht2 ~6'\tiHUl'l:flL&l s1:.HuH hlfiJ2 ~tJ~titliJ&l t2 ~61 Si;3tti'J :n·!:HLffl'H
I 1

n. 4, 2o, too, soo, ... 2. J2, 2, 2)2, 4, ...

2. ""'
tl=l'l:fl2~6lmM'i:llL&l ""' 2, 6, 18. 54, ... '1
1

2. t~8aa
IJ
39366 m61'9thnatahl61
IJ I""
?
~
1
0 l:J ~ li::\1
l=l. l=lrul2lt:H1J'Un
u
15 61tl'Ui:H2hl6lmrul'i:ll'in
1.1 u ~ l.j
'1
1

5 5
n. 1 , 2, 4, 8, ... , 8192 2. 20, 10, 5, 2' ... , 256

n. ljn = 7 X ( 3 )"- 1
2.

5. tl=l2J ( U 11 ) m ~6'\tiHWl'i::llLn t'lhl=ltlhm

.
1

n. u3 = 18 u7 = 1458 '1 l=lrul2l q Sh U10 '1

2. u3 = 20 '
u6 = 1280 '1 l=lrul2l q sh ui '1

l=l. U 1 =3 , S3 = 21 '1 l=lrul2l q sh s7 '1

6. l=lrul2ld illlJn~nmnli'l:llLn:nh 'Lffl'H

1
3
n. 48 + 24 + 12 + ... +
8 2. 3l + l + 3 + ... + 6561 '1

. 128
l=l. 9 - 6 + 4 - ... - 244 +

9. drutJnrlan~lihtahlntHnli'i:llinthlsh
u u u l.j ""
9 shdrutJnt2hlnmnJi'i:ll'iri~22nthlsh 25 '1
o!) u l.j nu "" o!)
1 I

l=lrul2l q Sh U 1 d'JdrutuJliJ'H q>O '1

10. hlHhlat:hG~2hlSfll2ttlru'i:ll2liL'Hi1 ~ ~~8~29hlffll=l~tJ:nh!:Lfil'H

n. o ·7 2. 2. 34 l=l. 0 · 452

25
 PROEUS DARA

1. 619
1.!
5 t2hl61::HHHhl
~ ~ 61 ...
14 Stl619
1.!
12 ~hl... 35 '1 l:Hl.ll2ldbl.HdtlH3
1.!
619
1.!
I Stl619
1.!
n '1
1

2. dblitinhl
u
n 61~titlt2hlfi'i:H15RM~n:ht15
1.! u ~ 1.!
S, = n 2 +n '1 l:lrul216195
1.!
t2hl61
/)
Stltiirlm
111 ~
1 I

rfl61t2hl61!:28thhl612b12
1.! /) /) /) 61
'1
1 1

3. ~9 3 t2~6ltiH11l'HlL61t~ 3 stl~9 6 t~ ~ '1 l:lrul2ldru~uJti31:3 ~9 1 stldru1Jn 8

1

5. tl:l§mscr22thM61uH11l'HlU61
u 1.! 1.! /)
'1 1:1M21619~h
1.!
sb9tH2h'f61r;tibl:ltlbm6191:3ruth'tsb
/) 1.! 1.! ...
6
1 l

r;mru619i52~h'fstl
1.! 1.! ...
162 '1

6. r:1:19md81:3t1561~1:3
""".::;U 6V
3oooo i'::lbl.m
lGV
'1 Hn9mu61~i5~UmRth
ct......_,
6 ~ru-nRmru ti'::lrum~nm2m
n
u
~nuH11l'HlL61'Hl2d rutuJti~m~ ; 0 '1 fio.n ~unRti'::l ruUJ~ti~ ml:J~ run Rmrus~ru'J '1
1 lJ

7. J:l:l'Hl2hl612b12
/) IJ61
(U,J Stl ( Rrul~ti'::llt15 Uo = 3 stldrufdtl~l:Jbhl
1.! ...
3 Stl Vo = 3
1

stln blihltlal:Jthl
1.! ...
2 '1
0 C\ cf \;)
u, v,
I

n. nrul61 2tl ctlH21:11:321:2

1
n '1

""'
2. [;l:l'Hl2~61 (W,) nrul61!:i'::llt15 W,
0 '
= uy" '1
l "

a.

b. l '1

8. Rrul~druMtlJ1:3 sb~9~ru ul ~2~612~~ (UJ,EIV tR2

1
1!:\ 0 '? ~

1:1ru121 U 10 2tldrui5n
u
10 61i'::li5br:2M61
1.! u /)
'1
l

9. 61~i5h t2 M61uH11i'Hl'ifilthl 3 r;tf) t15'Hl2d rumQm1:3 r ti'::l blifilt1:3i'::llci2161~2 r 61uctlb l '1

1.! u /) L.:i ... 1.! "" u
1
0 C» 8 "? 0 ~ C»
dr:tmn
u
3 61i'::ltitltM
u ...
- 1:2drutin
u
6 61i'::ltitl '1 1:1M2ldru'i5nMnmo.n'Hl'inH2261
u /) L.:i
'1
1.! 1.! !J 9 61 1.!
1

10. 1. ti'::ll 8LMt15~w '"" IR Ml:Jfila : 3x-

""' ? 8x + 4 = 0 (E) '1
1

2. tl:l'Hl2 (U,),EIN ctl~61uHlll'HlL611:R2ti'::lbli'Hl2 U3 Stl U4 t2~6lt28thUt~t15

1 1

"t2ru1:3m~
""' (E) '1

n. 91mJndru~uom1:3~2hlfilt28
1.!
~
'1 ~
1

26
 PROEUS DARA

'1 u " ~"

w
[ s1 nbd n n &s g t~mti tn13 nJl riu m fi '&s Hs ~13 2HG t'u'innci tfU'i ru Mci1mu mb
1 ~ t.l lJ

H9~13 2 n:tu u1nru M~ ma 2h1 M~ ma HG Mj nnci tMJ ru ttl rur:ll13 r;Gjlmru n5~ 2 MlJlli
u
~ t:» .:::. t:» c::. ~ Q.l t:» t t:» c::. ct
Mnnnumn 'ifil'U M13fil:i sb~ M13rumnrrnm:in <J 'USl'Ubl99rumsumnHSj:]13S
'6' ~ " lJ "' IJ ~ " 1

Hmu'jnnci tMJru sb r:rrnm1n WMJffiGrunthnng~b shu nJl s w4 tttHLnnrurhrun 9tib]Jl

u

s
ttl ru91 fi gb b fil:iLLilR Rmfi ~H{!J 1cg Mm ttl blifl rut5n9 MJS1Llil nng H~ al ~ Rmfi s
L'Ur:ll bl rua ~sb MlJltll: tll glnnrut:h run 9'U rw [dJb t9Jn ttl ru~'UL'U!jlg Qhtl 'Lffm
1

27
 PROEUS DARA

n
a· a· a ... · a = a
~
nnffi
ttlru nEN "

n ttllitn2iHi5~!'ltf:lru n dlcrasm~1t:ll:flS
u" IJ cs-

a ttllitn nnrut2MtiHHUl
{) I

n. 16 = 2x2x2x2 = 2 4 2. 128 = 2x2x2x2x2x2x2 = 2 7

fl. 27 = 3 X 3 X 3 = 33 2. 243 = 3 X 3 X 3 X 3 X 3 = 35
ct
~ VlffU M 3 tH1.Jl2l

n. G) = G) G)
3 x x ( ~) = 81 2. 5 = 5
3
X 5 X 5 = 125
R. m x m x m x ... x m = m 20 lli. a x a x a x a x a = a5
'--~
20 nm
"

2 3 5 2 3 2 3
bHOI<>.
'"""'"'
0
3 3-
X.- 3 X 3 X 3 X 3 X3,-- .3 ,• 3 X 3 - -
- 3 + - -
- 35

28
 PROEUS DARA

2 3 2+3 5
, a xa =a =a
.
9. etH1H!Hlil
"'
t fH154 tlH'l'I M
..
4 I

{;f:l'i:fl2 (34)2 = 34 X 34 = 34+4 = 38 (34)2 = 34x2 = 38

42 4 2 8
nuiHothntiDmctl
n ""'-'
(3 ) = 3 x = 3

2)3 2X3 6
(a =a =a

2
(3 X 5) = (3 X 5 ) X ( 3 X 5) = 15 X ]5 = 225
2
(3 X 5) = 3 2 X 5 2 = 9 X 25 = 225
r:ruhhlr:hnr:illmm
n ""'-'
(3 x 5) = 3 2 x 5 2 = 225
2

xb" I
11
tt191Q)Q121 (ab)" = a

? 2 ? 4 4 4
(5 X 7t = 5 X T = 25 X 49 = 1225 (xxy) =xy

( 2~)
4
= 3x3x3x3 = 81
2x2x2x2 16

(~)
4

~
4
r:ruhftlr:hmillmm
n ""'-' 2
= l24 =
16
 PROEUS DARA

h. tj rnttHita e6wt:tnnunruf:ltHn
IJ 1 U OS

4 4
ti:lffiS 3 = 3 X 3 X 3 X 3 = 32 • ~ = 34 2 = 32
3X3 ' 32
4
trutHottlrmlimm
n
~2 ~
= 34 - 2 = 32
3

t~01mmsl a• = a•-• I·
~
a
n (a•O)

ruunttna ML~rn n. 3
(-2) (-2)
7

3 5 2 4
Ill. (;:)' • h. 7' u. (5x y z)

.., ( 4 X a • y b)( X 2 • y 3) = 4 X a+ 2y b + 3 ill. (x2) 5= (x2) 5 xw

H.
i (/)5 - /5

~
u.
(5 X 3 y 5 Z2)4 = 625 X 12 y 20 Z8

II
2.
X
9 1)
!:l. 4 2 + ( 2
4

·~~ m n2
3 4) 2
LU.
(m

30
 PROEUS DARA

r:J
n. N~ f1HHUH\HH
1 u u
3
5 5 X 5X5
tf:l'i:fl@- = - - -
53 5 X 5X5

tf:lnHb ~
3
""
01 tmmm
5- = 50 =
n "-" 3
5
4 4
tf:l'i:fl@ ~ = ax ax ax a = a 4-4 o
, 4 =a =a
a4 axaxaxa a

Gf = 1 3° + (-3 )
0
= 1+ 1 = 2
"' r:J
2. O'i'i:fl N UHu UHHlJl
li ~ 1

3 3
,...
tf;l'i:fl;::,
5-5 = 5 X 55 XX 55 XX 55 X 5 -- -- 5_ = 5 3 5 = 5-2
5 5X5 52 ' 55

(a"' 0)

0 • 0
ruunfltnu f:lrul@l li. -40 2. (-4)0

5 -I ( -1 -3)-1
f:l. X +X ill. X y

b. (20 + 2-l) + 3-2 u. (:-22) -2

2m
ti. 4 X 2n t:l.
8

31
 PROEUS DARA

0
2. (-4) = 1

R. X
5
+ X
-1
= X
5
X X
l
= X
6
lli.(£1y-3fl = = xy3
X

3
= -..:..-
1
2 9
3
= -X 9
2 - (a4)2

I
--g
a
111
2 2m m-3
d. - = - = 2
8 23

u. ( 6 )-1
12m-3
-3 4 -1 -1
m +n
d. x4 ~3 J:ill. -1 -l
xy m -n

2.1 'i"if\19
~
n f't~ru n dlU~HHUhiatHNN
M U

X ctl'tHufilt~t2t:h::J2~d'i:fl2 a filbliruTl i =a '1

"' IJ tS-
2 2
4 = 16 t?irtl 4 myMmta'fs 16 ttflru (-4) = 16 t?irtl -4 myMfiltals 16

tuHH2g 16 'i:fl2'lifdfiltath~ 4 sb -4 ttflru 4 ctltifdfilta~d'i:fl2t2 16 t?iRM~

1 "-!> " [.!}-

32
 PROEUS DARA

3
nhnHUi x = 2 &f:1Lil2 2 = 8 r:1:1m 2 r:iltHdf:1'Ut2 8
..I "' u

J..o. ""
nwnHl..fl
..1
X= -2 tf:1Lil2 (-2)"3 = -8 "'
"
tf:1m -2 r:il'UM1:1'Ut2
u
-8

X=~

X= Va
t:'
2 fl7 f.JJ Ul/1 1

w = vs = 2 ; V(-2)
3
= ~ = -2

n. 'Utumt~ts 9
0 • 0
rutnHi?Uu
"' 25

tn~ru n. tu x r:ilytumt~ts ;
5
tSlg i = ;5
tf:1Lfl@ X = ffs = 3 ; X =- ffs = -3
2. V-125 = V(-5) 3 = -5 ; -~ = -V(-1) 3 = -(-1) = 1

1:1. V81 = W = 3 ill. J(x-1)

2
= lx- 11 ; V81a
4
= 1)34:;4 = 3lal

33
 PROEUS DARA

-n. ~-32
_/1 ~- Ji-6x+9

3
ill. V-64x /

tl51_1§ill 3J27 X 3Ji2s sb 3,)27 X 125 JtHLU}iHcrJum~ru

3Ji; X
3J12s = 3 R X Y = 3. 5 = 15
3

3,)27 X 125 = 3J3

3
X 5
3
=
3 J(3 X
3
5) = if153 = 15

tf:ltUtt\~HIDm\tl
n ..,._,
3j27 X
3j12s = 3,)27 X 125 = 15

~1:.~~5~~ UfrlQ:Jlh nJa · "Jb = 'Vab ?

X = 'Va y = ';/b =/
11
mb ttltilS a = X ; ttlQlS b
" 1:1:!
S1o :;::
~ x nyn = a b ~ ( xy )" = a b <<
~ xy = 'Jvao

i:!tH
u
sg r;Ja. nJb = 'Vab
J2·JS = g::s = Jl6 = R =4

34
 PROEUS DARA

X = Va tf:1Ql2 a= x
n
' y = nJb tf:1Ql2 b = l
s12J ~ - :: ~ ~ = (~f ~ ~ = I~
~m2z ~ = ~ , b.-o

JS= @=J4=J2i=2
J2 ~2
2.4 N~ &N~ 'h2 ffl rum NllHi nn N a91 a ~ 1

t~~1n;ti
e.J t_:;
n~2nnb
ct
m~ t\1nnMruf:1
\:1'' tJ 1
ru1 tf:ltittin fitit2~
"' u
2:1 hltJ rur:11 ru1 tu2 912
1
I I
r: r: "'~o.
,ya·,ya 2w a2 ·a 2 ~
ffi~llinrul.t2tut15f:lrul
." "' ( am xa n =am+n)
B tJ 1
I I I I
2
tf:1Ql2 a ·a 2 = a
2 2
+ = a1 =a ~jlbt9Jn Ja·Ja = ~ = J:? =a
I I l
2 2 2
tf:ltutbmllimm a . a =
n "'
Ja. Ja =a 'i:f12St15tfl Ja RrulrituHtuHt:llru a 'i
l I l

3Ja. 3Ja. 3Ja 2b a3 . a3 . a3 m~ rnnB rul: t2 hltJ tljf:)1 rul

I l l l 1 I
3 3 3 3 3 3
tf:1Ql2 3Ja·3Ja·3Ja=W=a; a ·a ·a =a + + =a 1 =a
I I I l
3
tf:ltutbntllimma 3 . a3 . a3 = 3Ja. 3Ja. 3Ja =a 'i:f12St15tfl 3Ja RrulrituHtuHt:llru a
n "'

I I
6,Jx = } 27
3
= V27 = w= 3

d .. <::» •
2.5 t:Hl.fl
I
Nacl N'l
U
an2 mru
2 f11'if)t n.n"'
 PROEUS DARA

Wa = X tf:\Q12 Va = X
ffitJ 11
=;,
11
a = (x )k = x"k

tJmsg Wa = n'5..[a
IJ

ct .. 0 •
2.6 MUH1Hi.1~NJfiU1~ffHli
U 2 I I
4 2
aV1VUM 1/25 = W = 5 = 5 = J5 ifJI7 = 6J27 = (33)6 = J3

~ll~W~~fi
~ ~
litnmm
tJl""'
n~ = nJ;ft ?

ffitJ X = n~ tf:l(fl2 amk = x"k =;, (am)k = (x 11 )k

tJmsg
IJ
n~ = nj;{z
6 I I I I

aV1tntnn ~w + J7 = 1 12 2
+1 = 1 +1
2 2
= 2(7) 2
= 2J?

t,:;;k
b. nkva····· n
= ';.fa"""
rm
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______j
-----
0 • 0
rutmrH-u1.1 f:lrul S1

n. 3)32 2. J2i-4x+2 lli. 3V25 . 2V5

it 3
Jfu 13.
fj '
o. V21/
V343/

n-. V32 = ~ = W · V4 = 2V4

2 2 2
2. J2x -4x+2 = J2(x-!) = J(x-1) ·J2 = lx-1IJ2

36
 PROEUS DARA

=- v -2-a
32 3
-2 2 -b 2

= 2aif%2
w. 3V25 . 2VS = 6V25 . 5 = 6W = 6. 5 = 3o

it Jfu
3 =3,)27 3
--=-=-
Vill
w
w 5

u. f,=J2s=1_
j} lxl
3 3 2
J16a J16a J16a ·a 4ia1Ja
ti. =
Jb4=Jb4= Jb4 b2
5 2
r:l. V21x = Vnx\ 3xW
3,}73/ 7y
3,}343/
.,.
"'
1.,e~e~ ~Hl.fl2l

n. Vo.oo1 · Vill ~- Vx+2·Vx-2 ~- ~-fx W. V512x

3
/
2

tl. ViT8 u.
14Jl28ab
tl:. r:l . 3Jl715
5
Vi 2/i

d e:. .. .. c:>
3. H~~~5aHe~~~e~~jre
, cr e» o~

~~~rul:flSDJr:llr:l2 1 rui22ln '1 ~ru9M~~JHLfilli513nDJr:llr:laQI2tna 30% '1 ~a~

21t1 &~1h 2 g ffiu§n~ms nn213 a1.1 smmr:la tanH 2 nsi g M~ ~112lt~"e~ m"e9 21 fig ab
tJ ~ l_j c;t i:l' 1

""' .,
~~mn.n'HlL~
I
*
~g
1.1
1 : a 0 = I tHli&tflm"e
u 1.1 r = 30 %= 0.30
C» 0 '\;) r.:f
m a 1 r:llu~SDJr:llr:lata 1 9M~~JHLmru

a 1 = a0 +a 0 r = a0 (l +r) = 1(1 +0.3) = 1.3

C» 0 ~ c'
m a 2 r:llu~SL'i5r:llr:l2&S 2 9M1~JHLf11tl5

a2 = a 1 +a 1r = a 1(1 +r) = l.3(1 +0.3) = (1.3) 2

tttli:l9lQ]QI2 ax= (1.3f r:llG~GlDJr:llr:lStL'UL'iH15&9iffl"e~tG:i X QtlnHU1tS8
u 1
 PROEUS DARA

y
""
-b'Ux=3

t&rH f(3) = (1.3) 3 = 2.19 i:fH~2rum

~~&28 2tl
t;l ""
tsi 3 9!U'SriJHlfilti51Hi
'i:fl213Jdld2 2.19 n.n2mR '1

""
- ttJ X = -3
-3 -1 0 1 3 5 X

3
tm:; f(-3) = (1.3f = 0.45 m22ru

m mrnn 3 9M1nJ~~2~~t28'i:fl2 ttJtnd2LtJmnnt'n o.45 n.n2mR~tn£]'u '1

t~Hntl'iflltJt2~2R'i:3s
G 1
t~'i:3isa:mm1t~
e.JGV a
7\mii 2 t2'it5dld
LJ
2tfi 2 m'i:3m
c;
'1
1

f(x) = (Ut m~ru9nnfr.:Jrnm2t~rnmt1~2 &tU sbs9MJ~dl H&G~ mlim

H~~'iH~HtHujnn~:HNJru '1

ci Q If 'f!) ct 0 l

~~R'i:32~u!UJllil~t!UJrn dl~~R'i:32f'H1flfitl:flti5 f(x) =ax

fr.:Jrn xEIR ttflti5 a dlfi22rJfi

lJ
~d'i:fl2
C3-
2MrJ
I
1 '1

0 • 0
ruunn~n
u

y
X Y = 2x

-2 0.25

-1 0.50

0 I

1 2

2 4 -3 -1 2 5 X

38
 PROEUS DARA

ruuru~~3 2 fHlJ121&11~tru2Si'Hi5~Lffl'l5hHH~f:l'i§2 y = Gf '1

mntJ&11'errfl~mh~
GV ..
x stJ y
u
y
X y = G(
-2 4 y = (-2])X
-1 2

0 1

1 0.5
-3 2 5 X

2 0.25

t:rutlnH~&1t:lli£!Jm 51&~ x ~:fis tf:ims&1t~'{Jl~~&s

u
Y = Gf rp
Y = (~f mfiiiru (oy) L&1~GfW1G (o, o '1

2. y = (~f
r:l. y = 3' m. y = Gf
~ <=> <=> ~ <=> ., •C
4. ~~muae@S~~m;He~j~ei~jns
:1

4.1 Nihndh;NjM~CNJru
t:r:l'i:llSH9r:l'e2Hunijn.n~rMJill y =ax
u
'l52lfiy=b
.;
rf:1rub>0'1

39
 PROEUS DARA

X
y =a
O<a<l

y =b

X 0 X

X
a = a·
y
hl'i:HHli x
u
=y

0 • 0
ruUTHi1!Ull &1:!1 g Lnn ru hl-@ m~
fi. 4x = 8 2. 3] X-- 1=1. 5 X 2x = 40
J3
lli. 18 X 3x = 2 h. I = G) l-3x
2.

1
2x =3 ] -X =--
2
X=-
3
2
X = -32
X 1
m. 18 X 3x = 2 , 3 = -
9

X =3 X = -2
G. 5 1-x = (0.2)3x

2x- 2 = 3x-l l-x = -3x

X = -1 X = --21

2. 4x =I 1=1. 2x =0
h. 2x X 81-x =! G. 3 x
2
-2x = 27
4

40
 PROEUS DARA

4.2 '"huth=ruiftHdjn.n~fMJru
(;f:l'i:fl@H~f:l'i3SHtHujMi1~hlJru y =ax ~tlru a>O ' a,.] 2~ xER
u
~ X d ~ q 0 1 ~
- t'li a> 1 (;@lg y = a thH~f:l'i§@(;n@ctl@~ LHm&1_!i'i5Ji1(;~ x

X V
a "" a· hl'i§'i§u ru X "" y

nhm~~3 r:ttHLnnru~ hl{§filJ

~
n.
2x :5 16
l <>.J6n<8n+l
c.

3x- I 1
ill. (0.7t > OA9 ~. 4x- 6 · 2x +8< 0 ts. 4 > 256

x :5-4 r:mru 2 > 1

4
2. 16n<8n+ 1 hl'i3lHru(2 )"<2 3 (n+l) J:Lmg 16=24 8=2 3

24 n < 2 3 "+ 3 (r;mru 2 >I )

4n < 3n + 3 'i5 4n- 3n < 3 'i5 n < 3

"'- "'
tltH@&
U
~hl{§filJ'i:fl@hlrulm{§ru
1 GV
nE(-oo, 3) '1
5
f:l. 32 5 x+ 2 "" 16 5 x hl'i3lHru (2 5 ) x+Z"" (2 4 {" tLmg 32 = 2 5 . 16 = 24
'

25x + 10 ""20x 'i5

"'-
25x- 20x ""-10

41
 PROEUS DARA

m. (o.7t > oA9 tu'l§~ru co.7)x > (0.7)

2 2
'Lmg oA9 = (0.7)

x < 2 ( tl?llruts f11t1HHlfl

~ 1
o.7 < 1 U61~m9
n
nH~1 M~mn
u u
~ ~
i:lms
U
g ~ tu~mnns tun.nm~ru
ql

I
0 0

6V
x E ( -oo, 2)

b. 4x-6·2x+8<0 hl'i§'\lru 2 2x 6·2x+8<0 tLmg 4x = 2 2 x

2
t - 6 .t +8< 0 mb t = 2x , t>0

f(t)<O tSlg 2<t<4 ~ tE(2, 4)

2
t = 2
X
t?ilfiS 2 <2 <2
X
~ 1<x <2

i:lf.HSg
u
1 hl~flla'tflShlrultH~IlJ
1 ""
x E (1, 2)

u. 4 3x-I > 1 tu'l§'l§ru 4 3 x- 1 >4- 4 fi'i'I§HmruHbilbn~§H!Ul?ll - 1- =!4 = 4-4

25 6 u L;u l'l u u "' 256 4
3x-1 >-4 ru~n.n:~tu~m~Hutujn.niHtuJru
u

tfjtuplf nnn§jfit~ x >-I 29ltf1Hul x = o

4 3x- 1 > 1 tu~~ru 4 3 (o)- 1 > -1- dstu x ttrlru o
256 u 256 IJ

-1 1
4 > 256 MlJ ru
IJ

"'
...
i~e5~~ ttrl gLnnru1 tu~ma

n. 3x < _!_ 2. 4x;;;, 64

27

?i. 16
-X 1 m. 3x-1 !
<9
< 256
2
b. 2 x X 8 1-x ;;:,41 u. 3x -2x<27

42
 PROEUS DARA

d de::. " •e)

5. "~6aeH~~~eHu~~~ee~jm
~~2 9QJUC1£1Msjunfiricrsum'l'f~ 50 ooo dJm nnrug~mmsuLmfll~Lmfi 6%
ni.l'erum
"" 1.1 ""
<J d5fflfl'liS9n'iiflflt2l&tsiUSH'fUQlS 3m tilhmfimMfflflMmU'l1ct"l'tl2lS
I lJ £'l "" lJ I I""'
?
I U

~9 1 : FllaLmfi 50 ooo x 1 ~0 = 3 ooo dJ m

LmfiMmni.lm9 1 50 ooo + 3ooo = 53 ooo
I ""I ""
'U m
o.,
Jn92 : m~unfi 53 000 X 1 ~0 = 3 180 cum
"" . o..,
Lfilnhlmni.lmg 2 53 000 + 3180 = 56 180 cum
I ""I ""
o.,.
Jn93 : m~Lmfi 56 000 X 1 ~0 = 3 370 8 tum
""
'iQlfiMmni.lm9
lj
3 56180 + 3370.8
letc::t
= 59 55o 8 tilum
I

~ms& d1mil P mfi~sLmfit~'e ttfiru i dluLmfll~LOlfil_Ymafl t2l&

0 1 '=' OQl t:::b

- t3 S1.1 S'iQln
lJ
Mm tSJFI91 I ""
R' P + iP = P(l + i)
0 1 ':1 OQI .::;:» 2
- t3SS'iQlnhlmtSJFI92
1.1 lJ I ""
R' P(l+i)+P(l+i)i = P(l+i)
0

1.1 U
<»
- uSS'iQlnMmtsm93
0
f.l •

I
"

""
e::b
P(l +i) 2 +P(l +i) 2 i = p(l +i) 3

IJmru m'eS
u £'l
A = P(l + i) 1 t'itlQ1St'lnilnHlJi99lflfll~'iQlfl'ettlm'eh
lJ "" u lJ 1.1 ""£'l
I

- nHUi~mflfll~LOlfi'!Jrutiffihl1lhtf.lt@ A= P( 1+ ~)
21
tLm&'!Jruafl
9VlflfllHQlfinalh
u lJ
i1§1u t iJgmfl
""u
2t ttfiru'eruiJggmfllHQlfi
u ""u lJ
i il§n§ru
uu
tiffihl
g ~ muLmfmLmfi u2 <J

- mn1i~mflfll~LOlfi'!Jru@ffiM1lbttit@ A= P( 1+ ~) 'Lm&'l;3ruljt~mfl
41

Fll~LOlfilJSf:lb si2J t ljl~mfl 4t ttfiru'!Jruljtg~mfll~LOlfi i ii2J'!Jru@ffihl g~m

m~Lmfi u4 <J

43
 PROEUS DARA

0 I 0 0 \;)
ru'UTHHUUJ 1 on m
c::t
1987 Hn18
ct
m.nr:191 2l:flrh::ns
c::t
m ~l§runf2iHt1
9 ........, lJ
84 ooo r:Hm~ r:tll rur: si
6V GV JGV

m
c:t
2007 m6'\Qlsru~~r;21g1mtr:llti599r:lH:['lS&itl§
........, lJ
49 r:l.fl21:Jr:tm '1 tfinbl§fi5mHn1S&ti.ll?l
6V c::t lJ c::t c:t
1 GV
I

gI s 1:21 gg g1J rumsHumrn~um~uw.n ...._,

~ I ~ I Q1 C» J

mds1J 2li212
1._.
mumnHHuffl&itnSr! 84000 [:jr:l.fl~ 1:Jru
I<V

49 r:l.fl21:Jr:l.fla nharu:r:blru 20m '1

1 "" 01 01
1

tnjru mh i mHt,mrn~t,m~dr:o.n~
20
t?lQlS 84000(1 + i) = 49 000 000
( 1 + l')20 = 49 000 000
84000

20 49 000
(I + i) = ( nlintHu&l 20 )
84 "'
1 + i = 1.375 15 i = 0.375
""

~hm ri~~ 2 r: 2i lfl1996 l:fls MMJDJ9Jhr:hti nH~Jlli1_,nl§uJ'i§ MnJl~ ~ ru.r;rl§o ~ 2 3 405

21~ ~:mruo~2&28l:fl2rnafisr:£fjh 30 %rtlt{]hruliljl '1

n. craMHhlaM-@rnaf1:Jru15hlmo22hlhl'i'i159'ihrtltir:sim
u U1 ......, IJ i.fl.J 1.,1 01
1996 '1

c 0
= 3405 u~2hlhlJ1_,159Jhr:h15
"" •

r = 30% = 0.30 H1_,fflhlhlJTIJ9Jhr:hti

0 eJ ~ I

t ~ r; 1:J ru hl MJ 1_,15 f{1 h m 15

y 8~ 2 MMJ 1_,15 fO h m th si Jjl 1996

t?1Ql2 y = 3405(1 + 0.30) 1

~msg M-@rn~ mh M MJ1_,159Jh mlir: silfli996 ?i y = 3405( 1.30) 1

44
 PROEUS DARA

~- cr~~HdMJLU9Jbct"l'citsi~ 2006
ffl~ru@nmnbnli y = 3405(1.30) ft~ru t = 2006-1996 = 10
1

10
ttitnS y = 3405(1.30) 'Y_ 46941

~msg fi~st\JruJftlrutnsty9Jbctl'thsi~ 2006 ~ 46941 mR '1

nhmri?iu~3 nt\Jml:flR9mumR9~~ti.HUtJ~bru'i'tfltim&uru
~ 0!0 J.l l.j
nbfi&~ soooo t~ru-u (S- 0!0 GV JGV
'1
1J 1

UfflR&lamgm 'fo
lCSV
10% t:tHiJhnrnm '1 ct
~nfi'f~UfflR&lanhHiJ:
ot
6"V
&rl ru 7 mtHnru
c:;l.J '1
I

r = 10% = 0.10 ctlHUffltn&o

I GV

ttitnS y = 50 000(1- 0.10) 7

= 23914.85

~msg Qbaru:tr~ru 7 ~cunru g;'f~LmR&lasirurn~~ffi 23 914.85 ~'1Jl~ '1

I

0 ..
r;ssums
1.1 , ....
?

It Ql I 0

ums
I'""
mum.J'iSfflfi'i:flSffiru
b. eJ I
60 m
0!0 0!0
I

tJ. ~sru'i'i:flRtns9mloruso~rutUtJ~h'!:iinfirummffi1
IUO!O ~ u u
nbfi&~
G'l .... IJ 0!0 ""
39oo t~ru-u
1 ""
'1
I

aorus&mgm'focsv
6"1 1
14% ctltiJbnrnm '1 c;
afifit~~orusnharu:trJru
6\1 G'lc::li
10m c;
I

45
 PROEUS DARA

0 •

=i15lm~ = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

I. ?Hl.fl Sl fi "t~ "HHH SJl't3 :

n. Jf6 m. Vo.oos(y-2) 3
d. V-64i

n. x = 1/iO ~. V56 = k 1'=1. a = 28J500h m. b = xJY

3. ML't3 runt SJl't3
!J

n. 4Jffi ~. ~ 1'=1. m. g
b. w tl t/(7b)
4
SS. W d. V(x-2) 5
eJ 0 I~ rf
4. ~ ntt:l Sn ru1 GHSHSJ':l'i§S
1

n. f(x) = Jx 2. f(x) = 3Jx 1'=1. f(x) = J2x + 8

lli.f(x) = J4-3x b. f(x) = J-3x 2

U. f(x) = j;2;l
SS.f(x) = Jx d. f(x) = (x+3 2 Lill. f(x) = Jx + 1
2i -3x-5 X -X x+ lxl

s. ~Hl..fl ::n n t SJl1:3 ~ b t LFil'e

n. J2. J3

m. Fa · J10b b.Jx-a·

6. hl~illlltSJl1:3
!J

n. ~J43 + ~Vi6 + ~Jn

7. !{u]mt{Jli
n. sVi sb 2V3i

2 Jx
. Jx-JX+l.

46
 PROEUS DARA

1 1 I
~
n. 83 2. X
4 ~
R. y
5

10. ntH Lnn tiHu~ m ~

2
n. 2x = 32 2. (x+ I t 4x+3 = ?1. (2-J3)x+(2+J3t =2
lli. 3( 2x) = 6561 G. 3(4x)+2(9x)-5(6x) = 0

(3x)
ti. 3 = I

11. t1:JlgLnnru1 M~ffla

n. 2x > 1 2. 3x S l

lli. 16x<8x+l

12. t1:JlgLnnru1 M~ffl~

n. 16x > 0.125 2. 2x > -8 ?1. 27x . 3 1 - x < ~

lli. (0.2)x S 25 G.
l)x > ~4
(2
J[

13. ~t!MrumsrunLmfi~rut3~~H9itgtsitHnma~ru tmrug~rumsHLfflfflaLmfi 6%

ntll:Jrum '1 ~ru:tb"Hli 7 mtufflrul:Jn f.il~Q1StjnU01RrttiSlfilHSlg1m t1:!111599illQl2

ct \.1 ct ct """' \.1
I

'1 &~~tln5115l:fl2U01R&'tJ1:1n22tlSl2
UQlRMHJ
I
n22
\.1
3 00 tjru-Ja
I GV \.1 1--t.
?

14. 1:12M'il:flfimsffiru
I U ct I
30m
ct
msrunumfi 5 oooo t:flru
\.J t9id:ltsiuSlmal:1ru
'-" \.1
tmruggru
\.1

ffiru1 65 m
ct
'1

15. 1:1SM'il:flfims9maorustll:1rut'i?l~tlnt!ntl:1
1 \..tct """' £1--t.\.1 W ct GV
45 ooo tjru-J~
1""
'1 aorus&Slgm'fo 15% til
£1 I GV
1

t:fltlrHlim
U ~
'1 an61tl:1aGI15Snt!Jt15:trlru
~ n~
7 mtumru
~
'1
1

47
 PROEUS DARA

d
1. ~·~~~ei_e1~

1.1 MtJPrullSiUiAU~tmru

f(x) = 2x + 2 g(x) = ~-1

2

X =2 , X =3
d5 x =1 ~mg f(l) = 4 &tl012?1'i:flEH1hnti
u
(1, 4)
.. 0 •
m x = 2 &mg f(2) = 6 &tl012~'i:fl2&1H:il'li (2, 6)

tlMSl61t~&ru~&2
" "
g(x) mmg x 0
=4 , x =6 , x =8
.
t'li X =4 &218 g(4) =1 ttl012tl'i:fl2rul::il'li
0
(4, l)
'

.
&'li X =6 &mg f(6) =2
u

~tl'Q12tl'i:fl2rul::ilti (6, 2)
.
t'li X =8 &mg f(8) =3
u

ttl012~'i:fl2
0 '
rul::il'li (8, 3)
C» C» 0 I':) cf c:p
ffl'l§fil~tl M Sl21l:Hill&tl tU&iHH'liJffiGl tl'i:fl2 ru l::ilti&2H 2 tl'i:32 j(x) Hfl!Uffl&g-1 2tl 1'u1
n ""' u 1 l.,j .,

'i:fl2rul::ilti~s»2tl'i:3S
1
g(x) 'i:flssrum mntrl'i:3
1
f t'mmrummffH1ffl'i:3
ljGV U 8 1m
"'-'
ttflru1mM
l.,j

'i:3n1m
~
trlntrl'l§ffl'ij
1
g t1'lifill15ctlffl'i:3mffltl
L.; u G\J
j1m
.......:;
nbnHlfl&28
ct
&tldl g(x) m
1
et ':> d' Q1 ~ et ':) et cJ
H2?1'i:32'iffihlt2H2tl'i:32
I l.,j 1
f(x) tUl 115 f nctlH2?1'i:321ffihl&2H2tl'i:32
1 l.,j I
g &l::i~ '1

m~tg-~ ttimb»l:jt1'i:3sLmM~s! tl::ilru F

1
'1

"' "
~(W~~e.s5 &U (a, b) t~b~~ y = f(x) ttflru (b, a) &~b~~ y = F 1(x)
1 et b et
&Slg F ctlH2tl'i:32'iffihl&2H2tl'i:32
I l.,j 1
f '1

48
 PROEUS DARA

0 • 0
rutmfif!Uu

... 0 et 1
nmru
w
mmg~HHi'l§2
1
f(x) = -x+2 u~ y = x+
tt:l'l§~fin..n~H2~'l§sumfD
~ I
t~~n..n ~mit'l§GV x dlH2~'l§St2
I
y

1 1 2y
y = - li y(x+2) = 1 &~Lil2 x = --
x+2 ~ y

2
-
0
1Jtffi8H2~1§2
I
et
g(x) =X ti
~
y = X2

o' et" xlc:. r:

nru1fiH2~1§2UG1fDt2 f(x) = _::_ 2h g(x) = ,yx- 3 '1
I X

1 2h F 1 mHs~'l§sumhlm
I co
tti M(a,b)Ef

&Sl8 M'(b,a)EF M~UMu

1
I
A(a, a) 2h B(b, b)

t~Lil2filtj AMBM' '1

(AB) dltiSl~'i::fl2M-ijfilj y =X
~

eJ
t'il.jm gn filn fi'l'l§u n..n1 crt f::l ru'l::fls ffiti hlI hl
I 0 I oQ)

a b X

ruunrh~p t~2JH9~'l§S J(x) = JX &'r::lru x~o '1 1djfiM~H9~'l§SLmMt2 t

acrM~Lmmun5n '1
 PROEUS DARA

t~'i:flS f(x) = Jx u_ y = Jx t~ms x =l

ttnmsg
1
F 1(x) = x
2
ctlHS~'i§2umhlt2
1
f(x) = Jx

Mi1Lffluls J(x) JX sb F 1(x) = i

f(x) = Jx Fl(x) = x2

4
X f(x) X F 1(x)
0 0 0 0 2

1 1 1 1
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 X

4 2 2 4

LfflutsH~~'i§2 1 ~g~st~ F 1
1

rumH~~a2 t~~H~~'i§s g(x) = 2x-l '1 ~~riMciH~~'i§sLmM g-

1
J1JMi1Lfflli
mfdn '1

t~'i:flS g(x) = 2x-1 u_ y = 2x I t~Q12 x = 1; = ~+~

tUl ~ t 2 g g
-I (
X
)
= 2 + 21
X
'1 Y g(x) = 2x-1
~ ~ 1
hlbtf1tlt2
I

g(x) sb g- (x)

-1 X 1
g (x)=-+-
g(x) = 2x-l 2 2
-4
-1
X g(x) X g (x) 6 X

0 -1 0 112

112 0 -1 0

"' "" :>:: <' X

i~$~~ t~"1jH~~'i§2 f(x) = - '1
2+I
mRMciHS~'i§sumhl
u 1
F 1(x) u~1Jhlti1ffltlmMtl
L '1

50
 PROEUS DARA

~ f(x) = JX &UTim H9fl'1:1SYnHfl&a tl1:tlH9fl'1:1SUnhlt2H9fl'1:1SnH~ '1

~BQltf:U &U&fi'i:flS hl~fflaHuhljo.rt~ ttUJru

u
2x = 3 tR&LUhlt;JJl log 23 &~'1:1jhlfilrn2J6lt~&s x
""'

m"" 2 X =y (y>O) &Sl&tf!'itnS X= logzy

x = log 2y ~ f(x) = 1og 2x &UTim

tSH9fl'1:1SHuhljo.rt~ttUJru 2x '1
u

0 • 0
rutrrHHUu

- mmg log 3243

 PROEUS DARA

... ... 1
i,t5~5! 2. log - f:i. log 125
44 5

2.2 runnn:isutnmln
B

1
" log x
a
=- -
Iogxa

" log) = 0
log ax
a = x

n = log aY t 21 8 a" = y

n. N1..,1:fHi5UqJlR IogJxy) = logax + Iogay

tf:itfiS x·y = am·a" = am+n t21g m+n = Iog 0 (x·y)

t 21 g m - n = log c~)
a Y

52
 PROEUS DARA

n 611J

= nlogaX

2. log 245 + log 22 = log 2 (45 · 2) = log 290

3 2 64
f:l. 3log 74- 2log 78 = log 74 -log 78 = log
764
= log 71 =0

"" a ,. 1 , a > o, b > o, b ,. 1

ttl
logbx
log 0 x = - -
1ogba

53
 PROEUS DARA

l:'Hlfl Sl log 589 Sob logJ2J5

1 589 = log89"" 1.94939 = 2 7889

og log 5 0.69897 ·
1
-loa5
r;: _ logJ5 _ ~ _ 0.69897 _
log J2'>~ 5
..J - -- - ~ - 2 •3219
logJ2 !log 2 0.30103
2

!:1. logz(l6 · 3)

2 4
3 3
n. logo.sV-4 2. log 0 _225 !:1. logJ5(0.5)

13. logaJx- ~logay

cr "? ~ , '=> er
!J(171.fJUifl 1 !:1rulSlGH~tn52 2hti5hlf'il1HSH9!:1'l:Hl y = log 2x '1

fflflht'ihl'it'i~ffltS
GV[.:; CO
x Sob y
u

y I
Y = 2x
Y = 2x y = log 2x
I
I
4 y=x
X y X y

-2 0.25 0.25 -2
y = log 2x
-1 0.50 0.50 -1

2 5 X
0 1 1 0

1 2 2 1

2 4 4 2

54
 PROEUS DARA

OfJI'i lfJ mciJd lfJ

triti.Hut~ntillf!]ltl fit~ x tRS tl'iOISfit~lf~~ts y = log 2x tRS tUiruLffllitGl

u
I C) I 0 d Q X
y = log 2x fflfi~f'iJ (Ox) 1f~1:H1Jjt3 (I, 0) '1 tthru~~l'i'eS y = log 2x Sb y = 2 ctl

f::ltmummtif'dtu;gmm'lti'ShtiSl~
Uct 6\lc;U .: :; y =x '1
1
.., ~ • ':) cr
l'irulSlnt~tru2 sbM~LffllitS~~l'i'eS y = log!x '1
2

y
y = G( y = log 1x
2
4 y =X
X y X y
\

-2 4 0.25 2 \~

'
-1 2 0.5 I
-4 -2
0 I 1 0
1 0.5 2 -1

2 0.25 4 -2

y = log!x ffl~HnJ (Ox) LnMhtf10 (1,0) '1 ntlru~EJI=i13S y = log!x 2-t:l y = G)x
2 2
 PROEUS DARA

trutHu&~mllitgrh H~l!i1§S y = logax 'tfi2Lfiltl :

111
~{j a> 1 Lfiltitfl2rJ&~bt9i~ t?irh y = logax tl1H~l!i1§Stfl2
.. 'o
- nH1.fl 0 <X< 1 tit~ y = log aX< 0
.. 'o
- nHI.fl X> 1 '&'H~ y = logaX>O

• tti O<a< 1 umm:;gtlJ&l:iht&linn

I li n
t?irh y = Iogax tl1HS?i1§S138
I I

y
y = log 3x

X y

1/9 -2

1/3 -1
0 X
1 0

3 1

9 2

56
 PROEUS DARA

y
y = log 1x
3

X y

119 2

113 l
0 X
1 0

3 -1

9 -2

3. 1 rutlmnnnmln

i:flS Srumrnnm sx + 1 > o u"'- x > _z5

~
2
5x+7 = 3 (m-esru'i:3arutn.nfil1n)
o:;:: 2
5x + 7 = 9 Sl ~ x = S
..
hl'e fil fi:fl S 'i.Hu x
"'
= -52 '1

tiil8LW1IDM~fila logx+log(x+3) =1
""
M"efilnfls su ru rngLmtn
u {X> u {X >0 Y. (x>O)
1
X+ 3 > 0 "'- X> -3
""
hl'efil~ logx+log(x+3) = 1 xE(O, +oo)

57
 PROEUS DARA

1
x(x+3)=10 Ma thlHJl nbHu MjMti tMJ ru
r:t1 nh M~ ma ~ 'LR 91i a
2
x + 3x-10 = 0

(x+S)(x-2) =0 f:llAr:tltirnt:lMnm
I 01

X = -5 , X =2

0 • 0
N'Ulll'HU
II

2 2
log 6x(x-5) = log 66 tLmg 2 = log 66

i-sx = 36 r:tlnbhl~Fil~~t'(!1'92

~
2
x -5x-36=0 u_(x+4)(x-9)=0 x=-4 ,x=9

thm& x = -4 @srun 'Umg@stdlbm~rnn2M2lbtrn

~ ~ 9 (;:

3
X
log = log 5 16
54
3
x = 64

X= 4

X> 0
{ x-6>0

58
 PROEUS DARA

log 4x(x-6) =2 "

illi'H1JU2t:Hl.H'ill.fHrulff'IH'i
.,.
9 1

x 2 - 6x = 4 2 ffl'tHl"' 115'13 2"' fiH" 2 ~ rul ill""Hi

x
2
- 6x-16 = o tin 16 tnhH~iibn~
Fl

(x-8)(x+2) = 0

x-8=0 ~ x+2=0

X= 8 'U
"'-
X= -2

i~i~i tmgt,n.nrusbt~b~~ru1§ml2lbtt,m"e
1
n. log - = -2 2. logx9 =2
636
2
ill. logs(x + x) = log 8 12

3. 2 l rutimiummln

y y

a> I

0 X 0
X

"" logax 1 > logaX2

t'U tf:1Q12 x 1 > x 2

59
 PROEUS DARA

crll'1
I

""' logax 1 > logax2 ti:lQlS x 1 < x 2

t'U

0 • 0
rutiTHHUII
3
n. log X>- i:l. log 112<log 1(5x-3)
9 2 2 2

log/>~ Ml§~ru x >9

2
'i.H'ruh1M~fi1Hrulff11n &9idl1M~ff1aMtHtVMcitMJru
3
2 2 2
x>(3) ~Lmll9=3

X> 27

2. log 8(3x-l)<lOg 8(x+5) <;~._¢~""'n ¢¢n<>gP¢¢""'n n¢nm {3x-1 >0

dbUt:lllldl:llo:l!"'LUIIlbUbWII X+ > ¢¢X>!
~
5 0 3

log 8(3x- 1) <log 8(x + 5) i12J 3x- l < x + 5

2x < 6 15 x < 3
"'-

I
03 1 3

~tHs& 1 hl~Fna'i:flsmiru x EG, 3) '1

i:l.
2 2
s "'"
3
log 112 <log 1(5x- 3) 1 hl~ff1~'i:fl2 rumru run 5x- 3 > 0 'Ux>-
5

60
 PROEUS DARA

tlgfi l!J t't!c{jsg l!J

log~12<log~(5x 3) ro'i:3~ru 12>5x-3 (¥~9rotttr~ro'i§nu tLmgtmru ~)

5x < 15 Y. x<3

0 3

... ...
i~~~~ tf1HLhllli5~ ro'i§Fru~tHLfill:3

~. !og 1a < 0
3
r:1. log 8x :s; -2 m. log(i- 6) > logx

4.

4.1 nhnnsmttm
"' c:t
l:3Shl'i1:flflQ1Sli5n'itflRGS8 2 925 000 ~ t9itntsitHnfflH1:t'lli599rutflSH'ifi'lfil~1QlR
I i j c:t l.J IJ "' IJ l.j l.J

10% nbl:3rum '1 crSlma9ffl~fil~itflR l:3li5t~Ylrol:3b '1 dhru:tt1ruu21sm t9mcr

c:t IJ c:t u l.j IJ 6'1 ..... c:t "
I

2JLmfimfi5m~d~is1:lru 3705ooo ~ '1

t:H~li5 fi'll:33'Ul:3~ A = P( 1 + ~t , P = 2925000 ~ , r = I~O = OJO , A = 3705000 ~

21
tr:1tflS 3705000 = 2925000(1 + 0 ·210) '"'-U 3 705
OOO
2 925 000
= 1.05 21
1266.67 = 1.05 21
log 1266.67 = log 1.05 21
log 1266.67 = 2tlog 1.05

il §'I t = log 1266.67 = 2 .42

tJ 2log 1.05
~ms& t~l:3j2JLmfimfi5m~tfis1:lru 3 705 ooo ~ m~Ln~t@ttlruHM'[15tUlru
u
0
2.42 m '1
"'
4. 2 nhni rnmam
"' c:t
ttitrub rothmrua'liMl:3ruus s t'1:lrunnhd'Um9&rlrutt1 trub tllimm msmfi5~g
n u u u l.J "' ......, ""

f-\1
 PROEUS DARA

witllam~:utlm1Ha~11t:h
'!.J "'U
GV
fj dg mtfj'i:3 '1 ru
&
'1 9s'i:3stl~'iHJf~rutfisnt'i:3~tnntlmsg
& U U GV
fi
'i:flsmfd2gmloatnnt~J~tit:h
U U GV I GV
iarua iin '1 ru
2mtnalll dhrutl9maaruso'i:3rut'it:i4tl
WJ In UU
'1
...._. ln""'IJ

"t'i:3 2oooo ~tcSU

G\1
rt.m ttfi run t'i:3~a rusts
n
gstJfig 'to 15 % mtUtl rm~m
os
GV
ta-u mntl "t'i:3 1 GV tru

aorusdas " IJ
4 mcurnru timm~t1mntl21tl~:urn'i:3
.. u ll1
:
......

dasm9mtarua ".., a ru ath tl,..,

tH1U ruu
u .. ....., Gl Gl

0 20000

1 17000

2 14450

3 12282.5

4 10440.13

'i:3S M1'i:flfimsGntn'9nnnUnt1JJmrufn<J
1 \fc; ..., f~ ru'i:fls nmth~M~crM8
n tJ 1
130
u

{§ruurn'i:3 '1 d'ihlJHl.flrutiruntl

n u cc
nmmtlrnruntlHUm A "'
11 % ntl'i:3rutihtl
"' tJ
'1
1 I 1
Q1 11 U t:iJ Q I I ':loQ
tna ru: m ru'US'l
,...,
s t'i:fltl t9'li nmt:h nhla~
n
ruliDtiruntl
u "'
ntl rnruH hl mnn run
n
rutsm'i:flM
1

""
tl_.'li3'li'i:3~ y = a(l-r)
1
ttllru y = T130 = 65 , r
11
= 100 = 0.11 , a= 130

tf:'IQlS 65 = 130(1-0.11)
1

~ log0.89 = log0.5
1 1
0.89 = 0.5 ¢:> t log0.89 = log0.5

t = log0.5 'li t = 5.9480

log0.89 "'

~mlH ,fj-gj~~~Lt:htifdruQtl ntl rnruH rdmfin 0{11 ru Ct:itJ11 tLUttH15L'littn ru

1 u

t,e~efi
. ...
n. mhllmsrummficrss
u l_j IJ
2 ooo ooo ~ t9idhsinSlfnHl'flruggrumsHum
"' IJ

62
 PROEUS DARA

tigfi /!') t'IJtijd /!')

ffl~Lmfi 6% Qh'\3rusfl '1 ~Wiaru:~mli~f!lssfl t9tiLtnfimt:Jm~t~st9jhr1af;jb ?

1

2. 1~Htf1SttnH11:3
l.) "' 1 6"1
2h~1Jndnrums&imRm9a1:3rutH1~hto
\.t" ~ 1 eJ \.1 l.)
3 ooo f;jru-Ja
I IN <N
'1
u
ttit?J~fi1tf1Rhrrng
l_j
20% crn{)bm1hn '1 ct
anfit1:3Rr119anh~ru:ttHli
GVltj c;
3 mtumru
c:t
'1
u 1
I Q Q 0 Q I I CJ

?J. ffl1:3fflaUuiH~fiSllJ' 2ooo Lmfftu1JS'i:flSTIJdlr:ls 1.26 msrrnsSln r;f;jrndl

cr~ s q_psdlb t?ltl~ fiWhrun.nmruln '1 tyt9 tij~f;j rn'i:flSG~ SL'lidlr:l s 'LGS'li~U
rlTIJt&ltuus ?tLm&ltuli'lCL.Ql ~tJrn'i:flscr~s 1.01 m2rrnsSlfi '1 B~SL'lidlr:Jsh~
Lm&ltuli'lCL.Ql SbTIJt&lt\JGS hf11J?lrulSlffll§"hl~ffla /(t) = l.Ole0 "0151 sb
C(t) = l.26e 0 "
0091
(t!!1Rrul~ e = 2.7183) ffll§"hl~ffla~aiibna tWltsimrun
u "'

~[:j rnTIJW tuli'l CL.Ql r;~ sfi~ STIJr:ll d s t'@ sdlbTIJ r;g tuus '1

<I
1. flH11
4
?1I rul cU a·a·a ... ·a= an f't:jru nEIN
~-_/

nnffl Gl

-. m n m+n
n. a x a =a
m
a)n an b. ~ = am-n , (a¢ 0)
m. ( b = bn , (b ¢ 0) n
a

- c{jgjtuL1:3rnQbffl~tuHtu~ t?JRrul~~Bm&li
1J 1

n. a
0
= 1 , (a ¢ 0) 2. -1n = a-n , (
a ¢ 0 ) , n EN
a

>1/n
- m
Ql

a
0
dl1JSSrlfi
\.1
Q
R.'Jyan = lal q
t'li n ?1
u

n. nJa . 'J/b n,Jab /a nJa

= 2. ~b = Vb' b¢0
 PROEUS DARA

m
~
'"'· 'fa
n~
= a
n J.o
w.
n'Va mk = n;,Ja"' r-;;;

~H~l:l't32~tHujn.n~fhlJn5 RMfitt]HiJ .f(x) =ax, xElR, a>02t\a,.;J

- d5 p Lt11Rt~'t3 i HLiiilAl~tmRnw1J.il n thcr~sJ.il cr~SLOlRhl~U?i A = P(l + i)n

d -
n. ;.u~~~ei~fflfft
=
- dj (a, b) t~tl~fi f(x) tffiru (b,a) t~h~fi F 1(x) tSl& F 1(x) thH9l:l't32
Lffihlt2H9l:l't3S " t;l
.f(x) '1

- d:h~sl:l't32fl~,mMm
1 l.j
tSl&umulsHsl:l't32ilt~rlas&mcrilusbuSlfi
1 u ~Qli
y =
6\J ct
x "~
1
X X
- m a= ytSl& x = logay, y>O, a>O, a,.; I t'Ull15 .f(x) =a 'i:flS
C» C»

H9l:l't3SLffihl
t;l
r 1
(x) = logax '1

- rn gn.n: t rrn m1 61 : crt mgLl:lti X >0 , y >0 , a > 0 , a "' L 2h h>0 ,

1
lli. logJ? = - -
1ogha

loghx
~. logax = - -
1ogha

0 •

=ilS~ft ~·---·,00---·-~~--

2 2 2
n. y = 4x- 3 2. y = 3x +I R. X - 3y =3
2 2
lli. xy = -6 h. xi= l jj. ::_+L_=
9 4

~. y = X~ d. y = Jx-2
2. tl:i2JH9l:l't32 .f(x) =X 2 '1 1;pRrulfiH9l:l't32Lmhl F 1(x) ajjhl~Lmumn.in '1

3. MhLmutsH 9l:i't3S2lh tLAl't3

' " t;l

64
 PROEUS DARA

2. y = log 7x
m. y = log J.Sx b. y = log 05x

I
4
n. 10 = wooo 2. 83 =2
-2 J 4 .. ] l 13. = 2
m. 5 = 25 b. = 64 100.3010

d. A = k"
_ __, log 2 kw-Hl
2. 5
3 b)
n. -'

b. log 464

~. log./216 d. log 10 1

2. logxl6 =2 ~. logx + log(x + 9) =

b. log 9x = 2:
I
13. log 8x = 31
~. logVx = ,J!ogx d. log 4 (x+3)+1og 4 (x-3) = 2

rn5.1ogsJx + 1
2
= Jl m.
~
log:;[}+ log if} = log2-3

2. log 3(3x 5) ~log + 7)

2
X -X
~. log-2- <0
X - l

9. {§bt\521lf129m~Gruschm.H'i~~b~G
1 "-' bl..-bW lJ GV
38500 cHUl~
16V
'itthGrusm~GnbHUm
611 6Vot;
15% nb'i:1ru
c:t 1J
l 1

m '1 t~aru:tnru
Oli
7 mtHnru
~
Oli
aGrusm~hsiMru~Gtl212
~ 1~
? 6V
 PROEUS DARA

1. ntn~ uumHu~ maHtHuj ru1 ~ t' MJ rn

u
?
n. 3x- = 8lx-l

~- 2(3) 2x+
3
=3-7(3x)

2. dj ax= by= (ab/ '1 tiirlmm

Ln ""'
xy = z(x+y)

4. b{j a= J3+J2 sb b = J3-J2 '1 ti.J:nmm _l_+_l_ =

cn "'-" l+a l+b
2 2
5. d5 a +b = llab '1 tiirlmm
Ln ""'
loga+logb = 2log(a-b)
3

6. d5 log~= a sb log,.M = b '1

.
tiblmm
tn"'-"
logX\.M
·
= a+b
..!.!.!!_

n. 2 +log l0(2x- 3) = log +log 1025 2. 6(log,8 + loggx) = 13

5
~- logx9 + log 9x = 2 '155. log 9x +log 29 =
X

8. t ttHLhllru~ M~fil~HtsMjrul~ tMJ rn

u
~- 4x- 6(2x) +8> 0

'155. I 5x 2! b. G)x<VOM B. (0.3)'s;l~O

t 3x- J 3 2
~-log (3" -l)·log!J6< lli.x·logo.I(X +x+l)2!0
4 4 4
x+4
b. logx(i-8x+l6)s;O 1J. logx-~2x-6s;logx 9(x-5)
5 2

10. 'i:Hl1 M'i'tflAtns

tt eli
rummrhlfi
Lj
~n ~siwm mas-H~hlit:il
1
~1:flrug~rnms»Lmm~Ltnr1 4% ~b
"\!)
1

't3rum '1 ~timii~stlifl~'iQlRt28mbrlm 1996 't3n tW\titsti'iS~sgm 2007 mii'tflS'iQlR

lJ "' t._; "' ..1 e.)q; "' t._;

Mmilb»fdtimstsiwmm~
1 1""'
'1

~ <I X c:, <I -J V o ";;

11. t~<{JH~~'t32 f(x) =a· SbH~~'i§SLlflM f (x) = !ogax t!:lrn a ctlts~S~~ffiS '1

n. Jn&it~ a ttl'i3"j2JLmuts»~~'i3"s f(x) sb F 1(x) mii~ '1

2. ~nu~tit3Mtst1:lrn,muis»s~'i3"silbrlamiim (nb~rul~n) '1
1 l.j 1 "' "'
1
lJ

66
PROEUS DARA

67
 PROEUS DARA

f/rntrunn 1 ~b ~ ~ciLfi t nHl..ll'i:fllJi tf:'i tLu,ts 9~

l

(JJ,o ab (JJ, tH'ifinn~1i <j 1

u
mn
':l"'---7.,.---7 'ill 0 ""'
~ts9a
1
OPo 2-t:l OP 'i.Ht:Jifi(fl2tHill:311Snrlt:lts21bt'iffl'\:3
n 1 u t..:.
:

• nbnwii~ts9~
ct I
~ru'imtusb'9nn1::!4~2'i9StsSl9~m
l,j l,j t..J
~tf:lruuttiifimsm~~d'i:fls
I n 1 C3-
'1
1
---7 --7
(~'U
u
n) (OPo , OP) = 30° '1

• ~bnalii,ts9a oJ> ~ruLtuu8b'9tut1::li~s1JSts

1

s-,g~m
iW
~tt:lrumtiifimsm~~~d'i:fl2
1 n 1 C3-
'1
--7 ---7
(HJ
u
2) (OPo, OP) = -30° '1

tH15dtblmtsabcitSl8 tf:'isbm2~ 360° ttlltmmt'J~

1.1 I "" IJ 1 1J I

sbt~sdl 2 f:lb dl3 f:lb t94m'l:3tisscl~sm~~rutsg

1.1 I
'1

68
 PROEUS DARA

y y y

p X X

td I

(J. + 2 X 360°

(J.- 3 X 360° (J.

0 y

0 • 0
n5UTHHU 2
u
0 0
u ~ mg k =1 , a = 45 o + 360 o = 405 o <J u t mg k = -1 ,

"""ii "' ---7 ~ ";) """" 0 'Zj ---7 0

~tLlu9a OP l:w13~bl.H19fi1l:Hw13 OPo (flSl'l§I 70°
I »
---7
r;tilrutiSltl13n1rums~
<1 l
150° fi113'9nHti41d'i:flS
E3-
<J mAn.n~~
U I
(OPo , OP)

f:'in.flSl~l (J. = -270°+k X 360° nbnHlfl k

~
=2 , k = -3 <J
1

69
 PROEUS DARA

?HWlm~t'~h~ AB '1 ~~ntlnmti~Ln~'i:lls9mR9sbt9lsh

u

LUt~b~ AB 1:9 '1

u

ttnntsg 1
~:l=lm~n2lnHrHi.hhmng'ln
n et I! 1 u J ftHli'i:lls9mR
9sbt94Luf~h~ '1
u

r;rubtlhm~uf1bg 2nr ~:gfj'Sbu1'i:llin~b{1hll~nnru-J 360° u -J 2n(rd) db

w ~
u
"" Gl!n 1 "'-1

'i:ll2 2rum 360° = 2rr(rd) '1

trubms9mR9sbn'lb~~h5~tlndltltLnsbh~{1~ 1
~ =5r
0

1rd =

lo = I~0 = 0.0 l7 '1

r; 1=1 ffiul=l M21LU t~ h~ AB tmruuns&n~atlnm~titLnt9lhtlJ{1 a= 30° y_

u u

o.. = 30 x l~O = 0.52rd ~f~b~ AB =a ·r = 0.52 x 5 = 2.6cm '1

u

a = ~rd ffiuMHMHttl t15~ a =~ '1

m-J
fl 1
30° ' 45° ' 150° m'htlJ{1 sbm-J
u 1
:It
5
' ~3n ' 3n mtiq~ '1

__::__X 30 =~ __::__X 45 = ~ n 5rr

180 6 180 4 J8() X ]50= 6
J80o X~ = 36o ' J80o X 2:n; = J20o ' 180o X 3Jt = 540o 'j
:It 5 'Jt 3 :It

-7n
'2

70
 PROEUS DARA

2.1 MSN
II
nhlSN
U 11
ri~N~ ahnri~N~
U

t rub rna MnJlJG'tHHtfl rurl £H1.HUJ'i5L~t fflrt.n'tfiL~ ~m ~ g 0°

9 10 '1 tl:lbl.H28 r;rubRrt.n~ sin, cos, tan

y u
nb~b~U~tmrt.n'tfl'i~ttHlii::llan~ o sbffi r '1
"'
1
IJ LJ u. v' v
P dlGrt.nG'etl5sitbthb~t!:Hli'if12nHHI':ht2
I 1.1 IJ U
P(x, y)
1::::¥-7-7 0 CJ'\;,

r;mru (OA , OP) = e '1 P' mmrunrntnbr:a P

Q~CJ --t ~ 0 C) '\;) ~t)
r;rnHnJ x'x 2b Q dlmrunrntnbt2 P r;rnHnJ
__,. OQ OP' x
v'v '1 ti=llfl2
· ·
sinO = -
OP
= 2:
r
, cosO = OP = -,. ,

tanO = sine = 2: cote = cosO = ~ '1

cose x ' sine y

eJ --7 eJ -)
~fflru
C) .t:l} 0}

HnJ y'y t'UliffiHnJ~9 hl tUl li5HnJ x'x lt dl

~
HnJ~~hl~ 2bHnJ
C) -) eJ I I

v'v dlHnJ~~bhlh '1

:rt
291'UJUU1
"' "
i=!rt.nm~r;~~9i=l'e2L~tmrt.n1f1Ult2~
c' "" " 0
2 , :rt6 '1

B dlGrt.nG'i'i5romtlb4b~sbHn'i
1 t_; /) () u- -> m'B9ror:r:tl1d'tfl2
tS-
'1

:rt . :rt
cos- sm-
cot-
2
:rt
= -. -:rt2 = 0
-I =0 2 "'
:rt = - -
tan-
2 :rt
'BSHlG
y

Sll1l cos
2

~b~tmrt.n tnb OPQ l:i=llfl2 AOP = ~ ttflru

1 6
PQ =l '1
2

i::lmag
u
sin~6 = l2 '
cos~
'6
Q = J32
= ~~-4 '1

71
 PROEUS DARA

Jt
cos-
J3
-
cot-
6
Jt
= -. -Jt = -2l = J3
'6
'1
sm6 2

1':1 n..n Sl n. 2sin ~ + 4cos~- 3 tan~+ 4cot~

n. 2x{}+4x -3xJ3+4xl = J3+2J3-3J3+4=4 '1

? J3 2 I
5-4xr+(
3) I+-
3 8
2
2x e)2 2 -2xl'+4xl
3
=
l
2x- 2+4
4
=
15
'1

2.2 M~ i~:u.f~n~aLilcmn.n1:fllJ1
• o!:;» t:) I C$
~~~Ui l:fnM'HlUi tOntO Q)t:h'iJS fnUJ~ 1':1

3 7 Sn
l':'lMSl cosl20° , sin(-60°)
' , cos 4n , sin 4Jt , tan- '1
6

72
 PROEUS DARA

cos 120° =- ~ , sin(-60°) =-!} cos

3
4
n; = J2
2
tan Sn;
6
= J3
3

I~ I !! Ill IV

sin a + + -

cos a + - +

tan a + - + -

cot a + - + -

o • o .., o ,.,rl , "' ~ ''ll .., { sinx < 0

rnUTHH!U tn't91 x ~:~JntlmUtHHlmttHlH tldln•t'l.mm~ '1
u '1 & & cosx < 0

,. , " o ~ ''ll ... {cosx > 0

tnntlmUt:liH1ffittHlH?Jffi11in't9t tldln• M't9fi1~ '1
'1 1
.: & tanx > 0

ts1tnh~t1~tmMl:flL" El m~l;pn.i~ (DA , oP) y

t?JQ18 cos8 = OQ , sin8 = OR '1 QbL~tfflftfltnb OPQ

1

ffi1:9[j~ti9rJffiRJ t?JQ18
2
OP = OQ 2 + PQ 2
X

(1)

73
 PROEUS DARA

·~1':"1"' ---=--- = - ?1 - ~~~

2 2
sin 8 + cos 8 2 '1
bHLt•"" tan 8 + 1 =
cos cos -8 cos

I I
1 + tan 2 8 =- -
cos28
1 + cot 2 8 = - -
sin28

. 8 "' '?!!
2 b ~ 8 ~ 24 fflLi:J b l1 l '1
0
t1 llil Sl cos 8 , tan 8 , cot 8 t 111 ru f1[1 ru sin 8 =
17

·~~~ J.o <-!-.

0 • 0
nn.rrH1t1~
5 sin a+ 7 cos a n-h
b w 1 u.; w w u 1 tan a = 4 '1
Ul 6cosa- 3 sin a 15
4 4
5sina + 7cosa = cosa(5tana + 7) _ 5tana + 7 5X 15 + 7 = _3_+_7 125 '1
6cosa-3sina cosa(6-3tana) 6-3tana 4 4 78
6 3x- 6--
15 5
!'-!-~ • . 12 3:rt
"'J.o
t1 llil Sl cos a , tan a , cot a tw,rutt1t\llru sma---
3 Sw - <a<2Jt
A -
2
R llil Sl cot a+ tan a
cot a- tan a

cfiQJ " 0 <1:11

3.2 H~~tH~lJHfiU1.11Y1UHS1:f e a~ e + 2bt
y
ti11ru'f18
I
Sb 8+2k:rt ; kEZ m'f1~M6hi11ru1139a
l 1

sin(8 + 2k:n:) = sine cos(8 + 2k:rt) = cos8 X

tan(e + 2k:n:) = tane cot(8 + 2k:n:) = cote ; k E Z

tan(8 + k:n:) = tane cot(e + krc) = cote , kEZ

sin~:n: = sin(i + 4n) = sini =

1 :rt
1 , cos(- ; :n:) = cosG- 6:n:) = cos -
3
1
'1 z
. :rt = -J2 '1 t1llilSl cos-
0 • 0
ruun:1t1~ tt1~:~wu1
'l"lJ.o<"h :rt = sm-
cos- 65:rt "'Glb sin ( - 39)
- '1
ll 4 4 2 4 4

74
 PROEUS DARA

sin~= ~ '1

2
, cos(- ~rc) 2
, tan(_ :rc) '1

3.3 1id
IFI
0 1- ""
11. 'BtH.iHfl
I-' q
El at! -El : ~HhdtiH11FnrurunrHliUrUirlhltHMSiHu2'iffi~
I & c< U I! ._. UU
2rc '1
I 1
~ J C» --7 ---7
Qbl~hL~tfilM'i:flL~'t:i'i:fl2 (OA , OP) = e y
I
-7 -7 ""
(OA , OP') = El' t'Ull15 El + 8' = 0 ffi~ 2rc

m§1u El' = -El ffi~ 2rc '1 &t:iQl2n~Hi::htS~SUrulti

u ' 1
P

sb P' ~ P(cosEJ , sin8) Sh P'(cos(-8)sin(-8)) '1 -1 X

ti::hl15 p sb P' r;;gmctflushHnHflUMfU

GV c< U U I
tt:iQl2
. I
P'
sin(-El) = -sine , cos(-El) = cosEJ f:WtS8
u
-1

tan( -El) = sin( -El) = -sin El = -tanEJ sh

cos (-El) cos (-El)
cot(-El) = cos(-e) = cosEJ = -cote '1
sin (-El) -sin El
sin(-e) =-sine , cos (-e) = cos El
tan( -e) = -tanEJ , cot( -e) = -cote

3f17tnUul sin(-~) = -sin~ = ~ , cos(- ~) = cos~=~,

cot(-~) =-cot~=- f
2. ~utn£Q (~-e) at~ e: ~rinhn(!Hfl Fnrurundru~m~rJnc~shi m~ 2rc '1
• "" ---7 ---7
nhahhi~tfilrultt:i'i:fl2 (OA , OP) = e ""2h ---7
(OA , OP) =
---7 , Jt
-e '1
c;
I
II l_j 2
tt:iQlS n~HI::h
u
t2 "t2130 rulti
l
P t:i ( cose , sine)
""'

mJushu~ti y =x t~Ht:ims ~~al::ht2tst3nfJu P' (1) '1

m~au:nh rfl oP' ctl1Jh~ru~2~ (i- e)

I
'1

~titSll~HHI::htsts P' ~ [cos(i-e),sin(i-e)J (2) '1

'm~ (1) sh (2) &t:iQl2 sin(i- e) = cos8 sh cos(i- e) = sine

75
 PROEUS DARA

sin(~- e) y
cose l
tanG e) = = sine = cote= -e
tan
cos(~- e)
-1
X
cosG e)
sine
cotG- e) = cose = tane /
/

sinG- e)

sin G - 8) = cos 8 , cos G - e) = sine

tan(~- e) = cote , cotG- e) = tane

~sii-e
! 1.1
ru ~ Mstl
"'
n~~
u
hl~ ~sii-eru~gQ
! l.l
~ '1

!JfTJVJIM l':Hl..flSl sin60° = cos30° = f , 3

n
tan - = tan - - -
2 6
(n n) = cot-n
6
= ,yr:;
3 'i

--7 --7 "' --7 --7

Qtl a~ ~L~ ~ mM'l:flL~ &t'i'l:fls (OA , OP) =e Sb (OA , OP') = n-e 'i ~t'IQlS
!

nHHttltStStsMts
u !
"
P 0
t1 (cose , sine)
"'"
Stl nHHttltStSf3Mts
u !
P'(-cose , sine) (1) 'i

i:jiJtSg "
nHHttltStS P' t'i. (cos(:n: 8),sin(:n:-8)) (2)
"'" 'i
u u

fil'e ( l) Stl (2) ~t'IQlS sin(:n: 8) = sine ,

cos(:n:- 8) = -cos8 X
x'
sin(:n:-8) sine
tan(:n:- 8) = = - - = -tan8
cos(:n:-8) -cos8
_ cos(:n:- 8) _ -cos8 _
co t( :n: - 8 ) - - - - - -co18
sin (:n: - 8) sin 8
ii~m~s-em
1
'l:flststla:3'gmm'1'listlHn'iMSM
IO'G; 1f5Vct u \.t11
'1
1

sin(:n:- e) = sin8 , cos(:n: e)= -cos8

tan(:n: 8) = -tan8 , cot(:n:- 8) = -cot8

76
 PROEUS DARA

391tnUU1"'

sin 135° = sin(l80°- 45°) = sin45o = J2

2

0 I 0 ~ '?
illUTH'l l!i~ f:Hlfl m 6'1 t'ii! bru ~H 2 n t 2Jl'i:3

A= cos(-8)+sinG 8)+cos(rt-8)+sin(~rt+8)

B = sm. 5rt 3rt . ( rt)

6 + cos 4 + sm - 6
'1

A = cos e + cos 8 - cos 8 - cos e =o '1

B . 5rt + cos 3rt + sm

= sm . ( - rt) = sm
. ( rt - rt) + cos ( rt - rt) - . rt
sm
6 4 6 6 4 6

i,i;~i;~
"" "" 1 i:thtiHt.flrn sin4r = 0.6820 J:Hl..flm cos43°
R

i,i;ii;i 2 an&'lt'ii! t ru2 &s nr; 2Jl'i:3 A = sin( -x) + sin(rt- x) + cos(rt x) + sinG x)
B = sin( 52rt -x) + cos(3rt x)
5rt
C = tan-+ cot-+-- '1
7n I
6 4
tan~
3

--> --7 "" --7

0 ""

Qtll~~L&ll:nHlil'i:!llftl!i'i:flS (OA , OP) =8 Stl (OA , ) = rc+8 tl!iQlS

I
':1 0 q ':1 0

nHH1:ht21:2tHl..flti P(cos8, sin8) SbnHH1:hi:St2tiru1ti P'cos(n+8), sin(n+8) '1

U I U I

tl!iQlS sin(rt+8) = sin[rt (-8)] = sin(-8) = -sin8

cos(n + 8) = cos[rt (--8)] = -cos(-8) = -cos8

x' X

tan( ,.,.+tl)
'" __ sin(n+B) -sin8
= -cos8
- - = tan8
cos(rt + 8)

cot(n + 8) = cos(n + 8) -cos8 = cot8 '1 y'

sin(n+8)- -sin8'

77
 PROEUS DARA

sin(rr + 8) = -sin8 , cos(rr + 8) = -cos8

tan(rr + 8) = tan8 , cot(rr + 8) = cote

sin210° = sin( 180° + 30°) = -sin30° = -!2 '1

tan ?rr = tan(rr + ~) = tan~ = J3

2 6 6 3

A = 2cos(rr- 2x) + sin(rr + y)- 2cos(rr- 2x)- sin(rr + y)

= 2cos2x- siny + 2cos2x + siny = 0 '1

IQ! -j. -7 ~
QtH~bUHnHl.Jl'i:flUHf:l'i:f12 (OA , OP) =8 2h
I
->
(0 A
--7
0 P) = 3t2 + 8 = 3t2 (-8) '1

t1OS AP' ctlm.hnmt2t1tL:H15'i:f12~infd

c:t .......:; c:t &
(-8) ffi't3 2rr '1 x'
u u u

sin( 8 + ~) = cos(-8) = cos8 ,

cos(e+~) = sin(-8) =-sine

tan( 8 + ~) = cot(-8) = -cote ,

cot( 8 + ~) = tan( -8) = -tan8

5
tan rr = tan(~+~) = -cot~ = J3 '1
6 3

-tan~
4
= - - = - = 1 '1
COSJt -!

cos(-288°)cot72° _ tan 18 o '1

tan( -162 °) sin 108 o
cos(-288°)cot72° _ cos(-360°+72°)cot72° t o
--;'---::-:::-::-:~~=-::: - tan 180 - - an 18
tan( -162°) sin 108° tan(- 180° + 18°) sin(90° + 18°)
_ cos72°tanl8° t o _ cos(90° -l8°)tan 18° t o
- -an 18 - -an 18
tan 18 o cos 18 o tan 18 o cos 18 o
sin 18 o
= - o-tan18° = tanl8°-tanl8° = 0
cos 18

f:lMSl sin870° , cos(-135°) , tan765° , cot~rr '1

f:lMSl (cot44° + tan226°)cos406° no 18 o '1

cos316o -cot cot

78
 PROEUS DARA

eJ 0 I

n. tfjanruu;
0 I C) Jt cJ 0 1 ';) cf
fHJJHHflS npuncn cosx~O , x~(2k+ 1)
2 , kEZ '1 ~tm:::gtf::l2f"H1.fl61t2H~R''l§2

ncieuci~ R-{(2k+ 1)~} ; kEZ '1

H9R''l§S~nciMciffi1JRrul~(f12 b1.pLmfn sinx~o , x~krt , kEZ '1

cf C) 0 I

H 2t R''l§ 2 .y = sin 2x 'i:fl2 t f::l2 n rul61 D =R '1

4 0 ' Jt
y =- nrullilQlGllllblHl.JTl cosx~o (2k+ 1)::;-
cmx L
Jt Jt
H~R''i§2 y
"'
= tan(x-l)
0 '
nrul6l(f12filblillifl X 1 ~(2k+ 1)2 , X~ 1 +(2k+ 1)2 ,

kEZ '1

Q ~ cf C) 0 1 cf C)

~es,;~;aes,; f dlH~R"'l§2'i:fl2t!::l2nrullil D '1 f dlH~R''l§2'i:fl2~ti p b1pLmtn

0 C.?J 0 el ~~ C)

p dl1J22~d'l:fl26ltmdn !:!::lbli 'flxE:.L.i. f(x+p) = f(x) '1 bl2liJ'i§2li5t2g

IJ (3- u t
f(x) = f(x+p) = f[(x+p)+p] = f(x+2p) = ..... .
tR'Hl1JMHMHTl(!Jlil8 f(x) = f(x-p) = f[(x p)-p] = f(x-2p) = ..... .

sin 2 [(x + n)] = sinx sb cos(x + 2n) = cosx

sin[2(x + n)] = sin(2x + 2n) = sin2x sb cos 2 [(x + n)] = cos(2x + 2n) = cos2x

79
 PROEUS DARA

C( I tt::::), (;f I J

H2f:i'i:Hln~M~ShHS?ll:Hlnn~hl~'i:fi82'U rr tumg 'ilxE R , 'ilxEZ ,

I 1 U 1.1

tan +rr) = tanx il§j tan(x+krr) = tanx sh cot(x+rr) = cotx i12J

cot(x+krr) = cotx '1 ctl9t9iHS?l'i§S y
u 1
= tanax sh v = cotax 'i:fl82tl T
· u =~
ial '1

SintniM"' y = sin-21x ,
'i:fiS?,'U T = 8rr , v = cos(-3x) 'i:fi22'U T = -
2rr 2rr
= -
H • 1.J l-31 3
"' l
H91'11§8 y = 3tan x 'i:fiS~'U T = 2rr , y = cot5x 'i:fi8~'U T =~ '1
2

Ll'11hED , -xED , f(-x) = f(x)

cl f!} 0 t r;t C) •

- f ctlH9?l'i§S'i:fiStt!SnillH'i D '1 f ctlH9l'l'i§Sttutu~purHnLI'l'U xED , -xED,

f(-x) = -f(x)

C) 0 I I ':I Q)

y = x-sinx 'i:fiStt!SnCUln D = R '1 Ln'Unt~ xED , -xED t'UHi1

f(-x) = x- sin(-x) = -(x- sinx) = -f(x) '1 ~msg y = x "'

sinx ctlHf:j?l'i§Sthlhl '1

y = tanxcofx
3 ., o •
'i:fiStt!SnCUln D =R { kn}
2 kEZ l3'Unt~ xED , -xED ·"
tffiru f(-x) = tan(-x)cot 3-(x) = tanOcot\-x) = tanxcot\ = f(x) '1

tltH
u
S g y = tanxcot\

- UfiltitSH 81 n'i§S t to hl'i:fiS 1'1 rnn'i'i§liJctltlntig

w ~ w
'1
1 I
~ el tJ tJ

- LflltltSH 9 n'i§S~'tflSHnJHH 1:t1 tsctlHnJ~g '1

I

0 I ef 0 I 0 I

IHHlJH'i: y = sinx ctlH91'1'i§S nCUl&itHmgLn'U xER '1

2U
1.J
: ctlHSn'i§S2'U
1 1.1
ttl ru'tf1S2'U
1.1
p = 2rr tf:tl ru sin(x + 2rr) = sinx nlih Mnn
li'
ct Cl1 t::l) '1:> ct t::.)J

HSI'l'i§S
1
y = sinx tru [-rr, rr] t'Ul115UflltltSHSn'i§S
I
y = sinx trutHS'U
~

0.:::::. eJ Q) 0 eJ
[(2k-l):n:, (2k+ l):n:] QlStf:tlrumrummru [-:n:, rr] G~s 2rr fi1'i§HnJ (x'x) '1

80
 PROEUS DARA

unu y = sinx t rn"' [-:n: , :n: J

Jt
X 0 - :n: y
2
l

smx 0
~ --"-- ~0 .. -] 1 X

cf (!) 0 1 cf

~2?it32
1
v = 2sinx
•
'i:fl2 ~L:i 2rH1Jln D = R '1 ~2?it32
1
y = 2sinx 'i:fl22'l5
u

T = 2:n: '1

xED , -xED ~tflli5 f(-x) = 2sin(-x) = -2sinx = -f(x) '1

ct
L:imsg
u
y = 2sinx dl~2?it32thlhl '1
1
y

Jt 3:n:
X 0 - :n: 2:n:
2 2

2 0
2sinx
~0 ~

~-2/
0/

rumu~l!ia ~l::llrutLliLm'Ut@~~?i'lis y = sinx hl~Lffl'Uts~~?i'lis y = sin(x+ ~) '1

m!ru Lffl'Uts~~?i'lis y = sin(x+~) hl~msnnru~firnLm'Uts~~?i'lis y = sinx

Cinnt94t~~crss ~ tlrHnm'Bnn'i (x'x) '1

6"1 " IJ 2 li
 PROEUS DARA

y
y = sinx

y = sin( x + ~)
Jt
2
X x'

-1
y'

.C::C, s c:::-. ~ I cf
f1.H1JlHuUfltl r:JiHi5illflll.HS~H~f:l'\32 y = sin2x

~LYLfllti y = Sinx n.J~Lfllti y = sin( X ~) '1

4.2 ttntmnsiltmuisuqmr8 Y = cosx

t1:lafin.nri : rHdSn.JctlHS!'i'\3S
u 1 1 1
Rnmh:'hm&~m5
lr
x E R '1

0 c::::. el Ql 0 '
LHS'l& [2k-l)n; (2k+l)n] ; kEZ Q1Str:JltiJH'iblH'\3n~rn [-n; n] BSS 2n
ru U

fil'\3 (x'x) '1

J1H1l!l : ~f:ltlt1m cos(-x) = cosx '1 1:llHS&

u
y = cosx
ll

l_,ffltitS y = cosx 'HlS~fiJHHi:l'HSctl~nJ~& '1 ~lHS&~rui1hlnJlfmru [0, n]

1

~Ul tiJ t'\3fi nli [-Jt, 0 J 012 t i:h tiJ ~qu frnt1 ~ g ~tlJtiSb ~ fiJ HH i:h bS ~S t'\3 fit ru [0, n]
1

~NU:Iiu~unn ~l'in.J~brmfjmm fflrno.m x ~'Rsri o ~91 ~ 61t'\3 cosx r;g[i

n ........:> 1
1 ~91 o '1
2 GV

C» C»~Jt rr4 '\) c:» rr4

m x tnStl ttl', n t2l&m~ cosx rpr1 o ~l:l'' 1 '1
2
y = cosx
X cose
Jt
X 0 - Jt
2

~~ y
COSX 0
~ -1 -1 -1

R?
 PROEUS DARA

.,
T = 2n '1 xED , -xED ~Ultl5 f(-x) = 2cos(-x) = 2cosx = f(x) ~tHlH y = 2cosx

y
Jt Jt
X -Jt - - () - Jt 2
2 2
2 -Jt
2cosx
0/-r ~() -1
X

/ ~ -2
-2 -2 y'

0 • 0
ffi'UTifH'Uu

crtiru tf:lt::ilS1J1l'i5~S~Hlf:l'e2 y = cos(x

~~tHvl~ ~ tJn6fJLn5'USiHhlJ (x'x) '1

y
y = cos( x- ~)
3Jt
-Jt
2
x' X

y'

trum~H ( (2k-1)~ , (2k+l)~)

Jt
2
GSw 8 Jt ffi'!§ ( x' x) '1

J'fHHnHu : ~f:l'abttlLf:lti x;e~+kn, kEZ sl~ tan(-x) = -tanx '1 ~msg y = tanx

r::hH~f:l'e2tMM '1 Lffllits y = tanx 'tflSf:l&lhqyru\:::h~n~g '1 ~msg truhMn.J1&'ntru

I 1

3
 PROEUS DARA

[o, ~) &mruf-entrn ( ~, o J ms~:tnrutgufruh~nt{]u2h o 'fsf-entrn [o, ~) '1

9ti.Hf:!iuthmn ~?'inH~6ltiDf!JltHHjf:l13S y = tanx tfisnlim~g [o, ~] '1

cf:lms mnh :wn ~.mn ~cr21h tLfn13 hl~Lmu

y
Jt- I
' '
I
0

0~
2
+oo I
I
I
I
') I
I
J
J

2( u
X
tanx I _/
~

I 2
J I
I I
I I
' y' '

H9?113S"' y = 1 tanx 'i:flS ttl SrHUH1 D

el 0 '
= R- {Jt2: + kn } (k E Z) '1
2
"' y
HSf:l13S = -21 tanx 'i:flS2t1 T =n '1
I lJ

l:?'i~hmLf:lU X¢~+kn, kEZ m§j ~tan(-x) = I

2tanx = -f(x) "'
dlH9?1'eStft.JM '1

mnh:wrh.mn hl~Lmu
y
X --Jt Jt
-- 0
Jt Jt
-
2 4 4 2

1 1 1
0
2tanx 2 2 x' X

tH~W mh X=x-~' X= X+~' y = -tanX '1

..

X
Jt
- 2'~"~,;:
Jt
0 -Jt Jt
-
4 4 2
Jt
X= X+~
6
Jt
-Jt 5Jt 2Jt
3 12 6 12 3

y l oo ---~ 1~0~-I--~-ooll

84
 PROEUS DARA

4.4 HflifflfiBwtmuisu~m.ts y = cotx

tl:l afl nil ri : ~?1 tl-t:Htl cotx = c~sx '1

smx

nt1ru cot(-x) = -cotx ii2J y = cotx r::hH~f:l'i:iSbtunJ '1 Lfil'UtS

y = cotx 'i::flS?lrn 0 r::h~nm
b. ""I

y
Jt
X 0 -
2

cotx +co

~'~~0 X

oc:
 PROEUS DARA

0 '
=itS~~=~·==-==-~==-=======----==·=-========

Sn 7n: -II -Sn -7n: Jt

'7 '4 6 2 2 , 9 '1

3. t ti'tfl2 sin 8 + cos 8 = - 2 "" ru

&tn Jt < 8 < 2n: '1

1
ti ill12l n. sin 8 cos 8 2. tan8 + - -
tan 8

"
4. ~nGHl1ilb2Jl'li~tHLffl'i3
3
8 cos \:x - 2 sin a + cos a
A = ------------~---
3
t til 11Htfl
~
rn tan o: =2 '1
2cosa- sin a

B =
sin a+ cos a t......., P~~s:.nno
bWIUJbUibU tana =- 2
cos a- sin a ~

. 2 2
C = sm a- cos a
2 2
sin a - 2 cos a

5. Ml_,'libliilb2Jl'li~btLffl'i3
1.1
. 2 2
2 2 sm a tan o:
n. Jtan a + cot a + 2 2· 2 2
cos a- cot a
2 2
cos a + cos acota
lli. . 2 .
2
2
Sin a + sin o: tan a

6. t~b~flM'i3fflbl~btl_,Al'l3 :

sinx + cosx- 1 cosx cosxcotx- sinxtanx

n. ....,--------:- = 2. = 1 + sinxcosx
sinx cosx + 1 1 + sinx
sinx cosx

1
(co se
I) 2 lli.
2sin8cos8- cos8
2 2
=
tan8
I - sin8 + sin 8- cos 8

7. ~

G. y :::: sin2x + cosx

86
 PROEUS DARA

n. y = X- sin2x

2. y = X 2 COS 2X
0
?i. y = tanxcos -x
lli. y = sin5x + sin3x + 5 sinxcos2x (x E R)

b. y = sinx + tanx + cot3x (x"' k2rr)

,.., . X . S 2
u. y = cosx + sm smx + x
2

~ . X
n. y = -sm 2. y = -sintl+ 1 m. y = 3tan8 '1
3

~
n. y = sm x + . ( Jt) 2. y = 2 + sinx ?i. y = 1- sinx '1
3

n. y = cos ( x + ~) 2. y = 2- cosx ?i. y = cosx + 2 '1

""
12. t?i'Hl2U~Hfi"Hl.fl E:lmti2lb 0" bli'Hl2 sin~ = p
nfHE:l
u u G)

ttfltti ~ ctl~Lhlu '1 lrls;:;nn2ln&2Jl'i:j2lbtLffl'i:3ctl~Hj;:;13s P:

"" 0 "'

u p
n. tan~ 2. sin(90° ~) ?i. sin(l80° + ~) '1

13. fil'i:j3ti2lb~t2ll QRS ctlti~~Ln~ ttfiru p

PQ = 12cm , QR = Scm Sb RP = 13cm '1

12 13

'> <::. A
2. 91m~nnm
......, GIJ
QPR 2b cosPRS '1
Q 5 R s
1
14. tibl mm cos8( . - I. )
l11 ...._, J- Sill 8 l + Sill 8
gL'i:j~ ktan8 sb ~ nn ~'!i!~s k '1
 PROEUS DARA

2fntntnn"' 1 tLli]mtiJtint2J113 cos(60°- 30°)

Sb cos60°- cos30° <J &J:'l(f!S

cos - 30°) = cos30° = f = 0.866 sb

cos60°- cos30° = ~- f = ~( l /3) = -0.366 <J

nbfil~J:'lrul8l cos(60° 45°) = cos 15°

"'
1

tJ:'l~Sffimn cosl5° (f!Stf:Jlt1JinliH8lg~g timg

c; !5° ~sr13sdl~~tftHu
1
<J tJtHSg tJ:'l
u

s
tJ:'l ~ fiJ~ ~ci ~ t mMl:flUl ttl rnl:fls
·--7 --7 --7 ~ "" --7 _,.
(OA, OM)= a , (OA, ON)=~ Sb (OM, ON)= 0-a <J

tt10l2
-71COSO.
OM .
-71 cos~
ON '1
sma sin~

fil13S ru13s rud illJ:'lrul

t
Mtru
n
tJ:'lffitHdHnH:
...:. -7
OM· ON= OM· ON· cos(~-a) = cos(~-a) tLmg

cos(a- ~) = cos a cos~+ sin a sill;] ( l) '1

cosl5° = cos(60° -45°) = cos60°cos45° + sin60°sin45°

= !xJ2+J3xJ2=J2+J6 '1
2 2 2 2 4

88
 PROEUS DARA

"'
mtt:Jd2M -B
0
n:nru [3 n!Wu'l:32 cos(a-B) f:t:JQI2
u "'l u G1

cos[n (-0)] = cosacos(-B)+sinnsin(-B) il~jcos(a+B) = cosacosB-sinasinBj (2)

1. 2 tHl.fl m sin (a + (3) 8b sin (a - (3)

ffi'l:3illQrul:~tir:Llf]) tt:JQI2 sin(cx+0) = cos[~-(a+B)] = cos[G-cx) --0]

ffi'l:3fi.J'I:3~ (I) sin(a+0) = cos(~-cx)cosP+sin(~-cx)sinp

~fl cos(~-a.) = sinn 8b sin(~ a.) =coso: '1

sin( a.+ f3) = sinacos0 + sin(:kosa (3)

~fnfJUM "' 1

tf:l(fl2 sin( a 0) = sin[ a+ (-(3)]

sin(n- (3) = sinacos(-(3) + sin(-B)cosa r:i:llru cos(-(3) = cosB 8b sin(-(3) = -sinf3

sin(a-(3) = sinacosB-sinf3cosa I (4)

~£ntntnn "' 2 . Jt = sm
sm . (Jt Jt) = sm
. Jt cos Jt sm
. Jt cos Jt = J2 x J3 - 1 J2 J6-J2
12 4 6 4 6 6 4 2 2 2x 2 =
4
sin9°cos39°- cos9°sin39°
3Jt 5Jt . 3Jt . 5Jt
cos cos + sm sm
7 28 7 28
sin9°cos39°- cos9°sin39° _ sin(9°- 39°) sin( -30°) _ J2'i
Jt = 2
cos 3Jt cos 5Jt . -3Jt sm-
- + sm . 5Jt - cos ( -12Jt - 5Jt)
- cos-
28 7 28 ' 28 28 4

sina + cosa = J2sin(a + ~)

0 ' 0
ruunntuu 2 utn mm
~ ~ 4 '1

t:Hgru sina+cosa = J2(~sina+~cosa) = J2(sinacos~+sin~cosa) = J2sin(a+~) '1

sin ~ , cos ~
f:1 rul2l sin 105 o , cos 105 o ,
1 1
u tn mm sin (a - f3) + sin ( f3 8) + sin ( 8 - a) =0 '1
~ ~ cosacosf3 cosBcos8 cos8cosa

89
 PROEUS DARA

1.3 ArulS'l tan(a+~)Biltan(a-~)

t?i'i:fl8 tan(a+~) = sin~a+~~ ti:flt1H~tliti'H8 (2) Stl (3) '1
cos a+ · C u "
t?iQl8 tan(a+~) = sinacos~+si.nf)c~sa 2ti'i:f!Gl cosar'O, cosf).,O,cos(a+~)¢0
cosacosf)- smasmf3
(:./ 0 C» ~ ~ c::o
t?i tBn~mb t1 HSG ruwJti2tl cos a cos f3

sinacosf3 + sinf)cosa
l:?iQlS tan( a+ f3) = _co_s_a_c_o_s':::-f3_c-:co_s_cx.-,co:--s7f3 ~ tan (a + f3) = tan a + tan f3 (5)
cos a cos f3 sin a sin~ I - tan a tan f)
cos a cos f3 cos a cos f3

tan 105o = tan(60o + 45o) = tan60o + tan45o J3+1 = J3+1 '1

1- tan60°tan45° I-J3xl I-J3

dh?id8M f) l:l':llf15 (-f3) ntliti138 tan((J..+f3) l:t1Ql8 tan[a+(-f))] = tana+tan(-f3)

u 1 u " l-tanatan(-[3)

R) -_ tana tan~
t an ( a- 1,., -:----~ (6)
1 + tanatanf3

tan~ - tan~ I- J3 3- J3
tan I~ = tanG ~) = 4 Jt 6Jt = _ _3_ = -3_+3_).3_3 = 2 J3 '1
l+tan tan
4 6 l+lx 3 3
0 • 0
rutrrH'i ?1 ~ 1

n. ?ir:J.JlSl tan(a f3)

n. tan(a-f3) = tal1(J..-tanf3 = 2-(-3) = 2 = -1 '1

1 + tan a tan f3 1 + 2( -3) -5

3Jt
tan(a-f3) = -1 =;. a-f3=4

0 • 0
rumu1 ?1 ~ 2 tan38- tan8 + co t(Jt
-:----:::-----:::-::: - +-u ?o)
IB I + tan fl tan 3 8 2

tt'i'i:fl8
tan38- tan8 ) = tan(38- 8) = tan28 "']., (Jt )
8w cot - + 28 = -tan28
1 + tan8tan 3 t 2

tan38- tan8 (Jt )

1 + tanEltan 38 +cot 2 + 28 = tan28 tan28 = 0 '1

t'ir:J.JlSl tan(a+b+c) ""

tl':llf151:'itiiti'H8 tan(a+f3)
c u "

90
 PROEUS DARA

2.1 uitJUSYBU
n • 1

n. &1=12~ a=~ dStu ~ tthl15 a nh:iti'i:3S sin(a+~) tl=ltnS

u 1.1 "'1 u "
sin2a = sin( a+ a) = sinacosa + cosasina = 2sinacosa '1

~msg \ sin2a = 2sinacosa j (7)

2. ttltl=ldStu ~ tthru a t9inh:iti'i:3S cos(a+~) tl=ltnS:

1.1 "'1 u "
2 2
cos2a = cos( a+ a) = cosacosa sinasina = cos a- sin a '1

2 2 2
cos2a =cos a-(1 cos a)= 2cos a '1

(8)

1'!1. ttltl=ldStu ~ tthl15 a t9inhams tan(a+~) tl=lt[lS

1.1 "'1 u "
tan a+ tana 2tana
tan2a = tan( a+ a) = = '1
tanatana tan a
2

2tana
l::ltHS8 tan2a = (9)
u l-tan 2 a

""
~n sin2a ' cos2a sh tan2a m.., cosa = - 5
4 "" :It
sh 2 <a< :It '1
:It
tthru
2 <a<n =
. Hl)(4)
stn a =
.
- - -
5
2
35
= - , <.J<-:>roo
<t wu • ~ o
u
. 2 a = 2 smacosa
sm . = 2 x 3 x ( - 4) = - 24
5 5 25
4 2 sina
cos2a = 2cos 2a- 1 = 2 x (- 5) 7
= -25 ~ tti'Q18 tana = --
cosa
= --34 ~

iJ§~ tan2a = 2 tana = 24

'1 tl=lffimn tan2a =
sin2a
= 24 '1
u 1- tm/a 7 cos2a 7

!J Enuu nn"' 2 l=ltlil81 sin3a sh cos3a '1

sin3a = sin(2a +a) = sin2acosa + sinacos2a

.
= 2 smacosacosa + sma . 2a
. (I - 2 sm ) = 2 smacos
. 2 .
a+ sma- · 3a
2 sm

01
 PROEUS DARA

2 3 3
= 2sina(l-- sin a) +sin a- 2sin\x = 2sina 2sin a +sin a- 2sin a

3
[::ltHS&
u
sin3a = 2sina-4sin a '1

""'
b'i'li~'U1Hl cos2a = cos(2a +a) = cos2acosa- sin2asina t?ltfl2
L.; IJ 61

cos3a = 4cos 3a- 3cosa '1

ry
1- 2sin~a cos2a
t?ltfl2 =
2cot(~ +a) cos (~
2 Jt 2Jt \
a) 2 tan (
4 - a) cos ( 4 - a}
cos2a cos2a = cos2a = 1 '1
= =
cos2a
2 sm
. (Jt
4 a) cos(~ a) sinG- 2a)

2.2 iUtf8nS:U
u n "' J
a
n. d5t?ld2n.J 2a tr:ilru a sb a tr:ilru t94nhm-es sin2a = 2sinacosa ,
IJ 2 "'I IJ 61

2 1 + cos2a 1- cos2a 3J.. t z

. 2 1 - cos 2a
cos a = ----=--- , sm a=
2
... w an a=
1 + cos2a

. . a a za l + cosa
sma = 2 sm 2 cos 2 '
cos - =
2 2
[;?l(flS
2a 1- cos a za 1- cosa
sin-
2 = 2
tan - =
2 I+ cosa

sinx 2sinxcosx sin2x

<:ll sin2x
315-e~-ejlh t9J &1m n5 tan~2 R tanx = COSX = - --- =
2cosxcosx 2 = l + cos2x
2cos x
a sin a
""' 0
mt?l"d2hl x t r:il 115 2 sh a = 2x t?l(flS tan~ =
IJ 2 + cosa

a
2tan
cos a = za
COS - -
. za
Slll - , tancx = 2 '1
2 2 za
l - tan -
2
. za 2a
cossm - 2 2sin~cos~
za . 2a 2 2 2
COS 2 + Slll 2 = cosa = sina = - - - - -
za . za za . za
cos i + sm cos - + sm -
2 2 2

92
 PROEUS DARA

2 a
1- tan ~ 2tan
cosa =
2
sina =
2 '1 ~tltt12J tan~ = t
2a ' za 2
l+tan l+tan
2 2
2
1- t . 2t 2t
cosa =- -2 , sma = - -2 , tana =
1+t l+t 1-

~'1
2

1- cos~ l- J3
. 2:rr
Slll 12
. 2(1
= Slll 2 X 6 = - - - :rr) 6 2 2-J3
= -2- = -4-
r..n
bW lliJ 51·n~>O
12

. Jt ~
Slll12 = 2

. 3:rr
sm-
J2 r;:;
tan3; = tanG x 34n) = _ _4-=-
l + cos 34Jt =1 f
2 ,..;2
= 2 - J2 =
J2 + 1 '1

2fl1'lf)tM"' 2
1- COSX
n. &~ b ctu\' n.m nHl = tan~2 '1
<I <I sinx
2 2
1- t 1 + /-1 + t
1 - - -2
1- cosx 1+ t 1+? 2l
ffltl tan~
2
=t ttl(fl~
sinx = 2t = 2t -2i = t = tan~2 '1
--2
1+? 1+ t

'in~
2
= J- cosa =
2
J' ~ +
2
=
~5
@_ = 2J5
5 '
co'~ J' +C<"a
2
= -
2
= J1-
2
~ = - /!
~5
= - J5
5

93
 PROEUS DARA

3.

3.1 ui rnt.:~fi~ rnn ruu Wfm ~ rnun

I U
m'!Wu'iHl
u 61
a rnuu nsl:l a rn n21l:l ~ um'l:3
1::1

cos(a-~) = cosacos~+sinasin~ (1), cos(a+~) = cosacos~-sinasin~ (2)

sin( a+~) = sin a cos~+ sin~cosa ( 3) , sin(a-~) = sinacos~-sin~cosa (4)

... (I )
fi. UfiH5'HS
u u
sb (2) t f:1 Ql S cos (a + ~) + cos (a - ~) = 2 cos a cos ~

1:lnams
u ...
(1) sh (2) tf:1QlS cos(a+~)-cos(a-~) = -2sinasin~ '1

~.
... (3)
'i5fiH5'HS
u u
sb (4) tf:1QlS sin(a+~)+sin(a-~) = 2sinacos~

1:lnm-es
u ...
(3) sh (4) tf:1QlS sin (a + ~) - sin (a ~) = 2sin~cosa '1

cosacos~ = ~[cos(a+~)+cos(a-~)], sinasin~ = ~[cos(a-~)-cos(a+~)]

sin a cos~ = ~[sin( a+~)+ sin( a-~)] , sin~cosa = ~[sin( a+~)- sin( a-~)]

1 1
cos75°cos45° =
2[cos(75°+45°)+cos(75°-45°)] =
2(cos120°+cos30°)
= ! (- ! + J3) = J3 - 1 '1
2 2 2 4

sm. Sn12 sm. n4 = 21[ cos (5n n) -cos (5n12 + n)4 J= 21[( cos n6 - cos 32n) J
12 4

= Hf- (- ~) J = J34+
1
'1

3.2 Ulntilfit'SntUniWfthtSntfirul
U I

mha+f.\=p
p
,a ~=q tf:19lmQlSa=p+q
....., 2 Sl:i~=p-q'1dShla
2 1J
Sl:i~

cos p + cos q = 2 cos p + q cos p - q cos p - cos q = -2 sin p + q sin P - q

2 2 , 2 2

sinp + sinq = 2sinp + q cosp- q sinp- sinq = 2sinp- q cosp + q

2 2 ' 2 2

sinp sinq sinpcosq + sinqcosp _ sin(p + q)

tanp+tanq = - - + - = '1
cos p cosq cos pcosq cos pcosq

94
 PROEUS DARA

dsw q tthru -q tf:lQlS tanp- sinq = sin(p-q) '1

u ~p~q

tGffl'!:31rh:lu~hnli tf:lQlS cotp + cotq = sin(p + q) sh cot p - cot q = --:--'-'---:--''-'-

sin(p-q) '1
/) u sinpsinq sinpsinq

sin(p+q) sin(p+q)
tanp + tanq = , cotp + cotq =
cos pcosq sinpsinq
sin(p-q)
tanp- tanq =
cospcosq
, cotp- cotq = sin(p- q)
sinpsinq
'1

391tnUl.n"' 1 . 105o + sm
sm ..I 5o = 2 Sill
. 105o +]5o cos 105o -15o -- 2sJ·n60ocos45o
2 2
= 2xJ3xJ2 = J6 '1
2 2 2
391tnUlll 2 "' WHWHtltHlif:l1 rul I +cos a+ cos2a '1

I+ cosa + cos2a = 1 + cos2a + cosa = 2cos a + cosa = 2cosa( cosa +

2
~)

= 2cosa( cosa +cos~) = 4cosacos(~ +~)cos(~-~) '1

2(~
2 + cot2a) cot~- tan~
0 ' 0
ill'UTHHU 1 = '1
u sm a 2 2

2( cos
2
~ ~)
2
2 sin
2 (~ + cot 2 a) = 2 (_1_ + cos2a) = 2 ( 2cos a ) = 2cosa =
sm a 2 sin2a sin2a 2sinacosa sin a
2sin~cos~
2 2
2a 2a
cos sin
2 2
= = cot~- tan~ 'I
a a a a 2 2
sin -cos- sin-cos-
2 2 2 2
0 • 0
rutmti~U 2
u

"A
Sill + sm ·c = 4 cos A cos2cos
·s + sm B C'1
2 2
. B . C r.,~no
,., . A+ B . A
A- B 2 . C C
.""'"' sm
+ sm + sm = Lsm--cos + sm cos
2 2 2
tthrnA+B+C=n ==>
A+B 1t
= --- c . A+B
'1 i:lmsg sm-- =cos-
C
2 2 u 2 2
A+B . C
cos--= sm- '1
2 2
C A-B A+B C
tf:lQlS sinA +sinE+ sinC = 2cos cos-- + 2cos cos
2 2 2

= 2cos C( cos A B + cos-

A+ -B) = 4cos A cos B cos '1 C
2 2 2 2 2

A, B, c r:tl~nhU~tfilrul'!:3ru
teo u '1 mum
u
mm
Ul '-'>
1

cos A +cos B +cos C = 1 + 4 sm. A

2
.B.C
sm2sm
2

95
 PROEUS DARA

0 •

=flS~~ =-==================

l. t?l'l:flS sina = ~ (o<a<~) . B=-1

, sm
3 (~<B<Jt) '1

?H1Jl Sl sin (a + B) , cos(a- ~) , tan(a-B) 2il cot (a - ~) '1

2 . 8
2. t~'l:flS cos8 = -
3 , (~<8<Jt) '1 ?lrt.fl Sl cos28 , sm , sin38 '1
2
8 2t 1 -? 2t
3. G?l'l:flS t = tan (t ;e ±I) , sin8 = , cos 8 = , tan 8 =
2 1+ l +t
2
1-

ffl1Hu'i§ffH1 2cos28-cos8+2 = 0 ?lrt.flSl tan~ ttlru- ~<8<~ '1

2 2 2

5. t~'l:flS . +cos~= 5 """"

sma Sw cosa +sin~
4
~ rul Sl sin (a + ~) 2il tan (a + !3) '1

6. rm:.J
u
mm hl'tl fil n~ il t Lm'tl
l.ll ""
:

n. cot(a ±b) = cotacotb +1

cotb ± cota
2. tan(a +b)- tana- tanh tan a tanbtan (a+ b) '1

4 4
sin a + 2 sin a cos a - cos a
~.
tan2a -1 = cos2a
3 3
cos a- cos3a + sin a+ sin3a
lli.
cos a
=3

7. tuty run r; SJl'tl~ il tLffl'tl

1.J

n. sin4x- 4sin3x + 6sin2x- 4sinx

2 2
2. cos (a+~)+cos (a-~)-cos2acos2~

sin a+ sin3a + sin5a

~.
cos a+ cos3a + cos5a
lli. sina + sin3a + sin5a + sin7a
cos a+ cos3a + cos5a + cos7a

96
 PROEUS DARA

n. sin3a = 4sinasinG+a)sinG-a)

2. cos3a = 4cosacosG +a) sinG a)

ill. sina- cosa = J2sin( a-~) = -J2sin( a+~)

. A sinB + sinC
n. sm = -=----=
cosB+ cosC

2. sinC = sinA + cosAcotC dl1Jfi~nH1Iltnb '1

cosB

A c
sinA = 2sinBsinC dl~~FIH1IIftHHfln '1

12. t?i'tfl!:l 11ABC Sb A, B, C dl~iib1f~tfilrult2g

, '1 .. I

n. tUt?i~bGl sinA+ sinB+ sinC = l ?iruls-1 cos~cos}cos~ '1

2 2 2
2. UblmG"l
Ul -...!>
cos A+cos B+cos C = 1 2cosAcosBcosC

I 0">:1
M~t2Lntmn.n ABC cu t?i~bm
Q

13. ?i n.n s-,~m

4 I
A

n. sin3A + sin3B + sin3C =0

2. sin5A + sin5B + sin5C =0
B c
?i. sin6A + sin6B + sin6C =0 '1

97
 PROEUS DARA

1.

~u~ cosx = cosy '1 ~h~~~l~tnH1Il1:fllt1ttH15

1

a o tf:l'i:fls
'i:flsntl M sb N m8n.nmsinli 1

' " ----7 --7 "' ----7 -->

~bbn:Hli
.()
(OA, ON)= y flh (OA, OM)= x '1

I Ql '? 0 t::b
Ul'i.HtHtH
1
fl G M 1 G N 1=1 cosy '1 ntHi5
0 ~ I Ql /
B
cosx = cosy t2'HGMG M sb N 1:flflffi'i.Ht.Ht5 +;/ -
1 1 II I
t:~mn '1 t:~msg tl=ltflflnHl1Hht:~uu:nh~:UFn13 :
lJ "' u y I
I
IP
-y I
A
I

M
t:lmsg
u
x = y+2kn (kEZ) '1
~ t:::l ~ Q> C) B'
- m M sb N ~g~tuJ'liflhHnJ (x'x)
1
o->--7.,.
tSH'SI (OA, ON) Sb

~msg x = -y+2lm (kEZ) '1

98
 PROEUS DARA

sinx = siny '1

A' A

B'
_, ---7
(OA, OM) = X '1
':1 0 a:. "'=' 0
sinx dlHHtiH2t2tHWltl
I
M 2h siny dlHHtht2t2GMG
l
N '1 tthru sinx = siny
t2'H M 2h N l:fl2HHtht2f;jtlffl '1 f;jtlb2& tJ:'ilf12iiHUlrlHultl~ht1fil13
u ct u LJ

- d5 M sb N U616ihlffl
let
t2'U X = y + 2krc (k E Z)
w
- ttl M Sb N ti&fflttfl'lJSh~n'i
GVc:t u U
(y'y) tS'U~
1
(oA, o/1) Sb (Oft oA,f) dl~'t5t213
1 "
I
~ 1'\:) 0 ---7 -1
m
ct
tUlru rc-y dlahlnH813
& l
(OA, OM) '1 f;jt.HS&
u
x = rc-y+2krc (kEZ) '1

3.1 dnt.m :tMtlJfUYffii cosx =a

tl'
291f.JJtnn 1

C» c."ll C».:::il Jt Jt
n513filal:fl8t.H~ru
3 m J:'i x = +21m , x = --
3 + 2krc (k E Z) '1
tl'
291tntnn 2 t tr1 gLhfl ru hli1 m~ cosx = a '1

C» 0
lal >
CJ) '
- filb15Llffi 1 n513fil~ cosx =a ffl8tH13ti5t'im&'iJ:'i't5tl88 xER, -1;;; cosx;;; I '1
..-b G\1 L.J w 1J

99
 PROEUS DARA

nb~bhUihmn.n~u~ft:Hli~SG~ 0 sb A
"'I IJ <>
0 1'\:1 Ill:» -7 -7 e:J
thurultH'HlHStHtflru
1 ..
(OA, ON) = a UHli
u
cos a = OP = a ( !:1um2lb
u u
nil
£1
) <J A'
X
Yjlb~ QJ b9J~ a = OP = cos( -a) tf:l ru -a
I"'.) 0 --7 ---7 M
tllHjlM~S~ (OA, OM) <J &t'!QlS :

d5 aEt[-1, I] M@nu cosx =a

!:lmsg
u
x = 2kn (k E Z) <J

!:lmsg
II
X= n+2kJt (kEZ)

- ttl a E ] -1, 1[ ~8 a t~Yruti&'it!:lru

lJ
cosa =a= cosx <J

Ill::» '\:1 QJ C» c6
utYrutSMYffll cosx = cosa
~
~SlUt'! x=a+2kn '15 x=-a+2kJt
~
(kEZ)

OQ) U C» U 0 0 C» t:»
2. ntYllinrul:YrtH!:lru~SnMSM!:lui?il
S I II 1 I U c;
lli8Unrt~Y91brtHMi?il 'i5Gijji?fl&Sl8
1 I ""c; ~<I <t
I

&tiffiut!:ll8LMruM@m~ cosu(x) = cosv(x) ~ u(x) = ± v(x) + 2kn , (kEZ) t!:lru u(x)

Q d'\:1 •
sb v(x) tllHStiYStS
I
X <j

~ x- ~ = ~- 3x + 2kn '15 x- ~ = (~ - 3x) + 2kn , k E Z

4 2 "' 4 4

100
 PROEUS DARA

tltH!:~g x =
3 Jt+kJt Si:J x = T_!:-kJt , kEZ '1
u 16 2 8

(kEZ tltHfH KEZ) '1

u

.. 3Jt Jt . 0
3Jt '
tti k = 1 , x = + - 13h~Uni113rul13 M' 1 '1 m""'
k = 2 , x = - +Jt r;b~UJb
16 2 I li I } 6 I li

Ml ' M'l , Mz , M'z '1

Jt .. Jt
8 + kJt m o ,
0
mmg (2) x = k = x =
8 X

r;tJ~un~crrulr;
I c; I
N
u
~ Jt I 0
m k = 1 , x = - + Jt
8
13b~Uni113rul13 N' 1
1 li I
c:'41 Jt I 0

m k = 2 , x = qh~UJi113rlJl13 N
8 + 2Jt u
1 '1

tlmSJg
U
(2) ~2hiru1m'i§rur;tl~n~~
I I c;
N1 <V
sh N'1 '1
u
0 • 0 ~

ruuntlf!ll 2 ttfHLnnruM'i:3fm 1 + 3cosx + cos2x = cos3x + 2sinx · sin2x '1

..,
13&'i§UJ 1 + 3cosx + cos2x = cos3x + 2sinx · sin2x
3cosx + 2cos x = cos3x + cosx + -cos3x ~ 2cosx + 2cos x = 0
2 2

2cosx(l + cosx) = 0 ~ cosx = 0 ~ cosx = -1 '1

tlm2g "" Jt
M'i:3Fll~~2tiMx=-+kJt, x=Jt+k2Jt (kEZ) '1
u ~ 2

J.<t
'W.
• 4 4
Slil X - COS X = 21 '1

101
 PROEUS DARA

3.2 ~HUn :tMitlHutlffii sinx = a

ti:JlgLWltiHt51:3fil~
.,. sinx = J2- '1
2
t!=ltll:'Htl sin~ = f M~filHfltHt5Hft5~ sinx = sin~ '1 ~m2g M~fil~'Hl2tH~rur!J
Jt Jt Jt 3:n:
x= ~
4 + 2k:n: , x = :n:-
4 +21m , kE Z x=
4
+ 2k:n: x =
4
+ 2k:n: (k E Z) '1

~ QJ I 0

- filb'lHlffl lal >I M'i:3fila sinx =a msm'i:3rutumg1r:l15u22

---b ru G w
xER: -1 s: sinxs: 1 '1

y
nl:Ubih~l:filru1'Hl'i~tf:Hl5'Hl2~~ 0 Sb A dl
"'I " Li Li a B
0 I".;) QJ ~ ----7 t:)

uMul-lbl5t2'8 I:Ulti5 (OA, OM)= a ti::lbl5

I "'
u
M
sino.= OQ =a (i::lum21bM) '1 'i§'nb~m~:go~
u u 61 tl" ""'

OQ = sin(rt-o.) =a ti::lbl5 :n: a r:tumn.H2~ x'

0 X
" 1
-7
OM') '1 tl=lQ12

t{j a Et: [ -1, 1] M~fil~ sinx =a -1 B'

y'
- r;ti a = 1 15 sinx = l 1:2"HuiJhgnrubl..Jllt!:lbl5
"'" "'u w·
'Hl2uh'i~~r3
1 Li
Mu
1
B mm~ rui2 w~ m~ '1 GV

- r;ti a= -1 15
'!l..
sinx = -1 ~:mguiJhgnrutt:ibl5'Hl2uhU~cir3Mu
c:t w· 1 1
B' dlm~ru G\J
u
!2hl~fil~ '1 ~m2g sinx=-1 ¢:>X= ~+2k:n:, (kEZ) '1

ttl a E] l, l [ 'Hl2 a t~'iilrul=lfiQhut~l8 ( - ~' ~ ) ti::l bl5 sin a= a= sinx '1

1

r;i:JlgLfl.flfjjfd~fil~ smx =a ft51:3l;Jbt5'2h sinx = sina '1 ffi'i:3bl5Qru1: (1) tl=lQ12 :

~ QJ QJ ~

W'i:3fil~ sinx = sin a 'Hl2ut1:3ti5m!=l x = a+ 2k:n: 15 x = :n:

GV "'-
a+ 2k:n: (k E Z)

C)1 QJ I ~ ~

I. m a= 0 r;mg sinx =0 '1 m~rumMM'i:3fil~R X= 2k:n: , (kEZ) '1

0~ u Q! t:J 0 0 C),) c:» eJ
2. m1:3 rn n9 ru1 :1:31 r1 a 1:1 rn'Hls M1 2M
1
L:lu u m
q;
rn1 gum~:~1:31 V1 h n a hlm 1515' 21:3 me
"""(:1; '-:l.. c::s
mg 6".

'-h
1:1=1Hlutw,gLnflti5hl'i:3fila sinv(x) ""
= sinu(x) u<J
r:wrn u(x) 8w v(x) """'
dlH~l=l'i:32t2 x '1 c<;

sinv(x)=sinu(x)¢:>u(x) = v(x)+2krt Sh u(x) = :n: v(x)+2k:n:, (kEZ) tt:lbl5

102
 PROEUS DARA

0
rutmn?i~
' 0
1 .x
sm-cos-
n x.n 1'1
cos-sm- = -
u 2 3 2 3 2

t~OlS sin::.cos~ cos~sin~ =sin(::-~) - =sin~ t~OlS

2 -
3 -3 '23
!
2
n:ilru!
2 6
. (x
sm - n) . n '1
= sm ""' "" ""' <=~>
M1:H1WI:flStH~rum~
x - n = n +2kn :!1 x2- n3 = n- n +2kn '1
2 3 6 2 3 6 6
7n
t:ltH S g x = n + 4kn x = - + 4kn '1
u ' 3
0 I 0 ~

ruun n?ia 2 bt:tl&Lhllru M'iH'lU 2 sinxcosx + J3- 2cosx- J3 sinx = 0

m@ru
.., 1:~012 (2sinxcosx-J3sinx)-(2cosx-J3) = 0
sinx(2cosx J3)-(2cosx J3)=0~(2cosx J3)(sinx 1)=0

J3 J3
t~OlS 2cosx- = 0 ti
"'-
sinx-1 = 0 => cosx =
2 :!1 sinx = I '1

n n
~tHS8 cosx = cos => x = ±
6 +2kn :!1 sinx = => x = ~ + 2kn '1
6 2

X = ± n6 + 2/m :!1 X = n2 + 2/m , k E Z '1

n. sin(2x + ~) = J 2. sin2x = sin(~ -x) ~- 2sinxcosx 3sin2x = 0

y u

""'
t ttl ru M'i:H'il~ MH ~~ tanx = tan (- n)
4 '1
Jt
x' X
+1m , (k E Z)
4

':> y'
mmu M M t s u rt.nu
l C» 0
tsg
I I

2fl1tn1M 2 "'
t ~'i:flS ~ ~{51Ji t fil rt.n'i:flU'i (C) ttfi ru ( u' u) r:ll ii nJ 61{5 n5{5 ~i::l ruti g ~ ~{5 (C) '[!ii1 A '1

tmnli u'Au tmtticrrt.nu I

T tt::ilru AT= t '1 ~nUot AM iltHH15fWrn'i:flS6'i{1nJ{1 t '1
u
 PROEUS DARA

a m~m
&
nhmJlsu
1J c;
AM GMG
I
M sb M' ~g
6\1
ffltu'l'Ush
c; U 0 '1
U I

rsm@ruH!1'l::flSGbHici
C1i 6V l,j t Lj
M Sti M' '1
u u
0 • CJ I

ts9lhJ.Hi.Hi:Hli'l::flSuh M 'l::flS~l:rlM x a+ 2kn

u
"' 1 "

ts'!:3!'15ti:Hli'l::flSuh M' 'l::flS~l:rl M n +a &Ul rutsmtiHMti:Hli'l::flSub M' 'l::flS~l:rl hl

c;!J
u 1 " "'
u 1 "

x = n+a+2kJt 'iJ x
~
= a+(2k+ l)n '1 t?lOlSut@ru
6\1
x = a+kn , (kEZ) '1

M@nu tanx = a = tan a 'l::flsm@ru x 6\1

= a+ kn , (k E Z) '1

t?llflS tanu(x) = tanv(x)~u(x) = v(x)+kn (kEZ) t!:lrn u Sh v dl

l:?llflS tan3x = tan(::- 2x) ~ 3x = ::- 2x + kn ~ 5x =:: + kn , (k E Z)

3 3 3
., ., Jt Jt
M'!:3fil~'l::flSut'!:3ti5 x = - + k- , (k E Z) '1
fN 15 5
0 a o Q

rutmtH'i3 1 tf:Jl&Ut.flti5M'!:3fil~ tanx = -0.7456 '1

ffl'!:3ffldlti~tfilllil'l::fl1jit?10lS tan36° = 0.7265 sh tan3r = 0.7536 H'i1:i1 a'

tana' = 0.7456 '1

t;?llflS tan36° <tan a'< tan3r Sti tan3r -tan36° = 0.0271

tana'- tan36° = o.ol91 (a'> 36°) '1 t?1L~1t13'!:3trn 36° cr~s 60
~~0~~1191 ,.,42'24"
cmns a' = 36°42'24" tUiru -0.7456 = tan(-36°42'24") '1

tan::- tanx
0 • 0
ruun 11 f.'l3 2 __ 4__ = J3 '1
Jt
1 + tanxtan
4
tan::- tanx
4 ""
Sh tan-Jt = ,y3r;; .,
M'!:3filHfluMHhl~
!:f:Jlru n: = tanG-x)
3
l + tanxtan
4

tan( x ~) = tan(-~)

104
 PROEUS DARA

1
n. tanx = - 2. tan3x = J3
J3
2tanx
R. 2
= ~3r;; ill. 2tanxcosx+ 1 = 2cosx+ tanx '1
l-tan x

3.4 dnun:tnnrurufjmt cotx =m

MYffl~ cotx = cota ffitJM~tM~ _l_ = tana tanx = tana '1
tanx
~msg &Rffit::Ht!l8U'fltiHd~Al~ cotx = m ~tHu~Al~ tanx = t 2lhtmt!:i~ '1

G&mHu~Al~ cotu(x) = cotv(x) !:itHu~Al~

u
tanu(x) = tanv(x) t!:i~ '1

hl~Al~ cotu(x) = cotv(x)~u(x) = v(x)+bt, kEZt!:iru uab vctlH2R1H~'ls

I
X '1

Jt
~ 2x + -
3
= -Jt6 + kn , kEZ '1
Jt kn
!:i m 2 g 2x = ~ - ~ + bt ~ x= 12 + 2 ' kE z '1
u 6 3

""
&tngLhflli5hl~Ala 2(cot2x-cot3x) = tan2x+cot3x '1

&RQlS 2( cot2x- cot3x) = tan2x + cot3x

2 (cos2x _ cos3x) = sin2x + cos3x
sin2x sin3x cos2x sin3x

sin3xsin2x + cos3xcos2x
2 (sin3xcos2x- sin2xcos3x) =
sin2xsin3x sin3xcos2x
2sinx cosx
~--~-
sin2xsin3x
= sin3xcos2x
~------

2sinxcos2x- sin2xcosx =0
sin2xsin3xcosx
2
2sinx(cos2x- cos x) .
. . ~ smx = 0 '1
sm2xsm3xcosx

1
n. cotx = - - 2. cot3x = J3
J3
R. cot(~- 3) = -1 ill. 3 cotx - J3 = 0 '1
 PROEUS DARA

5
"hu~fflHflGMHMJ sinx;:: ~ tfi sin~ = ~ = sin rr
6
bs1 bruJ ~ -t5 0, mrtnl:fl1J1 t~l:fl2d rrfl G M 2 ~ 5n: M'
6
2 M(n:)
f---+---4\ A 6
M' ti:1ruu AM = ~ 2~u AM' = Srr '1
0 X
TI 6 6 TI
C» Q ":) 0 0 1::11
t~ M~~mllimltl M2 Mt2'i:HUG2 2udl~ 'i.HM
n '-" 1 1 u u "'- ...,
el , 0 ' t::!il ~
- rugumtnmmm2G22t2l8tsitruu
u MBM' IJm
2 1 u 01
u B'
0 0 ""
9l~GrulG M 2~ M' '1
I

<.1
~m28Gt~t1H2JM~ffl~
""' " <;I ' ""' •
smx- 1 ;:: 0 <::11
~
Jt
+2knsxs 5n: +2kn (k E Z) '1
2 6 6
cr
Sfn'U11M 2 tt!l8LMI151M~ffl~ 2cosx+ 1 <0 '1
4n:
'>! ""'
1 M~fflHflGMHhl~ cosx < 2:1 "tfi cos 2n: = -21 = cos-
3
'1
y
bsltru~~-t5L~tmrull:fl1J1 t~l:fl2GrrflG M 2~ M' 2n: M.
3
ti:1ruu AM 2
= n: 2~u AM' 4
= n: '1 t~wt~ntllimm
TI 3 TI 3 n "'
2
nw2w"&s~ruds2nGdl~-
u u
- rugumfnmmr1~sd22t218
1
u
X
\ 0
u 11 IJ 1 u 2
C» ~ C\l t:J 0 ~
\
tsitruu01 MA'M' truntru~GrulG
I
M 2~ M' '1 4n:"..
u 3 M'-~,B'
C\l ';) ~ C» .:::tr
i:1G&28Gb~l15t2J M~ffla 2cosx + 1 < 0 ~
U GV

32n: + 2kn < x < 4n:

3 + 3kn (k E Z) '1

y y
B
a
'•
·..a
'-,

A'r a A
x'
A'.· 0
a \A
x' 0 x X

.· 2n:-a

y' y'
cosx;:: a ffl2tiMfflbliruT1
..., "' a< -1 'l5 a> 1
"'-

ffl ru ruTla > 1 'l5

"'-
a < -1 nfl 115l:fl2

Gti!ru a+ 2krr s x s 2n:- a+ 2kn: (k E Z) tHYW -a+ 2krr :=;; x sa+ 2kn (k EZ)
"" ""
106
 PROEUS DARA

'ho{hm sinx > 0 l::fl2tH~li5 2kJt < x < Jt + 2kJt (k E. Z)

""

nflliJ tan(- ~) = -1 = tan 34Jt '1

A'
x'
~si~rn~~~Uf~mMl::flLntl=1l::fl2thLf1u M @b M'
fr:Hli AM = -Jt4 ' iM' = 34Jt '1 ~1:1nHhnn.timmn~hl~
n '-"
'::1 0 0 C» eJ '\:) 0

~213115u22umh mhl r:J.Hum~nm.nHH2u22~2l8

lJ IJ "'- ... 1 u IJ

tsi~rnuc:t Mi.B ti
'A.
M~' '1 r::itH28
u ~hl~fil~ tanx =-I l::fl2m~ru
'31}
u
-Jt Jt
4 + kJt ::5 X < 2 + kJt , k E. Z '1

th !H9i
u
&f!ltfla tanx:::; a tanx ~a

y
B

X X X

Jt+

y' 73
1

m~~9i~tl13jtr:tHLNlli51hl~fil~fr::iml::fl2dlh sinx~a , COSX<a , tanx>a , cotx<a ..... .

t1=1Ln~
u
- Hi a &r::i ill sin a = a , cos a = a , tan a =a , cot a = a

lfY7
 PROEUS DARA

"h.mfi~a 1 &tt'lllLhlltl5~M{§fila sin(x-~) > sinx '1

tH!W ~M{§filUflt3'MHMS sinx- sin(x-~) <0

JC JC
x x+- x+x--
< 0 , 2 sin~ cos ( x - ~)
3 3
2 sin cos <0
2 2

COS ( X-
rc) < 0 , rc + 2krc <X- rc < JC + rc + 2krc , 2rc + 2krc < X < 5rc + 2krc , k E Z
6 2 6 2 3 3
y
JC
2
2 sin x + 3 sinx - 2 ~ 0 '1
2

5rc
6,-~--~----~

2?+3t-2~0 ~ (2t-l)(t+2)~0 X

t S, -2 '[j t ~!
"'- 2
y'
&mru -ls.ts.l tcl'H~runfn ~s.ts.1
. 1 r ..n ·~~ . JC 1 . 5rc
t = smx~
2 •WIUJ :m 6 = 2 = sm6
~+2krcs.xs 5 rc+2krc
l:?ltflS
6 (kEZ) ctuJru1m~ruls~M{§fm '1

2rc
n. 2cosx ~ -J2 2. cos2x > cos ?!. J3cosx- 1 < 0
3
i:!. cotx< J3 '1
3

cos(a+f3) = cosacosf3-sinasinf3, cos(a-{3) = cosacosf3+sinasinf3

sin (a+ f3) = sino. cos J3 + sinf3 coso. , sin( a- f3) = sin a cos J3- sinf3cosa
tan(a+f3) = tana+tanf3 tan(a-{3)= tana-tanf3
l- tanatanf3 1 + tanatanf3

108
 PROEUS DARA

. . a a 2a 1 + cosa tan~= sina

sma = 2 sm cos
2 2 , COS
2= 2 1 + cosa
. za 1- cosa 2a 1- cosa
sm
2 = ---=-- ,
tan-=---
2 1 + cosa

r~
2
a 1- t . 2t 2t
bu tan- = t tl=iQlS cosa = - -2 , sma = - -2 tana = - -2
2 1+ t 1+ t ' 1- t

sin a sin ~ = ~ [cos (a - ~) - ~)] 1

cosacos~
cos (a + =
2 [cos(a+~)+cos(a-~)]
sinacos~ = ~[sin(a + ~) + sin(a- ~)] sin~ cos a = ~ [sin (a + ~) - sin (a - ~)]

cos p + cos q = 2 cos p + q cos p - q cos p cos q = -2 sin p + q sin p - q

2 2 2 2
sinp + sinq = 2sinp + q cosp- q sinp- sinq = 2sinp- q cosp + q
2 2 2 2
tanp + tanq = sin(p + q) cotp + cotq = si~(p: q)
cospcosq smpsmq
tanp-tanq = sin(p-q) cotp- cotq = si~(p-:- q) '1
cospcosq smpsmq
hl~fil~ cosx = cosa msm~ruri~?t: x = a+2kn
GV
si:l x = -a+2kJt (kEz)

cosu(x) = cosv(x)~u(x) = ±v(x)+2kn , (kEZ) telru u(x) Si:l v(x)

hl~fil~ sinx = sina ffif;llH~liJn~?t: GV

X= a+2kJt Si:J X= Jt-a+2kJt (kEz)

sinv(x) = sinu(x)~u(x) = v(x)+2kn Si:l u(x) = Jt-v(x)+2kn (kEZ)

hl~fil~ tanx = tan a msm~ru GV

X = a+ kn ' (k E Z)

tanu(x) = tanv(x) ~ u(x) = v(x) + kn(k E Z) tel ru u(x) Stl v(x) dl

hl~fil~ cotx = cota msm~ru x = a+ kn , (k E Z)

GV

cotu(x) = cotv(x) ~ u(x) = v(x) + kn , (k E Z) tel ru u(x) Stl v(x) dl

0 0 "'
sinx Sa ffi2 hl rt.flut~
1 GV
liJ Jt- a+ 2kJt S X Sa+ 2kJt (kEZ)

109
 PROEUS DARA

0 0 ""
sinx 2: a 'i:fiS n.HliltH'i:Hti
1 GV
a+ 2bt s x s n: u + 2bt (k E Z)
0 0 ""
cosx sa 'i:fiS f1Hl..fltH'i:Hi5
1
a+ 2kn: s x s- u + 2kn:
G\)
(k E Z)
0 0 ""
cosx 2: a 'i:fiS t\HliltH'i:H15
1 GV
-a+ 2kn: s x sa+ 2kn: (k E Z)
0 0 "" n:
tan x s a 'i::fl S f'\Hl..fl1 tH'i:3
GV
ti5 2+kn:sxsa+kn: (kEZ)
0 0 ""
tanx2:a 'i::flShlillltH'i:3ru
1 GV
a+kn:sxskn: (kEZ) '1

0 •

= rutm ~ =·-==-=====--==·=··-=~·~=-=··=··-·-=·--=·-·=-....=
. -..=·-·-=···
. =·· . =--=
.....=......=.•.,=
••""=··-==-=-=·,-=·-=--=·=·=-=-""=
. '"'. .=. . . . .

1. ntH U1fl ru hl ~ m ~ 21 b t fili:3 l

~n. sm
. 8 = J3 2. cos8 = - Ji
I
1'!1. cos( 4x + ~) = cos( x- ~)
2
2
lli. cos x =I b. sinJx = -I G. cotx = I

M. _I_= Ji d. 2sin( 2x- ~) = I ill5. cos( 2x- ~) =

J3
cos2x 2
2tanx
QJ. tan ( x ~) w. cot( 2x + ~)
3
= tanx- I
<)
2 tl. 2
5 '1
tan x

n. tan 3 3x- 2 sin 3 3x = 0 2. cose2n: + x) = Jisinxcosx

1'!1. sin2x = ( cosx- sinx)

2 ...
UJ.
r:; .
,_;.Jsmx+ smx
.
= -1-
cosx

b. sin2x + tanx = 2 G. J3 = 4tanx

2
COS X
I+ sinx
M. I+ cosx - 2 d. sin3x+cos2x =I +2sinxcos2x

ill5. sin2(x-n:) sin(3x-n:) = sinx QJ. tanx + cotx = 2( sin2x + cos2x)

i:l. sinx + sin2x + sin3x = J3 '1
cosx + cos2x + cos3x

n. 2cos8 $; -Ji 2. -Jisin8+ !2:0 1'!1. J3tan8-l <0

lli. sin ( 28 + ~) = -1 ( -n: s El < n:) b. cos(!e_:t:)s_!_ (OsEl<2n:) '1

2 3 Ji
4. H1um5imGm 0° Sb 360° ti:lr;mdlbctl~hl~filJ
~ ~ ~ ~

2
n. 2 tany = 5 siny 2. 8 sinxcosx = sinx 1'!1. 4sin x = 6-9cosx
lli. 3cosy + coty =0 b. 2 sin 2x + I = 0

110
 PROEUS DARA

7
~- 2cot2x =5 d. 3sinytany + 8 = 0 ru.J. 3cos-y = 7siny+5
QJ. cot(~)- 2cos(~) = 0

5. ~R2J X= 3sin8-2cos{:) Sb y=3cos8+2sin8

? ? 0 0

n. an~H'i:HS'i:3UhlG 8 mmg x =y
"" l w

2. 'i5tll mm x 2 + l
U1"'-'>
mcrs S~darhmg'if:lUJ;)t'i:3t8
I.J f.j ""
e <j

6. ~i:l§'iU~I:filllil ABC 'i::fl@ sinA + cosB = tanA <J 'i5tllmt:fl !J.ABC cnu~~fillliltnb <J
tJ sinE+ cos A U1 "'

:;:: ""
7. l:i:l<:i'iumfilllil ABC 'i::fl@ -sinC = 2cosA <J
" !J.ABC '1
aR'i'UtfifHS
tl sinE L.J

1:1:1§1i.) !J.ABC 'i::flS~UtrJmrun2llil tanB+tanC = 2cos~ '1

2
A
8.

~
I "'-"9 !a

'i5 mm Gl
U1 "'
!J.AB C r:il U~ t filllil t\51:3 qm '1

B C

n. Lnl{Jlt~utL'i:3] nm hl AOB '1 A

2. Lnl{Jlt~L~tfilllil AOB <J

1:1. Un&lfltc~Hb~GlhlnG
~· ~ n u
( tdnnG)
~ u
B
2. 1:1 llil m n. sin960° 2. cos 1215° 1:1. sin2940°
13n 1
ill. COST b. tan(- 1n)

1:1. sin(~- e)+ cos(~+ 28) + sin(n- 28) + cos(n- 8)

111
 PROEUS DARA

4. t?l'l:fl!:l tana +tan~+ tany = tanatan~tany (-~<a, ~' y < ~) '1

?lbl..flSl~l (a+~+y)
2 <>
5. l:fi'i::fl2 a = cos 10° , 13 = cos50° , y cos 70 o '1 fi blil Sl a - 13 - y , a - l3y 2b

a2 + 13 2 + y2 '1

6. -ummm
U1 ""

2
n. (1- sin A+ cosA) = 2( 1- sin A)( 1 +cos A)
1
2. cotA + tanA = -:.---
smAcosA
fi. (tanS+ sinS)( tanS- sine) = tan 28sin 2e

lli. ( 1 + si~e) ( 1- sine) = cosecotEl

7. t 1:fl81_,nflt1Ht5'i§ffl~21b t1_,fil'l:i :

n. 4cos\-cos2x-4cosx+ 1 = 0

fi. 1 + sinx + cosx + sin2x + cos2x =0 •••

u;.
. 4
sm x + cos 4x cos 2 x + 1sm
. 22 x - 2 =0
4
2007 2007 2
b. sin x + cos x =1 ti. tanx = cotx + 2cot 2x '1

2 2 2
8. n. &fi§J 2sinAcosA+(cosA+sinA) -(2cosA+sinA) =psin A+q

2. tfi~ sinxcosx(5tanx+2cotx) = a+bsin x '1

2

':1 ':1 0 c::t.

~nfit'i:H2ti2Stt:H a sb b '1
"" u

.n.. . cos (x + :rt)

"3 2: - 2,1 2. tan ( x- ~) 2: -1 '1

10. ntH Lnn tiHo~ m ~'ho~ m ~ 21 b tt,mY

2
n. 2sin El- JlcosEl =0
11. 1:?1~ b.ABC 'l:fiS~ 3 ctl~1_,hlti '1
1.1

n. tibl mm tan A+ tanB + tanC = tan A· tanB · tanC

Ul ""

2. mb T = tan A+ tanB + tanC '1

112
 PROEUS DARA

TAKAKAZU SEKI

Hn tt:i ru s1 §1'tJ i:fl sum~£1fiihU9 nH3 s t ?'!

et 1
* Arthur Cayley ( 1875 - 1921 ) '1 fil'\:3 ~ ii1 :i'U n5
t t:i fgr~ n.nti tnS tRn t91tm siflug hl ttfi ti5'i:fiS1UJ'Hl ts-l nbtHi§ ti59 t94tS11Hl Scu'i§rm ru
i-1 1 t_; 1
"' "" u t_; "'

tsm~ '1 t~'i:3Rnl1lntStt:it9~'i§n.ntiLn~mscuacuHi:tltu Leibniz t24ljll678 Lhlutrlrutt:iru

u
ts-lnb1'Ub9hltJUS
c:;l_; 1
TAKAKAZU SEKI tnShlt1'\:313ftntt:i~UtubtrutS8nbm
LJ eli etc:t
1680 '1
1 I

t S"lf.ltl hln1 nJ9 19 Cayley, Jame Syluester and Ferdinand Frobenius tnS hlnJltj ~ifltj hl
2h t r:1 fgs'i§ n.nti t.ihh ~il tfl '1 t Lt1 tu'i:fls ms1 nth1 s Qh 1i t:J mlfl n ruts t»:i ffitj hlLn ~ ms t?l
l u
rumsi ttn 81Jftnti5nhufruh ruts ms 't5HS?'i'i:3S
Cli 1
ru&s ms ttfi rufimruttmmfi
'\.!t. GV
hlln Snh'ig
et lJ
hl lmf} £1
1 ~ l

ti tJ ml11 nru t s fih '1

 PROEUS DARA

trJRnli 1 !:f:in!:L-e}ntuJ1~:.niliLm.ng?i ~:tuJ1~:.ni

f:iMn19Jll3 nJlm 3li~9Jl 5 RJlm 2b~~~9Jl 7

RJ1m <J ~:S"itrJRtLm-e 2 'ifl&HtuJ1~:.nif:lMn~9Jl

8 nJlm 3li19Jll0 RJ1m Sb~~~9Jl 4 RJlm <J

f:irul&i~9Jl 3li~9Jl ~~~9Jl

13 5 7
mR~:ru
Cl

8 ]() 4
trJR~:Lm-e

!:f:iH1f3titn mn~'i:fl2 r; 2gnn rutu~ t tuau 2u 22-eu ru1 m-e ru tnthli nn ru tn Rnb
~ ~ "'
t:J ~:bQtim
n 1

nbf3n t AlM tnb

I

13 5 7l
[8 10 4j
AlJmbu2u 2t~-eititn m9 2 ruttim2g r;Ulim ih1'9
e.! ~ ~ "' li
s
tu <J u2u 2'2-eru"]
u
tf:1 mtuatuas-l
nbi::lt-tiQmUlim mnt2Bl'iGtu '1 ~:tiih1'9tu'i:fl2dHi::lnrJJSbdHillJU r;2lgf:f:idlBl'iGtu'i:fl2
"'
I
n 1 li li u u li

rutnti 2 X 3 ti'i:fl21'i:fl'in
"' li
2 X 3 tt:lm 2 dlU22dHi::lli'in1MHMJ'e2
u u li
sb 3 dlU22tJHliH
u u 1
u
Q II Q,J 0 I eJ
Ln1tuatuHLAlru '1 tf:i2tl.lltl5dl'i:flt¥tumi:hti 2x 3 ( Hl2dl 2 r;~b 3) '1
u

dHliHG
u
1 dHliHG
u
2 dHlm'9 3

t
13
t ~
:l
dHi::ln'9
Ll
1 5

dHi::ln'9
Ll
2 8 JO

114
 PROEUS DARA

a 11 hli?ilrnm61t2ffilj !'15 A ~~Hs"i~Hl:.in'9 1 Sb~Hl.in'9 l '1

(112 wmrum61 !sihlj !'15 A ~611: s-1~ H1:.1 n9 1 Sb~Hl15a9 2 '1

(131 wmrum61t2ihljM A ~nts4~Hl:.in'9 3 Sb~~ru:H9 1 '1

r~ ~ l 'i:fl2 ~Hl:.in Sb ~Hl.iH tf:imffiljM

1
A = -0 : 3 4 A 'i:fl2rui:hU 3x4
-1 2 -3 7 j
s =[ -4 5 1 -2 5 J 'tfls 1 dal:.in
1.1
st~ 5 dHl.iH
1.1
tf=1mffi,9M
t..:i
s 'tflsrumti 1x 5
t'UTlm ffiljM~Hl:.in '1
0 •
'i:fl2 3 dHl:.in
1.1
Sb 1 dHllH
1.1
tf:idlffi'ig
t..:i
hi C 'i:fl2 ru mu 3 x 1
t'UTl m ffilj M~ wm '1

Jjn1Jltll_,f=1h nnillltU smsnfit,mt1~ 2tliMJty Msh tliMJU~H'l:.i rums tD smnn

1
~ ~ ~ I~ ~~
4 nan&dJh[l '1 mn 1 1:fl2MMJtyM 105 2ln l_,M 63 2ln nJn 2 1:fl21_,15M
1 1

132 2lR l_,M 89 2lR mn 3 1:fl2l_YM 98 2lR t,M 102 2lR mn 4 1:fl21_,15M 92 2lR1_,M
1 I
1 eJ.<:;- t1 t::),) ~ 1 0 l 11 ~

90 mn '1 u~ (!] 1:1 n'i:flS t 2g dl1:ll1J Ms ht,mtHli i:hti'i:fl'[g M'1

115
 PROEUS DARA

MNJ't}Hu MNJU6

[
105 132 98
m 61 1
m612
r132os
1 631
89
63 89 102 m613 98 102
0 • m614 92 9o
'i:flSH1H:Il'i5 2 X 4
'i:fl2bllt:iltl 4 X 2
... .,.
i~~~~ ij~filaqt6l~?iM6119Jl'i:fl2MtuJ 10 2lAff12n~~ 20 2lAff12n~i:HiJ'tl 2~
1 I 1
I Q f!J~ II Q) C::. I 0 t'\:) fl Ql

12 2lnff12rl~t2JH15 '1 UttJQ)rl61'i:fl2&2gctl'i:fllJN2~Lff1Uruttl'i5t2'i:fllJN&2g '1

I

1.2 LUili9l8#1Lritu
n. ihtjnH\P!J : 'ihtjtutE:lru'i:fl2m~il~~HJt~'S~IiJ2J &2lgmTlm 'ihtjtu!iJ2J
m~ &ttl ru o '1

o = [o o] , 0 = ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~l
l~ 0 0 0 ~J
rnttlti3x5

2. ihtj tuffH~ : 2 mtm rui t?i'i:fl2'ihtj M

A = [1 - 3l
5 7 J 'i:fl2 2 dHE:ln
1.!
2~ 2 d~nua 1.!

B = r~7 ~O -;l 'i:fl2 3 ~HE:ln S~ 3 ~ablUa t?imffitjM B mffitjhlfilta

3 -8 d rnttlti 3 '1

116
 PROEUS DARA

if10hlfill:~ttH1Hfl~tsitblh~~~1Ji:ltltnHu au= a 22 = a 33 = ... =ann= 1 b'Ull15

u

r;UTlmilll0hlbn]fflffli:ltf:hru
10 0
r/ 10 0 0 1
0 10 0
1= 010 1= 0010
00 1
000 1

t:I>A> A>., A'

2. i5~~6e~re~i~~

2.1 ll1U9nnrum
.... ct

&f:'i'Hl2ill0hl A= [3 23 ol 8 = [b11 h12 b13l 'tll2nhnti 2 x 3 tltH1l '1

12 -5 6j b21 b22 b2J u "'

, b 21 = 12 , b 22 = -5 , b 23 =6 r;mg &f:'it:fl

if10hl A I:~Si:lifl0hl B '1 tf:'ihlHhl~ A= B '1

d1 gu t9i ifl~g
LJ
hlrlH hl,...,m mrn runifl~g
LJ
hlmi:l rla'tll2 rnf:htitlumsi:l'tll2m~H'i~
u "'
ffl!: hl
tlJ "' ._.
u

r:Dh~'l
0 ' 0
rutfTH'ii!Hu 1

2 9]
M =
l •
ffilJhl
c 23 0 9 ]
12 -5 n 4
a 18 2 32
~
M = N mrnrun c =2
N =
[
23m
12 b 6 4
15 18 2 32

, m = 0 , b = -5 , n =6
a
Sh a = 15
0 ' 0
rutmn?uu 2

2. [ 3 -5 6l 2h [ 3 -5 6]
14 8 -2J 41 8 -2

n. a 0~
[ 12 d
-
-
[512 -3bJ m"" a = 5, b = 0, d = -3

117
 PROEUS DARA

"' ""
i~~~fi 1 HHH~ " a, b, c Sib d d5 [ac 2bl6 = [-2d
4
dl
3a

i~~~fi
"" "" 2 " 0 ~
~fin t'i:HHG~tH m Hu'e.filt12'eti5") 21b ~LJ'fl'e :
~ u

n. [-2 3J = [b5 3]c 2. 5 tj

[a392 = [0 c -1]
a 4 d9 2

m. [X9 -2 J [5c -2
-8J
R.
[:] = [H] y =
3 4 3 d

"
1:2rl'i§: M N S " ~
[;2'i§2l M N S
1<11

u Q) Ql II Q) Q)

'i:fl fUI 2 g 1 30 20 25 'i:flfi529

I
I 35 28 20

II Ql Q) II C\'1 ~

'i:flfi529 2 35 25 23 'i:fl t\51 2 g 2 40 21 30

1

ti=itn2ffi'ig
L;
M~ runbct runct bli r; si f2n-e: Sb f2~ 2l I <f1

A = [30 20 25l B = [35 28 20l

35 25 23j 40 21 30j
132u 2d runct bli tuaHnb rl ~ f213 ~ mg 1

u Ql ~ II C\'1 Ql

'i:fl t\5l 2 9 1 : M = 30 + 35 = 65 'i:flt\529

I
2 : M = 35 + 40 = 75

N = 20 + 28 = 48 N = 25 + 21 = 46

s= 25 + 20 = 45 s = 23 + 30 = 53
ihi? t\5~ runbd rund rn n5~15Vlb rl ~ f2 'fi

c - [30 + 35 20 + 28 20 + 25l - l65 48 45l

35 + 40 25 + 21 23 + Joj l7s 46 s3j

ti=itiD£!.Ff1ihi? M C dld bli1Jnt2ihi? tu A sb B :

30 20 2sl + [35 28 2ol _ [65 48 4sl

[35 25 23j 40 21 30j 75 46 53j

118
 PROEUS DARA

C = [41 3j2l , D = [I7 126J

A+B = [~ -~1 _4J + [! !] ~J

B+A = [! !l :J + [~ -; 41] [! ~1 ~J
~ m 2g A + B = B + A ~ UlJ nffi~ hl'i:flS rn tFlfl :Ln 9Jtl '1

(C+D)+E = {[~ ~J + [~ ~~]}+ [_'2 -32] = [5 8J + [I-2 -2l3 J _ [66 186]

8 15

C + (D +E) = [~ ~J + {[~ 162] + [_12 -32]} = [~ ~] + [~ ~J = [~ 168]

A+O = -;
[~ ~~J
O+A = io o ol +
lo o oj
[2 -3o 4] = [~ -: ~J
1 -I

A+O = O+A =A Bl~hlflJSJt::hBl~hlMnthmg~j:ilJn '1

mnh ~S8tibl mn~ run~rn

lll ""
3 'itibll!f &'tlrn'in~ ilurnsh rnRmmmn.5n.mn
Li Liu u ""

2 nh'in-etii
"' G
s-eru
1u
'1
1 1

hlJS"' 9Hinnn
"" hlJS"' 9Hilnnn
tl II

'i:fltm ~~g ffinn ~~g ""

u u
"" ""
hl1~9"" I 1000 500 100 ""'
hl1~9 I 850 450 80

hl1~9"" 2 600 300 200 nn~9 2 480 280 !50

l1Q
 PROEUS DARA

A = [woo soo wol

600 300 200j

ifltilhl~runtldrnntHlHliRtuQJ~ B = [850 450 80J

480 280 150
d rnnct m&r:1 mtsi hl£1.hLf1H15rJtn2 mfituQJ~

ffit m
"'
woo- 8so = I5o hll21 9 2: in~ m
"'
6oo- 48o = 120
cl cl
~~g hlJ2 500-450 = 50 ~ ~ g hlJ 2 300 - 280 = 20
""'
9a9nnn 100-80 = 20 g ~ ""'g n n n 200 - 1so = so
u u

int? hl~runtlct rnnd mtf:1 mtsi hlnJQb hll21Vlbn~~ I

c = [1000 850 500 450 100- 80J = 150 so 2ol

600 480 300 - 280 200 - 150 [ 120 20 soj

c~m 2 [1000 soo wol_ [850 450 80J = [1000- 850 500-450 100-80 l
600 300 200j 480 280 150 6oo- 480 3oo- 280 200- 1soj
t~hlHhl~ A B =C

b~~ffitilhl A = [4 2 6l ' B = [3 9 0 l Sb C = [-1 ol '1

1 3 7j 4 1 -sJ s 2j
~ ru1 SlLti'HlM~Gt ruffit? hl21b tun-edhnu
n. A B 2. B-C

n. A- B = [~ ~ ~J -[! !1 ~8] = [~3 -: 165]

2. B c -@2ffiU&Gtn2
A
t'lmg
l.j
B sb c 'Hl2b"lhtlti2hlffl
1 ct

n. A+B 2. B-A ~. B+D 'ill. C+D b. A-B '1

120
 PROEUS DARA

!JtnffJUuJJ ~?l§Jifltj n5 A = [
2 3] '1 ?1 rul Slifltj n5 A+ A = 2A
1 -5

~?Jma A+A = 2A 5
= [~ ~ ] + [~ ~5] = [~ -~o] = [~:~ ~(::J
3
A = A+ A+ A = [~ ~5] + [~ ~5] + [~ ~5] = [~ -~5]
3x2 3x3J
- [3 X} 3(-5)

d5 k mcraa~rHS"Jg kA = 2
[k x k x 3J
= [2k 3kJ
IJ k X 1 k(-5) k -5k

.. .,
?1 rul Sl'i:lllJ n5

n. k(A+B) ~- kA+kB ?1. (kh)A liJ. k(hA)

n. k(A +B) = k{ [~ ~3] + [~ -41]} = k [~ ~] = [~~ ~ = [~~ ~]

~- kA+kB Il +k[2 -1] = [4k k l + l2k -kl
= k[4 = ~6k ol
2 -3j
I 4 2k -3~ l k 4~ bk ~

?1. (kh)A = kh[4 Il = [4kh kh J

2 -3J 2kh -3kh

liJ. k(hA) = k{h[4

2 -3
IJ} = k[4h2h -3hh J = [4kh kh l
2kh -3khj

II. k(A +B) = kA + kB 2. (kh)A = k(hA)

ruunriJ:'hu if11gn5
G
A Uin mrhmrinh'tl1Utntr:Hut'l5n'i:3mab
Ul.......,L.; L.Jt..;
n'tm~d Slm tUff"IHsi
(\1 wt ""' """-!)/)

ff"ll~ag I sbm~~a92 rlt~o~~nH~~jji '1 ihtjM B ctlL01RntU1LUtnt~mfJ~lib?l

Mt,mtic~~nnasbc~m9~J ( ~~mdJru) '1

121
 PROEUS DARA

A= [7ooo J3ooo~ matPS~ 1 B [8ooo 140ool matns9 1

8000 14000 fflHllS
ct
92 = 9000 !5500j ffli~S92

SA+ 2B = S [7000 13000l + 2 [8000 14000l

8000 14000j 9000 1550oj

_ [3sooo 6soool + [J6ooo 28oool _ [swoo 93ooo l

4oooo 7ooooj I8ooo 3JOooj 48ooo 10 10ooj
ffitj nHS gtJt;Tl £!) ~UilRntL13tlb 1 Hl961Jm hln~n~ sbn~n~d 2l QJ~~masi m~ ~ s
1

9 -24]
, B = -9 14 , C =
[
-7 9

i nffitj M~ b tLffll3 n. 3A+B 2. B A+ C ?'\. 2C+5C-4D

til -A+3(B-A) b. 2(3C) 7D G. -A+2(D+C)

2.4 lfi~n.nisfht'ht9ru

3tnmuJn 1 ~2U11ma9QJtM}Hffl 18 nJlrn t5u 12 t'tll3 GH~t~tt:j 11 t'tll3 '1 ~:nn

u
L6l~m~9Q]tMJ~tffl 16 nJlbli t5u 20 t'tll3 sbt~tt:j 10 t'tll3 '1 bR~bttl~ti9 1 blifltMJ~tffl
u
'erunnrnttl
J.l ~·
7 arutilrn
GV 'J t5ul3rut'tll3tt1
J.l
4 arutilrn
'J sbt2'4tt:jl3rut'tll3tt1
GV --< J.l
2 ~rutilrn
'J 1tJ6lti
U GV

'lo9mmhlhl2
GV -...., 1
ts46lti9
U
1 = 18(7) + 12(4) + 11(2) = 196

l:sl6lti9
u
2 = 18(6) + 12(5) +II (2) = 190
~o9mmhltnri
GV ..._,
ts46lti9
U
1 = 16(7)+20(4)+ 10(2) = 212

tsl6lti9
u
2 = 16(6) + 20(5) + 10(2) = 216

122
 PROEUS DARA

tu ti 2 ""
fiti91 ""
fiti92
u u

~~ [ 18 12 11 J tu [ 7
t fiJi 16 20 10 ti 4
2 2

nti'9I ""
fiti92
u u
np [18(7)+12(4)+11(2) 18(6) + 12(5) + 11 (2)]
tft.li 16(7)+20(4)+ 10(2) 16(6) + 20(5) + 10(2)

18(6) + 12(5) + 11(2)l

16(6) + 20(5) + 10(2)j

d5tt:Hiltl A mffi1_?tu9S!] B mffi1_?tufi~~Qtll tlnffl Stl P mffitjtu~~gSQJ

I

ts-Jgttl0l2 AxB=P

( 18 = [18(7) + 12(4) + 11(2) I

[ 16 I

f 18
16
12
20
II)]
10
18( 6) + 12(5) +II (2) l
1 18

~ 16 [ 16(7)+20(4)+ 10(2)

18

[( 16 16(6) + 20(5) + 10(2)]

123
 PROEUS DARA

t ?1 Hlu ?1M ::n m s '\3 ru &uu t gJ n

0
ti 'i§tiJ'e nu hl~
1
thll hl~
1
thll
u 0

ltl [9700
ln [900
t~ n rung 600
700
500
500]
400
X

t'lu
u
T~
'i§fiJ'i§ 2
4
=
&~ n rung 6800
10200]
7200

ih~ tu ti:j rum sri rul ::n mb tlJ t'uuts gHlu2jrlbm t~rl nmni ~~ tutffiUDJt&l tuto
9700$ SbDJt&ltut~tirun'l§ 6800$ atrulntlt~rlnmnithlltmgtuto 10200$ sbDJt&ltu
t~nrun'l§ noo $ '1

i,~ihsi 1 hlhlJtl::r!RffiStn_ylg A, B sb C &f:llgtnnruruun~ 8 '1 hlhlJ A t~ru

~~'i§in~rums
l_;l.J~
4 Mrul~
1J
un~~zma 1 Mrul~
IJ
sb~hl 3 Mrula
1J
hlhl'i
U GV 1
B d~ruu~'i§Uti~ill~
GV
u u u
ms 5 NM~
IJ
Uti~~gms 2 MM~
IJ
sb~tul MM~
IJ
1ofi5tu,
<SV U I
c d~ruu~glf.. ~ruma
GV ~
2 n1Ma
IJ
u u
0 Q 0 Q) t:::p Q

'iti~~8QlS 4 hlrula Sb~hl2 hlrul~ '1 t?lhlStirfl ut1§115Un'l§un~QlSriS 3 un~~gms

!_;U "" IJ 1 lJ ... ""
U
<I
I U
""

~a<I 1 sb~tumstia
1 <I
0 '1
1 1

n. ri rul ::rt 4D- 3D ~- Jntit'l§ 6\1

a Sb b ttl DC = 8C '1

.. #::9

3. ~~, i61""
!llllffltnfll t~ma'ihjj to A = [~ ~] ~ ~ B = [-I~ -i] th'ihjj r.lffltO eli tllll2 '

rirul2l AB Sb BA '1

AB = [3 4l [
1
= l1 ol
1 zj - 21 2J lo 1j
-:l = I sb BA =[\ [3 4l =
- 2 2J 1 2j
-:l !1 ol
lo 1j
=I

&rihlt~ntiD(!lrfl AB = BA = I '1 B t'i..fllttlifl~tutmtutsifl~tu A '1

t?lRrul~tuHtu~ : A- dlih~tutmtutaih~tu A
1
'1

126
 PROEUS DARA

n. tHlJl 21 AM Stl MA '1

II Q.l c:.J c:J II Ql 0 I

2. an'tfi1Jn5 B m AB = BA = 1 tf::lill 1 dl'tfi1Jn5l::Jn51illf::llt5 2 '1

tH1!ru n. AM= Ia bl [d -bl = [ad-be 0 l = (ad-bel1 ol =(ad-be)/

'"' le dj -e a J 0 ad- bcj lo 1j
MA = [~e -:] [: ~] = [ad
0
be ad~bJ =(ad-be)[~~] =(ad-be)/

""
2. &15 AM = (ad- be)/ tmg I = ad 1 beAM (ad- be ;e 0)

1
tf::lltTI AB = I , AB = - db AM
a - e

B _ _ l_M _ _
- ad- be - ad
1_ [d -blJ
be -e a

""
&15 MA =(ad-be)/ , 1 1 b MA
= a- -d e
1
tf::ll tl5 BA = I , BA = a- -d
b e MA

B = _1_M = _l_[d
ad- be ad- be -e a
-blJ

f::ltHS8
u
ttl AB = BA = I tS18 B = _ l _ [d
ad- be -e
-blaj

127
 PROEUS DARA

1. 9ssruill:H.fHudt!ls'i:H15tiinmm
OS ct (3-ct 1J tn .......:>
t~'ftHu~ntl=lrnRmt'UlQlS
1 t_:,
C!l iJ
160 til1 tfi'intHJ'l~
lJ .....
125 til~
I U
~ eJ _...:t;':i "'"r3c;f I eJ eJ eJ Q
stHun 210 til1 '1 t~1ttHru1~ tl=lillilfilt'UlQlS 145 tn~ tfi~ilum~ 130 til1 sh
1 Cl /) L:, .....
u
wn 275 til1 2h'ftan9n'iillRAlt'UlQlS 120 till tfi'iilum~ 155 t'il~shwn 325 til1 '1
1 "' tJ () lj
u "" I

~m~ ~ ~i!i'tllsts&t::llih~ wshLmthlit!lti'fsih~ wts g '1

2. 1:1 o.n Slffi~ w:nh tLAl'e

2. [ 1 8
13 21
9l +
~
[! ~J 8
5 10

1:1. [! ~] + [~ -:] - [! -2~ m. [-2 3 1l

3 2 5j
3 [1 6 -3l
5 2 Ij
3. !:l=l~ffi~ hl :

B =
9 12j
-9 14 c = [4 - 9
3 10j
l sh D _ [ 5
-13
1l
sj
[
-7 9
il. 3A + B 2. B- A+ C 1:1. 2C+5C-4D

til -A+ 3(B A) h. 2(3C)-7D G. -A+2(D+C)

UM81 R. [1; ~ ~~2l[! ~i1 9. ~ ~2 ~ ~] + [ts:

5. t~~ [~2 ~] [: -~] - [~ :1] [~ ;~] +

'1 ~ il n [1:3 a, b
""
sh c '1

6. tl:l~hmfit'et\hj'ifi'Uillf.Hi.HSltlrlM'etiJMSilM~'tlltlilStilh 2000 f 'eSM~mrJ 5000 ~

<N lt...:i U U \.1 <N t_; U "" I U

shd2tiH9M 10000 ~ '1 GSSn5ti~ntf::lillQl2illRt~uhMQlulilShW4tsg 'tllSMthtiilh

\.1 lt...:i 1 &1 "" 9 ..
I

mnh:nhtLAl1:3 :

ilS&ilh
u .... 'e~NJUIN dStiH9N

"
ttH ftli e<~ 205 160 70
"'
"t~ffi9fiJ
"' 310 200 65

128
 PROEUS DARA

2. mt~nihn2Ql::lmntl2ll::ltrnmffitjhl N '1
I

t:i. t:irnlS"ltHli~rnl NC '1 ~~m~aHJffitjfU NC mb2J~ ?

c = [12 4J
-9 m

n. t:irnlS"l A
2
sb [ 1
~fjrumffit_?fDLffihlt2 A

2. ~nnt~ k t~~j2J AB mihtj hlt:lnm

t:i. lnnt~ m t~~j2Jtfjt9~rnl~ A t~Sbtfjt9l~rnl~ c '1

8. tt:12Jffitjhl A = [
2 lJ B = [3 -1] '1 t:irnlS"l
-5-4 -1 1
1
n. AB Sb (ABr
-I
, B

9. ~ nffitj fU x ~fj ru :

n. [~3 -22Jx = [-~1 2. [1 l]x 2[3 1]

1 1
=
-1 -1

2. [4 -3l [a] = [1slb j t:i. [-1 al1j [2-1 -1]2 = [1 sl

2 -1J -1 b 3 oj

129
 PROEUS DARA

fit SJl~ ad- be tl:HliQlS riifltj tl5 A = [; !]

mrldl ttlt9~@ru-ttlrui:tlU 2 tsifltjM A '1

t?H~rulfltUHtUj detA 'U IAI 'U a b

"'- "'- c d

tl!i~ifltjM M = !2 -3l , N = [-4 I4l Sb p = [-2 3l '1

l4 3j 10 wj -4 6j
n. l!iru-tS1ttlt9a@ru-til2bihtjMLmM ( d51fls) 'fsihtjMs~ru'J '1
II Ql Ql

2. l!i rul S1ffi1J tl5 X b'U MX = N

n. IMI = 2
4 3
-3 = 6 + 12 = 18 sb M-
1
= ..!._ [3
18 -4 2j
3l = r~ ~1
2 1
9 9

1
INI = - 4 14
1010
= (-4)(10)-14(10) = -180 sb N-1 = __
I [w
180 -10 ( -4 )j
-I4l = [- 18 ;o]
..!._ ..!._
18 45

IPI = - 2 3 = -12+12 =0 'p q1SihtjMLffiM&9 '1

-4 6
Ql II t:;»
2. tl!iffiSM~nUffilJM MX =N
tUtl!il!irultl~bttibHbS~ITI')tSM@fmifl~gtUsb M- 1 &Slgtl!iQlS :
1 " Fl j.J c;
1
M- MX = M- N
1
= IX= M- N
1
( ttmg MM- 1 = 1)

= X = M- 1N ( ttmg IX =X)

130
 PROEUS DARA

X = l_l3 3l [-4 14l = l_ [ 18nl , X = ll 4l

I8l-4 2j 10 10j 18 -36 36j l-2 2j
Ql II Q}

ft. tfi't:fHH\HHil~'i:fl'[J tU YM =N
dJtfifirul rJ2l·IH'tnHb 21:3tl5'1 h~ tU~ill~ffi'ig tU2b M-
1
tS'H tfiQlS
1 nAu G
1
( tLmg MM- =I)

= y = NM-1 ( &Lmg YI = Y)

y _ [-4 I4ll_l3 3l _ J_[-68 16l

- 10 wj 18l-4 2j - 18 -10 soj

n. mifltjtU X tt:lbli AX= B '1

2.1 An.fl81iLff~utinn~nhntf 3 mtrnJSiUrJMpu

u
a 1 b 1 c1
tfi'i:flStt:lt~H~rul~ a 2 b2 c 2
a3 b3 c3

a1 b1 c1
tfiQlS a 2 b2 c2 = a 1b2 c 3 + b 1c2 a 3 + c 1a 2 b3 - a 3 b2 c 1 - b3 c 2 a 1 - c 3c 2 b 1
a3 b3 c3
 PROEUS DARA

1 2 3
6 -3 5
-4 0 -1

- - -
l 2 3
/?f/
( 2
1 2 3
~XX/ 6 -3 5 = 3 40+0-36-0+ 12 = -61
6 -3 5 6 -3
/XX~ -4 0 -1
-4 0 -1 -4 0
"~~
+ +, +

a 1 b1 c1
a 2 &2 c 2 = a 1b2c 3 +b 1c2a3 +c 1a2b3 -a 3b2c 1 -b 3c2a 1 -c3a2b 1
a3 b3 c3

~: '1

h3 b3 c3

:r:
a3 3 3
'1

:]:3 3 3

132
 PROEUS DARA

t1f!n fi n:ufjd 1!:1

d~ nbfflBHlJl2lU:jtg~{'ffl.fl~rnW'lti 3 ffl'e'i'tfh l:?iffitH12l5161lt3dHWTlt3t15RQl2

ct "" 1.1 1.1
1

1Hs
1 n
~Hm ts nS'e
~ u lJ
t15<J ffiUM rusb rn W!ti9 t1:l rtHnnhlntsi
1
1:l13dl
u
~ ~

a1 'i:flSMt;gl + r;lmg a 1 dlm~r;si~H1:ln9 1 2b~~mH9 1 , 1+ 1 = 2 ~

~:umg b 1
1
b1 'i:flSMml - ~
dlmfitSl
1
dH1:ln9
1.1
1 2bdHliH9
1.1
2 , 1 + 2 = 3 i:MM

r; ?iffiG hla r; hla't}J ~ ~ M'i't m~ r; s gdl M'i't rna

iiltjM [a b l
1 1
tUTlm iiltjhlm9M
[: :m = [::J
a2 b2J

~] miiltj MHI:da [
m1 l mifltjMn~sr;d~
~ ~ ~
m2J
t?iq_15'i:fl'[J MLmhltS'i:fl'[J hlbt39M r; ij"ejt WI gln.n ru M'i't m~iiltj Mr; s g
C)) II U

t1:lt9a'i'trul~tsiiltjM [a b~ ~ 1

a2 b2J

dlt1:lt9a@rul~tsifltjM [a ml t1:lrnm~@Stt3Sdltt39MtS
1 1
y
a2 m2J

133
 PROEUS DARA

' y = ';-------;'

m1 b 1 c1 a1 m 1 c1 a1 b1 m1
mz bz Cz az mz Cz az bz mz
m3 b3 c3 a3 m3 c3 a3 b3 m3
X= 'y = 'z =
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
az bz Cz az bz cz az bz Cz
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

0 • 0
ruunfif!U
ll

3x+7y=-6 4x-5y= 13
n. 2.
{ 4x-2y = 26 { - 8x +lOy = 18

x+ 2y + 3z = 2 2x + 2y + 2z = 0
1!1.
j - 2x + y + 2z = l
4x- y = 3
ill.
j- 2x + 5 y + 2z = 1
8x+ y +4z = -I

134
 PROEUS DARA

n. {
3x + 7y = -6 tl=iQl2 D =
3 7
= -34 , Dx = -
6 7
= -170 ,
4x-2y = 26 4-2 26 -2

D =
y
3 -6
4 26
= 102
_ Dx _ -170 _
X------5
D -34
y =D
_l'
D
102
= - = -3
-34

4x-5y = 13 4 -5
2.
{ - 8x+ lOy = 8
tl=iQl2 D = =0 13 -5 = 170 "'0
-8 10 8 10

4 13
Dy = = 32 + 104 = 136 "'0
-8 8
L:Hi
u
t 2 g 1'i.Hl2
LJ
<I

cs3
""
n5'i:HflHfl 2 tH'tH1J
..-f)
""

6\J

t R n1 t ~ -61 till
"" QJ m _48 = -5 ,., 13
10 18

x+2y+3z = 2 1 2 3
R.
j- 2x + y + 2z = 1
4x- y =3
tl=iQlS D = -2 1 2
4 -1 0
= 12 ,

2 2 3 23 1 2 2
Dx = 1 1 2 =4 , Dy = -2 1 2 = -20 ' Dz = -2 1 1 = 20
3 -1 0 4 30 4 -1 3

4 1 -20
X=-=-
12 3
y =-
12
= 53- '
z = -
20
12
5
3
"" ,
= - dltH'i:HiH2'i'i.Hl2 hl'tH1U
l_j cJ
6\J
<I ""

2x + 2 y + 2z = 0 2 22 0 22
ill.
j- 2x + 5 y + 2z = 1 tl=iQl2 D =
8x + y + 4z = -1
-2 5 2
8 14
=0 , Dx = 1 52
-1 1 4
= 0

2x+2y+2z = 0
+ 1 + 3!
-2x+5y+2z =1 , x=---
7
7y +Az = 1
\
~m2gfH~f1HltH~2HnH2Lun~w-thm?t x ==
1
;
31
, y = 1 ~ 41 , z = z

135
 PROEUS DARA

rutrrHhh 2 tJ:'i~~tnn~~rutrnnHHiHlHH\hu2~i'H.l'i0H94~·~_H9Mtth:JH~tO~n 9700$

Ill "'1 u " 1 "' LJ ""

s~t~nrun~ms 6800 $1tw:3ru~thlit94Lm9Mtnms 10200$ s~t~nrun~ms 8200$ '1

an rusnHth~nil~na~m.li'l
61 Gt ~J
~ r;9i1mg
t_;
Ms~ruc:~
U
rmhrnni::ltHn
U ct
~i::l bl.Hsi tmli~ runci~2 M2
I

tn~ru m~ x mt3~sl::l~tsm~~nt{jJ~t94tyt9MtG

y mt3~ sl::l~ 'tsm:i~nt{j] ~ r;94Lmg M!:~nrun~

m~M~~n~tJ:'iQ1StynsM-i§m:i : { 9700x+6800y = 86400

"' "' "' 10200x + 8200y = 98200
m~~fitttuu,nrutyn~M-i§ma tJ:'lms :
D = 9700 6800 = 10 180000 D = 86400 6800 = 40720000 ,
10200 8200 ' X 98200 8200

Dy = 9700 86400 = 71260000

10200 98200

[::JtHsg _ 4072oooo _ 4 - 71260000 - 7

U X - 10180000 - y - 10180000 -

"'
t,~~U.5fl1
... tJ:'il:flSLuwli 2 ~[::Jrnty~tis~ruc:ll:fl2~nM~nLn!::l1ML01fi 5 msr;urn 2~

10 msr;urn'i tJ:'i~~mtu~ti9 1 l:flSLOlfiG~s 250 ms~:urn 2~ty~ti921:flS 275 ms

u ~:Uirut3ssMSn
r;ilrn 1J
5 ms n~1U~ti9
c:ti l.)
1 r;~s~t3ssMSn
~ l.J
10 ms n~1U~ti9
ct
6V lJ
2 '1 t~n~
c:t
1
GV
1 1
Ill!» Q) I 11 ~ I 0 U Ql)

'!'U~'U9
lJ
1 l:flSMSn 5 ms 'USlSMSn?
1""
10 ms fiSS'USlSMSn?
G\1 1J ~~ 6V 6\1

t,~~~~2 ~:!{h~~nw9srulrul:flM2~Lmfi '1 ~:!9 1 l:flsihM 62g ~i::lrnQ~r;sgl:fls

"' ... 0

1 1 1

S~Lfflfi lcm '1 ~:!9 2 l:flSihhl 83g ~i::lrul:flSlrJ9S 2cm

3 3 3 3
ldl9s 1cm l:flhl lcm
1

S~LUlfi lcm '1 ~:!9 3 l:fl2ihhl 71g ~i::lrnQ~tS181:flSlrJ92 lcm

3 3 3 3
l:flhl 2cm l:flhl 2cm
1 1

s~101fi lcm 3 '1 An.mhnihhll:fl~mf'dtrulUlmn'S~ruc:~~nthUfil~n~ lcm 3 '1

LJ 1 u "'l

136
r PROEUS DARA

0 •
=ilSimfi

1. f:H1..n 21 t t:l f'9 a1§ llil ti

2 3 4 l 3 -1 1 2 -3
n. 3 2 -1 ~- 2 -1 1 ~- 3 -5 -1
4 3 7 -2 2 3 4 4 l

-1 1 2 1 -1 3 -1
n. 4 1 o 2. 4 3 ~. 0 4 l
3 6 -2 0 5 2 5 -2 -3

3. u11:f!Ulu~tffHl..ntnb~rumsLuf'~b 86cm '1 ~:~{jbffiLlit~b9'9b 2 t:lbtrutuL'lit~b

mrtQlru 2cm '1 anlffiU1tSG~tffllliltt:llrutLlifflHt:tuuulruft113lBLfflih '1

I cJ "':! II cJ eJ 0 ot:::), eJ
4. t~rum~n,m
6\J]l.j
50kg nb
ot
Ikg msm13 GV
3500 ~ '1 tHstt:llrummts81:f!St~u
1'1 1l.j GV
sbt~fiu
GVIJ
1

t218t~fim~rufitfi
GVU
3ooo ~ lib
ct
lkg 2h f'~drufitn
GV
5ooo ~ lib lkg '1 dH~mmd1:fls
GVll.J 6\1 c:$
1 I

ti1....21 2 ~t~nuffl'i3
i.J
2h fiuli
u
21 2 ~ ~t'~Uffl13
1.... i.J
?
u u

5. t~{jbttJ~ru'lilitStlU88thlSb
u 1.1 ....
20 U88'9
w
1 thlSb~bli'lilitSU88'9
.... u 1.1
2 sb'9 3 thlsb
....

6. u11flLfi~tfflllil~ru1:flsLuf'~b 18m '1 ~:~{jhttJUlbtt:lrut~bctlb&~t~sb 2 t:lhUJhf't:lru

1 1

~ctlbt~ '1 UJh~ruwJrictl13uJ138~~t8UJbf't:lrut~bctlbt~2hUJb~ctlbt~ '1 aliL'lit1b

1 1 1

UJh'S~ru')tSL~tfflllil '1
1

X+ y = -6 X+ 2y = 5
2. ~-
{ 2x y = 2 { 3x-15 = -6y

2x + 3 y + 2z = 14 x+2y-3z = 10 - 2x + y + 3z = 2
lli. 4x+2y-z = 15 h. 4x+y z = -10 G. x-7y 3z=-4
{ { 4x-2y-6z = 1
x+ y + 2z = 8
13x -7y + 2z = 5

1'2'7
 PROEUS DARA

1 2 -3"
lli. 5 4 7 1jiHirul6H1Hh'iH2ffi1J n5 '1
0 ' 0 '" .. .,

[
II 0 -13

c = lo
l8 -2oJ '1

f:irulSl ~ n. 3A-B+2c 2. 2(A B + 2C) + 3B C

4. annt~ p, q, a sh b f'fj rnt~h~~

n. [~~ ~1] [~ = [~1] 2. [~ =~J [~1] [l:J

=

2x 3y = -4 X+ y = 1
n. 2.
{ 5x+7y = 1 { 2x + y = 3

x- 2y + 3z = 4 4x+2y+7z = 35
f:i. 2x + y- 4z =3 m. 3x + y + 8z = 25

1
-3x+4y-z = -2
15x + 3y + z = 40
7. Sl1t9iGJl~9QJnnrlt~~jtqMlitymt~ '1
u
trnn'9 1 Ui Ikg shnnrltm
Sl19QJ1:flS 3kg
2kg urunruHn1ttnRU~2 90 mstDrn trnn9 2 Sl19QJ1:fls 2kg Ui Ikg shnnrltm
3kg firunruHn1trnRn~2 94 mstDrn t'lfirutrnn'9 3 9QJ1:fls 3kg Ui 2kg sbnnrl
tmikg urunruHn5tmRu~2 84 msttlrn '1 t~nnrlffis L~ shnnrltm Ikg t~~[l2
mstDrn ?

138
 PROEUS DARA

t 2i fib
"j
d r1U fit 2 g tl!1m'i.h~'B
61
t\1 fiJl rl'U m ihH15 i:tl2
~61U ct
t 2 rn@~ ~h'i'U'i:fHlJll
l_j
ih rn rn@~ ftl rn
dl'B ttiJlOl ru ~ hl~ 2ML'Hlli ruJl2 t gi hlfiJl'U t;£ ~' 2 t d~ t l ~hL'U'Hl n.n1u &rn t tl1 t l t2 ~ 91!11§ 2 '1
umti?l g g rnm2umfl rn~~ nJ'h~ shu n1i s fib ff1~1!1 n.n m rn~~ t t!1 t~ t1!1sh fficrt'itiot n.n g
~ 1J ~ 61 "l l_j

'Sb ~hu rul2 iih t Sl gfib

"'
ffiH t:iHH1.fl
l.j
rucr &run 9'i5Slshh
~
shufflu mb~ s1 l!)'i§ 21~~0
l.j
MB'B
1 IJ
ru
1

Ala h1fin~~
\f'
~ m r1 M~Ufflu mh ~ 21!11§
I
2ftj ~ 91 s mru '1'B1J ruo s1J 2 ffl~ t:1 n.n m ~ t'B~flm'Hl
6V
~ t'i§""

~UJUH:fl ffl~ 1!1 n.n Sl [bl)~ 2 'SB rn Sl &tfl rut rn ftj fits gt gi t gJ ~ t 1!1 ruJl2 &gi 'LU Lffi'U mh

~91!1'B 2ML'Hllittl'HUUlru M@ff1a~h1 M@ffla~ruo ~ 2 t9J ~ '1

Ala~ 21~
1 51
2ii h~ fd &2 g ffiu~GV ll'i5 m1
a
b §Hill
U
m
.........,
fi ~~"' 2rut r1 ........,
m trnm ~h nnHu
lJ
"""'-!)
ttmd 2
1
" .,. <;I 0 <;I .,. 0 9 0':>
tSI!1M~l 9Jlmmgl 9JlnflL~sh ffl~ttllgLnnrumrungucrp~g Qhw 1fflrJ1_15mt~ '1
1

139
 PROEUS DARA

ntld rt rn2~ trutlmth~'i:Hi5nnf:lruin

"" u
1
61 \:t'

1mf:1 tut'Hlth@Qtl ff'IH 1:h gt~uH15Gt rull9

1
I II 0 ':) 0, \)

tH:nntJ8 mn.m9nt'i:itJ~'i:fl mn.mfHn'in91l

& GV c::il.JW'

x 2nnn 2 n21tlt13tl x 2nnn 2 n21tlnn

X "
1.99 1.999 1.9999
61
2.0001 2.001 2.01
y 4.9401 4.9994 4.9994 5.0006 5.006 5.0601
y 2nnn 5 n21tlt13tl
"

2
lim (x + 2x 3) = 5 '1
X-> 2
"' et 2 9 0
!lflltntnn 2 tf:i~H~fi'i:i2 f(x) = :.::- mmg x ¢3 '1
3

thmg x;e3 tfiQlE f(x) = x+3 §tlLff'ltJ L '1

L

'
X_,. ,.,_
• X

0 3 X

140
 PROEUS DARA

0 '
rutmtlt:ia
0
n. mti
u ....., mntl n &'tl r; ru2 :n iHLill'tl
t r1 m G\J
:

l 0.1 O.Ql 0.001 0.0001

i1-01 - O.Ql - 0.001 -0.0001

2. ffl man
....., lim -
x->0 X
l
stJ lim -
x->0 X
1

(x > O) (x < O)

X 0.1 O.QJ 0.00! 0.0001

od~ru
... n.
10 100 1000 10000
X

X -0.1 O.Ql - 0.001 - 0.0001

-10 100 - 1000 - 10000
X

2. m'tlmdltlnt'tltru29 <SV
1 r; f'H<H tl n
n ....., mmru run
r;lli m x runn&'tl~d'l:fls
G\Jts-

r;tf\ rums tnnGtvl

u
'1 t hl:i
.,:;
tn2 nn n hl2i
u tJ
&Blg !X 'i:fl2fit'tl~d'l:fl2
ts-
GV

. 1
tnthvl'1m29umti
... l><
'1 E:Wr;GJg
u
tt1Ql2 1Ill -
x->0 X
= + CXl
x>O

X 1.9 1.99 1.999 2 2.001 2.01 2.1

2
x -4
f(x) = -
x-2

2. Mi1Lilltiff1tl g(x) = x + 2
2
""
n.nruffl mm
....., lim g(x)
x-> 1

14.1
 PROEUS DARA

lim f (x)
x-s-a
= x-)oa
lim c = c

limf(x)
x->a
= x->a
limx =a tf:lrn f(x) = x

lim[f(x)+g(x)] = limf(x)+ limg(x)

x--->a x->a

lim [f(x)- g(x)] = limf(x)- lim g(x)

x->a x-a x-> a

lim[f(x)·g(x)] = limf(x)·limg(x)
x-->a x-a x-;..a

. f(x)
1Im-- = xlimf(x)
->a ~'i5
,[img(x)"'O
x---> ag(x) limg(x) x _,.a
x-->a
f:Hl.fl21 ~1H§~~~ tl_,fil1:3

n. lim (3 + x)
x--->1

fi. lim ( 3 + X) = Jim 3 + Jim X =3+1 =4

x->1 x->l x->1

4
2. lim(3/) = lim3·limx = 3·lim(x·x·x·x)
x->2 x->2 x-2 x->2

= 3x_,..2
lim x · lim x · lim x · lim x
x->2 x->2 x__,..2
4
= 3 . 2 . 2. 2 . 2 = 3 . 2 = 48

(Jf

~6ntnUU1 2
2
n. lim (i- 3/ + x + 1) 2. Jim X -X + J '1
x-1 x--->3 X 2
3 2
fi. lim (i- 3/ +X+ 1) = x-->1
Jim x - lim 3x + lim X+ Jim J
x->1 x-;..J x->1 x->1

142
 PROEUS DARA

s
tUffl~Htin tlffl):) t'Ub'i:JlS ru@ fi OJ SJ t Sl g t J:1Ln~):) rul Sl ff"l'!§dtm s ~1321 b tgn'!§
u

rutm~iia J:1rr.nSlru@n21htLm'!3
_ . x 2 + 5x+ 6 . (- 6 ) '1
3x+ -
n. 11m 2 -4
0
<?. 1llll
x->-2 X x-2X-2 2-x

x->

2
x +5x+6 _ (x+2)(x+3)
-4 - (x+2)(x-2)

x+3
X

2
lim x + Sx + 6 = lim x + 3 = - 2 + 3 = _ !
X-> -2 _ 4 X -> -2X - - 2- 2 4

2. lim(~+-6-) =lim(~ - -)
6
tt:lrn'i:JlS lim(x-2) = 0
x->2 x-2 2-x x""'"2 x 2 x-2 x->2

~--6- _ 3x-6 _ 3(x-2)

x-2 x-2- x - x-2

. m
II ( 3x- +6-)
x->2 x-2 2-x
= lim23 = 3
X->

"' ""
~~~H5~ Rrul Sl ru@n21tl tLFfl'e
2
2 . 3} -x-4 ., . 2x - Sx + 3
n. lim[(i+4x+2)(3 x 2. lim ••. 1Im 2
x-1
)]
x->-2 (2x +
?
sr x- 1 x +x-2

143
 PROEUS DARA

1.3 rnfht mntti nsng'} nrui

r; n
tr:J§j1-HHm2
1
y = f(x) = {i x+2
"" xs 1
m
ttl X> 1
ffi'Bi_,filtHI!HtH~G'Hllk!lffi .f(x) 2~11~ 1 y

mrurun x 2~11~ 1 ri~iH13b

lim f(x) = 1 '1

b
'1 t?lRM6it15Hhl~
: :::7 = x+2

2 X

""
b'i5x>0
dj xsO
lim f(x) '1

n. lim f(x) = lim 2x = lim 2x = 2 · 0 =0

x->0+
(x > 0)
lim f(x) = lim x
3
= limx
X-> 0
3
= 03 = 0
(x < 0)

~- t?l'i:f!S lim
+
f(x) =0 sb lim f(x) =0
x->0 x......;..Q

i:jtHS8
u
lim .f(x) = lim f(x)
-
=0
x -:.. o+ X ->0

144
 PROEUS DARA

§ px + l ""
t'i5 x< 2
n. tf:i u f(x) = l-x+8 ttl x;,2

f:irulffi limf(x)
.:r-.!> 2
stl lim f(x) '1
x->2 +

tirul m lim lxl '1

x-> 0

t~h-Hjti'i:H~ y = lxl ffi~amhqjl~ x = o u_tg ?

X •••••.

2
y =X ·•····

lim i = + oo '1

lim
X-> -CO
i = + oo '1

\45
 PROEUS DARA

X 10
1
y =- X
0,1 0,01 0,001 0,0001 0,00001

2 4 5
X -10 10 -103 -10 -10
y = X-1 -0,1 -0,01 -0,001 -0,0001 -0,00001

ffi'iHllri~H'ih:Hru2'9 1 ~tmli
GV
""
mx tjjn£1 h:J~
GV[&
dl:fl2 ms fnrhm '1 ms
__..
g'ij mti
b.
tSl g

~2?1'!:3s
1
y = X~ l:fl2nt'!:3~dl:flsmS&'nnm94'1nmMtu2'i
u
GV t& ... u u
'1

ef 1 C»C» t:\ 9 C)] 0 1

t?lm~s?'\'!:38 y = - 'i:fl2bl5'!:3nhl8'i mrurun x 2nwn + oo t'Ult15nrulnhlHhl~
1 X u u

lim ~=0 '1

x-->+oo X

c< 1 '> • • el ....l s ""

~8?1'!:32 y =- l:fl2m'!:3ttlU~nm8tnntHlf1'1wnthlhl8'i '1
l X GV u ""UU
1 r.f ~ ~ Q)C)) C» 0 I
t?lm~8?1'!:38 y = - l:fl2bl5'!:3nhl8'i mrurun x 2nwn -oo t'Ult15nrulnhlHhla
l X U u
lim ~ = 0 '1
X-> --coX

f:irulSltU~n lim x
x->-co
3
sb lim (-2x
x->+oo
3
) '1

3
lim
X --> -CO
i = ( lim x)
X --> -00
= - oo

3
lim (-2i) = -2( lim x) =- oo
x-->+cc x-->+co

lim _!_
x->::toox 2
sb lim
x-)>
4
'1

lim _!_2 = ----:: = 0

x _. ±cox ( lim
x- :teo

lim
X-> ±CO
± = ( lim1 X)
i 3
=0
X-> :!:CO

146
 PROEUS DARA

2. lim (-3/)
X-'>±CO X-> ±CO

?
lim (x-- x + 1) '1
X-'>+CO

2
lim (x -x+l)'i:f12dl-b{h~Rrul6ioo-ootLmg
2
djx_,.+oo &Sl8 lim x =+oo
x-+oo x~+oo

lim (- x + 1) = -oo '1

x->+co

X 2-x+l =X 2( 1--+-
1 1)
X 2
X

2 2
lim (x
x->+co
- x + 1) = lim X = +oo
1
lim
x->+co
=0 '1

X-> ±CO

x~-co

lim 2 x + 1 Sob lim 2x + 1

X-' +co x-2 x->-00 X 2

+ oo c::n g lim 2 x + 1 'i:f1 snob-@ s fi n.n ~ ::: 'i

x-•+co X- 2 oo

i::l1 fin1.1 ttl rn'i:fls ~ t'in2

l_j G1
n5mob tf:H si.m~ run tsi.m~ttiobdl nfflnHm
., 1.1
115

2x+ I
=---= , xo<O
x-2
 PROEUS DARA

- dtma9 2
I
2+-
2x+ 1 X 2
lim
.r~->+oo X-
lim
x-+ oo l
=2
1--
X

lim ! = 0 lim ~ = 0 '1

x +'XIX x->+co X

n. lim
4-x
X +co - 1

2. lim~= 0
x~-oox2+2

2
,
H.
]"
Jm--
X -2
x->-ooX J

148
 PROEUS DARA

2.1 HLmu tL't§ULY ruYUJY

1.1
nb9SIR~tu''Hs~61'Bti5
Gfj 6V G"\lJ
tl':'ltnSG'i:flti5m
CJ
S(t) = 4.9t 2 t~161
lj
'USI'i.Jtl t 1S"J9
&
I I

~Lfilti5'Bn '1 tf:1j~S'BUJ'B~S9SlRtS"lg qbmSlg;JClJ]: tl = ls sb t2 = 3s RM&ttr::ilrudrn

m'lti
U
I1S
M
tlu21b&1fil'B
u G
:
0
1'1S _ S(3)-S(l) _ 4.9x3-- = .
19 6
mls
1'1t - 3- J - ---2----'-

trn~S'BBJ'B ~; t'iJlitnlitL'BliL~rn'i:H\)'B~Su1f1ti5m S(t) ~2M: t1 nli~HWl: t2

anHUnlitL'BliL'Brn'BBJ'BtSLtnRfifWJrn R(x) = +Sx ~mnm2dJrnts

IJ

marnRLtul x tms mrnnm x tLliLlirn~ 10 tmst94 13 tms '1

u IJ

u ~ • 0
tl':'ltnSHLff'lli tL'BliL'B rn'BBJ'B tSLtnnu fWJ rn
IJ

2 2
1'1R _ R(l3)-R(10) _ (13 +5x13) (10 +5x10)
1'1x- 13-10 - 3

84
1'1R = = 26 m2 taQ rnnh 1 tff'ls
1'1x 3 "!

S(x) = X 2 + 20x + 200 nJlbli '1

anHLff'llitL'BliL'Brn'BBJ'BtS S(x) Qbaru:wrn~ x = s &94 x = 10 &~ '1

IJ I

2. ~nHLff'lliCL'BliL'Bbli'BBJ'BtSH~l':'l'BS f(x) = x
3
- 1 mrnnm x fLliL'Urn~
IJ IJ

a t94 a+ h '1

!49
 PROEUS DARA

tUx tit1JliL'i:Hlirl
w
x1 = 1 &94 x2 =a sit sit
&Sl&&f:lQI2HLffilitL'i:j'i5'iJbli'i:jUJ'i:j
w
2 2
l'lP _ P(x2)- P(xl) _ P(a)- P(l) _ (a + 20a + 8000)- (1 + 20 x 1 + 8000)
l'lx - x2 - x 1 - a- 1 - a- 1

=(a-l)(a+1)+20(a 1)=a+ 2 l
a-1
~um~&sit l'lx nHitfi~G ( ~ l'lx_,O) &SlgHLmlitL'i:jti~rn'i:jtsJ'i:j ~ 2rinfifit1Z

~ ru t' tJ rn ttni th Hlflti tL'i:jtiL'i:j rn 2 n.n: ttfl ru fi n.n ci ~ tll ru

w
lim AP = limP(a)-P(l) = lim(a+21) = 22 <J
fu:--;.0 a-•l a-1 a->1
e1 llP ~':I er •
Hlflli&L'i:jti1Jbl52rul: lim A .. = 22 ~tnithn:jHJ&2H9f:l'i:j2 P(x) Lfi~ x = 1
w Ax --;> 0 L.lA

"" 0 •
t'i..fl t15n rul fi MH M~ P'( 1) = 22 <J

0 • 0
ruuniHHII

3
an f( 1) = 1 = 1
..... f(l+h) f(l)
dn h
3 3
f(l+h)-f(l)- (l+h) -1
h - h
2
- (l+h-l)[(l+h) +(l+h)+l]
- h
2
= (l+h) +h+2

duns93 ~n limf(l+h)-f(l) = lim[(l+h) 2 +h+2]

h->0 h h-->0

2
=(1+0)+0+2=3

150
 PROEUS DARA

?
n. f(x)=-x-+4x n:rll_!'i~ x = -I
2. g(x) = x 2 -4x+ 5 tsll_!'i~ X =2
tl. y =X 3 - 2 t24Ui~ X =0

2 2
= h[(a+h) +a(a+h)+a ]

2
[I. l l f(a +h)- f(a) = . h[(a + h/ +a( a+ h)+ a ]
1!ill --'--'----'--:-'---'------"
h-0 h h-•0 h
2 2 2
'!:{ f'(a) = lim[(a+h) +a(a+h)+a ] = 3a
h~O

Q,) 0 I ?
ttrH55nrwl~HuHfi5J f'(x) = 3[ '1

t:::1} ...., cr c:;p c< v o ,

n:iH~ f'(x) tS~St~'i:Hl f(x) t~dl~St~'tlSttlrnnrwl~ttllru
I I

f'(x) = lim f(x +h)- f(x)

h-0 h
tt!HltHLfHH~~Mt;gl y' , ~~ , :)·(x) MUflUfflbtd'hltS y = f(x) '1

o ~ o ~ cr 2
ruun~f!l'3 tt~~J~Ejt~'tls f(x) = x + 3x '1

n. J mtJ1 t~ f'(x) '1

2. Jn /'(0) Sb f'(-1) '1

n. ~n f'(x)

duns9J f(x+h)-f(x) = [(x+h) 2 +3(x+h)]-(i+3x)

= 2xh + 3h + h 2

151
 PROEUS DARA

2
lim f(x +h) f(x) _ lim 2xh + 3h + h
h o h h-o

= hlim0( 2x + 3 + h) = 2x + 3
->

2. H'l f'(O) =2X0+3 f'(-1) = 2(-1)+3 = 1

nnHur1h~
u n
n. tt!hftaMIU1tH~td~
I
Ma~tiaMW~MblW
l JJ I
StH~t~ta)jru~nncraa&d~ah
I 1J

= c l:?'iOlS :

= hlim"-'---!-~-'-
()
= lim c- c = lim 0 = 0
/z->0 h->0

I dj f(x) =c [;frlg f'(x) =0 I

0 et r:J eJ
ul:m8~S?'i'i:3Sft5li5?1Mhlli5 j'(x)
l JJ I ·
=X 11
r:L:Jru nEIN !:?'iQlS

11 11
f(x+h) f(x) = (x+h) -X

fi'ltl U = X + h ttfl I1J h = U -X ttl h __,. 0 bfrl g U __,. X

!:?'iQlS: '( ) ( ) =u-x

fx+h-fx n n = (u )( n
xu l +u 11 2 x+ ... +x11- I )

n-1 n-2 11-l)

= h(u +u x+ ... +x

f'(x) = limf(x+h)-f(x) = 1im(un-I+un-2x+ ... +x"-l) = x" J+xn I+ ... xn I= nx" I

hO h ux ~
n nI.J

m f(x) = X 11
~
tfrlg f'(x) = nx n-1
o cr o c:p cr
- mmg~S?'i'i:3Sdbli?'iM13SSI:G~Sb~S?'i'i:3S
1 I 1.J 1
: y = kf(x)

l:?'iOlS y' = lim kf(x +h) kf(x) =k lim f(x +h) f(x) = kf'(x)
h-0 h h->0 h

152
 PROEUS DARA

n. y =8 n
o. }'=X
3
R. y

n. y = 8 t ::n g y' = (8) = o '1

R. y = -2/ r:mg y' = (-2x4 )' = (-2)(4)x 4 1

= -8i '1

- 2007 3
n. y =- 2008 2. y = R. y = Sx 5 '1

0 ~ ~

- mmgdrnums~BR1:Hl
U I
: y = f(x)+g(x)
tRfflb F(x) = f(x) + g(x)

tRUlS F(x+h)-F(x) = [f(x+h)+g(x+h)]-[f(x)+g(x)]

= [f(x+h) f(x)]+[g(x+h)-g(x)]

y' = lim F(x +h)- F(x) = lim f(x +h)- f(x) + lim g(x +h)- g(x)
h->0 h h->0 h h->0 h
y' = f'(x) + g'(x)

m""' y=f(x)+g(x) tS18y' = f'(x)+g'(x)

0 ~ ~

- mmgd rn~ntS~SR132
1
: y = f(x)- g(x)
tRtilS y = f(x)+(-l)g(x) tS18 y' = f'(x)+[(-l)g(x)]'

y' = f'(x)+(-l)g'(x) = f'(x) g'(x)

~tHS8 I l:tl y = f(x)-g(x) t;:;ng y' = f'(x)-g'(x)

n. y = X 2 + 4x ttfiru9lm~n y'(O) ~b y'(-2) '1

""'"'
3
ttfiru91£g~nt~1t~U1h x =1 ~b x = -1
?
2. y = x - 3x- '1

R. y = x4 - 2
2x + 3x- 2 ttfiru91 man y'(O) '1
""'"'

153
 PROEUS DARA

2
n. y' = (x )'+(4x)' = 2x+4 , y'(O) = 2x0+4 = 4

y'(-2) = 2(-2)+4 = 4-4 = 0 '1

3 2 2 ?
2. y' = (x )'- (3x )' = 3x - 6x , y'( 1) = 3 x 1--6 x 1 = -3
?
y'(-1) = 3(-It-6(-1) = 9 '1

?1. y' = (x4 )' 2

(2x )'+(3x)' (2)' = 4i-4x+3
y'(O) = 4x0 3 -4x0+3 = 3 '1

y'(O) ""
s~ y'(l) "ts y = 1x·3 -x 2 '1
3

- LHmHHli?irul&SHS?i'i:3S
0

I I
: " "'
y = f(x) · g(x)
&?iffl~ F(x) = f(x) · g(x)

t?itflS F(x+h)-F(x) = f(x+h)·g(x+h)-f(x)·g(x)

= f(x +h)· g(x +h) g(x +h)· f(x) + g(x +h)· f(x)- f(x) · g(x)

= [f(x +h)- f(x)]g(x +h)+ f(x)[g(x +h)- g(x)]

. F(x+h)-F(x)
y' = F' (X) = 1lffi --'----:'----'---'-
h->0 h
. j"(x +h)- f(x) . "'-g('-x_+_h;-)-_,g"-'-(-'-x)
= hm ·g(x+h)+ hmf(x)·
h-0 h h-0 h
= f'(x) · g(x) + f(x) · g'(x)
..,
m y = f(x) · g(x) &S"H y' = f'(x) · g(x) + f(x) · g'(x)

0 • 0
ruUTHif:Uu ~
n. ?irulS"HwH1 I
"' y
y' ""S~ y'(-1) "&SHS?i'i:3S = x(x-!) '1

~
2. ?irulS"ltwH~ y' ""S~ y'(O) "&SHS?i'i:3S
"' y = (x 2 -2)(3x 2 +x) '1
1

n. y' = (x)'(x-I)+x(x-1)' = (l)(x-l)+x(l) = 2x-J

y'(-1) = 2(-1) 1 = -3 '1

154
 PROEUS DARA

= 2x(3x 2 +x)+(x2 -2)(6x+ I)

3 2
y' = 12x + 3x - 12x- 2

3 2
y'(O) = 12 X 0 +3 X 0 - 12 X 0-2 = -2 '1

"" , d 2 3
~. ~Hl.llSl y' 2h y(l) [2~2f:l'e2 y = (x -x+ l)(x· -1) '1
1

- G[mgdru&'unt2~2f:l'eS : y = f(x)
1 g(x)
[f:lfflh F(x) = f(x)
g(x)
[f:1Q12 F(x +h)- F(x) = f(x +h)- f(x)
g(x+h) g(x)
_ f(x+h)·g(x)-f(x)·g(x+h)
- g(x+h)·g(x)
_ f(x +h)· g(x)- f(x) · g(x) + f(x) · g(x)- f(x)g(x +h)
- g(x+h)·g(x)
_ [!(x +h)- f(x)]g(x)- [g(x +h)- g(x)]f(x)
- g(x+h)·g(x)
y' = 1imF
_ _,_x_+_h
_( 7 )_-_F-'-(x-'-)
h ->0 h

lim f(x +h)- f(x). g(x)- lim f(x). g(x +h)- g(x)
h
h-->0 h->0 h
= ~~------~--~~~~----------
lim g(x +h)· g(x)
h-->0

y' = f'(x) · g(x) f(x) · g'(x)

2
(g(x))

tti Y = f(x) y' = f'(x) · g(x)- f(x) · g'(x)

m
"" g(x) .. o
g(x) (g(x))
2

., , d
f:lrulSl[!::lHHs~~f:l-es~b[Lf'il'e :

n. y = X-1 ""
[tflliHn QJ ~ n y' ( -4) '1
2
~. y = X +1
X-
= (l-x)(2x + 1)
f:l. Y
3x-2
[tfl ru9l man '""'..!>
y'(O) '1

,_(l)'x-(l)(x)'_ 1 1 1
n. y - 2
- -
2 , y' ( -4) = - - - -2 = - - '1
X X (-4) 16
 PROEUS DARA

2 2

2. y , = (_,_x_
~
_+_l~)'_,_(x_-_3~)_-~(x~_+_l~)~(x_-_3~)'
2
(x- 3 )
2
_ 2x(x- 3) (x + 1)( I)
0
(x 3t
2} -6x-x2 l
=
(x- 3

2
y' ( l ) = 1 - 6 X J - 1 = _ ~ = _ ~ '1
(1 3 4 2

1:1. y' = [(1 x)(2x+ 1)]'(3x 2)-[(\-x)(2x+ 1)](3x-2)'

(3x-2)
_ [(1 x)'(2x+ 1)+(1 x)(2x+ 1)'](3x 2) (1-x)(2x+ 1)(3)
2
(3x 2)
_ [(-1)(2x+l)+(l x)(2)](3x-2)-3(1 x)(2x+1)
- 2
(3x-2)

_ (-4x+ 1)(3x-2)-(6x+3-6i 3x)

- 2
(3x-2)
2 2
12x + llx-2-3x+6x -3
=
(3x
2
- 6x + 8x- 5
=
(3x-
2
y' ( 0) = - 6 . 0 + 8 . 0 5 = - ~ '1
(3. 0- 4

""
t,~au;f!
. Fi. 1:1 M 21 ~ i':i1 t 1 y' ab y'(-1) "tSHSI:1'i:Hl y
c'
=-X '1
1 x-1

2. 1:1 M 21 &i':i1 &~ y' ab y'(l) tSHSt1132 y

1
= x+7- l '1
X

R. t1M21~i':i1&~ y' sb y'(o) tSHSt113S y = (x+ l)(l-x) '1

1 2x-l

H~t113S .f'(x) 'tf1Sti':i1t1 [f'(x)]' '1 H~t113S [.f'(x)]' = (18x

2
2x+3)' = 36x-2 tUTlm
bi':i1t~9 2 ts f(x) '1

bRfiM~hlHhl~ f"(x) = 36x-2 '1

156
 PROEUS DARA

b?'i~H~f.'i'i:3~
0
' 0 3
ruUTHH!1~ f(x) = 4x -12i+3 '1
u
'>
n. an6H'i:3 x 6\1
b~'l:3j~ f'(x) = 0 '1
'>
~- ail6H'i:3
6\1
x b~'l:3j~ f"(x) = 0 '1

n. b?'i'i:flS f'(x) = 12x2 - 24x = 12x(x 2)

f'(x) = l2x(x-2) = 0 n.punt'n 12x = 0 , x-2 = 0

~ms& f'(x) = o L"lpunt'n x =o , x =2 '1

~- f'(x) = l2x 2 24x t2l& f"(x) = 24x-24

f" (X) = 24 X 24 = 0 b21 g X = l '1

~tHS& f"(x) =0

"' "'
i~~~~ y = -i+3x 2 2x+2

n. ~nnt~ x t~'l:3j~ y' =1 '1

~- ~nG'it~ x t~'l:3j~ y" = o '1

157
 PROEUS DARA

0 '
=n5~ft =·-=====-=-==-==-=-...=====-"""-"""-""""""""""""""""""=

n. X ~-0.1 -0.01 -0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1

f(x)=i+2

limf(x) = ........ .
x->0

2.

f(x)=i-2
X I-Ll -1.01 -1.001 -0.999 -0.99 -0.9

lim f(x) = ........ .

x--I

n. . ( 2008) lim (3x + 4)

lim 2009
x-o
2.
;~I -2007 !:1.
x--1
lim x '1.15.
x--2
4 3 2 2
h. lim (x 2 -x) u. lim(5x -3x + 2x -X+ 2) ~. lim (x +x)(3x-4)
x-2 X-> I x-> 1

3. !:1 rr.n s·H1m n 2l h tLffl'\:3

L 2
X X -4 X 1
n. lim 2
2. lim !:1. lim
x+l
x-3 X +I x->2 X x--I

2
X 4
3 3
X -27 X + 64
'1.15. lim h. lim u. lim
x-3 X- X-> -4 x+4 x->2 X-

4. !:1 rr.n s-Hli-i§n2lh tLffl'\:3

3
. x - 3i + 3x- 1
n. hm------
x-->1 x->3 X
3
2. lim[- _ _ x
3 x-3
J
X

2 n n
2i-x J.o . x + 3x + 2 u. lim x -a (n?. I)
'1.15. lim 'W. 1liD
- 3x+ 1 x~-l -2x-3 x~a x-a

5. n. t!:l2J f(x) = x 2 '1 man lim f(x)- f( I) '1

U x~ 1 X I
2. f dlHS!:'i'l:3Sfirr.nfin:ll ru f(x) = 3x 2
+X '1 ~n 2
lim f(x) f( )
1 x~,z x-2

t~ ~n
2
R. f(x) = {25X -
3X X"'l '1 limf(x) sh f(l) '1
tti X "' I X-> I
2
0
x +ax+ b
6. n. JnuS1J S ""1:16'1 a sh b tij1:3j2J ;~I x-1 =5
2
2.
0
""
~nu~Sb\6'1 p sh q t'tj1:3j2J lim x + px 6
2
=9
x _, - 2 2x + 3x- 2

i-mx+8 I
0 ""
!:1. anuSSb\6'1 m
1J
sh n tij1:3j2J lim
X-> 2
=5
-(n+2)x+2n

158
 PROEUS DARA

ct {3X- J m"" X<a: J1

7. n. ~H~RlHl f(x) = 2x d5 X '1

~n lim f(x) lim f(x) '2b limf(x)

x->1 x->I+ x-+1

2
~- Hi'lR'HS
ct
g(x) =
{
x
ttl"" 0
X :S
1
2x tti x>0
~n lim f(x) lim f(x) sb lim f(x) '1
X-> 0

, . 3x 2
n. lim (i-3x+1) ~- lim (1 +3i+i) H. 1lffi - -
x->+oo X --r. -00 x-+ oo 2x + 3

2
4-x -2 X - l . 2-i
lli. lim-- b. lim -- G. lim ~- Inn--
x--ror+ 2 x-:oo 3x + 4 x-+.::too x -> -00 I -X
+1
2
-X +x+l x-3 l-2x
d. lim
2x + 1
ru5. lim m. lim
x-+oo x->+ oo
+1 "'-" X - -00
+x+l
9. Rrul2l&f::lH1&SH~R'HS~b&Lfl113
"" " ct

?
n. y = (2x+ 1)(4x-3) ~- y = (3x--l)(4x+ I) R. f(x) = x
X-

lli. f(t) = (l-3)(-t +t+1)

2
b. f(x) = 3x+4
2x-l

eJ "? e) C»

~nHLffiU&1}3ti'[}Hli'HwJ'H&S f mruruTl x 'LuLu run

w w
~- ~t'H~ v tSHH15S'Htl5
~w
USlUrl
~
t m&'ifflti5'HnRrul~tf::ll
~ w ti5 v(t) = 10000
t
+ 6000 '1

tf::llru v(t) = 10~ 00 + 6000 '1 anHLmufL-euL-eru-ewJ'Ht2~t1;!~firu~ mrurull

w

t fLuLururi 2 1jl &9i s 1jl '1

w

II. H~R'HS f Rrul~&f::llti5 f(x) = -4x +x + 14x

3 2

n. ~n~t1;! &~-ej§j f'(x) = 0 &Ulti5hlnJlhHJJlt2 f'(x) '1

x
"'
~- ~n~t1;! x &~-ej§j f"(x) = 0 &Ulti5hlnJlhl~t2 f"(x) '1
"'
ct!iiJ! 4 2
12. H~R'H2Uffl&~ g(x) = 3x - 2x + 4 '1
 PROEUS DARA

~ 1 t:::!J \:)- cf
: :! tl ufi5'i:HHt51'Hl'iH:HlJl
~ u Sl ttl H H 21-Hll:l'l:Hl
1
'1

niH<tH{)
q;
8 t 8 g tl:l stl t\Jnnri
tt'
m~» s1 l ~HH8
~
1
Ql 0 0 tiJQ)

t tJ ~ t ~ 13 t m gm~ r: m&LL'Ulru13 r: run 915 ~ 6115 g:::! hLff115

mh» s1 ?Jl§s r:siu61~13 rul13l§ru

1 IJ
m~ t\Jnn»o
tt'
~mr1 &s
cl ":> c::. '?
HS?ll§S
]
fflal:lrul Sl61bl§H61m'Hl
~
61tl§H151'iH'i:fl
~ ~
ffl~

anGllij13m~ &s f2J&fflh 2h ff1HRW5~ s &s

13bl5Sll§li5
IJ
'1

1.

0 C). c:» cl
t?11:ll813llij13 M(xo, f(xo)) stl N(x, f(x)) tsltbl5Lff1156llhH9?1l§@ f '1
m ~ MN 'Hl8 tl§ ?1 rul1Q"ltl g f15 f(x)- f(xo) '1
c; 1 U X- Xo

~:ti8M13
1
N mn59nlium15 r:ffiru261o61 M r:s-1gm~
GV q;
MN mntvlln9mt~rn~61 MT
eJ 1 If c::p cf 1 0 t::'IJ
r:tlrnt'UTldl15Sl61158ShUR1156ntlHSI:ll§8
& 1
f U61h13rul13
I
M(xo, f(xo)) '1 ntlnlrult88
<;
tl§?lrul
I
1

Lmli9M~s15~~tig MT ~mrn~61tstl§~MLmli9Mmn1~~ MN mrnrun x 261!361 x0 :

. f(x)- f(xo)
m = x->x
hm
X- Xo
Y, m = /' (x0 )
0

160
 PROEUS DARA

Y-Yo = f'(xo)(x-xo)
'i5 y = f'(x 0 )(x- xo) +Yo
"'-

o • o cr 3 ?
rutmritl3 H~l!'i~2 f(x) =X -X-+ 2 'i:fl2U11'li c '1
Q) tu«:p tO

n. ~nhl~fm'li~·umg s~Lfll'li c Lfi~tHUJB A (I, 2) '1

2. mnft
~
L 'i:fl2mMWl'iQlU9hlthl
1 G ~
5 &Ulrutha~Ufll'li C '1

li. &l!'i'i:fl2 x 0 = 1 , y0 = 2

f'(x) = 3x 2 - 2x

2
f'(x 0 ) = f'(l) = 3 x 1 - 2x 1 = 1

'li~ft'iha~Lfll'li c Ul~ A (I, 2) 'i:fl2hl:gm~

Y- Yo = f'(xo)(x- Xo)

y-2 = l(x-1)
y = x+ 1 '1

&1!'1Ql2 3i 2a = 5
2
3a -2a-5 =0 •no<<«-<
a•""~·ua 1 =-
1 ,a2 = 53
3 2
- thm8a=-1 t218b=(-I) -(-1) +2=0

a=~3 (~)3 -(~)

3 2
104
- r:hmg &218 b = +2 =
3 27

l:lmsg'l:flsfin.nm5dh
u 1
: (-I
,
o) 2~ (~3' 104
27
) '1

161
 PROEUS DARA

ti ~ 6'itigjJ1tJ (-1, 0) 'i:flGHu~nU

L1 : y-0 = 5(x-(-1)) ~ y = 5x+5 '1

ti~6'iti&iJ1tl (~, 1~7 ) 'i:fl2 tu~nu :

4
-

.. y- 104 = 5 ( x- 5) ~
121 '1
y = 5x + 27
3
~e ~ :; C\1 • u c::p ~ ~ 2 !1
<..:>~'"ij~~ n. ~nfd'1:3ffUti~6iti82wLAltimw y =-X +x+3 jJlw X= 2 '1
Ql I II t::::r;l 3 ~ c::r;. I

2. antu'1:3mm~nti& 2bLmtimb y = x· + 3x + 4 ttrHi5Ltuti2bti~n'i:fl2

"" fila y
tu'l:3 = 3x '1

1:1. ~ntu~mm~6'i D ~tlmti&SbLAlti c: y =i 4x iJ1tlOL1.f113 A(l, -3) '1

fflmanm-Httllt2~20Mu1titurJ'I:3rut9Qnatlbti216'i
......, u 1 LJ "w c::
D 2b1filti
t.:. c '1

Y = f(x)

f dlli21:1'1:32tn2tsitmm2l&
1
e< "" ""
I '1:3rummruTJ
w ~ 0 X

"iix 1 ,x2 El ,x 1 <x2 sl~.f(x 1 )<f(x 2 )

Y = f(x)

>.---\
e< 2
til::nmm
l1l ......,
li21:1'1:32
1
f(x) =x

f(xJ . --~-
0

- utm&O<x 1 <x 2 tl:1tfl2 ' '

? 0 XI Xz X
-X\

162
 PROEUS DARA

- J:Hmg x 1 <x 2 <0 ~f:lQlS f(x 2 )-f(x 1) = (x 2 +xJ(x2 -x 1)<0

~ ~ ~ ~
ii. ummm
lll"-"
y = x·' dlHSI:l132tii2dl28 '1
1 "'
c:» er 7 ctt::¥ o
2. tnH21:1132
1
y = I-x- dlH21:1132tiiS
1
1588
""- 1
mmg x>O '1

y y

b X
0 a X

c:» ~Q C» cr () c:» l"'ll'4 c::.~

mtf:lrlSnJt13ruLmu C 1 mtm~~:ms f tl'::lrutnS&<=lt&rum~u (a, b) t218&f:lhlb~n

tillmm
"-"
um64'lhiihHn52tJ,mumst13~:Hlil1Qlti9n.J~dms
~ l.J I 1...) t.!r
~mssrum f(x) > o ihmg

L1=lli xE(a, b) '1

mm mQu1::lufflt1::l
U ct
~ 'l52164'th'2b1Al'l5
~ l.J
C-7 mb H 21:113
I
S88ffiS
I
&131=1I ru11Ql'f5g
1...)
hlH~dffiS
t.!r
 PROEUS DARA

2 0 '
n:h ti5 I2x ;;;, 0 tH mg1J1'U X E IR

b2.Ht~Hfl2 f'(x) = 12i+5>0 E'ili xEIR '1

0 ' 0
rutJTHHUIJ 2
0

LHm8x>0'1

f'(x) = 2(m-l)x

1::. 1::. b d
3. ;f<nes~~ejeee;.nsjeS~Gejeu~HSi~~e

3.1 ttfiUitflit4JU UUJUitflit4JU SilHfiU9 1

or ~
391f.JUM t?l~ii~?l~S
ct
f(x) = x 3 - 6x 2 + 9x 2 '1

t?1Ql2 .f'(x) = 3i- 12x + 9

[;'U
"" .f' (X) = 3X 2 - 12x + 9 =0 b218 X =1 , X =3

X -00 3 +oo
f'(x) + ~ ~ +

f(x) ~2~ ~
~ -2/
m'i:Hnn~:no~::~&ru &?Jms .f(I) =2 mnl~H~m'tfltw]tils t Lnci x = 1 cmru
f(3) = -2 ctlfit~ii'UJliaffitu]titS f Lfici X = 3 '1

164
 PROEUS DARA

y y

----~v \ / = f(x)
/ : ' ( = f(x) -----~y

0 X
0

0 • 0
rntrrH'i f!Uu 1

0 2 +oo
+
f'(x) = - 3x 2 + 6x
tifJTis6 2 : Mnnn.mn
tt' €1'J
ts f'(x)

""' 2
mj'(x)=-3x+6x=0 ~3x(-x+2)=0 ~Slgx=O ,x=2

ffl'l:HflfltlnHTTl f'(x) = 0
~
unci x =0 tUltil f'(x) tiHtHTTirl-
u ~
t9i + '1

~msg f ffiSHtiJ'iWi::flWJtiLnci x = o ttfiruffisnt~HtiJmffit1{Jti f(O) =1 '1

't1Jlbt9Jn f'(x) = o Lflci x = 2 ttfiru f'(x) ~H1HJJlrl + t9i - '1

""'

165
 PROEUS DARA

0 • 0
rutmtHUII 2

<>''" <i y' = 3x2 +6mx-m

H'itwH•

t:ll fi ruQ~H1Q ~~'t3j~~Hj !:i't3 2'Hls H~mm sbHtiJmmmJu

or::» 2 !.,q
hl1:H1U 3x +6mx-m = 0 ffi2lihlblHO'iwffl
"'
t::J)

u ru8H11&61
r_:; ct 1
eJ
11' = 3m(3m+ 1)>0 '1

ttl 3m(3m + 1) = 0 tS18 m = 0

'
m -- !3 '1

I
3 0 +co
mE(-oo, -~) U(O, +oo) : I -00

+ +

~"(x 0 )>0~
~o)=O
: f"(x 0 ) < 0

0 xo 0 x0
f msH~mmtuJu f ffi2HliJmmmJu

ffl't3Lmli9 1 H~l=i't32 f msH~mmmJm24L61~Gn.f1uf~ ruLmumsu~fithdl

u~~!:~ n ~:t.fl tim~fitigL61~Gn.flU&L:lJb t9J61~2Lmuf~ rur;24n61tSl g ms m9 ML£nli9 hl

ffl't3Lfllti9 2 H~!:i'SS f ffi2HliJm'i:flm]mmL61~Gn.f1tlt~ruLmumsu~fitigm

li ~fir;~ n !:tflli5li ~ fitig1J'l~G n.fl tl&OJb r;gJ 61 ~2Lfllli t~ ru r; 24 n61 r; Sl g ffi2 &'t3fl MLmli9 hl
~Fist9jb ~mssrnm f'(x) dlH~!:i't32tffs r;t.flrn f"(x) >O '1

166
 PROEUS DARA

dtm Jl6 1 : s n nth's y'

f'(x) = 3x 2 24x

" ""
snynHEHi51:Hm f'(x) = o
f'(x) = 3/ 24x =0
3x(x-8)=0 GS18x=0 ,x=8
r::» 0 ~ '=' ~
SnGl::lH~ f"(x) mmgyfds~ru')tShJ'tlnU f'(x) =o
f"(x) = 6x-24
- t3tm& x = o tf:lms f"(O) = -24 d) Gffi ru y = f(O) =o
~msg f l:flSH~m·t:mtlJliLnci x = o tffirunt~H~ml:llmJti f(O) =o
- mm&
0
x = s Gf:lt:flS f"(8) = 24>0 t'Ulru ""
y = f(8) = -256

~ms& f l:flSHliJtial:lltGJliLnci x = 8 tffirun~~HliJtial:llttlJli f(x) = -256

lf\7
 PROEUS DARA

0 aO 1 0 cJ eJ Ql q
ruUTHH'l3 tt1ti5ii[Jlt'fHuLfilM~liH!lbnbthmta tr:Hlil:fl2Lm~bUlbt~ lOcm 13ntgm
1

i'UWi513 ti5 ftHlHil8 t1i13'U 9 tt1fil~ ti5ii tum 8 ~ illtHiu '}'U 8 [f:Hlil:fl8~'U [1 bitlb x( em) tlu fi1
lJ 1.1 __, lJ ""'U U 1.1 lJ l.J U ot
1

rl [d iiR mli ilb'U 8 t 8 JilbUn tll n5 ttfi ti5'U~ [d ii [tl ~l.H 84 n5 rn§Hn2th1'i5Htl13 ti5 l:fl2 nb ttl
"' u 1.1 "' "' eJ LJ 1.1

tytrnn[ih;&'nb [tlrnl:fl2Lflnthmta 9 aiiL'U[1b~b x tsmta&'tlrnLn1m~ti5iituf!} trl13j2J

1 u

0 •

fHlhl
2
j (X) = ( 10 - 2x) X X

= 4x 3 - 40i + lOOx

[tl rn o< x < 5

2
f'(x) = 12x - 80x + 100

f'(x) = o n.pun&n 12i- sox+ too = o

3i- 20x + 25 = 0

2 2
11 = 20 -4(3)(25) = 100 = 10 5
X 0
XI=
20 - 10
-6- = 3
5
'
x
2
= 20 +6 10 = 5 +

"' . 5
f l:fl8Hnml:f1Lnb x =
3
= ( 10 2X ~) 2 X ~ = 2000
3 3 27
~m2g L'UHtll:fl8l:fl~th5~n mrnruntt1ti5ii x = ~em 9

L'UHtll:fl2l:fl~iiu~n ~~0 cm 3
2

C» 0 c:p eJ- 0
n59f1b13ti5G'Uiiiib
1 i.J" 1.1 "'
thlill
<!
R '1
1

ii. ~ iiii~ !i.H~H~l{jlb trl13j2j ~f{[lbl:flSl:fl~fiu~ n '1

168
 PROEUS DARA

f'(x) = 3x2 - 6x
~ ~

m f'(x) =0 ~Sl g 3x(x 2) =0 {;'iJl ti5 X =0 , X =2

0 0
mmg x = O=:>f(O) =o '1 mmg x = 2=:>f(2) = -4

X -00 0 2 +oo
f'(x) + + y

~0 --------~ ~
4
-1 0 2 3
f(x)
X

ffl't3~L:,ATu t?J Mr:bn n r:lli .......,

mrn t:HU r: mbm
n
~ r:ihb
u
r:9ldn~n~crrulu
c; 1
I( 1, -2) fr:Hm'UTlrncrMum~ts
1

1h0
 OLL
n
n u 1
h ~:J~n~YWl~:JPJ~m W BlfU~Hl.H:J~WU:lfU~[.B:J~l ·~
h YRrnW1:J~LS~ Z :lfU~[.B:J~S~~BLSt ~~ :lfU~[.B:J E,
W BLnWS:ISrr~U:JYt
oc..~ ·y
hYRrnw1:J~LS~ 1 :lfU~[.Bl or+J6+zJ9-sJ =x mrnlA.B
I .j:l, c--.. M !:> 119 M I 1'1
Sl.f!, W BlfUB h 1YHill~LlWBlSSB~LSfiill:J[.B:JBPJLPrnR W BlfUB ~!;! ~ Uf!,ru
0 (;J l Lt) 0 I tf:::l tf:::ll 0
0 ' 0
I :lfU~[.Bl W Sls[ruHPtlf1:J (J)J = ;; = J1 SL.lJ~l
J"y o-rv JV O-IV'
(J)j' (lV+J)j' run = xv run = J1 ~l..!J~:J8LS:J O.,_IV ~:J
IV lV
(J)j'- (JV + J)j' = XV
rn[J:l:J~UU¥ JV+J [..6:1 J :lfU~!,l W StRrBRS[rul
(!)./ =X
I
rntJ:ll~UJrnt.m t S:JSR~SHI..P
"" ... ,
J
x sLJJ~l8LS:J YRrnw1:~~LS~ 1 !,lf1LSn
IV+ I 0
ru u :J ~ M
""""~(- JV .... w slmrnmBLP x Yrn~:J~:J h rnR 1
!:> 1\9 M I
(JV+J)j' (J)j' - X 0
mrnlA.B ~LS11Wll-Sl~~LPrnR W BUUp
w
'"""'(
(i)j' (JV + J)/
.. ~Y1~rus~~~ltru~ ·s
G B:ln~nmtrupsm l- zxT + sxt- t-XT = ,( ~UJnw1~j -~
h X9 X= l ~l..!J~U:!:Jfbs:J~fitfJlrufJYg ·y
Z t (";) (\,I 0
"'
.y~~~1
I .j:t I l II
h fJSR~SH~l..!J~U:!H~lSl~fitBlfUBI..P
(.) C..
( L 'O)J BlfUB 8SW[:J I 0 0
"'- II
h I = (0 )l = A ' 0 =X g W jfJ h 0
0
=X ~ lZ ~ PJ [.B :1 uJJ PJ t n ,/
X9 = ,/ S1,~PJtfY~ f~11unp
() = X gl_Sj 0 = X9 = ,/ l~sunp
+ d
oo+ 0 - oo-1 x ' ""
X9 = ,/ s- zxs = ,l r~sunp m~ln
1'1
h [+X( x = l ~UJ ~w:~f~Hll~nwtruBYE E!;! ~ Uf!,ru
t (:I e._ I 0 0 • 0
PROEUS DARA
 ILl
1\!) l "'
h tH\l UJ Sl.O ru L!H1HJ H1E P-H £H1J LA.£HH ·m
~~ I f)
.,I "
h WLYtJHnrut{W[-SH~ruruLOru~=J:Jruu:~:rnt1H
0 1;:)1 f) I
·y
l.S I l.S l.S "
h gLS:J.NR!:JWtrnm:~ ~~HtrueruRW[-SH~rurul.Oru~=J:~ruu:~:rntwt
I 'i;::J
~ 0 1 I f (;j
·e
h gLOHLY!JrnLY1l~LS~ I !Jf!,LBP.. fUl.OSls[rul!:Jt ·w
I>
h ~Pl
l
('t;l> I 0 'i;::J I ltJ
Ll 19·6r + z: t6·v- = s .Nl.l!:J[-S:l~~rul.O wRrnLY1lBL.St~ 1 ruu:~:rntt{Y h s;U!(9)"6I = o.1
fl~ j s [ru j s LA.rn lSJ Hrru ru ~ fl~ un ~j tfQ3 j ~ Pl!J rn EfU l.O gl.Oj!;:lj ~ ~!!! ~1
n
~ n u 1 n
h .q = 1 :mH~~~1YltfP..~=J!:Jru:J[Jll.N6m w BUUB gsw~=J
I 0 tt:::J ~ 0
"'" n rr "'"
sy =' :uue~~1 1 ~ww:~Uijwd'l A s~ru:~ Uijrut{IJ~R~
£ = I ' I = J gL.Sj
+ q + A
0 = 6 +Ill j£ =A nl
oo+ c ""
i£ 0
"'" n n
~, A slUijruLf'w~~~1Y:~uru:uue[-S:l!Jl:lru~tn w LPtf~r§rfl~j
5:$ a rr a l
h U.UP-Hn A s~ru:~ururuU:! !Jl:l.N~m w Buup ·e
£- = 6+ZXZT- 2 ZX£ = (z) = /\ Sl.O!;:!j sz =I :UUt:[-8:1-
~ = 6+ (i)n Jf)t: = (~)A Sl.OY:J s~ = 1 : uu t:[-8:1 -
6+JZT- 21£ = ,(0!+16+ 219-lJ) =;;=A Sl.OY:l
.,.
h WRrnU:!1:J (s)J !Jf!,LBA w sls[runp A !;{~ ·w rnf.:JD
IJf gs{paJ TJ yfJp
PROEUS DARA
 PROEUS DARA

() .
= re~ ~ =-··=·--=··===··=·=···=-··=····====··=···"'=··-·=·····=···=··-=·-="'..·=···-=···=--======

1. Him~ " f'(-3) f'(o) sb f'(2) y

"" <'
r;!:fl ruq_,uLmumbH~?l'i:32 f '1

2. H~?l'i:3S f(x) = 2x' 16x +II 'i::fl2Lfflli C '1

~ (!/ u

n:Hl.11.HLf'ilti c
f

n. ln~1H'flm~61 L

1J1~G'l.flu A(2, -5) '1

2. Hi~'i§mm:::n~~i:lrn'i::flsm?Jrt.n'irnti9~r;~ -Jo r;tfiruihsbumu c '1

~ 1 w ~

3. H~?l'i:3S f(x) = 4x 3 + 9x2 - 30x +I 'i::flSLfflli C '1

n. an~HH!:fl r;s ~213TIG'l.flmh ~sLmu c ~i:l rn'i::flsu~~ugmu~~r;l:ln '1

2. ~n~'i§ma~su:::n~ugiJbr;:;ng '1
~

2. u~~U81J1~ A m~Lmu c ~ht9J61L61~ B '1 ~nHlu~~~s B '1

6. MnJl9~r;t.rl»o~J'fH1 an»~m'i::fl shHtiJl.H'i::fl r;tfiru~t\mnh»ounr:l~2H9?113SS1Jt15'l

~mnhr;Lm'l:3 :
?
~
n. y = X
3 + 3X 2 + 4 2. y = x(x 3t

7. »~?J'i:3S f(x) =i 2
+ 3ax + 3bx + 2 'i::flSH~m'i::flm]uU1~ x =
lj1tJ X = 2 '1

8. »~?1'1:32 f(x)
<'
=X
4
+29
"'
sb g(x) = 4x 3 'i::fl2Lfflli cl "'sh c2 •
'1 15~61 D
"
L~liHnJ

HHi:fltS ffl~Lfflli C1 sh C2 dJh[lL61t\ A sh B '1 ~nLli~~h»liJl.H'i::fl~SH~~ [AB] '1

172
 PROEUS DARA

9. ti~:l hi~ MnhL~tmnn hl~hJ'\fruYlsLr:ihLutH~ a '1

I

tt:ifil£'i runtu m
~
n td fi'i~~
u finu rrHnhu S
q u
~u~tfilrtfl 1

lis'Jffl '1
I q
tt:J'liritdntsihlru§'imsm'i'liHth~rut't:Jru
q U U 1J

'tflsntlmt!ihl~~2sru~ tUiru[!St:iL'tlli '1 an~t~

X t~'tlj~L'liHtl'tflS'tfl2~U~~ '1

10. d'tlru~msmfinn'tlM
_..IJ I £1
88.2 GU
t~,h~fil'ijghlrnJanhf::ii'tlntd~
U <I
'1 5tlaru:tnru
~
t1Sl'9t'ifilli5
W
1

n. t~nharu:t
q
nruli21
1....
s1 219 t'ifilru'tlnt'9ti~nmritida~
l_j ,...... .:;
'1
I

2. antru~smfits~nts12nn:
eJj "" 1....
21Sl'9~tih
u
'1

tJ. antru~smfits~n&sitnrumfitigtd~
eJj I.... <N GV .:;
'1

11. ttJQlm 1~13

... IJ
ru fil'ijg hl rnl~ ntd~
~ .:;
hl &1::ii tvl 'rlhflfilhl t mru'tfls t bliiueJ s t~'tl
I

V0 = 39.2m·s- 1 ttiiru'tflSu'tflrum s = -4.9?+39.2t ~~ctlt~H'ltltd~'liSltltl t1Sl'9

~ w & ~

'Lmru'tln '1
n. ~ntru~sts1~ts12nn: t 'li~tinmamQJ '1

2. t~tsitnrun.mtt:Jru1~fi5msin'tlM2MUd~ '1 ann'tlMtSl:l '1

"'"' £1 £1 I £1
I

t:i. an~ru:tnrut't:Jru1~t\5~nhrutnffifilhl '1

"'"' q
1 I

173
 PROEUS DARA

1.1 iifiimnsutmuisH~Fitr~nU]m
Bitngff

" 3 2
tS f(x) = -x--3x +4 '1

0 • <$
mm81Jl'li x EIR ?J D = IR '1

- 9nHttb~aunn :

2
y' = f'(x) = -3x -6x = 3x(-x-2)

f'(x) = 0 M'B~rn x = 0 , x = -2

" f'(x)
., MffiHS
!]

-2 0 +oo
f'(x) - +

., rit~'li~'tfltnJu :
t l:flSH'liJ'linmuJuUl~ x = -2 tUi ru f(-2) =o
t 'HlSH~ml:flmJuu1~ x = o tUi ru f(O) =4
- ru1lri

limf(x)=
x--oo
lim[i(-1-~+~)J=
x->-co X X~
+oo

174
 PROEUS DARA

X -00 -2 0 +OO
f'(x) +

+00~0~4~00
f(x)

X -00 -1 +oo
f"(x) +
~
f"(x) = -6x-6 I
~~
f"(x) = 0 fd'i:3'i:H15 x =
u
gnu tihtl
IGfW1Gati~l dn
.., (-1, 2)
tUlli5 y = f(-1) = 2

- tmu :
..,
e G LLI1 GL'i5 fd ~ ~ ntl Lfilli 2tl ~ flJ tti x = 0 tr:iQlS y = 4

2
ttly=O tr:iQlS-i-3x +4=0

2 2
-x(x I) 4(x-1)=0
?
(x J)(x+2t=O~x= ,x=-2

• tif:n~th'in~GMtsm~ I(-1, 2) y
"' l_j 1

'"' f'(-1) = 3 '1

mst1:39MLUl'i59fd
y = -x 3 - 2
3x + 4
- -1

fd~mmLtl1:3
2
tr:ims y = i 3x + 4
IJ
y = 3x + 5
Y +2 = -(X- d 3(X- l ) + 4
2

Y = -X 3 + 3X dlHSr:i'i:3Stfdfd&s
1
X '1

Cl 0 •
- tti!:HH'Ulel : D = 1R

17<;
 PROEUS DARA

-00 +oo
., nlH1
""
: y' = 3x2 -6x+4 +

., ti.HJJl
....,.,
ts~ y' : 'i:fl S ll = -12 < 0 sl 2j 'v'x E IR , y' > 0

x-
lim (x -3i+4x-2) =
+oo
3
x->
lim
+CO
[x 3 (1-~+±-~)J
X x2 x3
= +oo

- mnhH~unn - mmmh a21~hnnnmu~

I

y" = 6x- 6 , y" = 0 ~ x = "" ru y = y( 1 ) =

ttn o
X -00 +OO
y" +

... 3 2
my= 0 tRQlS X -3x +4x-2 = 0
0
3 2
mmg x =1 tRQlS 1 -3 · 1 + 4 · 1-2 =o
• 3 2 3 2
tRffitHuHM~ . (x -3x +4x-2)-(l -3 ·1 +4 ·1-2) =0
3 3 2 2
(x - 1 ) - 3(x - 1 ) + 4(x- 1) = 0
2 2
(x-l)(x -2x+2) = o~x = 1 'Lmg X -2x+2 =0 ~SYM<J

1 11 c:a> I 0 I I Q

., 15~6'i'li&S~Lfi1UL£1t1tHliJ1:WlHi /(1, 0) 'i:flSt'\3~llilLQl159M y'(1) =1 '1

"" "
., hl'i3FnmSln15& y = y' 0 (x-x 0 )+y0 . = l(x-1)+0 = x-1
"'
9 OeJ Q ':1 --7
., unt;&: ffi'\315tru~nrtHS 01 tRQlSm'\3smn~'i3ru
~ ru
1
u nn w u 1
X+ 1
X=

{ y = y
2
nJg mm~'\3 : y = x
3
- 3x + 4x- 2
IJ

Y = (X+ 1 )3 - 2
3(X + 1 ) + 4(X + l)- 2

3
Y = X +X dl H' S1 R'\3 Sct t hl hl "t S X

176
 PROEUS DARA

1.2 y = ax 3 + bx 2 + ex+ d
" 0 •
- tt!SrHJ..flii : D = !R

2
y' = 3ax + 2bx + e

wJ m13 ru <t
tU y' = 0 l:flS'i.Ht52't5
"' l
't5fflS't5hl tS"JgHSf.l't9SfflSml:fltw'lmg '1
'A.'-'b ~ 1 ...... u

3 2 { + 00 ""
m a>O
lim (ax + bx + ex + d) = ""
x _,. +co -oo t't5 a < 0

a>O a<O

y' = 0 X -00 XI Xz +oo X -00 XI Xz +oo

ms 't5 hl ""m y' + ~ ~ + y' -
<P + <P -
"'
trij~~
y YJ /+oo y +oo~ ~Yz~
XI, Xz
-oo/ ~Y{ Y1 -oo

X -00 Xo +oo X -00 Xo +OO

y' = 0
y' + ¢l + y' - <P -
1:fl s 't5 hl2 't5 +oo
"' I
y y +oo
xo Yo~
------------JII"" ~Yo
~
-00
-00

y' = 0 X -00 +oo X -00 +OO

fflS't5hl
.... y' + y' -
"'
+oo y +oo
y
-00
~ ~ -00

1'77
 PROEUS DARA

- Grt.fl tWiJ~
l
: y" = 6ax + 2b

Lf111Hll~HHj~'i:Hhnsf1lli)mti~ 1(- :a' y(- :a)) btfirut~:Hlit:tl~r;~gtsLFnli '1

- Lmu
a>O a<O
y y
'
=0
y'
1:fl S 'iJ ft.HH
. r"ovI [\. \. JT:~
&~Jb~
"' / X v 0 '- ~X

y'=O
1:fl s 'iJ ftj ~ 'iJ o/
'
y
J \
' y

0- - X
"!' X
~
l
"'
I \

y¥ ~ y
y' =0

1\~\
v
ffl
.... S'iJ fl5
"'
I
!' 0 "' X 0 X

i,~i~i ~nJlHOJfflrlsb hlciLFnli mbH 9m~ 2~b bLFn'i§

~
n. y = x 3 +x 2 -x- 1 '1

2 '1
., 0 '
- r;1:JSnrt.fln : D = IR

<~> nJh1: y'=-4i+4x=-4x(i I)

<I> M l:1ll "bs y' : y' =0 ' X =0 , X = -I , X =I

~

178
 PROEUS DARA

X -00 I 0 1 +oo

-4x + + 0 - -

2
x -1 + D <D +

y' + 0 0 + 0 -

.. !l
Hfi'UH:flW 'UmLfiw x
0 Q,J
= -1 , x = t::J1
1 tUlru y(-1) = y(l) = -1 '1

H'i5Jml::llw:]ti'i;1li5L616 x =o ttnru y(O) = -2 '1

-
n~~-
bU o bl
•• . y
1!ill = .
1!ill X
4( -
I + z-
2 2)
4 = -00
X-> ±CX. X-> ±00 X X

- mnhHGUIH1
X -00 -1 0 I +oo

y' +
~
-I
t +
-1
~
-00~ ~-2 ~~~
y
-00

2
y" = -l2x +4

Y" =0 , X = -+ J3
3

13
X -00
J3 J3 +oo
9 3 3
y"

crn.ncrm~
I

(- J3-
3 ,
13)
9

4 2
y = 0 tl':lQlS -x +2x 2 = ()
mh r = i (r~o) tl':lms
2
r +2t-2 = o , 11 = -4

~ ct C) eJ 'I;)

• HnJ~g : y dlHf=Jl':l'i:3S~ t218HnJHHI::ilt8 y'oy dlHnJ~gtSLf11'i5 '1

1 1

1'70
 PROEUS DARA

3 3
X 2 2
41 41
y - 16 ""-2.5
16
y
3
1 2

-_ _,
X

'

r- - 41- - - -
-16

4
y = ax + bx + c
2
(a"' 0)
... 0 '
- ti:Hli'Hl..fH1 : D = R

3 2
y' = 4ax + 2bx = 2x( 4ax + 2b)

y' = o l:llEltHutn~ru?J~ d5 a~;;,: o

" u

b ""
+oo m"" a>O
. y
l1m = x 1"....1m±coax4 ( 1 + ax
- 2 + - c 4) =
x--;> ±"' ax { ·-oo &U a<0
2
- UM13m~
1
y" = l2ax + 2b

y" = 0

y" =0 l:llS~MrJHOJb~
Q)

m
Q)

ab <0 QJ 0

&'Ul115Lff1Ul:llS13CW113mnm '1
tQl

- mnh~Clunn

a>O a<O

y' = 0 X -00 0 +oo X -00 0 +oo

...
l:ll su ftj &fi
"
~115?1~
y'
+oo
-
t +
+oo
y' +
t -

IJ
y
~c~
y
-oo~c~oo
y' = 0 X -00 XI Xz x3 +oo X -00 X! x2 x3 +oo

"
""
l:llSUMU y'
+OO
-
t f-f+
Yz
+
+ 00
y' + f-f
Y!
+ f
Y3
-

ttlJh~ y
y
~ / ~ / -00 ;:11"' ~Y2~ ~00
Y1 Y3

180
 PROEUS DARA

C) C) "

• HnJHHtiHS dlHnJ~8t2Lf1115
I

a>O

y' =0 y y

'i:fl2~1futfi

'iH1HH~
\.1
X

y
y' = 0
'i:flsyruli
t~Jh~
X

(~ < o) X

4 2
fi. y = - X -X +2 2. y = x4 - 2
2x + 1 '1

ax+b
3. y = ex+ d
(c;:O, ad-bc;:O)

C» ':)
3.1 ffiM1HH1UHffiU
1 u l,j
li. ~ rllY aru 'USlfi
,;
L
I cy

I U
':1
dlffin1~fifit2Hfl't5 C
l.j I
cf
fflhH21=1~2 y = f(x) fil&"lH1.fTl

o~ru MH ricrn11o M &s c tvlu~~ L 2n~mtJ2J tsir;rJrn

y c y y

L
H H
X 0
0 X

181
 PROEUS DARA

X 1.99 1.999 1.9999 2 2.0001 2.001 2.01

y = x-

t1:'1Ql2 lim y = -oo '1

~JliH9]ricli x runf'it~mstf'iQf'i 2 n21tl

hli
61
tf~-u~si:'l~S'tfl2f'it~1ti'Hl2
""'gumu '1 .
1 6\J
ms trith941 ms
(.9- "'""
y

l_
<>

t1:'1Ql2 lim y = + oo M
X =2
ntln~rUlflltlrJH2:5 u'tflllJ MH nt3n.nu
~ ~
I
M
I

~94m:nci'tfl2
4
M~Al~ x = 2 2riQf'iM2'i
U U
Alb'lHlmt3n.nu
I
M

. 2x-l
1!ill = -00 lim (2x- l) = -3
x--i+ x+ x~-1 +
X_,. I + X_,. I +

lim (x+ l) = 0+
X-> -J +
X_,. I +

182
 PROEUS DARA

. . 2x 1
l1m y= 11 m - - = +oo tt,mg lim (2x-1) = -3
x-•-1 x+ l
x-•-1- x->-!

x--1 x--1

lim (x+ 1) = o-
X-> -J

2(x + 1)
n. Y = --'---'-
x-1
2
2. X
Y = x+2

t?lffitHdHfdJ f(x) = --2x

-- -2

x( I ~) X

l
lim f(x) = -2 tt,mg lim - = 0
X--;.. -CO x->-cc X

I
lim f(x) = -2 tt,mg lim - = 0
x-+co .x->+cc X

ni:lnHUlt2g u1:fH55 MH ri8rnJu M t94

"'1 "' 1
~
'i52lfi
~
'
L: y = -2 "'
2fiwfifd2~
U U nHlilliTlurulG
I
M
0

X
H\ t bfj, fil'i5 t 2 f t 94 m tiJ H 2 2 '1
L.:. "' G1

t?ltn'li2l~ L : y~
= -2 tnffiM'l§&HHtln
1 u

t21_,fil'liffltl f '1
 PROEUS DARA

..,
nHl.fl lim f(x)
x~ :too
=b
y y
1
"
L b

L~
0
-- -
.....
X
/
0
v-
.....
X

y y
~~ p

0 0 "-
-
"' X
___/-LX
b

~L
b

0 • 0 .., • 2x+3
ruunr~t:u ~nffiW'tH'ifH[;JntSUffltimtl y = - -
1.1 1 U X- 1

n2 nJ~ ttn tSfilt'i run 2tlfil?1 ttitl

~ tLnfflt'i run t ~~ t'0fil?1 ttitl

- duns@ 2

2x+ 3
x( 2 + ~) 2+-
3
x
--= ---
x-I x( 1- ~) 1
I--
x

3
2+-
lim y = lim __x =2 lim ! =0
x~+oo x~+co 1 x->+oo X
l --
X

184
 PROEUS DARA

x+2
n. y = l-2x

x-1
2. y =
+1

ax+b (a;=O, ad bc;=O)

y=--
cx+d

D=IR-{-1} '1

• t~1t"a : f'(x) = (2x-l)'(x+ l)-(2x-l)(x+ 1)' = 3

2 2
(x + 1) (x + 1)
2
" f'(x)
• ftHTIHS ttilt15 (x+ 1) >0 mmg x;=-1 &SH f'(x)>O
0

~
0
mmg x;=-1 '1

lim f(x) = lim 2 x-I = +oo lim (2x-l) = -3

x->(-lf x->(-lf X+ 1 x->(-Jf

lim (x + 1) = o-
x->(-1)

2x-1
f(x) = lim 2x-l = -3
x->(-1)+ x+l

1
2--
x = 2
__ lim !=o
1 x~ ±oo X
1 +-
X
 PROEUS DARA

X -00 -1 +oo

f'(x) + +

f(x)

X =0 ~filf12 y = -J
y=O tfi(f1S2x-1=0¢>x=!
2

------ 5
,,
2x l ' '_,_ -
-~
4
y = 7+1 ,, ,• '
! 1\ I

' '' ''

,,
y + 2 = 2(X -I)- 1 = 2X 3 = 2 _ .:?_ y =2
X-1+1 X X ' '
' '

Y =- ~ ctlHSfi'tH~tt\HutS
X 1
X '1

5-2
2

hl flJlHG ~ ffl t1@ b Lffl'U t s y = ax+

- -b "'twru
"-' e¢0 "'2b ad-be¢0
ex+d

D=R-{-~} 9 nHi::liHG~fflbl

Ill n:l'hJ y' = ad- be

2
(ex+ d)

""
m ad- be < 0 t m g y' < 0

lim f(x) = ±oo ' ""

tmgumfi'tflSnmm~ x = --dc "" "
ctlHlM'l§fifirnJHSUmumb
& 1 u

H8fi'l§8"' '1
1

186
 PROEUS DARA

ad -be> 0 ad- be< 0

_q_ --d
X -00
e +oo X -00
e +OO

y' + + y' -00 -00

+OO a y a +oo
y - -
a/ /c c~ ~~
e -00 -00 e

""
- nHlJJ ad- be> 0 ""
- nH1fl (ad- be)< 0
y p y

y = -ac \ 0
X
a
y = -c
----------~~+--------~
X

d
X=--
e

flinJlHnura1 sh tu~Lmu&sH9 r:J'ea:nh &Lm'e

x-1
n. Y = - -
x+2

2-x
2 · y = 2x + 1

187
 PROEUS DARA

x->a

• lime= c crtm8Lt1ticr~!'Hr.la c
x ->a

011
limx=a
x->a
011 lim (f(x) ± g(x)] = x->a
lim f(x) ± lim g(x)

011 lim(f(x)·g(x)] = limf(x)·limg(x)

x ->a x->a x-->a

<~ lim f (X) = xc,.;l~_a:.:_f-,..(x.. .,.) m"" limg(x)¢0

x->ag(x) limg(x)

o ""
m lim f(x) =L
X-> X
0

• m"" lim f(x) = R

x-x0+

• f 'i:flS nHh1U1~ x 0

• ru~ntS rl'Ultnt2"hn~~
I l.J
SSSl ~til ru~n tS 511.1 ttl ill'i:flS ~ tUnUdlb ttl
e ru~ntSDJffltlMS&'l StsiU'~~s ~ ~dlt:Hl.Ht{Jmnh ru~ntS~ ttl ill'i:flS~ 'LnUdlb
tl'=lt 2imt:1 runsh ru~n ts ~ ttl rn'i:fls ~ tLndmh tf:lt 2imt:1 tub
e drumJu Ay = f(b)-f(a) m~unutL~i5~ill'i:H:3J~&s y = f(x) mrurun X
~ b-a u
'i5 t~liL~ ru rl a t 94 b
1.1

• f'(a) = limf(a+h)-f(a) dlttl1t~t2~2f:l~S y = f(x) tsiU'~ x =a

h--->0 h I

• (c)' = o crcmgLf:lticr~str.l~ c

• (x")' = nx"-
1
Gtmg n EIN

• [kf(x)]' = kf'(x) ttlru K dlmf:lrultr.l~

1

• (f(x) ± g(x)]' = f'x ± g'(x)

011 [f(x) · g(x)]' = f'(x) · g(x) + f(x) · g'(x)
e [f(x)J, = f'(x)·g(x)-f(x)·g'(x) ttl g(x)¢0
g(x) [g(x)]2
J"(x) mni'h1'9 1 ts J'(x) ttfiru J"(x) dlttl1t1'9 2 &s~st1~s
1
y = J(x) '1

188
 PROEUS DARA

o m~n.rtLQltl9fUCEl'i5~i;hh2hLmtHntl f U'i~ (x0 , y 0 )

m = lim f(x)- f(xO) = dy(x0 ) = f'(xo)
X ->x0 X - Xo dX
o fU~mm~~thahLmtimb f U'i~ (x 0 , y0 )

Y- Yo = f'(xo)(x- xo) ~ Y = f'(xo)(x- Xo) +Yo

c' C» C) I

f dl~Hl?l'!HlUHsitrutHSlg
1 1 ...,
(a, b) rugumtfi
l
f'(x)<O 'il!i'i5
w xE(a, b)
d ~ C) 1

f dl~Sl!i'iHHt:HtrutHSlg (a, b)
I GV
ruguffl&fi.f'(x)
1
= 0 H'l'i5
W
xE (a, b)

0
tHmg X<Xo

l
f'(x)>O
0
f'(x) = 0 mmg x = o
f'(x) < 0

0
tHmg X <Xo
0
mmg x = o

f'(x 0 ) =0
f 'i:fl2~ftm'i:fltu'1'i5'ifi~ x 0 mrurun
U G { f"(x 0 ) < 0

f
.,.
'i:flS~fim'i:flm
Uti'ifitl, x 0 mrurun
{f'(xo) = 0
G f"(x0 ) > 0
0 0 I '1::1 C) cJ II 4::»
o nn.rp:; I(x 0 , y0 ) dlullijm'i5m2&2J&mtlmb t mrurun&2J&mtltQltl ( ~l:lfi} Gru

[a, x 0 ] ttflrunfi ( ~tmh) tru [x 0 , b]

o ~mJmnUllijum~&s&'2J&mhmh t
atms9J ~fi f"(x)

atms92 ttiHLNlrufU~ma f"(x) =o

dtms93 MfiJlfU~ts f"(x)

tru~s&snruSl : Ulliju M(x = f(t)) 'i:flStru~s v = ~~ = f'(t)

9 .. " "'
- ~u~mrl ShLm'i5&2~9l!i'i§S y = ax 3 + bx2 +ex+ d (a"' O)
 PROEUS DARA

a>O a<O

y' 0 X -00 XI xz +oo X -00 XI Xz +oo

""
ffi81H1HU
"'
y' + ~ - ~ + y' - ~ + ~ -
+OO
&dJb~ y
/Y1~ y +oo~ ~Yz~
-00
/
Yz
Yt -oo

y' = 0 X -00 Xo +oo X -00 xo +OO

ffi 8 '\5 hl ~ '\5
"' I
y' + <P +
+OO
y' -
1 -

y +oo
y ~
~Yo ~Yo
-00 ~-00

y' = 0 X -00 +oo X

y' + y' -
fflS'lihl
vi
"' +oo +oo
y y
-00
~ ~ -00

a>O a<O

y y

190
 PROEUS DARA

y' =0

y y
y' = 0

0 X X

• 13n.nmtn~m(h;~g t2Ufilti '1

1 a ""1

- HG~.mnsblfil'lit2~-Hj?ll:3a y = ax4 +bx 2 +c (a.eO)

• fflflbHG~.mn

a>O a<O

y' = 0 X -00 X! Xz x3 +OO X -00 XI Xz x3 +oo

'i::fl2tHd'li
... y' - f + fc - f + y' + f-f + f -
"' +oo +oo Yt Y3
y
&dJb~ y ~ ~ / -00 ;:1"' ~ c~ ~00
Y!/ Y3

y' = 0 X -00 0 +OO X -00 0 +OO

'i::fl2tinHfi
"'
Cl
y'
+oo
-
f +
+OO
y' +
f -
1§ tll?lfl
IJ
y
~c~
y ~c~
-00 -00
 PROEUS DARA

y' =0 y y

y' =0 y
'tfl2'lHi5
"'
X X

111
'USl~
&
L: x = x 0 t:llffiM'!36HHlli~~2Uffltifflh
1 u
y = f(x)
mrurun lim f(x) = ±
x->x~

mru run lim f(x) =b

ad- be> 0 ad- be< 0

X -00
d
-- +oo X -00 --d +OO
e e
y' + + y' -00 -00

y +oo a y a +oo
- -
a/
/e
-00
c~
-00
~a -
e e

10')
 PROEUS DARA

ad- be> 0 ad-be< 0

y
y

____) a
y = -
e
\\ 0
X
s v- a
y = -
I ~
e '--
0 X s
d It
X=--
e d
X=- -
e

3
n. y =X +4X

2. y = - 2x3 - 6x- 8

f:l. y = x3 - 2
6x + 9x 4

1 3 2 I
m. y = x - x + x-
3 3
J.c.
'W. y = 1x 3- 2X2+3 X+ l
3

2. n~f:l~S f Rrulfitttlru f(x) = x -3x+2

3
ttflli5'i::fl2Lffi'U C '1

n. um mmcrru1B I(o, 2) mcrM11:mfis~mlh1l3'8 ls c '1

lJl " I I a 61J
I

2. ~nhl~m:m~MhshLmu c L~~crLWJmufi 1 '1

f:l. ru~mnhnlhmn&s f ahLmu c ~hf1L~rulu~Millm '1

1 1

193
 PROEUS DARA

li. Slifit~ m &ti'tlj~~~fi'!H~l:flS~~m'i:flm]u~b~tiJU~'i:fl[U]U '1

2. fdnJ1~G~filt1~bM~Lfiluts~~l=i'tlsthmg m = -3 '1

Lfl~ x = 1 em ruLfilmhsb~nJmth1MLn~ x = 3 '1

~"'). 9 ~ ' 3 7
2. mliJ1~u~filt1SbfdhLfilUGiltl f(x) = x -6x-+9x '1

5. ~~l=i'tlS fa(x) = x 3 -1 a(x l) YlSLfilU c" t9im'tlnt~fu'hf'i§g; a

n. ~lint~ a ~'i:l'tl'J~Lfilu c" thsb~nJmli~M '1

2. MnJ1~Gafilt1~bM~Lfilumb~9l=i'tlsthmgg;~~ a ft~ruanms '1

c' 3
6. ~9l=i'tlS y =X -X 'i:flSLfilU c '1

li. ublmm
t.n""'
A(-1, 0) mfiM111Ufdt1'tltJ5~tltlUfilU
Jl.) .Ill.!
C ~tlU2l~
&
L 'i:flSfd~fil~

y = a(x + 1) '1

2. ~nM-l§film~~'iJgshLfilU c Ln~GWJU A '1

fi. ~nn~~ a ttl'tlj~ L fil~LfilU c Ln~flaGWJt3bl4Jtl~ M1 ~b M2 tLnifl

c' 4 2
- ~Sfi'i§S
1
y =ax +bx +c (a,:O)

4 2
n. y =X + 2x 3

1 4 2 3
-x + 2:
2. y =-
2x
R. y = x 4 -4x 2
4 2
li5. y = X - 2x + 2

2
13. y = - 6x + 5 '1

194
 PROEUS DARA

~ cf 4 2 f!l f!IU
mmn &1:H'i
If II

8. &i!'i'\}H~m:Hl y =X -mx +3 U:lill m '1

n. ~nnt~ m trl~j~Lnllit2H~mH~t28'i:fl2thuvwo~Hh '1

2. ~nnt~ m trl~j§J'LflllitaH~i!'i~a[lafirup:inHi '1

"' 1 4 2 3
9. y =2
H~i!'i~2 x - 3x +
2 'ifl2'Lfll'U e '1

n. tucimnbHrh.nmtaHai!'i~atag
I
'1 :infinnmulit&aunm
I
e '1

i!'i. tuciti~littinmg sbLlllli e '1

ill. ~ntu~mm~litmbHft5&'1:.1rnmlitm~fin.rp:i A(o, ~) ttfirutigsbLfllli e '1

d 4 2
t'Ultl5'i:fl2'Lfll'(j em
0 I Q

10. H~i!'i~2 f nnJlfitf:jl[jj f(x) =-X +2mx -2m+ 1 '1

n. ~nfit~ m trl~j~H~i!'i~S f 'i:fl2H~tia'ifl&tiJtirhsbHtiJtia'i:fltUJm~ru '1

2. MnJlHGunn sb tucit.mtifflbH~i!'i~s ! thmg m = s '1

i!'i. ~nnt~ m trl~j~Lmli em mlitifnJHlli~tu1Jici~athu1maJb~ '1

11. tibl mrrm mlit

lil"'-' <1
&'1:.1 rum a§1tJ ~ttl Hlhl~nn
IU
&aumti mb f :
2
n. f(x)= x+I ti2lli4L 1 :x=0, L 2 :y=2 '1
X <I

2. j(x) = - 3 x+ l tiallit L1 : X= -2 , : y = -3 '1

x+ .:

12. MnJlHG~mnsb tucit.mti taH ~i!'i~ s21b tt.m~

n. y =1-
x-3
x+l
2. y = -
x-l
2x
i!'i. y = x+ 1

l-2x
ill. y = 2(x-2)

b. y = 2- 3x
l-x
l-x mmg
0

xE(3, +co)
tl y = -
x-3
x-2
ti. y = -
2x
Gt mg X E (-co , 2 ] '1

195
 PROEUS DARA

13. HS?l'e'S f(x) = ax+b 'i::f1SH11'i5 H '1

1 cx+d G

n. ~nt'e'l=jM a, b, c sb d t!:tl ru~tlm Lffl'ij H ffl~ffl'e'Grup:; E(-3, -1)

F(O, 5) Sb G(3, 2) '1

~ c:p I Q} ':;)

2. ant'e'?JM
1
a, b, c stl d nn rut~tlm mnr~
&
:x = 2 tlHfHi.mr~r~rmHs'iff!U
1 u L)

H ttiiruu~~ L2 : Y = ~x+ 1 'lhstlLmu H Lr~~orup:; A(o, 1) '1

14. HS?l'e'S"'
1
v = x+b
~ ex+
'i::flS'ifflti
L:.
H '1

n:. mt'e'l=jM b, c, d tfl'B'j2JLfflti H ffl~~ryffiu~MLn~ x = -1 ffl~~nJ

HHf:JltSLn~ y = -I stlm~m'B' A(2, 3) '1

2. t'dnJ1Hthfilr.stl M~Lmu H 'fs .t '1

n:. MnJ1HGafilnstlM~Lfflti H1 tsH~?l'B'Sntm& p =1 '1

2. ~nnHHf:JltstsGMti'ih
u 1
A atlb'ifflti
L)
H 1 stlum~tn'i::f1Sm?JM'ifflU9Mttli
& 1 Li ....
1
-- '1
3
C» e::» 0 C» '?
?1. ~nM'e'ffl~ffif9'e'~n&llh riHSLfflti HP '1

an: n5 ru1oMutscr Mti'iti M m nh ffihl'e'nnilh ri~ mm run p fmm mr~ !~ '1

1 1 Li /) u ! 1 Lili 00

IJ

196
 PROEUS DARA

ell(!) (!) f cf 0 c::. ~ I!:)

filBHl..fl SliUQlU
l..j
mo.,; n'i:H1H
\.1
i:i rn'i:fl2 mHn niT! ......,
mffifi:Hl..fl
""'
~btilb &?J2-b'i:fl2 fila ntnnnu
G\1
u
til b t t1 &24 Qb t1 llil n ~ gJl
1
<j s
u ']Jl IT! Rg b b t' rnJb ~ u i:i 2J til rl t n1 cu mH mg t ~ n 1: LO £U ~:1 £U

~ runb f]'i~~
n5 fi i:iutilU
u
rm
~
91 R9-b sb filaa t'lh 241UultG m n.h~ 2 hl'inb rl.n r1 t ru-Jntil'iU.Fi r1 tS fild
~ ~ 1 u~ ~
1

R llil SlLUQ1U
u
<j n
fil~ MnJlLhll~Ltil ~ fild R llil SlLUUlUU'l~ Q12 runG~~ n tll R!: tll tij?J llil n~ ~til
u u
<:>! ........ s. "' <;l ........ <:>!
t'iu21::lu w 1 Blaise, Pascal, Cardan, Feunat, Bernoulli, Laplace, Poisson, ... w 1 ~~ t hlhltl lliln< fila hli
l..j U Ul U
AN Kolmogorov t2lm
.,;
1933 Q12 hlHhlaWSl n5'!§2
S1o:l ~ u l..j f'dmmu
Mtl5hln'it:lli'9 S1L,;
<j
u

197
 861
!'.13 1'1 fl lo " 1'1
h lJlJ WJ ~ LPWJ1,lffiR1S !::!El~Bl.JlJl l:! !;lh! !;JLru!;Jl.Pffi ~l!;p~UU¥~HU !::!JffiR~Bl.JlJl l:!
c--. 1'1 1'1 u c--.
h W~f!~S~ffi~l h!~l Z ssprnR!;lR~Hl!JWEl
IJil f.i:3 11 f.i:3 r? c--. Ollll fl
UUf:h!ffif1l£ll.JlJ WJ ~~ ffiRLJlJ WJ ~~l~:J LP~l h W ~~HHlWUUf:f!~ S~rn !Jl.l 1S!::!Elrn ~l
c--. 1'1 1'1 UIJil .....
tHW
tC
WE:Jh!ru
«::J
l Z S S E(.ffifl!;{RUUnh!rn
0 ~I
nl.B~l I.Ph!Lru h! t_pUIJJRh!W ~ UU h!ffi
0
~3 /JSBLJlJ HJ
~ I I I
I
r? 1'1 1'1 "' I "' IJil ""
B:J~Wt
~
rnR~Hl!;lh! I
v !;{S ~
£ 'Z 'I eru:JWYSW
dO
v UUnh!SWh!~~W:J(:)C:,t «::J
f J!1UVIlfi,UJt
1i"\. "tO'\. f1 M fiS I? "'t;'\..
h ··· !;{!::! sn !;{!::! zn !;{!::! I ssp rnR!;JWgl.!J.:Jl.JlJWJ~~:J~l LP~nLS:J ··· !;{!::! sn !;{!::!
~ 1'1
Z n !;{!:;! I );JUJgl.!J.:J~:J LP!;JLruf!lP~UU¥ffiu:13~Bl.JlJ:Il:!h!RffiRftWh!ffi~l~}l Z UVIifi,UJt
"'
h fs!:;!u:~snl.JlJ:~u LPWJ1.l&l.Sl!;{rtl,
C..,t:) !;::J 1!::::1
:J 1'1 r? rt> I
~~l!::! h!L.!J.1rn R!:fill Ptlill Slfl,l_pSRLP!;la
" 1'1
sl.!J.s~rn U1:J~l~lru !::!Jrn R~Bl.JlJl y
h 9 rutJ 1 u
l l
"" .
eru:~Rwmp!;l!Jrn&'!.uru eru:~f§!;l~ !;JLThYrtJ
f1W1S!~:It;ELPSBLP!;laEI.HS~~~:l f1W1
I
rn RYLThYrtJnw1gl.!J.:J ~l ru tJ " ru u :1 t.s :~ :1
. .
1'1~ n
h tl:J&LS:Jeru:J!;{t..e~rnRn m!;lt..e
!;lt}3:~ LP& LS:I!:JW LPSELP~Lfu!;laut.Hs ~~:~
1'1
ffiR!;JW &L.!J.:J~:Jru hiJill 13:1 t-S:J l UVIifi,UJt
"'
LNLffit- fSJ:Hll~!llNi!J I"l
~SWY~1a~n~H.~N~ru
p <;;I 6:lP <;;I 0 0
·1
ggfiun
""'
PROEUS DARA
 PROEUS DARA

~tnmtnn nt:{hmnncmgmrhm5th~2
, !3) w w
2 t:H~ d5trnn9 1 t~cmgm2:nhmrnt:H!:llru
u

H sbtrnn9 2 m2:nt:Hru2mbt!:llru r tsut~ttH~tn2rugaru

o3
(HT) '1 d5trnn9 1

ttflgti1221h T Shtrnn9 2 0122lh T t2lgtl=itn2rugaruo3

(TT) mrugaruttJruttn8012
o3

tflnb1rmnncmgmf'71:3ru
1 !3) w
2 tJhc2g tmfltstn2rugaruilb~-uJli212H'!.flli
o3 ,.... u ?
,----------,
ru~aruftJruHlmfimgjbmb~H1hn2 4 ~mJli~ :
(HH) , (HT) , (TH) Sh (TT)

" ruga ruilb~HiHtJruffimfinw'1bnb1 rm nnc2g m~nm2m

~ ~ 1 ~ n

n5 rul1:3 ru tUTl m
I \J
~'hn n5 run n '1
0
tl=ifirtfHHdHMa : '
S = {(HH) , (HT) , (TH) , (TT)}

" nb1rmnncmgmf'7t§ru
'1 £:g tJ
1 tJb tl=iti12~hnn5runn
S={H,T}

rn'i.fl MruTln ~til Mrul ruga rumbH hlttJ ruffitstR6Hit1bnb1 ml hllt§tl5

1<13 'W"f !3) IJ

t2 mnnu2"'"='mtJ 2J '1
";) oC:\

•
•
Q c1';) c::;il I I
• •
n. mnnu2ttstJ2J~ Mn~mmmgunli9Jn£Uln
I

1rmnn~
Mnt§fflmtng1fflti9in9nRt§ttiB22
!:ll
.... LJ i1 u· u u 2 tJb '1
2. t~ttng1mti9in9nRt§ttiB22
LJ 'W u· u u
2 tJb rugarust§tti')ttJruffitHR6'it91bm~
u 'W u o3
I

'i:fl2rn!:llti Hlts'i:fl2tru2Loh:iru ftJrumm~mn5 E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} '1

t~tn2ru'i51MruTln: S ={(a, b) ttJru aEE , bEE}

S = {(1 , I) , ( L, 2 ), ... ,( 2, 3) , ( 2, 4) ,... ,( 6, 4) , ( 6, 5) , ( 6, 6)}

199
 PROEUS DARA

~5~5~
~ ••
"" . t?Jmtirunlih~b
GVC'J
2 ,mtiwmrltH1~rutE:!lrutm::H~'i
l.) -..:> 1J U
tf;Jruntltfr18msli5'intfl~
ot GVL)
2
1

~trnjtl 2 stl~t~J~ 1 '1

li. 1£1... ~~ fm n.n"'

~vnnuuf1 ntl1rmn.rHm8mR~rut1ss
, !;?J 1J 1J
2 f;Jtl d5tf:1RruH~rtH?Jtscims~bm
u
H cf\61
t!fjtlt61 1 i;Jtl?J~ tfr18bli20bliti;JruuuustlmwcimstS8~ (HT) Stl (TH) '1 ttlt?Jtscims
~tlm
u
H tR~H91tl
~
2 i;Jtl tfr18t?lQlSbli90ru
~
(HH) '1

c:l1 ~c:::. d
mt?lfflt'l B th1,Il~fnHlfl "tQl8QlS~tltru~ 2 i;Jtl" : B = {(TT)}
ntl1rmnmsg
i (9
t?l&IDmdHlltflNrunn
-....:>
S = {(HH) , (HT) , (TH) , (TT)}

i;Jtst28
u
A stl B ctlNrulat'lt2rntflNruTln
1
'1

tt:nruttsf;JSHtsmrloci
u-..:> mt:nRtsruoci1mt3ss
u u -..:>u
2 trnn '1 t?Jffltl n m~tuli'ilntfl~
•• c,
~ mill""

nb!lit~J1 stl ru ctl~nb!litrujtl '1

~ 0 0 eJ
= {n,~,ru }
C)

Qtl•~~fH\flt28t?lQl2blitfln.JruTln: S ={(a, b) ti;Jru a,bEE} tf;Jru E

1 ......

s = { (nn) , (~~) , (ruru) , (n~) , (~n) , (~ru) , (ru~) , (nru) , (run) }

ttimt~ A1 ml]i~mHln "mtims~t~J~iitl 2 nlin, '1 t?Jms A1 = { (~~) }
t::p~ cr 1 0 ~:» c:» C» Q> C»
A2 mlil~mHm "mums~t~trun9 1 ~UJtfl~trung 2"
t?Jms A2 = 0 t'im8nbocimsmt24t9
G eli ...;, GV ...-b
I
~C::. d I Cli) ~ ~
A 3' ctl'irlnfnHUl
l_jC'I
"ffiUQlSill GV
2 rlruli;Jtsfil
U ot
U
"'-
2 nLWl~n.Jfil"
1 00

200
 PROEUS DARA

~~ms A3 = { (nn), (22), (OHli), (n2), (2n), (nru), (run), (2m), (m2) }
~~~llimm
...... :
• un~ffUrul
••
AI 'ifl@n59db15t?ii:Hi5~~
cfJ W
'1 un~ff'Urul
61
AI t'Ulittl 'in~fi1Hul0fit:rlti,
LJ G'l I

• l}i~nurui A 2 t'Ulim Ul~fi1Hm1hann'i:fH:l tLmg~sru2drurun\jrutR?it9j~Q~

1

"""'
Ul~fflHI.fl A2 '1
"'
• Ui~ma:rui A3 'ifls'liltiru2druil~~-uJ&~ru:HlmR?it9j~ ~uQ~rnuuJrunn '1
1

Ui~ma:rui A3 t'Ulim Ul~fi1Hmt,mm:l '1

' • 0
BI: "Ufl159Jfif{flfitH13Q)tb152 4 "
I

B2 : "Lffltl9Jnf{PROtuf!)tb152tNN"
1

B3: "Lfflti~tHUQ)tb152 3 Lffltl0tuf!)tb152 5 "

B4: "Lfflti~Utuf!)tb152 1 U'iltlObUQ)tb152 7 "

t l I 0 Q

n. t~tQlg'iffl'i59'in9f1n 2
~ ~ ~·
'iffl'i5'etl5?iU13tl5u
~ w u w !:~Ql2b159dms'eru")r:ll~
cfJ w u
(a, h)
1

ctltru2mt'JLmticr s~ h ctltru2mt'JLmti~u '1 t~Ql@ : Bl r:llUJ~fflHI.flt~ru

Lffltl9Jfif{PROtUQ)tb152 4 :
1

BI = {(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)}

B2 = {(1 , 1) , ( 1 , 2) , (I , 3) , (l , 4) , (1 , 5) , (1 , 6) , ( 3, 1) , ( 3, 2) , ( 3, 3) ,

(3, 4)' (3, 5)' (3, 6)' (5, 1)' (5, 2)' (5, 3)' (5, 4)' (5, 5)' (5, 6)}

B 3 ={(3,5)}

., "'
.;~~~~
~ ~
n~Gci'eru'iflsNsntin.n
o; lJ 6V !Ill
4 hlsn&~rumtru2
"" I
1, 2, 3 2~ 4 '1 tm.n?irun'e~
U 61
1

'etl5
w
022
w
2 nlintftltl5~2ft'JR~m
......
'1 UJRn.fl~
u
: rnUHdruTin s~un~fflarul
•.
:
 PROEUS DARA

Q) C»Q ct 0 0 ~ 0 0 C» ~ 0
m' mun fiill~
&l':Hlli " G1
rult:ll tu rtJl1 ~h tS blitfl M run n E:lB
u
t Sg tl!lffiB tl'li M rrTll'li M rl
l.i ~ l.i IJ
Sh~'Ud
l.i 1

t~13jtJt~nUi~mauitJt~'tlt9JntE:l rnmUi~maui tu'tlltu ttnim Ui~mHuid rn~M 2h

0 Q) ""
A "1Jl'UQ1Slli
GV
2 rlrul~Mffl"
1 c<

c "mlimsill
w
2 nnii1:1uffl"
u ~
D : "mtimsillunm'tltsitrun9 1 ,
~

mh ~ t:l1 tii n nJi t ~J 1 n t:l1 tii n nJi Ln tfl 13 2 h rn t:l1 tii n nJi t rn h J
s= { (~~). (nn), (rnrn), (~n), (~rn), (nrn), (n~). (rn~). (rnn) }

A= { (~n), (~rn), (nrn), (n~). (rn~). (rnn) }

B = { (~n), (~rn), (~~) } c = { (~~). (fin), (rnrn) }

D = { (n~). (nrn), (nn) }

• tl!ltillmmun~marui
"' G1
A 2hun~m~rui
G1
s 'tllsrngorn~'tl (~n)
<fl lJ
, <~rn) '1

bli&ldbli~13tS&'Ut3ntnsun~marul13liHUTltll
"' u n u
un~maruldblil!lrul
~n 1
tS ~n
A @h B '1
0 •
tl!lnrwlfiMHM~ : An B = { (~n) , (~bli) }

202
 n u :r
:J n 8 ' 8 n V !:H1ill fJ LM.HIJHHH "!;!
p '""""
l l5:J
:JU8' :JUV' 8UV l..fUl;!illfJLrtBLY~lH ·e
p "'""'
:J '8 'V t..rUELY~ll1!;ls h!WlH'JUlill ·y
ll 'I::::Pdt:ll ~ 0 0
l
n ""' "' n c--. .11 f1! :r u :r
~t..rUh!W !.,
f 0
Z t{srum d::J~
tllP!l~t:ru~W!llh!utlh!~iH11JHill~lt..rUELY~ll1
~ dt:J J I (:j ,P
I
11 c--. .11 f1! :r u:r n c--.
lP :J t{St::::1 £ Sll..fU!;!Ulllt.pf:illlW!l~h!utlh!1tlP..UHill~lt..rUELY~ll1lP
~ t I t:Jp ~dt:J
8 l;!f:illlW!ll
l l
R
¥LThYrt~p..u:Hru~JY1HLY~~LP v tliJH~:J ~-, p..U:t1rnfi¥LThYrt~p..u:!lgUJ:J!;!l nuaunru
0 • 0
l
:1 l lJI :r 10 c--.
!., !;lR1ru8DS{}¥UELY~!J,1LPU:!Wlll~
Z t..rUtLY~ll1SUJ!;!l
p 'I::::Pd::;J
S = V
-
n V ' 0 = V
-
UV : ~YUJ1t..rUtLY~ll1LP
p t::ld::J
l!I:J n u:r l!I:J
Z t{LBt..rU ELY~ ll 1Slh!P..ill fJ t..rU ELY~ ll 1t{S Slfl.DLH S Rl..fU ELY~ ll H,P
o p ~~:::t<b e;. p ~«:::J b Gp -d:::J
l5 :r l 10 c--. lJI :r l5 :r
Z !;lLBt..rUELY~ll~Sll..fUl;!illfJWUillLY U:!WlllP..t..rUELY~ll1lP Z t..rUELY~ll1
0 p ~d::::t e.. 0 p ~d:::J .P b«::Jo
l
~ "" u:~~ ~ U!l
)V P.. V: rn~3 V SlWlllP..t..rUELY~ll1 P.. V Slrnf:lt..rUELY~UHruHru~t..rUh!l;!l
. - e.. 0 .P 'I:::Jd:::ll e.. p li:::::l'd::) f 0
l
c--. l5 :r "' p "' :r l5 :r
h V SlWlllP..Lf1HLY~ll1lP
e.. op 't:P<1::1
:J P.. V !;lSrnf:lt..rUELY~ll~lP
dO p bdO l:::I«:J
:J pt..rUELY~ll1l.Pl;!l
c--.
S = :J n V !;{~ 0 = :J U V LPW~ll;!l •
l5 :r l
0 = aU 8 : Slfl.DL.HSRl..fUELY~ll1lP a
bd::J
"t:5p
t{S'=' 8 Sll..fUl;!illf:l
c..
I
l5:J 10 :J I l5:J l5:J l5:J
t..rUELY~ll1WUillLY U:!!;lR1ru8DSRt..rUELY~ll1lP a t..rUELY~ll1!;lS
p bd::J b«::J bdO b b«:~
t.::Jp .P
8 pt..rUELY!:W1
I
10 :J I l!I:J l!I:J
0 = aU 8 Sl!J!;!l !., Uf~R~~HDSt} ¥UELY~!J,1LP a ¥UELY~!J,1!;l~
l!I:J 10 n n "' .., l!I:J l!I:J
8 t..rUELY~ll~l_pl;!l h BlU:!D~rnRWUillfJBillSU:! a t..rUELY~ll~t{S 8 t..rUELY~ll1 •
p b<t::J p bdO b " bo:t::J>
u:r l!I:J 1:1 n u:r
!., 8 ¥UELY~!J,1!;l~ V ¥UELY~!J,1StpmLP 8 !;{~ V SlYP..rupyutLY~!J,1
" 1 ~e:ru:J
.,.10 1 "" n u:r
l-5 :1 ~ 0e:~ sum U:t rue: 1fU u sUJ z tl !fl ~f'!.LB , ~ 8 tl~ v Sl YP..ru p yu ELY~ !J,1
{ (e:e:) '(Yru) '(e:ru) '(e:Y) '(ruY) '(rue:) '(Ye:) } =8 n v truBru~t..rUYl;!:J
' 0
fl U:J M U:J U
h fl !;{~ V St h!P..illf:l!;J1HLY~!J,1 l.Pt-mlrnR¥UH.Y~!J,1SUJ~~m
l5:J "' :r l5:J "' o:l c--.
8 l..fUgLY~ll1Slillf:ltlillP..l;!1t{S
1J t.::JQ tt_ I t.::J
V t..rUELY~ll1SlruH!;{L6illf:l6illP..l;!1
jJ 'I:;::I«::J e...r 0 I
LPWffill;!l
lt:J
•
G ~l!l{fJEJ q YU£3
PROEUS DARA
 PROEUS DARA

n. tt:Htn81f1'l59Jn£UlR~ruLmli tf!ltns m~n mmmfint9jhffis tm2

I
Q . 0 0
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Sb 6 '1 tf!ltnSmUHtHl.fnn S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
..,.,. et
Ul ~ fi1Hlfl A = { 2' 4' 6} B = { 3 ' 6} c = { I ' 2}
..,.,. et
2. Hl6'lfi1Hlfld
l.j G1
mf!lrul
I
AnB={6} , AnC={2} , BnC=0

"""" ffl~ Met d mti n

f!l. Hln AUB={2,3,4,6} , BUC={l,2,3,6}
l.j G) u

A={I,3,5} ,B={I,2,4,5} ,C={3,4,5,6}

b. ~ttl ru Bn c = 0
~ ~Q cfq
sb c t:hLtl~ffl~ M'i3stp MlJb
I

~~i~i
~
tf!lto~rmnn
~ ~
mtirunUM'i3ruM2n8ss
MlJ U
2 Hlin ttrlruttH:lS'iSb~strlR~QJ
iJ GV

wmfic.H~l3ru
..._, 1.1
f1:lm'tf1suM
M
4 Man~
""
uru1tm2
M
1 tm2 2 tm2 3 sbtm2 4 '1

I 0 Q) c:J
A "ffiti9lb 2 tmnQ1Stirul'if1Stm2~HJctlb
M U
4 "

s "mtitrun9 1 mstru~Hwmb
u
2 shtrun9 2 mstru2tMM"

E
' ....
"mmrun9 2 mstm2 1 "

Q) ~~ ct ii::PQ cfc:.
f!l. tnLtl~ ffl~ M run t:hLtl ~fila M'i3 stp MlJb
I
C»Q cl Q Q>Q cl
lli. ~fi'itlnfllarulnruf!lrul
wn 1
AnB, BnF Sb'itlnfflaruldrutin
wn u AUB, BUE

204
 ::>Vt-
n
!-, % OP \:1'~~~1 ~ SLR.~1l.fl,!ll' Wtlru~ SLO
n
~ s; 1 11 n $0,...
f!.LDWW§\:1'~ %09 \:1'~~~1 £ \;fWU~Sl.fl,~PJ ~WH:I!:J~HJU~SL0f!.LD£W gsw~ I, U:!~:l
I
$0 "" 1'1 $0 "" ~ ~
SlOP..LDtW\;fY\;fWUPJSLF.,(.,ysrurnR~l£fHJSPJ h { ~1l.H,l11H.!l - ~1l.fl,lJUW - ~lJU!;HJU
I 0 ('b
CI:::J Cl::'1 (0 1'1::) ~
"'- I
- ~lJU!<!PU
~
- ~lJU!<!PU
~ (0 (0
} = s YWUNLnfiHNHPJBLH!<!l
0 0
gs:J~LWt\;fY
&
~ 1'1 1'1 ... 1 "'
1- ~1l.H,!lUWElJU~SL0f!.LD l- lll£U!<!P~tlJU~SL0f!.LDrrlt!<!W'SLSf.1 (NW§fi) \;fWU~SLR.
I 0 lJl n~ I 1'1 ~ 1'1
~N~J h lll£U!<!P~YJS t:Jll~ruB1N~t_p~N I, tlJU~ Z ll1LR.k!UWI:f~ tlJU~ £ ll\£1-l!<l!::l~
1 n
1'1 "' 1'1 1'1 $0 ~ I'! ~ 1'1 <? ':1
HJU ~ RWU lpl:fYrrl Rt lJU ~ Yrn Yl£fl f!.LD1N ~ 1§rrl U:J :1 ¥LR.fl1lf:HlJU~~l!<l1 Z f!VlUU.JJC
t = ({9})d = ... = ({Z})d = ({r})d: EPJHN!<!l
..,_ 1 I rl
9
~Lilltl:fwrnfiwu~ru:~wu:~J;JLThYrBf!.U:!1ru~~ Y1HW~~slnwnl~t..Lm 1 •
h ···999ro = 2 !<!rnR
l ""
tfJ.:JsspYqillYgn[m~ynJ.:JgLS:J \;f~s~1:JY~~UJgiJJHWSl u \;f~s~p~l ~WfJU!<!:J
u
99["0 !>9I"O 09!"0 LLI"O £8!"0 091"0 ssro oz·o -
J
t
£8 ££ 9I 9I Il 8 p z J
00!> ooz 001 06 09 os; OS Ol u
: n[B:J~Yn1:JLP ~ l:fQ3:Jll~Wl.HrrlRWUd~ru~J~YnJ.:Jt_p J
I
1:1'~ u s ~umJ:.:!lrnfifuu~~i.nYLThYrBnU:!18LOl sB~:J uru p8ruU:!1llY!<!:J
Q I I (0 1 I .1J \::)1 I
so q.... :P n
~-, U:!PJ:JYBN:J (0 tb
,"=" LrnRs
~Eg WWI;fThlllh!WLHru ~:J ~Yn1:J gLS:J \:1'~ su1:J t_p(.,ru ~l J::l gl!J:JS.!l~l
0 tb tb p ~~
Ull:J!<!m:J tt::l' (') \::lifO lb
I
9 $0 1'1
!-, -I \;fWUPJSLF.,!<!~~ 9 RWUW\;fh!\;f~rrJRSLR.gS:J
0 "" 0
n, oo n n, "' 11 1 "'-
\;f~:JY~:JBL.HruJ::JJ\:l'WU~ k U:!LBJ::J\;f~:J~~:JBLH ( \;fWU~n) NW§SLR.LrnR~eR~WW.:J
I I
!<!J gs:wut~YrBnu.HgUJw:~m ~-, nU:!1rnfifuu~FJ:JYLThYrBnU:!1sl.fl,!<!:J
f I (0 I I (0 I I
l UVIl..n.t.JJt
.P
il
n1..0nlrn asrn a rz ~ '1::1
1'1:
ga,;g1 ·z
G ~!S{jJRJ quiJp
PROEUS DARA
 PROEUS DARA

011
~ ?J m ~ = o.6 trqy Lilli t s1Ji ~ nu ru1 n.p mth:n 2 w ru;p rl n?JMfi
u
2 ';) Q:l~ f! I 0 Ql

S = 0.4 d1'(}5 til tit 21_,1:1 ~ fil Hl.fl ~ ~ ffiti til 2 nHI.lJ Hi HlJl 'tfliJ'i
u
~tl~?lfflb A d11rJflfiljrul
c; G'l
tu~mtimswruurld?JM61
1 lJ
tS"H n(A) = 3 ttrrlm

c:::p Q cr , o e»
B d111:16ifilHIIl
l.i G'l
tu~ffitiQl2nH1JlHiHl.fl'tflU61
1 lJ
r;mg n(B) = 2 ttrrlm

0 I ';) Qp Q cl
f:?lnM6ifdHfda : '(}5liltit21J1~fil~ M A P(A) = 0.6
u
';) Q)~ el
'(}5liltit21J1~fil~ M B P(B) = 0.4
u
011
t?ltiDQ)Gl D;;liltit2l._,rJ~filarul A ?i P(A) = ~~;; = ~ = 0.6
D;;liltit81Ji~Fil~ rul B ~ P(B) = ~~~j = ~ = 0.4
eJ 0 Co» «::::!. 0 C»
ti:Hli n(A) =3 'i5
.....
n(B) =2 d1ti28n~MUtuti8h
lJ
n(S) =5 d1U22n~Mffit3
lJ

0 ' C» Qf C» C» ';) C» ~
~~ru mFn~ t:i turu nl11612'tHl5'1
1 lJ
m FnHa tu t r:nliHU E:l2HSl
i.J
g mt12~
1 lJ
ru"]'tfl2 <:~ Fntul':Wm
u "'

nhFnH'itltut1tu '1 t~msg 1titil'litt~rurunm2mti'S~ru'1d1tu~,tililti '1

"'
1
l.i u l.iu 1 lJ l.iu

~h.nu~~a tm1tuMtuJ~R2Jtqm1}5ms1_!1~ QhthrurmMtuJU~ 5 mR shMtuJt,titu

1 I 1

3 mfi '1 ~n1}5t:ntift~ru1}5m21_!1~mMtuJU~ shan1}5liltiMtuJ'[}5tud11}5m2t,n~ '1

u 1 u 1 1

mh A m1Ji~Fn~ru1ft~ruMtuJU~hgmt,tim21_!1~
1

B mt,rl~Fna n.rlft~ ruMtuJ'[}5tutqm1}5m2t,n~

1 1
~ 0 1 I

fdfdJ!Tlh~tu'tfl2 5 + 3 = 8 Sln : n(S) = 8

MtuJU'd'tfls 5 mR : n(A) = 5 shMtuJ'[}5tu'i:fls 3 mR n(B) =3
1

206
 PROEUS DARA

Lumut!:lbl.Hdn5JL~ctlLum2 : P(A) =~
u

Lumuf'!:lrnMMJLUhlctlLum8 : P(B) =~
u
....
i

~~.HH5I tf'i ttl~ mHi.fl'Ul

IJ ~ U
m5 M'i:H~'i:Hti hlS nti 22 2 !:liHG mrl tHh~ ru t!:l rnm2li o.n t rn~
M61 lJ <IV lJ '-'> 1J M
1

trn2 2 shtrn2 3 t!:lltlJ'UlfitUlruttlfi~m '1

u "'

Ql ~ ct C) 0 ~ C) C»C:l
Hlfim~o.n B
Gn
t!:lrn'Ulnmh
u
2 trnnlil8'UM'i::ll8drnumrn2thl8h
u M --1
5 '1
'1::1 Ql~ r:l ~ ':I 4~ cl
~- ~nLumu&8Ul~m~ o.n A shLummsLn~ma o.n B '1
u u

ern~ 3 trn~ 4 trn~ 5 sbtrn~ 6 '1

tf'llf12Lumul8Ui~m~nil21Jru'1t~sh ~ ~
u

P( { 1 } ) = P( { 2}) = P( { 3}) = P( { 4}) = P( {5}) = P( { 6}) = ~

c::» c:p c:::t. cr ':1 o o C»

+ m A ctl~rlnfll~M~rut8rn'UlhlruTln
G n u
S tS"H n(A)sn(S) t'Ulru P(A)sP(S)

l:l 0 0 C»Q:I
LULil'Ut8rn'UlhlruTJn s t~8h 1 P(S) = 1
u

Lumut2Ui~msnJl@8HlG'i::ll8t~sh o P(0) = o
u
'Q G::pq cl 0 0 0 eJ
- ~umu&8'irJnmao.n~runhrn'UlhlruTJn
lJU l.Jn u "'I
ctlG88t!:lrntsims-u [o,
lJ .,
I]

0 s P(A) s l

207
 PROEUS DARA

- 'itililtidlj:Hl1ns
w 1 ~
ftlruRruuHirnuuJrunn s ~9im2H
~
[o, 1]
u
P : S_,.[O, 1]

U5u 0115 t 2 tji ~n nU rul MYl M

i'fnffJIM 1 I:?Jtg1 gr NltlilgLffltlf:fJn!ijlA\3 ruunti '1 mb A m1!J~nU ru1 &QI8 Ql2
I

f;bl521:1ll Sb B mun~fnarul&QI8QI2tbl52dlrlt.fl1:1rultS
fl 1 1
3 '1
0 0
rut.n tu run n s = { 1, 2, 3, 4, s, 6}
A= { 4, 6} , B = {3, 6}
4~ cl "':! c::. Qlc::. cr c::. '=>
n. Urlnfn~ruldbl51:1rul&S A Sb B dlUrJ61fnarultQI8QI2&bl52?1 2hdlrlt.fl1:1Mt2 3:
fl 1 fl U I I

A n B = {6} '1 ~m s & DJlilti lst!l~ fn~ Md ru9 n.n A sh B dlLtililti ttl rur;mg
u u
QIStbl521:1 2tltbl52dlrlt.fl1:1rult2 3 ?1 P(A n B) =-l '1
u
..
1 1
" <:II
6
DJlilti&QigQI2&bl52fij'?i P(A) =~ DJliltibQI8QI2tbl52dlrlt.flfirult2 3 '?i P(B) = ~
u u
nt1ru P(A n B)= ~ , P(A) x P(B) = ~ t2l&t1:1QI2: P(A n B) = P(A) x P(B)

AUB = {2, 3, 4, 6}

L~liltitSt!l~fn~MdrulJn A sh B '?i P(A u B) = n(~(~)B) = ~

t1:1tltltll dj AnB;e0 r;21g n(AUB) = n(A)+n(B)-n(AnB)
P(A U B) = n(A) + n(B)- n(A n B) = n(A) + n(B) _ n(A n B) =-+---=-
3 2 1 4
n(S) n(S) n(S) n(S) 6 6 6 6
t!msg P(AUB) = P(A)+P(B)-P(AnB)
u

tU An B mt!l~fnarul~SffitHR6'it9jh P(A n B) = 0 &218

P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B)

c:p c::. ct o '::! c:=. c::. cr t::.i1 _
1:1. UrJ61fnarultibrlmtSUrl61fnarul
fl ....., fl
A 1:1 A
- 3
t1:1QIS A= {1, 3, 5} ' P(A) = 6
tt:tltiJ AnA= 0 , AUA = S r;21g P(AU = P(A)+P(A) = 1

t!msg
u
P(A) = 1- P(A)

"'
391ffJUU12 'QhtH~~tiJ'i.:f12~Lnt.fl'i:3 2 sh~t2J~ 3 '1 t1:1ffitlti5n~ 2 WQJ'ritH~~b
1

208
 PROEUS DARA

n. nh nHUi run ttll tiH:il fi1 m uH

c; u
R'itililtitl:\
L.J
rumtims .......,
I U

- ~Lntn-e1:1s sh (2J~ tLmru

- ~Lntn-e1:1s y_t2JJtLmru
2. nh
"'
nHUi run ttll ruihn:il fi1 ......,
m uH u
nmmtitf::l
Li
rumtims
1 u

- ~Lntn-e1:1s sht2JHLmru
- ~Lntn13'!:1s y_t2J~tLmru

n. nh1 ffil n.nrun ttil ru l:\l fi1 m ti=1li1Scr2 sill t 24 nhrH~ fUi'i:fltlffitl'e S sh t'iffirut ~m
co rn ......, u "" co Li l..j ...; "' 1
I ""' I

l:lmsg mamlirunlli'9 1 shm'9 2 m;?Jfimarui 2 -@sfllfighm~:g

U GV GV lin c:t

&1=1Li1S P(A) =~ , P(B)

3
=5
'irlfifflarulffitllilSllitJntfl'e'eS Shmt2QH1Jfflru tilirJfifflaruldilli=1rul
li01 lJn GV 1 6'V t
A Stl B

An s '1 t1=1ms : P(A n B) = P(A) x P(B) = ~x~ =

2~
irJfifflarulffitllilSmtJntfl'e'eS
Gn
m2QH'ifflrutil1rJfiffl~ruldrutin
l..j Gn u
ASh
GV 1 "'-
B : AU B
~~ r;t ~~ ct # ~
Ul~ma rul A mul~ffla rulffi'i5012~Lntfl'e1:1S : A = { ( fin) ' ( n2 ) }
B m1Jl~m~ru1mtims~t2JHLmru : B = { ( 22) , ( n2) }
c:::.1 c:p t:::). cl ~ c::t> t:::) ct
1:1=1tlliQJffi l9~ffl~rul A ShLbl~fflarul B 'i:f1Sru2dillJ13 AnB = { ( n-2) }
ti=1Li1S P(A U B)= P(A) + P(B)- P(A n B) = ~ +~ 6
= ~~
2. nh1
"'
rm
rn
n.nrumtll ru-@ s l:h fi1 ......,
m
1 ....,

crssmnht:H1n.n'i:fltimtitrun'9
lJ l_j GV CO
1 'i:flS 5 '1 timrunrun-erummttilru-@sl:hfi1m
l_j lJ ...._, ...._,
1
0 c:.l I I I I Cl) ~ 1!/
ussmMrunhrH~Mi'i:fltimmrung 2
u 6V "' l_j
'i:flStlil 4 '1
I

d5~:rnn'9 1 mtims~Lntn-e ~:s·-,gcr~s~mtitrun'9 2 'i:f12tli1Lntfl'i3 1 sh~:2]~ 3

tt'ftrun'9 I mtimsmt2Q1 t2l8crSsmmtitrun'9 2 'i:f1St2Q1tlil 2 Shlli1Jntfl'i3 2
6\1 1J 6\1 6\1

.. tihrnn'9 1 mtims~u1tfl'e sh trun'9 2 mtims~t2J~ ~; 21 8Ltilflti tl:\ rumtims

u
~Lntnt3'!:1s~ ~ shLtililtit:nlims~t2J~ tLmru~ ~ '1
u
= 52 Sh
0 ~ 1!/ ~ 3
ti=1nrulnfUHftH : I

P(A) P(B ttiru A r;nmqs ) = -

4
 PROEUS DARA

<./ .. 2 3 3
P(A n B) = P(A) x P(B ti'::Hli A tn61~~) = 5x 4 = 10
"' l!l~nUrullJltllil~~lfUl~ t{t2}1tU'flti5ctl D5Lil'lit~l!l~illJrulOru\1fi A Sb B ~:
u
2 3 3 7
P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B n B) = 5 + 5 lO = lO
)- P(A

nc::; h1 rrn
rn nntn61 . . . . ., m
u ttli ru f:ll Fi1 m lj
mu t s~t_:;?1 ~ill~ rui tR61~1 ~ u1
~w
?1 ~ill~ rui t R61 Iii Dl
l ""' u
t Lill ru ~ nJ1 t~ ~ t~ ru '1

- t!t11 t'JJ1 hll'UJ mtli ru@ ~ 1.11 Fi1 Q) tumu ~ ~w ~ill~ rui t R61 ttillru ~D5D5 ru w4
1 ""' u \J
.:::PQ cl Q1

ffl~H161
L.:i bl
ill Hl.JH fi 61~1 ~ '1
? CpQ t;f Q t::9
" TI5U1'Ut8U"'~illHlJIO rut:ptn A Sb B f:i :
u

P(A n B) = P(A) x P(B) d5 A Sb B @S9lR9b~

P(AnB) = P(A)xP(B ft~ru A tR61~8)

I
dj A Sb B 9lR9bffl ~

'::1 C»Q cl 11::); eb

" D5Lii'Ut~Ul~illHlJIOru\Jfi A sb B f:i :
u
P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B)- P(A n B)
P(AUB) = P(A)+P(B) tU A Sb B mw~ill~rul@stphl~b
1
'1:> ~Q t:l .c::p t:b -
" D5Li1Ut~Lrl~illHlJl~ti5Sb A f:i : P(A) = 1 P(A)
u 1

0 I 0 ' t::3J ~ 0 '1:>

rutmfif!U 1
11
tf:i n.w; €'15~ 61HnH~ru
1.1 i:t 1J
tn m ru n5 ""~ nill61~1J ru nbm
~
run~61Hn1HS m n1
1J i:t eJ 1

ALGEBRA wtnrh:srunbrH1
1J u ~
'1 tf:i1Jltln5Snill61~b~rumm?lo~
!'l 1J "'-.!>
2 t~bttnru~ut~s~
61) eJ
ttnru
1

ti5nttlirutnfi1Q) '1 mbA rtlW~ill~rul~tlrumtimsuugtmtrnn9 1 B rtlW~ill~rullJltl

U18t1J[l:l8:tmtrnn9 1 Sb c mw~illHwl1JltlU18rlJ[l:l8:tmtrnn9 2 '1

2. anLU mu ~ t~ ru mti run m ~

u
,.,.4 .. ""
a. Lhl:t>:lltrunff 1

b. rlJ[l:lS:t>:lltrunff ,.,.4 "" ""

1

c. rlJ[l:lS:tmtrnn9 2

d. Lhl:~s sbrlJ[l:lS=ttillru

B={(rlhl), (rlrl)}, C={(hltl), (rlrl)}

210
 PROEUS DARA

c:p~ t;l c::. ~Q d 0 c::..

n. UrtfifilHl.Jl .,
A 2-b B murtfifilHl.Jlmrtmffl tumg
., "" 05
An B = 0 2-b Au B = s

~- a. L15Ql15tf:Hliffi'i.hn2uu:tsinlin9 I ~ P(A) = ~ = 0.428

u 7
tLm&Qb mllJ ALGEBRA 'i:fl2UHnJ~ 7 ttHli'i:fl2Uu: 3 2-b LlJfil2: 4
1

b. L15Ql15tt:lillffi15Ql2LIJfi12:ti:>IW.Jn9
" ' ....-1 "" ""
I ...
~ P(B) =
47 = 0.571
u
c. L15Ql15tt:lrnmtirn2LIJfi12:tsittlin9 2 ~ P(C)
u
t 1:tl ru1 rrn hm 2gm1 rrn n.flUl fi tUl ru 1:tl fi1 m t f:rl go 22filfi'ifi ~Ul fi run &rnn
m ~
m u "" 1.1 l..j
~
u u

g 1 2htrnn9 2 t~ffl
'-'05
<j t:ltH2g
u
unflrn~ruimtirumrnn9
.,
1 ihmfigbsb
.,.,.
Lrt~filHl..flm15runtrnn9 2
cr ' "" ""
w <J t~Ql2 : P(C) = 47 = 0.571
d. '[YQl15tt:lrnmtirn2uu:~2 2hL1Jfi12:tLmru P(A n c)
u
3 4 12
P(A n c) = P(A) x P(C) = = 0.631
7x 7 = 49

t~tl.Eltut"huMtuJ 2 f:rlR Qhomm'eMhlJL~ 4 f:rlR 2hMtuJL15tu 5 2lfi

0 ' 0
ill'UTlfiti~ 2
u 1 l

dl ~ run hLn'e <J ~ nL15 Ql15 t' t:l rn MhlJ :

1 u
n. L~mLmrt2Ln't3
1
0 0
~- L15hl9lh 2 dlnrtmhLn'e
1 1

~- L~dlUJ!n2 2hUJhldlH~L15t:n2
1

m. tmhflu'i:fl2MhlJL~'iflRdl~runhg'i't3 <J
1

Q>C::., cleJ C\
mob M dlLrt~filHt.Jltt:lrnhlhlJLUhldlL'i5t:n2Ln't3 : M = {( 15-15 ), ( 15- hl)
I 1

w mw~m~ruit't:lrnhltuJL~mUJm2Lfl't3 : w = {< tu-tu), ( tu- }

1

c::p c::. rl r:J Q

B dlLrt~filHUHt:lillhlhlJTIJhldlH~UJln2 : B = {( hl-15 ), ( 15-15)

1
Q:J c::. ct eJ c::. C»

G dlLrt~filHUHt:lillhlhlJLhldlH~UJt:n2 : G = {( hl-hl ),( 15-~J) }

( 15 = UJhl , tu = L~)
1

n. L15Ql15tt:lrnMhlJL~dlL15t:n2 P(W)
u

t1:tlruMtuJilhi-Hth:fl2 9 f:rlR 2hMMJL~'i:fl2 4 f:rlR t2l&2mtutt:lrnt1tum2

MhlJL~dlUJt:n2'i:fl2 4 t:lbQb
1
9 t:lb <J ~m2g P(W) = §= 0.444

') 1 1
 PROEUS DARA

2. 1}501UttlruMMJ'[l;Hulfih 2 tilflruTlhLfi13 P( n B)
u 1 1

§mtuttlrtH1tums!\huJ1_,lin1tgmtymst,n'i:3'Bls 5 f;l~Q~ 9 tl~2~Mn1J1_,tiM~R

1 1 I 1

~9Jn tl»~t,tims'Bls 4 f;l~Q~ 8 f;lb

1

tlmsg
u
P(M n B) =
9 8 = ~18 = 0.278
~x~
R. 1_,'UQltittl ruMn5JU~tilt,tJms 2~ Mn5Jtyn1m»~tyms P(W n B)
u 1

wnB={( n5-ti)}
§mn5ttlrut1n1Mn1JU~~Rmtyms'Bls 4 tl~t:b 9 f;l~ '1 ti~ti'l:3nt21turuMtuJ
1

8 2lR trll3jt1Mrun~Actl»~1}5mSLf'i13 ttm8MMJU~ttlructlDJms-@sH"Jm1M

1

"" S'itimsms 0n t9
tGtil»
" 1 L.;
~;g Rctl r:m
c:b
!::g
nnrunt'Ul"" ru'i:3"" s1:h n~
~
';! '';! m '1 tltH s gUrJ
......:> u
nfilHlil
""'""
G1
"'

ttl rutfinttmruffit,MrusbUi~mau1 ~:fin~s '1 t1:h ru»~1:;5msm MMJLUM

I

b2l g§ filhlt1 tU hl MJLli hl'Bl8 5 f;j~ t:b 8 i:jb '1

I 1

w n B) = P( W) x P(B) = P( w) x P(M f'i:j rut,Mmt,ums ) = §x ~ = 0.278

~ c::p~ c.r u ~ Q ~ t 0

m. Llimmst~ ~m~ rultl.flb 61u'Hls MMJLM~nm 61 runb1_,nl3

u 1
~~ r:fv II ~ CN I l!::pQ cf 0 ";) c::p C¥1~ ef ~

Urln filJ ru1 ti:j ru li.fl~ nu'HlSUM'Hln

b) et
mun n m~ n..nm r1 m
-....:J
bl
ts s~Url nfila ru1 ms'i M fil '-"Ill)

Ui ~maJl ITJS WMJt,Mt nng ?fmUi~ma rJlf'i:j ruMMJtyMii~ 2 mii run~t,n'i:i

1 1

~msg P ( tih~~u'HlSMMJLM~R) = 1-P ( MMJ1_,liMiib 2 miirnnb1_,nl3)

I 1

= I- P(M n B) = 1- ~ =
13
= 0.722
18 18

iSiiefi 1 Qbtl~'\3li5'Hl8~1_,n'Ul'i:3 4 Sb~t2}1 6 '1 ~Rmtirun~ 2 1_,rll3~t1:hli5~f3(;j8J '1

I

C) I Q) 0
n. ~ntyQlml:jrnmums~Ul'Ul'l:3m~ 2
u
2. anL'UOltitl:jrumtims~t2J~ilb 2
u
R. Jn'itiQl'Uti:jrumtimsill 2 'HlSrJMI:juffl
L.;u "" u "'

ieiiefi2 t:bL'U»ti A 'HlSM\lU'i 5 tu~n tptru2ri 1 i:jru 5 '1 1_,'U»ti B 'HlsMttt,n

1
~ Q1 I 4 0 c:::p ~ It::.\) ":)

3 !Usn f3gtru2rl
GIJ 1
4 i:jru 6 '1 t?lmtiruntuU'in
1 l..J
1 tusnmml:1'itiH'Us'i:3ru')t1:hrutui:js'i
t._;
GV 1.1 ""-' tJ
'1
"' 0 0
:intymutf;l rututtUlm~ 2
u

n. 'Hl8 t ru2 (;jf3ffl

u "'

212
 PROEUS DARA

lf::il '
3. 1 f!HlJl 21 TIHl1'\H f:tH1HtYG~ M
, u I I I

2fl11fiU1.f11 ti=HOlglmti9Jntpn'iJt15Llllti 2 t:Jb '1

l
<.1 0 ""
n. ~R'i'i5Qlmt:lblHQl8QlGarn2mb 2 trnn2Mlll '1
l.iu 1 "'

<.1 0 ""
2. ~nL'liOl'litt:Jrntmgmstrn2mb 2 trnndltrn2~ '1
u
tl. ~R'i'i5Ql'i5~t:lbli&QlgQl@tbli2mb
W
2 trnn2Mlll
I ot
Sbdltbli2tlU '1
u
t 1 I I OeJ '\;) ~

nlHOl8LlllU9Jntpn'iJt15Llll'li 2 t:JbdlGWMUHt:Jrnts 2 11U]t15nrl 6 m~ tLmg

1
C) Ql ~ ~ ~ e:v ~ ~ Ql eJ
tbli2tt:lbliffitltGQJtblin9 l 'i:fl2 6 d1{15M Sbl:bli2ffiGWQJtblin9 2 n'i:fl2 6 dtL'!5Mb1::H '1
eJ QJ QJ 0 t 0 ') 0 «:»
t:lut28 bli9dblitt:lbliffitltnfit9~b9lbHM'i:fl2G22 6~ = 36 '1 36 dlGSSnHl.JU-flG '1
u "' 'W lJ J.l
c:p c::. et eJ 0 QJ

n. mb A dl'ir!nnlHWltt:lrntmgmsr:rn22Mmmb
l.i 61 I ot
2 trnn

dhtlucimsfnrn9drnru-nft:Jrn'i:flstrn2mb 2 2Mm t218bli9drnmbtsgdltJ'i:flM

"' 1 ot "' GV

eJ 0 Ql '\) 1 Oc:J ">;)

rngdrntt:lrn'i:flstrn2mb 2 dltbli2tl tlbli9dblit2G'i:flM'iutt:lrnts 2 mr~runwm

"' U "' GV W I '-"

ri 3 mn ft:Jrndltrn2 2, 4, 6 '1 rngdrnft:Jrnttlucims~:sg'i:flsnss 3 2

=9
1 "' J.l
9
tf:'lQl2 P(B) = 36 = 41 = 0.25

An B = {(2, 4), (2, 6), (4, 2), (4, 6), (6, 2), (6, 4)}

6
n(A n B) = 6 dlG~
0
2nHUlUu'i5 '1 ""
~msg P(A n B) = = 0.166
36
ttlm~ntrn2hl'i:flfimn.hn.mtnrunssft:Jrn'i:flstrn2 4 2ci2Mritrn2 o '1
n "' lJ & 1

C» I '\:) '>;) C';JI~ cf

2. tmahlruntrn2MVlfi'iJruttnrumt:lsJ '1 &ntymms1Jl~nlHWl
u
A : " tbli2 M'i:flfidlUS Stl"
"' lJ u

213
 PROEUS DARA

n. trn2M'~·Hhsgmtr!;fHli 4 trn2runtGQJri 9 trn2tmruffiG'i:flstrn2uiftjrn '1

dssG'i:flnhtH'fjrn
t.l <ru l.)
4 mnrunrl
I
9 mn~
1
94 = 6561
2. ma1 Mt15iitbl52 hl'i:fl~S'l§ t15') 'i:flS § fflhl fj13 f:ntUm HRt1 hlt 1:h ru tGfj S'i tR
... t.l u "' iJ

ffiTIHfltitS m~ rur;rns t rn2 s~ru ']ttl hl'l3TIJLfl'li '1

u u
«=»~ cr t::=o~ ~ , o t::b o e;
<~> UrJnfflHl.ll A munnfflHW1t15nQ1Stbli2hl'i:flnctl13SSR Rctl13SStfjbl.J'i:flStbli2
61 61 ... t.l u t.l

2, 4, 6, 8 tsi~t~Gh '1 trn2s'l3ru<Jnhdtrun'l3 3 trn2~ht~'l§~tin5trn2hl'i:fl~Un~

1 t.l "' ...
I U

t1Mmmri
"-!>
9 trn2 tmrutrn2Gt~tumrut1Mwmri
I "-!>
4 trn2 ftjrnthtrn2RU '1

tRffi13titf3ntrn2hl'i:fl~lifl'l3~mOms&rnsdss 93 x 4 amQmr:nrudssnHUiffiG
n "' t.l t.l
3
9
'i:fls 9
4
shd~snHUit,Mti'i:flS 3
9 x 4 tSl& P(A) = :
4
= ~ = 0.444
9
CpQ ct C:pt:::); cf 0 t I C»
<~> un~fflHl.fl B munnff1Hl.fl'i:f1Stbli21lltl 4 2hctltbli2R tSl&tbli2'13t152h1'[J1~t~hl
•• 61 <: II t.l 4 U

~ ~ ~ Oc::J
run n 4 t rn2 2, 4, 6 sh 8 t'Ul ruffiGUHfj rn '1

4 mn~
4
I:RQ1SGSS13'i:flM1Gftjrn'fs
t.l <ru l.) I
4 = 256

256
P(B) = = 0.390
6561
<~> C mun~ffl~Mtbli2hl'i:fl~'i:f1Stbli2
61 ...
1 fn'l3tlR~
61

""' 0 .,
t rn 2 1 ffiG'i:fl s g mh 4 mti : 1 *** , * 1 ** * * 1* ** *1
tltrn2'2~ru1Qhdtrunmrn2tsi1J1ci 3 n&~ht9]nt,n~'i:fls 8 tHt,~M
I U

tist.l sarn2 hl'i:fl~ftj rntfint~hmh~M'i:fls

3
... ~
4x 8
3
P(C) = 4 X 8 = 2048 = 0 312
94 6561 .

• D mufl~m~nflftjrntrn:Jmh 4 2cimMtbli2hl'i:fl~ ctltbl522hl')f:n

Dl 1 C£: ~ C/

P(9' 4) =9 X 8 X 7 X 6 = 3024
3024
P(D) = = 0 46
6561 .

214
 PROEUS DARA

""' "'
~~~~~ &t'i'HlSfiltU ~i:Hlitpffl'i:3trn2t{Jhfi I
9
CD00
i:lrn 9 '1 &tltiJtimtU'i:3li51i:llrh9inhmta'i:3ru~i:lrn

'Hl2 9 Ln lijl '1

u ~ u
l
000
n. tfitmflma]timtUilh 9 rns~~sjm]ti?
00®
2. jfiU5tfltiti:lrnmtUtrn2 1 shtrn2 2 t21Qh~Hw~9 1
u 1

3. 2 AnJl mu1mtn ttl tlHUlU8j

"' l/
3fTI'lJ>tn.n 1 tm1tUMtUJ 8 2lrhi:llrutui:l2JQhthrnn'i:3MtUJLtitU 9 2lR sbMtUJ
I I

u~ 11 21 R, mtU1fl tU 2 '1

n. tfltt'iffimiJti hltU'itnsli
'tf
212 j m'l'i52
1"' U I
tU1 i1l
~
?
? c:P~ ct
2. anL'i5tn'i5 t21jl ~ filHLfl :
u
Q 0 I f!) Q C»

A: "Ln'i:3tUtUJ9lb 8 2ln'HlSti.f2'ntUtUJLtU "

1

B: "QhLn'i:3'HlShltUJU~ 5 2lR sbU5tU 3 2lR"

I 1 1

n. tUn~:Fnmsgtitt1t1tUMtUJ 8 2lRQhfitrnn'i:3MtUJ 20 2lR t:L:llrutrsrnmti

1

tmruhltU'i'HlR-@sffiu'Hlstru.ng
't.t"' ....
2 i:lhnb1n'i:3tn'i:3li5
~ li u
'1 crssnHWti:lrnffimfin
'W
1 1

tlfJht:hti2J
"" 0
8 m~runn 20m~ '1 ""

0
G~SnHl..flffiut'i
"" •
C(20, 8) =
20'
,· = 125970
12. 8 1.
C» ~ ':1 C»
2. tt'ita tUtU tUJt mru mi:l2J ~ms g m~s~ li51'Hl2 tU'1:3U5tnti
u

.. MtUJ 8 2lRti:lrnU1~'LtltUt1tDti.f2&nlfo titt1t1tU 8 2lRQhfitrnn'i:3 11 2lR

u 1
0 ~ 0 0

G~2nHli1LtU'i5t:hu~2'i52J C(ll, 8) = 165

'i'i5tn'i5t2Ufi~filarul A ti : P(A) = C(ll, 8 ) = ~ = 0.0013
l_ju 61 C(20, 8) 125970
" tm1tUMtUJU~ 5 2lR shf6tUJU5tU 3 2lRm~ntlitUJU~ 11 2lR shU5tU 9 2lR
1 1

cr~sam]titi:lrnt1tUhltUJU~ 5 21Rti C(ll, 5) shcr~2Hti]titi:lrnt1tUhltUJ

U5tU 3 2lnt'i C(9, 3)
....
I
0 C» ':) c:::P e:. ct &:$
i:lmsg
u
uSSnH1.flUtUtHSUb1nfilHl..fl
'W 61
B t'i C(ll, 5)xC(9, 3)

P(B) = C(ll, 5) X C(9, 3) = 0.308

C(20, 8) -
 PROEUS DARA

3e1uun.fl 2 r:Rt~Qtilir:mn 15o M2rH~l§"'h15~§'iHn515GHn~:mGmr:~t~

ct eJ ieJ 1 GV ........,&
ttHl5nhr:2lg CS
1

'i::flStffin'in~H5lS
c:!l l.) 4
5 MSn
G\J
'1 1§2M'i'i::fl~9mr:mn
l Uet . . . . ., et 10 MSn
GV
'1 ~nmtrmtt:lrn
l_j
u u

n. t.Ut::nUtf;:HU~S~~S~~hnng
II II

t3ss~mQti&'t:lruffiG9mtmnrns
1J ........:Jet
10 Msn~ C(l50, GV

f3~s~mJti&t:lrnt@M~:1Mt~nf[l8~~2 t0 M~n~ C(l45, 10) rtlB~8nHlJilMti

t:lmsg P(A) = C(l 45 • IO) = 0 7048

II C( 150, 10) .

2. 1Jmuf~rutll1~~atthb~13 1 N~n
II II
c::pq cr , u ¢:\ ~ c::t~~ ct ~ ,
'irlnfilH\.flH1JJirJStmhnG 1 MSn ctl'iflnfilH\.fldt15Shfil8'in1~in2tMg '1
G61 l._j .tJ GV L.:;n & '-'"~~ G &
u 1 u
eJ I Jl ~ Q) c:$ -
TIJffli.H:t:l rnu;~J~ 2 tmhnG 1 hl~n R P(A) = I = l -0.705 = 0.2952
u u

t~. 1Jmut.~~~~a 3 M~n

u u
t3s8atiQtitf::lrnt'itlMt1Mrnstmn'inJains
tJ c; or;l_j 4
3 Msn nhlir:ruTlmmnin~~ms
GVet etlJ 4
5
u 1 u
MSn~ C(5, 3) tumn&'f::lrn9m
GV c:$ -....:J
7 Msm9Qnmr:mnmsamst1MtGmrlr:mn
4 -....:;c;t; GV c;t--1:!

145 N?inf'r:Htlma~ma
... .... /)
"~ dssutiQtiff::lrnr;'itlMt1Mrn2r:mn
1.1 c; "'
7 Msnt28~ G\J

C(l45 7) '1 bRffl8 P(B) = C( 5 , 3 ) X C( 145 • 7) = 0.00?

' C(l50, 10) -
..
i~~~~
...
QhrH~'\Jt15'i::fl8HnJ~ 10 ~ a, h, c, d, e. f, g, h, i, .i '1 tRtm5runHnJ~ 4 ~
1

Lrll:3~m[[JrlrH~nhru!Gf::lSJ '1 JnLliffltitf::lrn

u

<) '
R. ffl2Lhl:tn 2 Rn

til till h ~ Gru11 n5 rns Lhl :'\J ru

216
 PROEUS DARA

c:p~ et ':;) ~ 0? Q,l~ ct ~ I:::PQ ct

'" um1illHtfltHlit5ntS A sb B dl'it5tHSUrlfiillHlJl A SbUI:lfifilHt.n B <J
" u ~ l " "
~Q et ~ t.::lP~ cl QJQ clc::t, ~~ r;;t
.. Lrl ~ illHLil B s h Lrl ~ illHlfl D m Lrl ~ill Hlfl ~ s tp fDL~ h ill bl.Hlm Lrl ~ illHt.n
l
? Q t:::PQ ci'Q
dru?Ht.ntS B Sb D dlUI:lfifflHt.n~Sffiu'tflS : BnD =0
I "

QJQ et 0 t.::lPC\ et
'Lrl~illHt.n91b 2 rtlLrl~fflHt.nLlilnEl : An A =0 , Au A = s
.. t):lmsun~ill~nil 2 litrlmmmun~illanil-i!smfU'i~h '1
" ""-" ot " I ~I

.. Lt5lilt5hq!J~ill:i nil~ru md ruwJt5&sr3~ SnHUlLfDt5

u 0 ""

shf3ssnHUlffiu P(A) = u~SnH1Il'LfDt5 n(A)

u 0 ""
uSSnHt.nffiu
u
n(S)

.. ~Qlt5tS ruuuJrunn S t~Sb I P(S) =I

u
'" Lt5lilt5ts@~m:inil-i!sffiu'tflst~2h o P(0) = o
u
.. it5lilt5tsun~ill:i
~ "
nil~runb
Uot
rum t'Jrunn mr3ss
U
fE1 ruts:imsm [o, 1J GV
U I

OsP(A)s 1

.. 'it5lilt5m~s1r;s
w 1 ~
fE1rurht.n~Hirnmti3runn s t94mSlg
~
[o, 1]
u
P : S_,.[O, I]
? IC:li)Q et Q c::b
.. Lt5lilt5tSLrl~illH1Jltiru~M A sb B R :
u
P(A n B) = P(A) x P(B) ttl A Sb B -i!S91R9bff1
""
P(A n B) = P(A) X P(B tEl ru A tRfi~ s ) ttl A sb B 91 R9b ffl
1 ""
"=' QpQ ct Q c::b
.. Lt5lilt5tSLrl~ill:iMdru1Jn A sb B R: P(AUB) = P(A)+P(B)-P(AnB)
u

P(AUB) = P(A)+P(B) ttl A Sb B m@~fil:irul-i!stpf'd'[Yb

';) Qpq ef 0 '1:1 .:::$ - 1
'" ~lilt5tSUl~ill:ibt.nti&rl(!JtS A R : P(A) = 1-P(A)
u

217
 PROEUS DARA

1. ~:mmHnR~ru 2tlLmtifUn~R~ruunuw~[l '1 ~H~M~

1

n. n.Jn~mnfr::HuthnthlltsS'tor:HliU 2tlm1rmhll
~ m
0 0 ~C:liH~ r/
"'
2. rumMrunn s sbLn~fmM A: "tmgmRms;nbati H,
C!p ~ cf I I

U'~fllaM B: " ~:mgLmti9Jn~nmstru2 4 "

1

fl. aii'itiQltiun~fll~ruldliJStl
l_j G'l <I
A un~fll~ruldli5Sb
G'l <I
B 2bun~f\1Sruldillflrul
G'l 1
A 2b B
u 1 1

2. tflm~m'lmrun.Jsmmrucm:lsHom'Citilm'l~ 52 n.JSn '1 ~n'itiQltitr::Jrum~ms

u u 1J "" iJ "' u 'J "" l_j
u u

2. ""
hl~nLnUl~

fl. ""'
hlSnHl~
. tiUnUl'i:3 ill. -@a f~sHl~ 2b-Hs f~sLnUl'i:3
"" ~
~ ~ 0

3. d~'i:3ru'i:flsm 10 og~:ru2Ci
I

o r:lrn
I

lJ "" 1
9 '1 tflffitili5nill'i:3rutmrumr::Js'iiJ '1
"" IJ
uanM~
u

A: "mtimsm'i:flstru2thrJUlfiMts
<N 1 I
3,
• ~ 0
B: "ffitiQl2ill'i:fl2!:ill2ur:hb 5 "
""
~ C»Q ct Q

2. anD-JOltitSLrl~fllarul A, B, An B sb Au B
u
4. o~~ru'i:flsmt2'l~
W 6V u 7 2hmn.J GV
3 '1 tflmtirunlli'i:3b GVG'l
3 tmrutor::Js'it~'i:3bfl~
eJ 51
'1 anmmti
~
u
ttl rumtims :
n. t.Yt2]~ 2 2tit.Y hl 1 2. t.Yt2J~ilh 3 fl. tYMilb 3

s. tfltmgunti9Jn~R 2 Lrl~[l 1;:1runrtilt2]'a ~rut9J~rlrlilLnUl'i:3 '1 ~nD-JOltitr::Jru

1 u
n. tru2w~trnunti~:2]1 ~:~sb 2 r:lbtstru2tu~trnLmtiLnm'i:3
I I 0 C»iQs)

2. n ill1Jlltill2Ll?ilti9Jn~nlflb 2 ~:~sb s 'i

1

6. nbmHti
l_;
et;
1 'i:flSUnt:tlhlti~r:hhlSntm~mtirunHns
GV c:t ./)
'1 hlSntm~'i:fls
GV ct
20 hlSnfi:jrutm~
GV ct
1

;~~abls'i:fls
t_j 4
12 hlSnhli'i:fltlhlhl'i
lj
GV ;j
20 SlRmtirun'i:3ruhl2n'i:flRtiStiSltim1J GV 0$ G'l ~ ct
t~'i:3"t~b
eJ ~
u
~:{hmmstUh"J2S
/) ""
'1 hl2r:hHnmtims'i:3stfl tiSltithllmti9
1 .. 1 <I
2 2hhlsmti9 3 2h
1J

u w'l~mti'i:flR'i:3li5tiStiSltim~m~Hfthm~
Mhl'itl 'J .. u .. IJ G'l <I ..
'1 an'itiQltitr::l
l_j
u
m
n. hl2mtimstm~,~~sms
1 .. l_j /)
u
2. thllmtimstm~;~1ib18
.. lj /)
u
fl. n.Jsmtimstm~;~-asm
.. lj /)
8
u
ill. d~Hnmti~s
ct 1
2bHnmtit'ifllli5Hnrun'i:fls
L,ct
fJrunbr:hhHnrun ct ct
?

218
PROEUS DARA

219
 PROEUS DARA

1.

25, 23, 26, 30, 37, 20, 21, 23, 31, 34, 26, 34

31, 26, 35, 32 '1 t21ttH1Ht1tUtiffitiplifi5Jffi'S

bthtltirl~m9lt~2 ammt1Ht'i13~~t!m ~

t ~ 25 % t 2 Mfij'iu il t! ~H'Ih 21 &Hfl'S

u
ffi ruli Sl2 m 1 1.... "'
?

50 % &2 Mfij'i il t! ~Hth 21 &i ffll§ ffi ruti Sl 2m ?

u u 1 1.... "'

75% t2Mfi51mtl~Hth24t1ffl'SffirlltlSl2m
U U I !__, ct
?

mbnhru Q 1 St! 75% t2922rumt!HnJ t'Ulidlmgrug 3 fflt!t~ru Q 3

Q) c:tf,
"' '::1 t:p ~ Q c:J 0 '

g 2 mt!t~ru Q2 t'it:ht'StlJl2 mm~L~~2t1 50% t29~2ru9lt!Hfi5 '1

u

25% 25% 25% 25%

Ql

20 21 23 23 t 25 26 26 26 ~ 30 31 31 32 ~ 34 34 35 37

Ql Qz Q3

Ql = " "" 4-(16

61[;1§~9 1 + l) = " ""
fl&'i§~g 4.25
GVlJ GVlJ

t~ru~g
1J
4.25 t21mSlg~g 4 st!~g 5 tl=l(fl2 Ql =
1J 1J
23 25
+
2GV
= 24 '1

" .., 1 " ..,

o7
--
= ~m~g
GV 1J
- (16 +l) =
2
~tl§~g
GV 1J
8.5

220
 PROEUS DARA

fflf:ll:jti

d'hmnh D 1 ctlgmb~Glfflf:ll:jti t2l&l:f:iQlGl D 1 , D2 , D3 , •••..• , D9 <J

" .., 9
D 9 = fi&'i:H'i9 -(n
GV\.1 10 + 1)
 PROEUS DARA

~ruu) 'tf!S 120 150 150 180 200 120 170 220 190 '1 t'Hl..f1Sl Q1 Sh D 2 '1

dJu9~StiHfli:Hl.h:!lti 120 120 150 150 170 180 190 200 220

Q1 = fit'i:Hi9
"
<SIJIJ
"" 1 + 1) , n = 9
-(n
4

= nti:Hi9
"
6\11.1
"" 1
-(9+
4
1) = n-t-en-g
"
6\11.1
"" 2.5

~msg Q1 = 120 ; 150

= $135 'tflssrum 25% "ts'9~rnnmtuuJ'tflsLtnAntL-e
ttltHtm~crdlh $135 '1

D2 "
=nt'en9 "" 2 (n+l) = "
nt'en9 "" 2 '1 !:lmsg D 2 = $120 .,
'tflssrum ~"l.
80% "tSti?iblJn
6\11.1 10 GVIJ U 1A

mh~HJ'tf12LLi1AntD3totHt.flHtPsdlh $120 '1

4 6 18 25 9 16 22 5 20 4 8 '1

2. ;~f6ft~eiefi!&~a;~~~~etH~
~:rl-ejfi rt.n ~~~ n59 mh "ts 9~ s ru~r:n tLun~ t?iLn lm~ n-mnh tTIJn~ tR s '1
1 u

'tf12U~s 2 nJHli ~ti5nJlb1HliAnt~ $20 '1 ?irt.nSl Q1 m!:lJlSSh L 81 '1

tH1§ru m~n-mnht'i'Un~tRs
"" n lJ

Q1 = nt'en9
"
GVIJ
"" 1
-(n+
4
1) , n = 30 ~hlHMJHmx u~stMJtm t /
"
= n-mn-g "" 1
-(30 + 1)
GVIJ 4 $7 6 6

" GVIJ ""

= n-t-en-g 7.75 $9 8 14
$12 5 19

$15 9 28
$20 2 30

222
 PROEUS DARA

= " ~ ""'
g 1
m~
2(30 + 1)
= ntl3n9 GV\J
15.5 '1 U tJ" ~~2h
f:lmsg mf:lns -o
$ 12 '1

" ""'
Lsi = n~~~g "" 81 (30 + 1) = n~~~g
p (n + 1) = &H~~g
" " ""' 25.11
100 100
f:itH28
u
Lsi = $ 15 '1

A ~ OeJ eJ 1 QlO ';)

~~~~~ mnhu~n.nhmntLunb21h~Lffll3 Ut;llQJrJG~stcrhcrhL~H\.flHs 35 u1n.m

I lJ lJ

tf:lru~~ms~gi~w~sQhij-@~ru '1 ~n.Jl2ltl3t:!Jl2 m9ru9~ru Q1 Sh L 73 '1

1

uss~nhx
lJ .... 0 1 2 3 4 5
0

G~sL~nmf 3 5 12 9 4 2
lJ

3.

21h~Lffl13t:hmnhtH'n.nhfGntLun~ts~~f6~JU~s 40 2lR tf:irut~ms

1

mA:&s~s
ct &
30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90
I

U~Shl~J 5 7 12 11 3 2

~tJhUJ~m~ nmnh &Lun~ ~fts

u
- 13rum~ustsPun~~m
l.J
u 25%
lJ

'>
lJ

""
I

C) c:l> 40
"'-
mA:
ct
0
G~S~~J
""
f l
1:292St1J~- = 10
ct 4
30-40 5 5
- nht:lH'iUn~tfts
c::s u G
10 MntsinhmA:
6'-. c:t c:t 40-50 7 12
I I
50-60 12 24
40-50
60-70 11 35
70-80 3 38
80-90 2 40
40-50 '1

223
 PROEUS DARA

r;r:;ms ~~_::-:0 = 170 =Q 1 = 40+ 107- 5

x 10 = 47.14 '1

ti.mr:;'Uststmn~nwu
W lj I
'i5
"'-
75%
f
t

b~ St\ ~ X 40 = 30 -------- B
12
10 ----
- ntldHi'i5n~tfis 30 Mnts4ntlth?i 60-70
c II
I
I

1J
<;li l.J G"\ q; Gt II
1 1

f::lcrr;sg Q3 Mnntlmfi 60-70 '1 tRHlU 5 -----11, ,,

II

u '"' c:t
1
ct II
I 11
?iruu49mt! h Q3 ~ms rnm RrulRt9Jnm1:3 I II

0 40 Ql5o c-ls
jj rutuJtitROlS t
<I
1

30 24 f
- = .!._! = Q3 = 60 + 30 I 124 X 10 = 65 .45
Q 3 - 60 10 35
30 ===-: :. -: :.-: ._ -_ -_ -~B'
24 - - - - - - -, <r:
d"HHf11&U
l.i
A I II

0
'------------=-:'--::-''::-::::1-
I I I

60Q370
ns4
L ~finnrur:un1:3

l mr:mn~tRS1:3S'i521Stsm?iff::lru
l_j 1 ~ q;
Q Mnts4
,.....
1
-n-f
t

Ql = L+Tx(i)
f mq~n~

mttit~t~~fi ~n-/
Q3 = L+Tx(i)
n ttl d bli'i5n
u
[;'i'ij n~ f't5m
lj 1

p t
0 a 0 o cJ I!J • -n-f
rnUTHH-132 21tltLff11:3tS8dl'i5tantlmn m~tmn L =L+IOO x(i)
p f
( ~ndlf::lrul~)
1 6\1
ff::lruMn~snmr:;crss
ct; t..l
460 mfi~hnt!
tJ ct
1

m~tmri 30-40 40 50 50-60 60-70 70-80

dssMn~smrm
u ct f 17 55 142 153 93

224
 PROEUS DARA

m~ru ~'iJtlL£ll'iH~£lmntHLUnci tfis

u

m~Lm~ f l
30-40 17 17

40-50 55 72

50-60 142 214

-1 X 460 = £i "t"i§£'19
"" 115
4 GV\J 60-70 153 367
ffll§ffldltlt'(yncitfis tr:iQlS Q 1 ~£1Qtl
1
70-80 93 460
m~
ct
5o -6o '1
1 I t
tf:'iQlS L = 50 , 4. x 460 f f = 142 , i = 60-50 = 10
4n = = 115 , = 72 ,

115-72
Ql=50+ 142 x(l0)=53.03 ~q,fla'1

" ""' 345

= £it"i§£i9
GV\J

ffll§ffldltlt'[yncitfis tr:iQlS Q 3 ~£1Qtl~~ " 60-70 "'1

I

tf:'iQlS L = 60 , ~n = ~ x 460 = 345 , / = 214 , f = 153 , i = 70- 60 = 10

~msg Q 3 = 60 +
345
1 ~:
14
x (IO) = 68.56 ~q,r~ '1
p t
lOOn- f .
L4s = L + f (z)

nlit~~tlm Lp =

"GV\J ""' 207

£it"i§£i9

ml§mntlt'iuncitfis
l..i tr:ims L 45 ~msintlm~
.... ct ct
" 50-60 "'1
1
p 45 t
tf:'itnS L = 50 ,
100
xn = x 460 = 207 , f = 72 , f 142 , i = 10
100
207-72
L4s = 50+ x 10 = 50+ 9.51 = 59.51 ~q,pa
142
 PROEUS DARA

0 "'<)
mmgg~sru~ctl~nfnHHl.flSlnHHli
0 •

4(n+ 1)
""
truhtLti""14n
""
,
4n
3 0
t:l~f\5
1
1

t't:Jrnm9ssru@sdmmri n~nntsgt:Jmnthmurmt:Ju
c; u "'
ti.fflf.lruntt:Ji '1
c;t ~ "'\.!t.
1

r!s 70-80 70-80 70 80 70 80 70-80

Cins WM1tt:Jrnmsdhf.lM
&i.:t ~ G1
&
1

mnnH~tf.lMfiss
GV 1.1
40 Slri '1 fi~~H~MJf 8 10 13 6 3

0 •

= re~ ~ =· =-=========·,-=·--=····=·-=-==-=-·=····=-..=--======

n. 3 5 5 7 o 8 2 2 4 4

2. 7 10 22 2 0 8 12 13 18 21 '1

n. 18 o 8 16 10 4 4 14 2 13 5 7

2. 0.7 0.4 0.65 0.78 0.45 0.32 1.9 0.0078 '1

n. 2.

4. mnh2lht1J1113titrlf:!Jrl~ tt:Jrnms13n'iitmglm'i59Jnf{Jlril;1ru fi~s 60 t:Jh '1 f.lrulSl Q2

1 I

"'t12
&
X 1 2 3 4 5 6
1

tLtin~ f 12 9 8 13 9 9

226
 PROEUS DARA

5. ~nn.HhMJH.ni'i!JRLflS§J tliHn tMJ~t.ni~mnhmh,nsmbHMG~S 25 nJlbli fjtl&SlZ

I
0 I ~ 0 t '\) 0
msuss
JJ
4 ;;nrn'i:3runnrnrnrHH'i:3
i,J' JJ i,J' <SV
$10 msuss
JJ
6 ;;nrn'i:3runnrnrnnnt'i:3
i,J' JJ i,J' ""
$8 msuss
JJ
l '\) 0 • '\) .r:::. 0

4 nJlrn~rurnnnq~ $7 msu~s 9 nJlrn~runJlrnrnnm~ $15 sbl:flsu~s 2 ilJlbli

'i:3runnrnrnnnt'i:3
JJ i,J'
0 "

oS\J
$22 '1

n. f!Hl.J1Sld~'i:3UJ'i:3fJtltMJ'H.ni~runJlbli
I

2. ?Hl.fl Sl filg bli Q1 , Q2 , Q3 Sb L32 '1

6. m~ r1 t hlluau 'UJ g~s ttitl tthz ti:h ru tLlit1~H~fJtl ~ ru: tn rn~ ruHl9 nJ ut'~ul'i:lrnR r1 n5
I I JJ

nsttit!tthg ~t9rnmsrng~rnt:lu2lbtUill1:3 :
u JJ "" u

Rrl M (mm) 0-5 5-10 10 .15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35

15 72 15 90 36 8

Sl Q 1 , Q 3 Sb D, '1
?H1II

7. t?lmsnfium t3sstM,~t.ni&t:Jrnmstsim'i:ltut3ss
1J :.J co 1J
40 ntlurunruru'eru
CO 1J
M
'1
I

G~StMJ~t.ni 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60

..
0
""
1388tu 4 6 10 13 5 3
JJ

'YY7
 PROEUS DARA

9 ~ 2ru~iHLffl13 til i1 ~ N n1J

1

s SlRtcHm?lmst'it:ln1t1n1tomrimRdls11~
LJ u ?imR ""'-!) C1i C1i

A stlmR
ot
B '1

mR
ot
A: 3 4 s 6 7

mR s :
ot
1 3 s 7 9 '1

d5 t?i?i r:w1 Sl ?i'i::flna ntl ils ti:HU2 t'Jm tl t?i s tl

(N cl £1
1

ilsttlrumtictltlt?i r:Slgt?ims : ?i'i::flnilsmR

~ ~ ~ct
A: 7 3 = 4
1 1

t?iMttlntillmmilsmR
n "" c~ot
A stl B 'i::fl213U113tMatl
u "'
5 tlu?il
u ot
'1 tifsilsmR
1" c~ot
B
I 1
0 C) I c:!1, t 0
'i::fl2?11fl61Uctltl?i1[Jrirl~t1ln A '1 t?iffirl~t1ln B 'i::fl2r1Ltllru£1tlctltl '1
1 1

n1ttln9s2ru&tlrumi12Nn11'i::fl2
n ot u c~
6 9 11 15 25 26 27 29
1

30 30 30 31 35 ss wo '1 9s2rur:sgmmrur:2nru
otc; u· r:umgr;rutltillmmils'eru
"" c~ u
1

nssurltn'ln"J?il
U u '1 ot
li&sd5t?ii18nHil13~l:1tSlg
101 U
100 6 = 94 ~ci'i::flsnt138mmRmrls'i::fls
cl
GV (3-
1

mmru?,ltl
lj .•
ntlnHUlt2H.lruatlilsilnmn5Nn11ttlrumsggru
ot u u cl cl
'1 tlmsg
u
~ci'@sffiurunctl
1 1 1

fflHil2 '1

ntl
ct
nHl.Ji ttl ru~ci'i::fls nt138t nn ttfi ru9 22ruiln131J run 2u 2m4 tn'lUn?il
6\J c; c;
tl=iUn~m~n nl=i'i::fln GV
1 u
~rut9Jnttllrum~tmru 25% &2i1~91'i5 stl 25% t2il~~n5 ttllrut?lhlnJ1t61~ci 50%
1 1

228
 PROEUS DARA

6 9 11 1s 1 2s 26 n 21 29 3o 3o 31 1 31 35 85 100

25% t!:H129l'UI!l
" ..
cl
<:II
6 9 11 15
1
'1:1 Q •c:::P
25% t2r12~Hul!l 31 35 85 100
c:n
1

so% tsnsnrunrul!l
"
.: n
.. <:II
25 26 27 27 29 30 30 31
1

l!lMm~tHsnsnrunrutsg
cl lil
tl!llil2 ~~ 31 25 = 6 tuTh:nmmgffibfrun9ru mh6V
I

m~·umhWFn9ru
0 " ""
1 = Q3 Q1

tth m'l'lit2
'J
IJ
g tl!lshrns ~ t13'GVIJtH15 ttl run rnd ru runh
l>~
Fn~1ml!19 2
~
2ru lil
1

'i:ll2rJLirlrulJh u_ntmrut2J1tl5ntf::tlru '1

0 "'

ruun~h~a tl!lrnshlwhl2hll:fl£1nLn't3t{jh\iruLn13 t?:1~hm t~hl'i:llt1n1f1'4'Jmm@

1 1

~WnHul t{jhrnst3~s~~ s ? ru~o ruts Fn~ hlWlhl2UlllilStm{Jt5f::tlkQh mnhlifn.nh fun

u 1

0 ~

u222'limn.nt.nh
u 6V
x 1 2 3 4 5

t3sstU'i:llt1n
u
t 11 10 5 3 1

~~ = 5-1 = 4 '1

9 ~ 2rul:flsufn.nh tuntL'lin~ Fn~l!l n.n mFn9 ruL~'im~ ~mnh tL'lin~ d~s

u

X f l
" GVIJ ""
nt't3~9 7.75, n = 30~Ql = l '1 tlmsg
U
QJ = 1 '1
1 11 ll
2 10 21
3 5 26
~ ""
g 23.25 ~ Q3 = 3 '1 l:iu m 2 g I = 3 - 1 = 2 '1
u 4 3 29
5 1 30

9~2ru2lhtLFn't3 :
n. 4 2 8 3 9 11 12 18 7 3

X 3 8 9 7 5 10
2. r-----~-----------------------4
f 5 7 3 9 4 2
 osz
N N N
-+-riz-- =
zri:r 1X:r ;x:r
N
7
ri:r+ 1x:rriz 7
'x:r-
N
zri + 1Xriz- ~X):r = z(ri !X):r = z0 ru !:JW ~~ ~rt4,fl,LR1.N ~cBl ~n:ll Sfl,Q,g
I
""'"'
h ruww~ru~wrnssas:~LrnRs~
~;;::Jb""' , !;;:;;~ ~
""r
c;:;,
x
l
'5I ~ t:l M
ruww~~~w~H~!;Brn~s~ss~~U:'! N
I "' r,
rnR "mu, LPSLH ill!:JW~~RH:JR~U:'! ri
l "' r.
Lf.!-B~ "mul3~s, t_pSLH o ruww~~~H4,~U:'! zo ruJ::J~
h ooooz = £" ""
~gLSlR!~ "' r.
ruww~~~~t4. ""'
LPllf1liT.IRR!~SUJ
000001
n ~ n
!;!l gLS' s; ~Lru !;!S s B~s WBl [Bl ooooo1 ~s w :1 ru J::Jl ~Lru!;! SHlLY wnru pwrn !;J:Jm
0 0 <:tJ ~ d::Pb ~ 0 1:1, t'l::;
h 000017 00001 0 00001 000017 ~~~l"fi z(OOZ:) z(OOI) zO z(OOI-)
n
/ooz-) sUJ!;Jj ~j~(.Z s; ~!;B~Lru~s!t:~wru~pr~~~~~1!;Jj gs:~~m:~ ~., ~ca:~rnfi
lO l ':1 (? n lO l ':1 (? n r.:r
rn ~ S ~~~ S!rn LtHU~ UH~~[B:J rnRrn ~ S ~~~ S!IT.l U{W~ U{Wt..ll:lP.,LP.,1:J ~f.!!;! :I ill J::l~
11! ':1 -6'1 1 r.n ~ "' r.n ~ n
ru U:J ~:Jrn~6:JIT.l
lf::J
U{W U!:JI W.lnBLHU
0
1SW ~SW:Jru
di:::I«:J
paru 1SW ~SW:J!:JP.,ill pg LS:J gS:JWH
tt.::) ~~ I
n
~LB~lJU!;J!:JQ,!;JjQ,j OOZ ~S OOI o om- ooz- sLRRrDRu~Lru!;!LPWrn:~~rn:~
0 0 tr:::l "=" «::1 0 ~ ~
LOZ LOl L £6- £61
00! OOI-
----------------------------~~
ooz ooz-
~ r, lO I ':"'J
h L ~SW:JR~!JRSLRillJ::l:J LOZ LOl L £6- £61- IT.ISSBLfUWSLR!;!l : RU:!1:J
«::Jb (;} (:) 0 ~0
n
~LZrn s(.) ~.
sanLR1w RrllRR:t~~LZ~.ru
c;
~:~ru J::Jl s sBs:~rn
e..
U{1uruR:~r~s u ~rn:~ f'J 0 b 'I:::J'I:::J «;)
g s:~ ~rB ~
!lH!!'J~CJB\Ul~LVUIJU~t!~~fi~ rz
PROEUS DARA
 PROEUS DARA

o
2 rx; 2
=--u
N '

~f:l'i:f12922tl5
"' <)

~
7 4 6 9 12 4 10 11 15 17 15 '1 l:f:1M261
~

~~"' rxi 7+4+6+9+12+4+10+11+15+17+15

'i§u~'i§ ~
u ., 61 Mi'Hli fl -- - N -- - - - - - - - - : :11- : - - - - - - - -

u=.!l2=10
' 11

2
xi Xi- fl (X,-~t)

7 7-10 = -3 9
4 4-10 = -6 36
6 6-10=-4 16
9 9- 10 = -1 1
12 12-10=2 4
4 4-10=-6 36
10 10-10=0 0
11 11-10=1 1
15 15-10 = 5 25

17 17 10 = 7 49
15 15 10 = 5 25
2
2:(Xi- fl) = 202

02 - 202 - 18.36 '1

- 11 -
 PROEUS DARA

~~ " ' r:;o-;:;;

0 •
tHUl6Hi.HH:tlru&Hi5i'Hl5
61 ....
a = ,_;18.36 = 4.28 '1

~msg a 2 =
68
= 13.6 '1 X; X;-!! (X;-!!)
2
5
2. ~ rul61 M61 ~ r.tHu rHli M
....
~ 50 50-55= -5 25
60 60 55 = 5 25
m~ Mmta ~s ruJ~ ~~ MfHl5
55 55 55 = 0 0
(J = p = J13. 6 = 3.69 '1 52
52 55 = -3
9
58 -55 = 3
58 9
2
2:(X;- !!) = 68
i~ihsi ffiM~s~~fins\lru
GSS ~f::lb"lHf:H~[gl1'tH9f'd
IJ "' l.j

~13'i:f129'i:3S 98kg 95kg llOkg I06kg I03kg 112kg !19kg 102kg 92kg
"'
105kg 91kg 8~ 90kg '1

t:Hl.llSlfla1~
pj
2~~rul61M~thM~nHHli
61 ....
'1

2
2:(X; X)
n~,~~a S~fl~'i~hl~f'di'Hli'i:f12ffla2fURI'USu '1 rm~~u~ m~tthru s = - - -
2
pj u pJ.... lct61 pj n 1

~f::lru s m~h~J~~3
2

_ !.<> o _ 2:X;
X fflw'i:3UJ'l:3?13 X = -;;-

n m~8ss9s2run~~~
IJ "' "'I u

232
 PROEUS DARA

2 - -2
LXi - 2XLXi +LX
~H:~mr:; t'uhsh n
2
s =
n-1
ttin J"fHHiH1
? - -2 2
LXj- 2XLXi +LX LX l -LXi L_;y2
2X-+-
n n n n
= =
n-1 n-
n n

2
LX
I 2X2 + _x2 2 2 -2
~ s2 = _n_ _ _ _ = (LXi - x2) X_n_ = LXi - nX
n- n n-1 n-1
n

~fflre film nmd s s 92@ runh ~~filS

u
IJ
t61Gt94 '1 t t1 ru~:s·H um'i:3 snu
0101
n ~H1~~u filst611;ltin~~~
u u
1
C::. ~ tJ I eJ 0 ? ? ,.... 1 0 ~ ~ ~
Mnrunm <J ffiS Srum fililllliTl
~
n filS tnfHS"H s- __,.a- <J l:r:iffititlln~ 1aH~r:i~ ~l:l'i:3~Wfila
~ u ~ &

QlSn.llSn~~~tlifitunru <J tUl611:S8ttfltllQ1Sdlfilr:ittihtsn~~~tstlifi~~ n-1 ~:umg

"""'t.J"' 1 t.J "u
ttiJ Mtlh ry 2JffiS t '1{J hG1: t1 n <J
nhtnhti~ntUS'i:3tll
01 lJ 4 1J
ffiSlflhlSM'i'i:fltl2tisth?i
l.j I
ffifiis lR I
A shffiws 1
B <J
1

~:r:; ~:~o
l_j
tu&1 tu run~Ju 28sIJ s 10 nmti m mnruga rutsffifiis s'i:3 ru'1
lR "-" "' 1 IJ
~:tfi ruffitusohuh
6V E'l
~~61

mLfil'i:3 <J

" ""
ffit\JSA 196 198 198 199 200 200 201 201 202 205
1

" ""
ffit\JSB 192 194 195 198 200 201 203 204 206 207
1

2
2 L(X;-X)
s =---
n-1

X= LXi = 196+198+198+199+200+200+201+201+202+205
n 10
= 2000 = 200g
10

233
 PROEUS DARA

1:3u'i'i:3~~lsil-u\h: B x = 2:x1 = 192+194+195+198+200+201+203+204+206+207

~ u ' n 10

= 2000 = 200g
10

X;-X

196 -4 16 192 -8 64

198 -2 4 194 -6 36

198 -2 4 195 -5 25

199 -1 198 -2 4

200 0 0 200 0 0

200 0 0 201 I

201 203 3 9

201 204 4 16

202 2 4 206 6 36

205 5 25 207 7 49

- 2 - 2
l:(X;-X) =56 2:(X;- X) = 240

~nn~"-~~"-"w "-~'j'j.<">~~~·:,,_"%o
~lbUioob~WWI>Ut_;'IUOibLjl=l
B
Ss
{2
= A.JSs = Ji(-X;-X)i
n-1 = ~9 ~ = 5.16
{246 = ,y26.67 '1

2. tinun.nrum~ru : ~L:llruihtlis
ov I
A l:fls~rrnr~MciL:ilr~umh~rrnr~hlciL:ll
n U In

"" ""
~5fi5~ ffirumruffim~~nrmm'!3tdnsl:3ru']nh'i:3sHr:lfil1'!3ti5l:fls 38 26 13 sh
.t.ii H 1 "' "' u "'I & eJu
22 m'1 J'.1M21rU'ici
"' ~
Sb~rulnhlciL:ll ttltl'.12til:flftlgssrum~~ '1
" "' u

234
 PROEUS DARA

a=
'J:.f;(Xi- r,d
'f.!;

'"'-i5 a =

~ffiru thm&9§8li51:fl215flliltlttHH~'i5n~
~ I_;
nH~tliihonbli
U"'
stltli~~~
"'UUot
1:lumhaJ~~au

L611tLU i Stl'i:H3J~~~tLU X '1

u

mntl ::n t~ 'Lm~ mu t' ru1 tl t'cr nmaLmri t1:l mij n~ st: 11fll!l13 ~ 2 46o 21 ri 2Jfjtl
I

fflaLmri ( ~61dl 1:1GV

l n.m ) 25 30 30-40 40-60 60 80 80 110

~"'
u22iin
0
IJ ..
:::Jtllfll!'i fi l7 55 142 153 93

crdlru 13t:m&9:::J2rut'1:lmclmmri
6\1 .. G1 ..
13MunruTJm'&:::JmR~ruTJtl§~mri2~ru1
1 G1 .. tlot IJ
'1 2'li'tflm
1

9:::Jsrum9:::Jsru~~
.. .. u
'1

s =

235
 PROEUS DARA

ffl~Lmfi !;
0

tHlfl tHH1ffi ru
1 61
f.X
l 1
x2l /;X;
2

'fs~fi X;

25 30 17 27.5 467.5 756.25 12856.25

30 40 55 35 1925 1225 67375

40.60 142 50 7100 2500 355000

60 80 153 70 10710 4900 749700

80 110 93 95 8835 9025 839325

l:.f; = 460 'Lf;X; = 29037.5 l:.f;XT = 2024256.25

i::llH28
u
s = 20.39 '1

mfi 3-10 10 15 15.20 20.25 25.30 30-35

"'
/; 15 72 15 90 35 8

236
 PROEUS DARA

0 •

= ru ~ fi =~=·==~~=~·-="=-.=·· . =-=·-==·=---=-=-~=--=-===-=····=·····=
. =-=·=·..·-=. ··=·=-··= . ·-·=-=-=-·=-·-

n. 5 16 9 8 6 10 12 10 8 6

2. X 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

f 5 2 7 9 4 10 5
I I
~. LtnR
0 0 cf~ I t::p 0 I ~

tHJJHli'i'lilJHutn'iJl
U l.j
( f:lndl t:l1GV
In
bl.m ) m MHnsb
ct
Slfflnn
ct
run runb1n'tl'iJl2l:H15'i::fl2
etC. 1W In
1 1

52 56 58 65 68 65 75 70 <J n:tH.15MSnm'9s2ru9'ibtsgdlMnruf6~ 'i

"' ct "'

iilMU:ln~ fM ( ?1ndl kg ) 70 92 102 98 105 35 39 39 40 60

u

ffiMLdnblM2
u
( ?1ndl 1
kg ) 63 63 65 71 72 74 40 58 80 94
u

n. f:lMSl~UJ~ (~WiMnru)

2. t~billm'tlrurun9 mHlnmsffiMthlnnth:llh ?
"'ii""lJ
w ""LJu '-i

rf. titMbtuntL'lin~2lh&Lm'tl mtitMhtunffiM (kg) Ldnti~s 40 nJlbliQbnhl[p2~ru

u 1

20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

ffiM (kg)

0
5 8 10 11 6
u~SU:Jn /;
u

237
 PROEUS DARA

mtlttilruumuuSl~tma u~huum1:1 ( 9s2rud

.:1 "'- 1 "u "' "1

mrn R) t f:l 1:1~u

c:t eJ
mmntl &sti t' n.n tl ttHH Sl g m1:1
lJl """

~ru:f2JtffltltLunci 9
or ov v ,
391tnum mn.ntlmntL'Unh2ltltLffl'E1 ctl

ti t'n.ntl fun ils hl M'iit ftj rurns ttitii'i

.:1 /)
M?l
"
Mii'i~ gn
u.
1
0 •
uss
IJ
34 Sln 9

"'l:lS x 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
&
1

f 2 3 7 10 7 3 2

brut\ hl tt\61
n
till mrnti tn.n tl tun t 2 g'i::f] 2 fltl ctl dIJ tl
~

ff11:1a'U'i:121:1w'i'i:1 X - "'2-fx
u " u - "'2-f

238
 PROEUS DARA

Ln ~m~ n mnb X f fx l
u
t~Ql 2 X = l:.fx = 204 = 6 '1 3 2 6 2
l:.f 34
4 3 12 5
'i§nr:h
u
nh~ &292co 2ru ~tJ ru1n
G\1 G
~
u
5 7 35 12
sb tLunti ~ t'Jmb t~ m'tlLmuu~ ci rrm ~n
6 10 60 22
tf'dst~ 6 '1
'""' 7 7 49 29
" "" -l (n +I)
iiH'tl6i9
GVJ.j
2 8 3 24 32
n:n [jj n = l:.f = 34 9 2 18 34
l l:.f = 34 l:.fx = 204
= n"t'tln ""g GVJ.j
2(34+1)
" ""
= 6it'tl6i9 GVJ.j
17.5

~tH2& t1:lr:lJl2 = 6 '1

trutlNttlnrillmm
n
nt'tl'tltii'tl
eJ
'l§n sbt'tltJflst2ti~o.nb~Gnt2&thlff1
t.J"
-.......?
t~mti~o.nb
GV U '-"bet

<:J 0 eJ eJ eJ II I

wnr:hm o.nb mn EH't:flru '1

d5ti ~on b ~Gn~ ru mti ~on b ~13 n 2n11'1.h m &Ln ~'tfl2
u
- nbr:hdb IJ
sb'tfl2runo.ntl&ttflusb'i§n
9 u u G\1
1
':1 ~ C» ~ 0 ~
- n t'tJ'tJ1j1'tJ 'tln 2b m tJu·n2 t N ff1 'tfl2 g mb1nn N ff1
II

'1
tJ
G\1 u LJ IGt -..bet;
J.j

rutm ci~a mnb :nb tLm'tlu~ QJ titi ~o.nb ~GmLunti t2ihN f6 hlJcr ~ 2 35 m RQb~ Rt~J 2
1

ihhl (kg) 40-45 45 . . so 50-55 55-60 60-65

0~2fdhlJ f 3 8 13 8 3

n. ~ o.nmihhl'tlfiJ'tlQb f6 hlJ1;f!R
1
&:::::~; u Q1 ~ 0 OeJ <:J
2. ~M2lt'tltJf12
u. 2b'tln
u
~fH1jfil~hl2l:ll2mm&uto.nbmn '1
IJ tJ "'ct

'tflhl cro.nGnrullrut2rflR x f fx f
1
61
"' 3 127.5 3
40-45 42.5
8 380 11
45 -50 47.5

239
 PROEUS DARA

50 55 52.5 13 682.5 24
55-60 57.5 8 460 32

60.65 62.5 3 187.5 35

"Lf = 35 "Lfx = 1837.5

m~~tm~ &~t!Jl2 = L + n/2f cf

X
.
(z)
"
nHli n = J:.f
.., ""'
tru~tl~ltH~t!Jl2tt'::!2~
"""" so% "t2&Llin~nifiH1
' "'" 1 x 35 = 17.5 '1
2
m~t'itin~tr~2
l_j
t~tln2Mmsin~mR
e.r c:t
"50-SS" IS'\ c;$
1

l:r:l'Ql2 L = 50 , cf = 11 , f = 13 , i = 55 50 = 5 '1

~LH28 r;~t!Jl2 = 50+

175
-ll X (5) = 52.5 '1
0 ~ d c:J c;»C» 0 '::1 I c:J Cp I I

m mg g 2"' 2ru ttl rnt::ll::ll

0 I U

mn 'i:HH n1 2~tH1Jltin ru11 rnt2m nn:l rnH;~ 2~ t'itin~ ~ nidl~ tr:l '1
.. "' 1
u "' 1 .. "' l_ju l_j £"1

t:lm2g 1§'g; = 50+55 = 52.5 '1

u u 2
N~~2 ttllliJ~UJ~ ~g; S~mt!Jl2t~2~ 52.5kg ~m2gufM~ttin&DJn~&2gdl
tifM~fGns~ihrn '1

Ql ~Cp \;) '::1 0 I

~nr:l
u
x> f1 tni2~
"'
so% t2 tGUngnm~~ni
~ ~-
'1

- &~u;!{Jlftl rn ~n t s1 tLm~f~Jtm~ ;;hihrnf~ n@ 2

~n~ x < f1 ~:~2~ 5o% &2'f~Ln!{Jllfl~~t'J '1

240
 PROEUS DARA

't:l'tljm ruLM rnQb illHHl.S12l t~U'~ftllfi::l rn ~nt si tLffl'tl f2Jt Alb a~ffiill t1=1m~ nHRJ
1.1 I

n'tlrut9Qn
.... 1.1
ti::llrufiruu\run o tsit3nt'tl ~t r;t5lru'tlrutlnmt~'2b
1.1 ....
'tltti~rulnM~ttl
1.1 GV 6'l
a
~ I"'Y4
1:1=1012 z = o,z = 1 , z= 2 2b z = 3
C» .... ,

\:1' GV
eJ
trubrufifltntH2lHI C\1
-3 tlfl 3 tHrung
tl

1 M
'1
'::1
nm 6V

~ ~ ~

g 22 ru x t i::ll ru o __,. 1 t'Ul ru x- ~t -> z t 21 g

"'
t1=1m2 /z = ~ [ ftJrn x mnt~9~aru
"';) 0 C) eJ
It ctl138J13&8'tHMb tUfi
o ctl~rulnM~i::llt8UfMbfGR
6'l
'1 -3 -2 -l 0 2
,., z
.)

brub ffiGR M2l t~Lnf{Jl Y.LliOl'Uti::l rn ~m si

u
tLill'tl t2J t Alb a ~mill t i::ll rut~ rn mnb t~LR fU1 ~n' si tLill'tl t2Jt Alb a ~ffi ill ( mnb t 24
0 <.1
rn1~:nbtlfflru) '1

~Gctlnt~ z = 1.91 'i:fl8arum'f~Lnfti1t1:!rn

~ntsitLffl'tlt2Jtillba~ffiill~ntsim~gti o t9l
1.91 ( m:nb nil)
u 6'l
'1

ffl'tl ffldlb 'f~ LR ftll bsi tLffl'tl t2J bAlb 2~ffi ill

~tH88 Lnf{Jlt~~ntsitLfn'tlf2Jtfflba~ffiillt~'2b 47.19% t8t~Lf1fti1i1bHn5 y_

tLlin~ M115 '1
I 0 0 0 cf I C) 0 I "o;)

LtnnGCWJ rnllimMffl'Ul ML'i:fllillim2Ln'tlffl'tlt~n9lbH Mt8 M'UlLfilM'iHrum

1

o • ':1 t:::.\1 , o q cr
n. n o.n nn t'tl"" z m~tnRG
L.:i
o.nu ru x = $ 60 2b x = $ 40 nb'tl
"' 1.1
ru Mtn'Ul 6'l
1

2. tf4'i:fl8'itim81R'tlffl'tltdnli2l8m1=1aru
L.:i LJ "'
'i:fl81tnr\t3o.nrnfiumb
L.:i u 1....
$55 ?
I

n. brublJl ~ tLliati'tl ~ti trub ti HnJ X t9l HnJn t~ z

u
0 0

mmg x = $ 60 mmg x = $40

z= o 1-t = 60-50
X-
-1-0- = I 7
'·
= X-!t = 40-50 = -l
a 10

'"!At
 PROEUS DARA

'=" f I 0 0
n m<N z = 1 u rrn
c&
ntfliQlnu
Li
Murn;um
li

MQlm $ 60 f6msinli'l3tn'i3'i:Hi5~rulnM~tn
.. "' ~ IJ ..
t::::l1 • • 0 0 ct
b'UH.i5 z= -1 UITTlntfliQlnuJ,lJl bliiUffiMQl'Ul
(3- Li u Li ..

$ 40 f6msi&Uffl13'!3um'i3ru~rulnM~tn
~ ~ u n '1 --------,tllft--+-ift-+11---t('j<IAQr--- z
0 1 z

m'l3m'i:32 z = x-~-t =55-50= 0.5

u ., a 10
mr:~~ru (Z<0.5) = 0.5+0.1915

= 0.6915 = 69.15%
t) eJ I 0

~msg LumsLn'l:3mm~nttHlil:ll2LOlnrHUJ rn
1
0 (;(~ "':) eJ 0 1

LumM~'Ulnuctlb $55 l:ll2 69.15% t2LUtn2@1:3mm~n91bHM '1

1

0 ' 0
rut.m ~f-'UU iilM2iun
1 Li
tu~;mti'l:3rutn2itin
n 1..) IJ Li
tu~i mtim2 m ticr
n 1..) Li
2 n mti
li<
t'i::! ruiiltu ~2 n mti
li<
M~
n

Lmlim1:3mut'Mbtun~~ffiru l:ll21:3uJ1:3t~sb 2oog sbl:ll2~rulnt~sb 2g '1 r:~Mm

mr:~~ ru ffiMn mti
li<
M~'i mti ti::! rnms'iun
n 1..) Li
ttnruffiM2
1

n. tLcr2mb 2oo.5g 2. tsimfflg 198.5g sb t99.5g '1

n. mm ru fi::! rn (X> 2oo.s)

mr:~~ rufi::! ru (X> 200.5)

= mr:~~rufi::!rn (x - 200 > 200.5 - 200)
2 2
= mmrufi::!ru(Z>0.25) ____..~.__===-x
= 0.5-0.0987 = 0.4013 = 40.13% 0 0.25 z

2. mr:~~ruti::!rn (198.5 <X< 199.5)

= mr:~~ruti::!ru (198.5 <X< 199.5) =

mr:~~ruft:Jrn 198.5 200 <x- 200 < 199.5 -200)
2 2
= mmrufi::!rn (-0.75<Z<-0.25) --~~~~------X
----~----------z
-0.75-0.250
= 0.2734-0.0987 = 0.1747 = 17.47 %

242
 PROEUS DARA

I 0 0 cJ I cJ - 0 cJ cJ
Lfllnu ru;] rulurrn2 m fUlums:Lm:Hfl'etgnQtlLn1:H.f12~ ru dlm Mtl mn
I I I
C) II I cJ ~~ ~ 0 I ~Cp "\;) eJ

2H:flrutl:jrul:fl21:3UJ1:3t~2tl $ 200 2tll:fl2f:HUl6H~ht:nt~2tl $ 20 '1 RllilSllnltJlt~ttjru

~fit2itLfill:3r2Jtmtlsairm.tm~·H $ 175 stl $ 210 '1

9s:srul:fls:u22 n fi tDum'erut:ntitSl8m9ru :
"' u u
"<:llj " ... ] "..,3
Q1 = fit~~g (n+l) , Q2 = fit~~g (n+l) , Q3 = fit~~g 4(n+l)
4 2

, P dl.fflR~ru&[:j rutttitllj)~~n '1

u

-n- j:f
3 p !1'

' Q3 = L+ T X (i) , LP=L+

lOOn
f x(i)

~ 0 r:J r:J 0 eJ eJ C) II I II 'I:) C).!

• mutMtltun'erudlmMtltun2al:flru tSl81:3U~'i:3 'efi t'e[:jn21:fl2fit'i:3tfi5ffl '1

u tJ u t)" "" '"'"'

X-4
Z= - -
cp

243
 PROEUS DARA

0 •

= n;~ ~ ===-=,·-=-=·=-=,-=,=-=-=-=--=-=-=--·=-··,=-·-=··-=,...=.,.,=-·-=·-·=·-=·-="-======

n. mm ru ft:l ru (z <a) = 96.93 % 2. fil?l~llJtwru

... <.) (
z>a)=88.49%'1
I t:.) 0 0 eJ r:.J cJ U I ~c:p

3. n'i:Hui:nb~tHo13"11J~n'tHt:lru'HlsH"lru 15m dl'i.HblJlbmn~u'Hlru'Hls13"o~13"tnHlb

S1 ... l..i
I
1.1 l.j
1
1 "' t.J ...

l50.3crn sb~illl6if1JihtH~Bb Scm '1 ?lblJlSldlfil?la11Jtt:lru&?ltlEJhl&"hoti:tlrut13t:l8J

2. q~smb 158crn
til tsl13bSl8 150crn sb 158cm '1
"'
4. n13" nh~13"m nb hl813" run&st~mtitb!Jlb t13n s~ihru tt:l ru'Hls13"o~13" t tlisb !! sb'Hls ~ illln
S1 n "'I 1.1 1.1 "' t.J '""
bMSb 6cm '1 l:?l~br:fl'Hl8 4.78% t8t~13"milbmi5'Hl8n13"hl2hldlb 82cm '1
'"" n S1 S1

n. 4 8 3 6 7 w 11 18 15 19 20 '1

2. X 7 8 9 11 13 15 19 20
f 2 5 4 12 ll 9 7 3

32 21 60 47 54 17 n ss 33 sb 41 m '1
""' 0

"'

cf

l..i
1 0
3. ~tnn13b\Jlruitiffihllil'UWuhlSlfl5n~b
IJ l..i
0

G"l
f

s Slnnbin13"tn813"fl5tSlg't::f1s
I

l.j "'1.1
-

l
$30 $35 $50
1 l

$42 sb $40 ti:tlru~r;m9ssrumhlnruM~ '1

"' "'

244
 PROEUS DARA

""rlS.,:; 100 105 105 110 110 115 115 120 120 .. !25

G~S~f15J f 8 13 25 IJ 4

2. m1.n 21 Ql st~ Q3

ill. firulSlfl~Jl1 sh~ruln~l11:h '1

0 C) cJ I l 0 J ~

5. fildlh~h tLill'H ctlmMh mrHLunhHiJ: trl rrHuL'i:flutth gLnnrumrun 9aJMnHuJ

38 21fimru'Hru '1
IJ

"" 1219.,. )
aru:tr1ru ( finctl 5 lO 10 20 20.25 25.40 40-45

G~S~hlJ f 8 13 24 11 4

tti n. .mm ruf~:j ru (Z >a) = 34.09% 2. filfi~rut!':lru (Z<a) = 7.93% '1

8. truiusao
eJ
ru~=u~t~m6'i8MtHnn~sm-eru
>~ov 1 LJ iJu
mtit'Mb fun2a:fmi '1 muut~mnsum
n
mm
111""'
IJ

~oru~t!':lru~bm6'imuu~n'i:fl2 95% mstru~s~crctlh 85km/h sbtru~s~crctlh

55km/h '1 n. fiMSll:ru~s'HqJ"H'fs~oru~t!':lru~bmE'i8n.f1cr~n~S61J
2. ~nmfidru&ru~s~oru~fE:lrutlintiHruMn 70km/h '1

9. &fi~hltl9ssru X ctltlfrulhtcrnsdffirut!':lill'i:fl8'Htii'Hthl'2h ~l Shfl~il1tfli'2b

ct iJ iJ --I --I

1:3Jht9J6imfidli5ttJru (x>5l) = 1.13% Shfflfi~ruttJru (x>30) = 97.13% '1 firulSl fl

st~ a '1

245
 PROEUS DARA

M~e

ct t~LfHUl~tltai 'Lff1Yt2JU11b aahru

~ 9l 'Ul Hl.Jl :
m"" z = 1.96. ~s-H
P(O~ol')YA
0.4750

z---+ 0 1.96

z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.0000 0.0040 0.0080 0.0120 0.0160 0.0199 0.0239 0.0279 0.0319 0.0359
0.1 0.0398 0.0438 0.0478 0.0517 0.0557 0.0596 0.0636 0.0675 0.0714 0.0753
0.2 0.0793 0.0832 0.0871 0.0910 0.0948 0.0987 0.1026 0.1064 0.1103 0.1141
0.3 0.1179 0.1217 0.1255 0.1293 0.1331 0.1368 0.1406 0.1443 0.1480 0.1517
0.4 0.1554 0.1591 0.1628 0.1664 0.1700 0.1736 0.1772 0.1808 0.1844 0.1879

0.5 0.1915 0.1950 0.1985 0.2019 0.2054 0.2088 0.2123 0.2157 0.2190 0.2224
0.6 0.2257 0.2291 0.2324 0.2357 0.2389 0.2422 0.2454 0.2486 0.2517 0.2549
0.7 0.2580 0.2611 0.2642 0.2673 0.2704 0.2734 0.2764 0.2794 0.2823 0.2852
0.8 0.2881 0.2910 0.2939 0.2967 0.2995 0.3023 0.3051 0.3078 0.3106 0.3133
0.9 0.3159 0.3186 0.3212 0.3238 0.3264 0.3289 0.3315 0.3340 0.3365 0.3389

1.0 0.3413 0.3438 0.3461 0.3485 0.3508 0.3531 0.3554 0.3577 0.3599 0.3621
1.1 0.3643 0.3665 0.3686 0.3708 0.3729 0.3749 0.3770 0.3790 0.3810 0.3830
1.2 0.3849 0.3869 0.3888 0.3907 0.3925 0.3944 0.3962 0.3980 0.3997 0.4015
1.3 0.4032 0.4049 0.4066 0.4082 0.4099 0.4115 0.4131 0.4147 0.4162 0.4177
1.4 0.4192 0.4207 0.4222 0.4236 0.4251 0.4265 0.4279 0.4292 0.4306 0.4319

1.5 0.4332 0.4345 0.4357 0.4370 0.4382 0.4394 0.4406 0.4418 0.4429 0.4441
1.6 0.4452 0.4463 0.4474 0.4484 0.4495 0.4505 0.4515 0.4525 0.4535 0.4545
1.7 0.4554 0.4564 0.4573 0.4582 0.4591 0.4599 0.4608 0.4616 0.4625 0.4633
1.8 0.4641 0.4649 0.4656 0.4664 0.4671 0.4678 0.4686 0.4693 0.4699 0.4706
1.9 0.4713 0.4719 0.4726 0.4732 0.4738 0.4744 0.4750 0.4756 0.4761 0.4767

2.0 0.4772 0.4778 0.4783 0.4788 0.4793 0.4798 0.4803 0.4808 0.4812 0.4817
2.1 0.4821 0.4826 0.4830 0.4834 0.4838 0.4842 0.4846 0.4850 0.4854 0.4857
2.2 0.4861 0.4864 0.4868 0.4871 0.4875 0.4878 0.4881 0.4884 0.4887 0.4890
2.3 0.4893 0.4896 0.4898 0.4901 0.4904 0.4906 0.4909 0.4911 0.4913 0.4916
2.4 0.4918 0.4920 0.4922 0.4925 0.4927 0.4929 0.4931 0.4932 0.4934 0.4936

2.5 0.4938 0.4940 0.4941 0.4943 0.4945 0.4946 0.4948 0.4949 0.4951 0.4952
2.6 0.4953 0.4955 0.4956 0.4957 0.4959 0.4960 0.4961 0.4962 0.4963 0.4964
2.7 0.4965 0.4966 0.4967 0.4968 0.4969 0.4970 0.4971 0.4972 0.4973 0.4974
2.8 0.4974 0.4975 0.4976 0.4977 0.4977 0.4978 0.4979 0.4979 0.4980 0.4981
2.9 0.4981 0.4982 0.4982 0.4983 0.4984 0.4984 0.4985 0.4985 0.4986 0.4986

3.0 0.4987 0.4987 0.4987 0.4988 0.4988 0.4989 0.4989 0.4989 0.4990 0.4990

246
 PROEUS DARA

1 1 1 I I I
3. n. I, 4' 9' 16 2. 2' 6' ,
12 20
1:1. 4, -1, 0, -1
2, -1, 'li5. 2, -4 ; 4. n. Un = 2xn+3

2. Un =2 X n 5 f:'l. Un = -3 X 11 + 19 mu =~ · " 2n + 1
7. O,;;;ans;l ~fi (a,J
1

mh5nm ru '1
&
1

8. n. Miii~~mru
&
2. ~iii91bU '1 9. n. ~iii91bUtLf11'\3 &tilru 1 mo~~91bUtLf11'\3 '1
1 1 1
2
2. ~nmrutLm'\3 ttilru ~ mo~~mrutLm'\3 '1
1

4. n. 25 iii 2. 37 iiiu : 5. n. Miiit~8ctlhliii~Ll~ 2. Mn&~g~~t'i3~ctlhln~Ll~ '1

lJ & 4 & 61 & " "'G1
1 1 1 1

6. n. U40 = 13 '1 2. U0 = 0 '1 1:1. U 1 = -15 , d = 3 2h U0 = 3

7.'i:Jl~25~tlu0'JIT1'1
~ -
8. U 1
+1
-U =
n
211
+
4
5 211
4
+ 3 =~>0
2
tlOC~8hliii(U)tJlhlfi~Cl~tfi~'1
u ~ n i &6"1

9. 17, 21, 25, 29, 33 '1 10. s,o = 930 '1 11. 7, 12, 17 ~ 17, 12. 7

13. ~ru:tmli 12 'f~ '1

2
12. n. 5402 2. 1000 1:1. -4725 m. ; 14. s, 5 = 585

nsuj~~m
5
5. n. q = 3 U 10 = 39366 2. q = 4 ' u, = 4 l't q = 2 , 57 = 381 '1
'
6. n.
24480
256
2.
29524
3
1:1.
1261
243
lli-1-
. 8
9( (])n+l)
9
- -2(1 -(])")
3
-
4
- 448
10. ~n. 0.7- = 7 2. 2.34 = 2:92 1:1. 0.452 = 990 '1
9

6. U 1 = 64026.088 , U 2 = 57623.479 , U 1 = 51861.131 , U 4 = 46675.018 , U 5 = 42007.516

7.n. Un=3+3n, Vn=3+2n; 8. U 10 =44, Sw=215 '1
2 2
9. Soo = 6 '1 10. 1 X = 2 ' X = -
3
' 2. n. q =3 '1 2. u, = '1

nsuj~~ ~
1o. 1:1. ( 2 - J3 t + (2 + J3 ( = 2 nil h ~ h m (2 J3 ( + (2 + J3 r' = 1 1:1 n.n n h Vi h rll ~ h (2 - J3 )'
1 "'

?47
 PROEUS DARA

d. cJ2+ 13{ + = 4 nfH15 (J2 + 13( + (J2- 13( =

ftrulH~iJ~ris'2~ (J2- 13)x &ftUlS J3 )' + 1 = 0

- 4( J2-
1 "'

6ilb t = ( , I> 0 &ftUlS t = 2- J3 , t = 2 + J3 tltHSHo{§nm:flstHo

u ~
x = ±2 '1

rill. X= -J ,X= x) - 7
2

C~ t:
7
--r

) +3 = o m~ r = 7 ~ 7
x -r

, t> o

6
u. n. x>O 9. X S 0 j:J, X S -2 W. X< 3 ~. X;?;- S cr. x > -1
12. ft. 27'·3!--x<~ hl13'iiJb153 3'·3 1 " ' , 3 3 x+l-x<3 1
' X<-]
2

w. (0.2)' s 2s hl13'iiJru rn2J x"" -2

s·' s 5
2 !4.
w
:oX :5 3
-"
r;;9
";..j':!
"-««< n<
•uo'il'u-3x :5 3 3 ~ iil'i
"'''\) xs32
2

ti. (21.)' > ~_{f4 hl13'iiJ ru (l)x > (1)3 m o2J x < 2
2 2 3
14. brlbliffi~'i::flSHlru1 65 m
C:S
Utnfihlm'i::flSUSS
1 lJ
1995 t:Hlm
1 GV
'1

15. umn~mbufilru13nllitl5S'i::flS!lt13
c;t 5"1 GV
14426 tJrul~
1
'1 6\1

1
5. n. X = 27 2. X =4 ft. X =J ill. X =2 ~. X = 3 ti. X =2 M. X =1 , X = 10 9
0. X =5 rill. X= ±J24 m. x =
"'
6.11. x =1 2. x;;,6 ft. xE ]0 , l[ U ]I, +co[ ill. x>3 ~- x>3 ti. "iix ti. x<3
0

7. ll, 89 ~ 8. Ma
12342 1:11GV

un:tj~i ~

5. n. Itan a. + cot a. I 2. tan 6 a. ft. Isin a.+ cosa.l ill. cot4 a.

7. n. 3n: 2. 4n: ft. 8n: ill. 4n: b. 3n: ti. 2n:

............__ ............__ 5
13. n. 13
2
= 12 2 +5 2 "" "
m13nmm = LPQR m.Jfnl::l
1
2. tanQPR = -52 cosPRS = - -
13

7. n. !6sin2xsin4 ~ 2. l ft. tan3a. ill. tan 2a.

A
. . A A cos2 A
9. n. smA = 2sm 2 cos 2 = --:---:4 = cos
2 cosA = 0 = A = 90•
Sll1Z

11. A+ -B
tan A+ tanB = 2 tan-
2
= . A -B( cos B
sm-
2
· = Cl
cos A)

248
 PROEUS DARA

A-B
sin--
2
= 0 !l cosB = cosA = A =B
3
13 • -n. sm
. 3A + sm . 3C
. 3B + sm = 4 cos 32A cos 38
2
cos C = 0
2
'1 e-ms
r:1 A = :rr;3 , 3
B = :rr; C=~
3
"a. sm
. SA + sm . SC = 4 cos SA cos SB cos SC = 0
. SB + sm
2 2 2

ttiQ12 A = ~s = 36° , A = 3s:rr; = 108°

B = ~ = 36° B = ~:rr; = 108° 5 , c

lt
, , c = = 3:rr; '1

3:rr; S:rc
3. n. 4 + 3kn $ El,;; 4 + 2k:rc

7:rr; 3:rr;
0 ,;; e ,;; n6 , 76n ,;; e ,;; ?_:rr;
lt lt
?i. 0 ,;; El ,;; 6 , 2 < El < 6 , < El < 2:rc !.<>
"W.

5. n. X =y = sinEJ = ScosEJ = tan8 =S = EJ = 78.7°

5 .,x = k:rc.x = ± 3:rr; +2kn.x = 20

lt
+
k:rr;
10
x = ± lt9 + k:rr; :rr;
3 .x = 4 +k:rc x = ± 2:rr;
3
+2k:rc

ill. x = ~ + k:rc tl.x = 2lm , x = ~ + 2k:rc u. x = 4 + k:rr;

lt
(k E Z)
ll:rc S:rr;
lt $X< 2:rr; lZ:SX<

5. a = 1, b = -3, c =S

2. K =- ~

8. ?i. AB =Is
l-11 1
-l] (ABfi = - ! [ 1 1J
6 11 s

B-I = H; ~] , B-JA-I =-HI\~]

2. fflSihtj MX

249
 PROEUS DARA

10. fi. p = 1 ' q = -2 2. a = 3, b = 7 j:]. a= 2,b = 2

4. IH9lfiti
)l.j u X = 37.5 ~t9lti y = 12.5 5. X = JO, y = -20, Z = 30

4
b. X = 4, y = 3, Z = 2 y = 6 :3. X =- 3 , y = 8

'ijj X = 46 16 21
. 13 y = T3 ' z = 13
215
= 66 275 475
'y=-66 , z=-66 ti. 'i'i5rlSFnStib~!15 ttmg
-21 -7I -33j o
\:\. X
t_; o1 '-"ff GV
[4 -2-6
=

2. X = -8 , y = -J , Z = 0 3.fi. [~ ~]
4. fi. p =1 , q = -2 2. a= 3 b = 7 j:]. a = -17b , b = -28
25 22
6. fi. X = -
29
, y =
29
2. X = 2 , y = -J !:i. X = 4 , )' = 3 , z = 2 lli. X =3 ' y =8 ' z = I

3 2
12. fi. g'(x) = 12x -4x g"(x) = 36x - 4

" g'(x)
2. ft.HTTltS :
~

g'(x) < 0 Otmg xE ( -oo, f) u(o, f)

g'(x) = 0 or;mg J3 J3 0
X=--
3 ' X= 3 , X=

g'(x)>O Otmg xE(-f,o)u(f, +oo)

liHTTl "CS g"(x) :
~

g"(x)>o or;mg xE(-oo, -~)uG, +oo)

0 1
g"(x) = o mmg x = ±3

g"(x)<O or;mg xE(-~, ~)

' 3 ?
9. 1_YH'i5'i:fl8'i:fl2 V = 4x(x- 2a( '1

'iUHU'i:flS'i:fl~titir.H'i
l_j I
mrunm x =
2a '1
3

250
 PROEUS DARA

10. n. t = 3s 2. V(2) = -39.2mls l'i. V(3) = -588m/ s

11. n. v = - 9.8t + 39.2m/s 2. t = 4s n'i:HJuJli~r~

&1 &1 1
s= 78.4m

G~Uj~i Cl1
3. n. m<O
2. y' = 3x 2 3 y" = 6x
X -00 -I +OO

y' +
cP cP +

2
4. n. .f'(x) = 3ax + 2bx + c
a = 1 , b = -6 , c = 9 , d = 0
2
2. f'(x) = 3x - 12x + 9 f"(x) = 6x- 12
x -oo 3 +oo

y' + cP cP +
4 + 00 X

y -00~~0~
3
5. n. a = 3 , a = -
4
- rhmg a= 3 tl'i(f!S f(x) = x - l
3
3(x-l)
2
f'(x) = 3x - 3 f"(x) = 6x

X -00 -1 +oo

f'(x) + cP cP + X

f(x) ~4~ ~+oo

-00 ~0~

0
3 3 3
- mmg a= 4 t!'i(f18 f(x) =X -J-4(x-J)

f'(x) = 3x
2
- ~ f"(x) = 6x

X -00 2 2 + 00
y' + 00 cp cp + 00 X

Y ~O~_!~+oo
-00 2

251
 PROEUS DARA

1. n. P (ffi?i) = 542 = 113 2 P (Un't.ll-e) = 26 =! ft. P (ffifiUUn't.ll-e) = J..+!-~ = }__

. 52 2 "'" 13 2 52 13
ill. {§f;&'-e2ffi£'i ~tl-@2&'-et:lLn't.ll-e = -@2f"e2ffifi~1Jl't.ll-e; P; (-@2t"e2ffi£'i~Ln't.ll-e) = ~~ =
6
13
2. n. S = {0, I , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} , A = { 0, 3, 6, 9} , B = { 6, 7, 8, 9}
4 2 21
2. P(A) =
4
TO =
2
s , P(B) = lO =
5 , P(A n B) =
10
=
5 , P(A U B) = 53
3 • ~n. "2 "-•1)= c(7,2)xc(3,1) = 0525
"' '•u c(10,3) ·

2 7
P( 23) = c( •3 ) = 0.292 ft 33
P( M3) = c( • ) = 0.0083
· c(l0,3) · c(l0,3)

4. n. P(A) = : 6 = 1~ 2. P(B) =
3~ = § 5. n. P ( fli2) = ~~ = 3
.-::.., p(r~rl)= 12x!.!.+~x12=~
u.o. bi>UI 20 19 20 19 5

ft. P (M2) =
5~ ill. Hnffitl'e2
« I
~hHnmtitUfilti51:fl2Mn.ml:H::ltHil
<t U <t
'1

5. n. x= $ 11.8 2. Q 1 = $ 8 , Q2 = $ 10 , Q3 = $ 15 , L 32 = $ 8

6. Q1 = 12.88mm , Q 3 = 24.08mm , D 1 = 10.40mm 7.b'eelJl2 = 45

2. n. "~
~'W = 23 2. cp-? = 52.23 ,cp = 7.23 3 .n.
~
CfJJ2 = 762.4,cp22 = 122.4 2. CfJJ>Cfl2=*
2 2 n«m7ll
·~-....""
2
w
4. a = 6 ~h b = 4 5. n. H:i = 50 2. X = 46.25 ft. s= 12.49

1. n. 40.17% 2. 35.94% ft. 20.22% 2.n. a= 1.87 2. a = -1.2

3. n. 47.61 % 2. 6.18% ft. 18.18 % ill. 46.21 % 4. fl = 71.98cm '1

2. n. h1 = 55 2. I = 31 r:t. S = 17.62 3. n. cp 2 = 45.44 2. cp = 6.74

7. n. a = 0.41 2. a= 1.41 8.n. fl=68.11kmlh 2. 42.86%

9. [l = 39.54 , cp = 5.02 '1

252