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b/1 = an+! -all '1 ~n

I
(h 11 ) : 14, 30, 52, 114, ... '1
0 Ql

f[;jrulfls~ dl~g ~S~n

Q1 I \;)

(ell) mo rutub nmruf:tlu

&
1 &s n.Jn
&
(b,1) ell n
I I I

""
tRt:ll8 ~n (e 11 ) : 16, 22, 28, 34, .. . '1
I
en= 16+6(n-l) = 16+6n-6 = 6n+ lO
n-! n-!
thmg 122:2 tl:lQIS bn = b1 + ~ ck = 14+ ~ (6k+ 10)
k =I k =I

n-!
= 14+6 ..L,k+l0(12-l)
""' = 14+6·;zn(n-1)+10(12-1)
1 = 3n 2 +7n+4
k =I
0

mmg 12 = tl:lQIS b 1 = 4 + 7 + 3 = 14 Clfi '1

n-l n-l
~tmg n<::2 an=a 1 +~bk=4+~(3k +7k+4)
2
tl:lQlS
k =l k= l

n-! n-!
= 4 + 3 ~ k + 7 ~ k + 4(n- 1)
2

k=l k =I

= 4 + 3 · 612(12- 1 )(2n- 1) + 7 · 21(12- 1 )n + 4n- 4

1

1 2 2
=
2(12-1)(7n+2n -n)+412 = (n-1)(3n+n )+4n = n3 +2n 2 +n
3 2
an= n + 212 + n '1
0 "o C»
2. l:lrt.fiSltHlitH1
u
n nl::l'i.HltSMfi
u u d
(an)
1

mtl sn thtHli'iJntsfiJn (an) ~

1

n n
sn = ~ak = ~(k +2k +k) 3 2

k=l k=l

1 2 2 1 1
= :q:n (l+n) +2· n(n+1)(2n+1)+ n(n+l)
6 2
= 121 n(n + 1 )(3n + 3n 2 + 4 + 8n + 6)
= 121 n(n + 1)(3n2 + lln + 10)

0 • t:::l1 '1:) C»
firt.fln~&l n tS~n 1, 2, 5, 12, 27, 58, 121, ... '1
1
 0 ,

=elSimfi ===========-===-======

n. 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 100 2. 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + ... + 484

1!1. 1 + 8 + 27 + 64 + ... + 3375 ill. 1 X 3 + 2 X 4 + 3 X 5 + ... + 20 X 22

2. cuanu~ti~m~~uu&arHtJtlntr:nru@acLus-@~Hurm L:
u u n ~

6 5 9 7
n. l:k 2. ~k2 1!1. ~ (3k-l) ill. ~(-1/k
k=! k=l k=4 k=2

II 24 24
3. l!iMSl n. 2: k2 2. 2: k2 1!1. ~ k2
k=! k=l k = 12

24 15 24
4. l!iMSl n. 2: k3 2. ~k3 1!1. ~ k3
k=l k= 1 k = 16

n
5. n. NL1Hl5ntSJ1'ij ~k(k+l)
u k= I
2. cr:n 11H1Uut'i§ru
LJ 6V
n. l!lMSld ~1.mn
u
1 x 2 + 2 x 3 + 3 x 4 + ... + 28 x 29

n
6. n. NlJruntSJl'ij ~k(k+l)(k+2)
u k= I
""
2. tr:tlrutlYtH~ru ... n. l!iMSldru\ln lx2x3+2x3x4+3x4x5+ ... +20x2lx22
0 I Ql \;) Ql
7. n. n M ~~g
u
n t s hl4 ~ 1, 2, 5, 10, 17 ,. . . '1
1

0 • t::JI ':1 C»
8. n. nrul~~g n ta~~ 1' 5, 14, 30, 55, 91 ,... '1
1
0 .. ""
2. ~ndrutln n ~f:ltl~tShl~tS8 '1
u u u 4
1
0 ' Ql "'<> C»
9. nrul~~g
u
n tShl~
4
(a,1 ) : p, q, p, q, p, q, ... '1
I

15
S ~ ~ StH~ntlH1.fi'tllUJ '1
1
0 ""
mmg~nS~~ an+l = a"+d , d ctltH15ti5bfi:3 '1
1

mmg ~nm M'tllLn

0 "" ""
an+ I = all X q ' q thd rn
1

mJu~'t3 '1

nt94 t9Jntl=lsb tlinJU~'ii 9Sl fig sb~'fs ~n

1
0 I ~ '\:) Q)

tdJb')t9 0ntctlti5nruln~n~9 n tS~ntSlg '1

1

""
t1 an+ 1 = 1 + 4a/l 0
tl=lHlunruln
'

a2 = 1 + 4a 1 = I + 4
2
a 3 = 1 + 4a 2 = 1 + 4 x ( l + 4) = 1 + 4 + 4

a4 = 1 + 4a2 = 1 + 4 x (1 + 4 + 4 2 ) = 1+4 +4 +4
2 3

t Sl o 0
a, = 1 + 4 + 4 2 + 4 3 + ... + 4"-1
2 3 "- 1 1 X ( 4" - 1) 4" - 1
a, = I+ 4 + 4 + 4 + ... + 4 = = - - '1
4-1 3

utmg n2::2 t?iQIS a,+ 1 = I +4a, , a,= 1 +4a,_ 1

16
I:Slg an+ 1 -a 11 = I +4a" (1 +4a 11 1) = 4(a 11 a 11 _ 1) (1)

d5t~H'iltlbn=a 1 + 1 -a" tSldl(1) bRQIS bn=4b"_ 1 ~bbn =4

II 1

StlriSJ n ~
IJ

.. .. 0

!Uri
IJ
(b") ctldrn!Dtl!Uri
IJ
(a 11 ) ffl'!:H'i513S mmg n?::2
u n
tRQIS
1 1
n-1 n 11
_ ~ k _ l 1 z n- 1 _ I x ( 4 - I) _ 4 - 1 '1
an - a1 + ""-' 4 - + 4 + 4 + ... + 4 - 4 1 - -3-
k =1
..
" .. "" 4"- 1
tlutsg
u
ri9 n &S !Uri (a") R an = - - '1
IJ IJ
1 3
.J79 C»C» 0 C»
Uf.!Jf1113 tRtL'i5~rid~tu (r11 ) ~tH1jdr:litln an+ 1 -r,
1

~
i:R<1J rn = - 1 i:RQIS a 11 +1 + 1 = 1 + 4a, + 1 = 4a" + 4 = 4 · ( a11 + 1)
3 3 3 3 3
mtl VII+ 1 = all+ I + 31 ""
t'Ul tu vll 1
= all + 3 (1) '1
"" n-I
tRQIS vn+ I = 4VIl t'Ul tu VII = 4 . VI

tRHluRrulSl VI
0
ffl139Sln9Stl (!)
' 0 ""
R VI = ai + 3l = 34
&RQIS Vn =4 11
-
1
· ~ = ~ · 4" tRHllJRMSl a 11 ffl139SlRflStl (1)

&Rffli:l r 11 = a· n + p (<X, Ptda) ctl~ri

1

tRQIS hl~iil~ ft:J r:t5Hlu2j

an+I = l+4a11 <=><X·(n+l)+~= 1+4·(<X·n+~) Y. 3·<X·n+3·~-<X+l =0

3·<X=0 .. 1
{ 3·~-a+l=O t'Ul tu <X = 0 ' p= - - '1
3

t'Ul~&sg rl1 =- ~ ~msg~fj (rll) t'Uli&l~rid~ru '1

1 1

17
 0 • 0
rutrrHHU 2
'ill

t?lQIS an+l=2a 11 -n+l¢;.a.·(n+1)+~=2(a.·n+~)-n+l

d {a.- 1 =0 ...
n·(a.-1)+~-a.+l=O t?lOISi_?Cl~ ~-a.+l=O tUH15a.=1,~=0

tffig r 11 = n tljdrt.Hu~~tl~H~G'i an+l-rn

1

fil~ Vn =an-n (1) tmg Vn+l =a 11 + 1 -(n+l) t?lOIS Vn+t = 2·Vn

tUiru vn = 2n-l. vl

0 • C» "';) Q 0 '

1'H1S16'i~9 n &S~G'i (an) i'Hl.flntt:!lru a 1 = 5 , an= 2an_ 1 -n '1

1

0 "::C» Cil 2 0 tQ) '?Ql

t?l1f1Sd illtin n G'it:lti~ tS MG'i (an) ?l S11 = n + n '1 nrulnn9 n tS tun
u \.1 u "1 \.1 4
I

0 I Q} \;) Q)

nrul6'i~9 n tS~G'i (an)

1

an = n 2 + n- ( n- 1)2 - n + l = n 2 + n- n 2 + 2n- 1 - n + 1 = 2n t m 0 0
an = 2n '1

Q 0 ":1 C:l Q

;ati1flt:tl S11 ?lr:lldill1Jn n ~f.:I1J~tS~n (an) tmg S11 = a 1 +a2 + ... +an_ 1 +an S~
I

18
 0 • 0
rutmnf!Uu
0 1 C» ";:: Q1

nrl.fH'i~9 n tSft]fi (a 11 ) '1

1

3 3
sll = n + 2n ==? sn-1 = (n- 1) + 2(n- 1)

an= Sn-Sn-l = n 3 +2n-(n-1) 3 -2(n-l)

= n 3 +2n-2n+2-n 3 +3n 2 -3n+I 2
=3n -3n+3
""
~9 n ,&Sft]fi
""
(an) ""
?'i a 11 = 3n 2 -3n+3
1

1
&?'i'i::flS S n = 4-a 11
--(n=
n- 2
l· ' 2, 3, ... ) dltHlitin
U U
0

U
, ""
n fif:!tibtShlfi
~
(a 11 ) '1
2
n. fiM~gSlfigstJfitnfls~tlb an+I Sb an '1
0 I QJ '3 Ql
~. n rulfi~9 n tS fl]fi (an) '1
1

3.

an+Z = 3a 11 +1 -2a11 (n =I, 2, ... ) '1

a3 = 3 · a2 - 2 · a 1 = 9-2 =7
a4 = 3 · a3 - 2 · a2 =21 - 6 = 15

a6 = 3 · a5 - 2 · a4 = 93 - 30 = 63

?1M S1 d ru hlb fitS

u
t\jms
()
g
1

19
 ll 1
all-all-!= 2

rCY"lg
•"', all = 1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + ... + 21l-1
mo rnuu nn cs hlncr~ ru'itnUn rtl rums
lJ 4
mn 9-e ru sborn ~crim-e
lJ lJ u t hls b lJ ...
2
1

t R' Ql S a, = 21l- 1 '1

all+l = 3a 11 + 1 - 2all <=? a 11 + 2-2an+ 1 =an+ 1 - 2a 11 =all- 2all_ 1

-eJlbt9Jn all+l = 3all+ 1 - 2all <=?an +l- all+ 1 = 2(a 11 + 1 - a 11 )

mt:~ bll = a/!+ 1 -al! cSlg Cb11 ) '!l ca"+ 1 -a11 ) m~nmru'itnLntf:lrnmsornmJua-e
1
1
t~sb 2 sb~'9'13rut~ b 1 = a2 -a 1 = 3-1 =2 ttfiru =2 11
bll = 2·(2)"- (2)

m-e c1) st~ (2) tR"r:ns

a 11 + 1 - 2a 11 =l (!)
{
a11 +t -a11 =2 II
(2)
11
-a II = 1-2
Qt ~ ~ 1l
=2
t:::l)

~msg ~g n tS~6'i (a 11 ) R' a11 -1 '1

1

tR"r:ns ~ m'lt5mn9
'J u
tvl m'B9 Sl ri9 sb f:lu~b
lJ u
tUfil'B

20
 0 I 0
rnun ~Huu ~f) (a 11 ) Firul~&i::JlliJ al = 1 , az = 13 , an+2 = an+1+6a 11
I
0 I Ql \;) Ql

(n =I, 2 ... ) '1 nrulfl~9 n i:Sf151 '1

1

0 I QJ ':) Ql

nrulfl~9 n I:Sf1ri (a 11 )
1

all+2 = all+l + 6an ~ a,+2 -an+l- 6a, = 0

2
C»
t'U13f11HtHflbli .
0 • •
x -x-6 = 0 tS"Hytutu13f11~
C»
X= 3 u_ x = -2 £R(f18

a,+z+2an+l ~ 3(an+I +2a") (i)

{ all+ - 3a + - -2(a 11 + 1 - 3a 11 ) (ii)
2 11 1

(i) an+z+2an+l = 3(all+ 1 +2a,J

mtl
61 b" = all+ l +2 an tSlot'd-61 (b)n r:hMflmo.fhnunrl:jru'i:flsorum'"~m13tt'dsb
U u .... o 4
1
ll
1
3
c:::il c::. 1
R bl = az+2a1 = 13 +2X l = 15 2t\ b = 15 · (3)"-
Ql C»
I:Ulli5~9 1 11

1
i:Rti12 an+ 1 +2a 11 = 15·(3) ll
(1)

i:Rti18 all+ 1 - 3a" = 10 · (-2) Il-l (2) '1

m13 o) stJ (2) tRms

an+ I +2a 11 = 15 · (3)"-l (I)
{
an+ l - 3an = 10. (-2)" l (2)

n-1 n-1
an= 3x3 - 2 x(-2) = 3"+(-2) 11

~msg ~9 n t2~fl ~all= 3"+(-2)

11
(an)
I

QJ 0 I 0 I 0
f151 (a 11 ) nrulntf:!lli598ln9Sti a 1 =0 , a2 =3 , alz+2 = 4an+ I - 3an
1
0 1 .Q1 ':;l .Ql

(n = l' 2, ... ) '1 nruln~9 n t2 f151 (all) '1

I
21
 0 •

=ftS~fi ===···=···-=================
C» 0 1 0 tO 0 ~

1. fg£i (an) rHlilntf:!ltiHfSln9Stlnmns~cr2lhtgn13

1

Ql 0 f 0 I 0 0 t:::J1
2. fgfl (an) nrul£itf:!li159Sln9SbntrulS a! =1 , az =2 , an+2 =an+ I +an '1
1
0 I Q) '\:l Q)

nrulnn9
IJ
7 tShl£itS&
I!
'1
I

C» 0 r 0 1 0 0 C»

3. fgn (an) nrul£itf:!li159Sln9StlntrulS a 1 =I , an+!= pan+q '1

I

4. Rrulri~~tmts~n (an) Rrulritf:!lru9Slfi9sbfiw1ia~cr2ltltLfil13

I

n. a!= 1 , 3an+l = 2an+3 (n = 1, 2, ... )

3an+l = 3an+4 (n= 1, 2, ... )

1
m""
sn 0
mnmrnn2rul
~ 9 s sn = 4-a n - n-2
- (n = 1, 2, 3, ... ) '1
2

0 ' C» "':) Q)

2. nrulfl~9 n ta fg£i (an) '1

1

0 '::1 C» C» 0
7. t~'tflS Sn ctldrt5tin n ntltitltShln (an) ttni1J'tHrlmrnn2rul2 (an): a 1 = 1 ,
U IJU I! ~9
l
0 • t:::i '::1 Ql

(n;;:: 1) '1 nruln~9 n tSfgn (an) '1

I

22
 df!Fi 9 t11t{Jd /rJ

8. ttl1:flS Sn t:htH1.5Un n n~titltShln (an) ttfltl5 Sn Utrlmrnn~llil Sn = _!!__l ·an

u u u 1 s sa n- "'-!)

n ~ 2 '1

tl. 2'li1:f1Gl al =1 ...

~n~9 n
" ...
ts ~n sn eJ
ttl rn n~ 1 '1
I

QJ 0 • 0 ,o 0 QJ

9. ttl1:flS~n (an) nllilnttllru9Sln9StlntMS

I

~- Rllilfi~g n tS~n (an) '1

I

23
 A A A
661fHe~estDes~es6e~
3 $J (:;>..
~~wB

I e) Q cf '\:)
&tllJfflS tn Nt~ nmru:a mtn~ bl.Jl2 g") ts
n "'
0
d rutHiu
u
sst
IJ
tUtU

1 nm~tttHi5
2
druur;
u IJ
P(l) = 1 = 1

druun
u
3 nm~tt:tHi5
IJ
P(3) = 1 +3 +5 = 32
tf!lffiu91 mmsa ruun n n m~ t ttl ru
"" u IJ
2
P(n) = 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n- 1) = n
~ 0 I ":) ":J
r:lnmmgLf!lum~ts n '1 Q~
1

tt1U1~LN1ti5tn P(n) tlnsl ~QlS P(n + 1)

u

m"" P(n)
.,.
r:ln tf!lQlS 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n- 1) = n2

~ tu:Ju'LM'l wu '1P 1't

tf!l~~m P(n+l) = 1+3+5+ ... +(2n-1)+[2(n+l)-l] = n 2 +(2n+2-l)
= n 2 + 2n + 1 = (n + 1) 2
.,.
P(n+ 1) r:ln '1

24
 t~'i§jLfUlli5'i5qJ:lrhh P(n) rJg)tJtm::UiU n EIN* tf!iUJ~
u

1
rumHH1a 1
0 ' 0 '
Lnnruuqp fHu'i§filCll X 2 + 2 X 3 + 3 X 4 + ... + n X (n + 1) = 3n(n + 1 )(n + 2)

nncrtm::Lf!iU n EIN* tttl rutLli1mHH~'i:flS~Yf!irulg)l9Jl

0
mm:: n =I
»b~l:Htitl
Fl 4
IX2= 2 Hb~tlnn 1
-3 X 1 x(l + 1)(1 +2) = 2
Fl "'

.. 0
!a'i5'i:f1Gl nJYfilClClg)utm:: n =k tf!iQ1S
1
lx2+2x3+3x4+ ... +kx(k+l) = }k(k+l)(k+2) (k=l, 2, 3, ... )

'UblmG'lnJYfilCltlg)tJtm:: n = k sl§'iQ1ShlYfilCltlg)tJ&mg n = k+ 1
Ul " u
1
1x2+2x3+3x4+ ... +k(k+l)+(k+l)(k+2) = }(k+l)(k+2)(k+3)

tf!i'i:flS lx2+2x3+3x4+ ... +kx(k+l) = 31k(k+l)(k+2)

eJ QJ OQ1'::1 Ql
tOY (k+ l)(k+2) tillHtl!tlbClHShlYffU
Fl
tf!iQ1S

1 X 2 + 2 X 3 + 3 X 4 + ... + k X (k + 1 ) + ( k + 1) ( k + 2) = 31k( k + 1) ( k + 2) + ( k + 1) ( k + 2)

= (k+l)(k+2)Gk+l) = (k+I)(k+2)(k; 3)

= ~(k+ l)(k+2)(k+3) rJg)

~msg n5YfilCltlncrtm8UiU nEIN*

~crtSl: lx2+2x3+3x4+ ... +nx(n+l) = ~n(n+l)(n+2)(n=1, 2, 3, ... )

25
 0
tnmg n =2
2
tl=irns = 1 +2h+h 2 > 1 +2h tLmg
(1 +h)
2
h <::0

f:lt:HS8 1nH~filtHSgtl6) crtmg n = 2

u

~U'i:flffi1N'i5.filtHS8tln crtmg n =k (k<::2) CS18 (1 +hl> I +kh tln

tl=is~ummmnnnf:lru
lll .....:>
n = k+t(k<::2) ~ (I+h)k+l>l+(k+l)xh (1)

tl=iUlS (1 +h)\ 1 +h)> (1 + kh)(l +h)

(I+h)k+l>l+kh+h+kh
2
= I+(k+l)h+kh2 >1+(k+l)h tLmg 2
kh <::0 '1

~t:HS8 1 N'l§.fil£1 2
(1 + h) > 1 + nh tlncrtm&l_;itl n <:: 2 '1

G) • 0 0
n +2n thrltfJ~lliltS 3
3
r;lj'tffiiit!ia 3 LN'lrutH[lRGl mm&l_;itl nEN tf:llrut19
1mniS'i:fl!:U'i5l=iMn19n
1 lJ !.!"
'1

~U'i:f1GlN'i5filrltlncr&mg n =k
3
tnrns k + 2k th m.nnn.n 'fs
I I
3 tl61
tru~rns k + 2k
3
= 3q
n = k+l ~ (k+l) +2(k+l)
3
tnummmtlnndtmg
.....:>
Ul
thmnnn.n'fs
1 I
3 '1

= 3q+3(k2 +k+l) = 3(q+k2 +k+l)

3
'i:flssrum (k+ 1) +2(k+ I) thm.nnn.n'fs
I 1
3

26
 n. uulrutiqp fi~ M'emn ( 1 + ~ + ~ + ... +~)(I + 2 + 3 + ... + n) 2: n2 tt:n ru

q}1~ mnHp:n SJ'e f:l nJl n~ gJl <t

~- TtiSltl5'i5mlRttl
l.'i 13-
2"+ 1 +3 2"- 1 t:iH1tnf:lrultS
II
7 otmg'if:lU
G
nEIN* tt:ilru

qy~mu-t~'i31SJ'ef:1Mn~9Jl <t

R. LtiSlt15'i5'1JlRhl'efflt11z+2z+3z+ ... +nz = n(n+l)J2n+l) tt:ilrut19

~ffiHiSffiS~'ef:lrulfi~gn
I 1J tf'
<J

ttlrl.Hf:lt1SliHi5ruf:lMtSt9Cfl
"" d I d
tf:lOlStltnm
I
'Ut~'eru
"'- 1J
<t 11-@St'eSt:iH~h;oHLfiffi'ifi
d l.'j
I

'Uhlnsnst91ru '~ t'nnmsruii~~'eruunn5n.mJ <t ntlt'et{)scsgtf:lsbwnnm'estlSlnts

"'- "I "n 'W uw iJ · "*1 tt'u n ""

hl ruf:l M tS t9Cfl§HllSM1Uaul
d I U
hl <t
d
t:il ~tit!~
U
SfiH~illtl
iJ
Sl fitS ntSn'l§
GV li'
(x + y)" crtm g fit'i32 g 6116\1

"ts n <t

0
(x+y)=l
l
(x+y) = lx+ly
2
(x+y) = lx 2 +2xy+ ly- ?

3 3 2! 2 4
(x+y) =lx+3xy+3xy+ly

4 22 3
(x+y) = Ix4 +4x3! 3
y +6x y +4xy + ly
5
(x+y) = lx5 +5x4! 32 23 4
y +lOx y +lOx y +5xy + ly
5

Q} C» 0 00
nhdHtl
.. 1J
nS'i3tl5'J
1J
tnnms illSlf:lHlu"J
uu
m
..
<t
I

Cl2 91'UlHul 21h t ru tf:l hlthn nnh d H tl nS'etl5") ls t1 Slfintsn'e

"' w w "" li'
(x + y)" nlimm
"-!>
I

nht1Slnt9mS'eru"]Mtl5f:lMts
c; "" d 1J d I
x u8
1
1 ~tUnt:il'US'USlti
S'l 4
shhiruf:lMts
d 1
y
I

1 ~tUnt:il'US'USltidhmflsnt~btmnil
n 4 4 n
'1
 - t ru 2 &i:HH1.fl mth
I
a sh cr l:H Ufil ru ti
lrl
'ij
1
1 i'U: i mn
co
ttfi ru 1:3 ru '(jU Rt ~H ru 2 t 'i:HHl.fl
1
rl H'i1J t::h thn
CO

~ 3 ~ 4
tSC1~61 (x+y) t::htru2mf:jrultSC1~61 (x+y) ... '1

tru2m~ru1ts
I
(x+y)
3

~ 4
tru2m~rultS (x+ y)
1

"' t:::l1 tJ '\;) Qj

(tm2m~rult2619k) X (tutTI~rultS xntl619k)
t ru2 m~ ru1 ts 619 k + 1
~ "" =______________. . .____ 1 1J I) 1 "' 1J
1 1J
k

5
(x+y) = lx5 +5x41 32 23 4
y +lOx y +lOx y +5xy + ly
5

1X5
t 5x4
t 10 X 3
t l0x2 5x1
t t
1 2 3 4 5

rl2 !Tltn a11i 1 ti5 t~Jt!rl run t61 t m2 t'l§f:] ru1sb 61 tL'i§]m ru2 il h cs gmnh~ t fil ru1
t::» 0 0 0 1::$

t~tllim'HlSruSl~~t::ht'iG:S
..,_, u l.j
'1 t~OlS

1
61t1J]m ru2 t'l§f:j ru1 ilh t s g£:h nh "' 1
,."" "'2
t" ,.,.,.,..,.. 3
~cmru1 ctflim L~tfilrulfu~ru st~'Hls ruu: // ,.'f' 5 ,.""
l / _,( / / """' 8
rJ:n srun t'J tu'i'Hl'thnt ru2 m~ ru1 nh nS161
l..j 1 e; 6'V /
/ /
/ "" /
/ /
13 /
/
/
"' ,
1 t ,.'f ,. I _, ,. "" ',
1l el () v ~c::::t. / / / /

wm
IJ
(x+y) ti'::im'Hlsturu~rul61l.H61d!C1Qln
IJ I U l / ,.j
/ /

-3"
/

J //
/ \

/ "" "" \
~Hl161ilh
t nw
run t'Jutm g m~ C1 6'VS161t94 m (x + y t r,. ,.4 .6/ 4
/
\

l ,-5" 10 10
/
5
1 r.': ...................................... · · · · · · ·
0 tJ t::» ~,.......4 t:::l1
crtrulnbt\j61 l, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ... tu11rflt\j61 Fibonacci '1
I I

CJ Ci} 0':) Q) H I

tm rutty~~ tl:iR9LOltSL61 tmru1m~ru t~ms tru2 m9 ru1

1 4 6 4 1
AAAAA
1 5 10 10 5 1
5
&~012 (x+y) = lx 5 +5xy+l0xy
4 32 23 4
+lOxy +5xy +ly
5
'1

28
 t~mmrifin.nri~~6i9tsril~:n-1Sl6i (x+ y)" ~
uuu ""

( x+y )
n
=1x + . x
n ? n- 1 1
y+.x
? n- 2 2
y+ ... +.x
? n- r r l n
y+ ... +y
2 3 (r+l) ... (n+I)

lxn n(n- 1) n(n-l)(n-2) ... (n-r+ I) ... I

UlHH'tHHlJl 1
I 1 1x2 lx2x3x ... xr

n n n-1 1 n(n-1) n-2 2 n(n-1)(n-2) ... (n-r+ 1) n-r r l n

= 1X +-X y + 1 2 X y + ... + 1 2 3 X y + ... + y
I x x x x ... xr
t:lmsg
u
n _ I n n n-1 1 n(n-1) n-2 2 n(n-l)(n-2) ... (n-r+ 1) n-r r l n
( X+ y) - X +-~X y + 1x2 X y + ... + 1 2 3
x x x ... xr
X y + ... + y

chfitmn.nfruum5
L.:i n
t~tllimtntn52
......,
m~n.n
1
t2t9mctl~22
() u
ttl rut~ot5~& ff1
"" ..
ttii rut~'e~m
1

n!
I , = C(n, 0)
= n._..,- = C(n, n)
.0 .
n n!
I = (n _ I)! 1! = C(n, 1) = C(n, n- 1)
n(n- I) _ n ! _ . _
. - ( _ ) 1 • 21 - C( n ,2) - C( n, n - 2)
I 2 . n 2 . .
n(n- I )(n- 2) _ n! _ _
l x2x3 - (n-3)!3!- C(n,3)- C(n,n-3)

n(n- I)(n-2) ... (n-r+ 1) _

~___,.~,...--~~---'- -
n! -_ C( n r ) -_ C( n, n- r )
Ix2x3x ... xr (n-r)!r! '
~22tt:H
U
C(n,O), C(n,l), C(n,2), ... , C(n,n)ttnictltru2t'l§~Mt2&9m(x+yt
I ()

n _ n ~ n-1 1 n(n-1) n-2 2 n(n-l)(n-2) ... (n-r+ 1) n-r r n

( X+ y ) - 1X +IX y + 1 2 X y + ... + 1 2 3 X y + ... + 1y
/ x ~ x x x ... xr ~
f)
C(n,O)x n +C ( n, 1 x n-1 y 1 +C\(n,2)x n-2 y 2 + ... +C(n,r ) x n-r yr + ... +C ( n,n ) y)
n

( x+y )n = L., C ""' (

n,r ) x n - r y r = C ( n ,0 ) x n + C ( n, 1) x n - I y 1 + C ( n, 2 ) x n - 2 y 2 + ... + C ( n, n ) y n
r=O
 0 • 0
ru't.fTHH1~
u

C(6,0) , C(6, 1) , C(6,2) , C(6,3) , C(6,4) , C(6,5) , C(6,6)

5 10 10 5
~~~~~~
6 15 20 15 6 1
C(6,0) C(6,1) C(6,2) C(6,3) C(6,4) C(6,5) C(6,6)

n. (1 + 3x)
4
2. (2x-y)
5
ill. (1 + xt
0
2. nO.fHH'i9
' ""'
4 tEH18lnt911l (x + y) 13 '1
"

u "" ()

Vn = V 1 +(n-l)xd
(V 1 + Vn) x n
sn = 2 '1

n 1 n 1
~ k = 2n(n + l) ~k
2
= 6n(n+ 1)(2n+ 1)
k= l k =l

30
 n-1

- ~n (b 11 ) ttltHli!Utl~nrutllti 1 tS~n (an) ti:lru an= a 1 + ~ bk , n:::::2 '1

k= 1
n-1
- fi}n (en) ttldru!Ubfi}nrutllli 2 tsfijn (an) ti:lru an= a1+ ~bk, n:::::2 '1
1 I I k= l

n-1
- ttfirufijn (b") ttldru!Utlfi}nrutllti ts fi}n (an) tel ru bn = b1 + ~ ck
I I
I k= 1
n::::: 2 '1

0 1 0 0 OJ .c::i,J I eJ 0 I e/':J ~ OJ

- 92lfi9StlntrulSI!lttlUJl'iHI:ln5i'Hliln~ an+ 1 ttlH~I!l't!StS~ an tS~n (an) '1

1
.o
-
0
92ln9Stlntrul29~tl
0 OJ '
ak+ 1 = pak+q (p, q ton
tltrutlt9ittl ak+ 1 -c = p(ak-c) ti:ln5'i:flS!U~fil~nhflru c = pc+q '1
0 ,o 0 Ql • C» eJ
- 92ln9Stlntrul29~tl an+I = an+pn t218dn5hltl~n (b 11 ) ti:lru
I

n-l n-1
bn = an+ 1-an = pn 2tJ an= a 1 + ~bk = a 1 + ~pk
k=! k=!

- titmg n::::2 tl!ltnS Sn-Sn-I =an Sti S1 = a1

0 10 0 OJ ':I OJ t Ql Q I

92ln9Stlntrul2tS~n (an) 9~b an+ 2 +pan+l +qan = 0 'i:flS!U'efillhlffln5

1

13 tltt1Q)n5~2Cl.Q a+l3 = -p , al3 = q &21&

2
x +px+q = 0 tl:lruyhl a 2tJ
tl!ltnS an+ 2 -(a+l3)an+ 1+al3an =0 ~f!Utltrubttl

0 aO 0 cJ1 QJ C»

92ln9Stl9ltl 2 tS81!1ttl~nr:uM'i:flUi '1

I

(i) P(n) tlncrtm& n = 1

2'i5'i:flrtl P(n) nncrtmg~l!lU

0

( ii) LJ n = k uwummm
lll ...., P(n+ 1) ""
nnmmgUlu •

n = k+ 1 '1

(x + y/ = ~ C(n, r)xn-r /
r=O

= C ( n, 0 ) x n + C ( n, 1) x n-1 y 1 + ... + C ( n, r ) x n-r y r + ... + C ( n, n ) y n

31
 0 •

=~~fi .. -=..~~=.=---=--~~
=--·=-·====-=-=·=··=·--=-=-==-====-==-=
• 0 •
I. l,hlliD1H1JllitlltHmg'[!itl n :a: 1

~GlHiSffiS~'iH-'1Mn19n
1 IJ e.~·
'1
0 I 0 0 Q

2. ti~ Egtllntmg'[!itiu~Stinti~t:hn n

n. uss 41! + 2 t'crnmrfst~ 3 '1

IJ

0 I 0 I ~

~- mmg'[!itlu~Stinti~thn n, Uns Un+l '1

4. utnmmY1mHiSffiS~YtiMnl9ntll
Ul "'-' I IJ u· utm81tiUUSStifitiYthft
lJ IJ ._..
n
n n( n- 1} ' o • o $l
(1 +x) :a: 1 +nx+ x- crtm81.,titiu~S~In x:a:O '1
2

s. t r:t1 ru tl91j ~'159 t~ m ldHl [Inn t SJ1Y2ltl tt,mY

4
li. (3x-l)
6
~- (2x+y)

ti. (a+b) 6

li. (x-y) 5
6
~- (2x+y)

32
 Ql 0 ";) Ql t::s!: .::::.
l. hlHhl~'i.HH:ltiiltEHtH'iStlStf::tHiH::lbr:tl S 10
1J U li <H1
= 210 Sb S 20 = 820 '1
I

2. t~~ilmtHl5til'H'i9
u u
I Sb6i9
u
4 ~Shl6iStlSthlSil
li lin ,..
2 sbtHlitinffltimMtltMSb
u ,..
20 '1
I

... ... 4
4. t~'HlSf1]6itHrul'HlU'l 12, 4, 3' ... '1
I

n. ~MS16i9
... 10
1J

2. tWinss
4
dl6i9tisns~sfi'56i ?
1J 729 1J 1--t IJ
I

5. t~2J (U11 ) dl~6ifi~M'HlU1 tUt~~br:tl Un = 2(3)"- '1 ~MS1 S11 '1

1

I
<'! .., .., 2 n-2 x-1
6. ~rulS1~.:~ill'iJlif1]6imrul'HlU'll+2x+3x + ... +(n-l)x +nx '1
I
... .. ... ... <J 3
=s- = 40
Q

7. ~MS16i9
u
1 tShlfimrul'i:f11fiHSS6it£:lru'HlS
li l..j n 1J
q Sb S., '1
I

8. &~§~tins
i.J 1J
sm hlfifi~
li
M'Hl1fi
l..j
'1 ~ rul snn s1J s ilil &sri g ttit~~bm a ru~n.n
I
~SG s1J s ilb t SH
I

ttlisil
...
3375 ttiiruaruuntlttlisb
u ...
93 '1

'1+2 '1+2+3' ... , 1+2+3+4+ ... +n

...
2. fl]fi (b/1) :
1 2 3 n
••• ' . 2
I (lx3) '(3x5) 2
2
' (5x [(2n-1)(2n + 1)]
0 IC\1 \;)Q

10. n. nrulfitj9 n tSf1]6i 1, 2, 6, 15, 31, 56,

I
0 .. ...
2. ~MS10ill'Un
u
n fif:ltibtSf'UfitSg
1J u IJ
'1
I

n
11. n. ~ n.n sn L 2
(2k - 1)
k= 1
... 0
2. t~runurun.m
~ 1J
n. ttn.nsnaruun
u
1+7+17+31+ ... +799

12. hlHhl~dru'iJn 1+4+7+10+13+ ... +298 t~rutl.Y!: '1

33
 n
13. tl:tlrut0'lmaH~Y1sJ'i:HHl1ln19JJt,nnruurrrH~m ~2k-t =2 11
-I '1
k =1
c::.1 0 I ~ t::lJ t:$ 0 1
14. t?i'tf!S~n (U 11 ) fH1.fln&l::llf15 Un+l = 2U 11 + 1 Sb U 0 = 1 ttflru~n (V 11 ) nlliln
I I

n. u~mm~n (V11 ) m~nmM'tfllJi '1

I I

2. 91E!J~n U" "''" n '1

dlH~?i'i:12tS

?i. hlnnmn'i§Mnscsfijn
ij' u uu "
(U 11 ) '1
I

lli.Utmll~U nEIN ?illil!ndru\Jn S11 = U 0 +U 1 +U2 + ... +Un '1

n. ?illilln U 1 , U2 , U 3 '1
o • r;:. cJ2-l)CJ2-u/1)
2. U~E!Jrht:Hmll~U nEIN , Un+t-.J2 = U +l
n

n o , e» ':l e»
n. tnb b11 =2 a 11
'1 nlliln~9 n tS~n (b 11 ) '1
I
0 ' Q1 '\) C»
2. nllilnn9 n tSMn (an) '1
1.1 "1

17. n. hlHhli (x -2y) 7 tl:tlruqy

""'
2:
2

0 I Q;) "? 2 7
2. nllilnn9
1.1
6 tsn::nn
6\J
(x -2y) '1

19. tibl mm C(n, 0) + C(n, 2) + C(n, 4) + ... + C(n, n- 1)

U1 "'

= C(n,l)+C(n,3)+C(n,5)+ ... +C(n,n) = 2n-J tL:lru C(n,O), C(n,l)

Cn, 2 ,... C(n, n) dltru~H'i:1?illilntln::nn

1 et
(I +xt tL:lru n dlGSS?i~thlhl
1.1
'1 6\J
I

34
 dell> " 'c;> A . d ell>'
=~5i~~e;.;e~j~e~~jn;ees~5i~~eG~mffi
:J

t si nb dnn ts g
~ U
t1=1mti d~1HdnJl rl15m~&1iHsH s l=ll§S HtHuhl.fliHMJ
&1 I tl
rn hltiLffl15 mb
H~ l=ll§S ti:tuuultij hl~nU sb~ hl~fmHu hljMti ChlJill ft:J rnr:hl§t0Jl0lti5~:rl ahlLffitl
u

f\5 nti.n n15 m

~n
~ Uffl 15 hl ~ fi1 ~ 2b~ hi~ ffl n rul m1n '1 15 S1
&
ti ri 9 gu rn ms 15 m
~~
~ Hs 1=1 1:3
1
s
HmujMti CMJill sb trulfi11n hlMJHlutiJnUtMll~b sbtinJi s wi ntHLhl"lti5UtM1915CU1
r~Hli91R9t~st~m~tmR ~tlliistQJH9tum ~tlliist15mmm~ st~tutmtinn:s Lhl"lru
Gtru11915C!f1 Cr.lJbt9Jntt:l ill~151_Y9ll Qbn~fflt1L15mt~ '1
1

35
 GA , 'c;)

i-i5iBS!Seit61tSJ~CG&iSjilS
.....,£~~~

dA 99 '"
1. f.f~ens~;:ren;~~e5~tSjre

1.1 tmtttstt~ttttBfturuJnn~i{UJill
u

f(x) = 2x , g(x) = (1.5/

h(x) = 1x , k(x) = (0.5 (

y
X k(x) = (0.5 t f(x) = 2x
X y = 1.5
-2 0.44

-1 0.66

0 1 h(x) = lx
1 1.5
-3 0 2 X
2 2.25

nl'i:!LfiltH ru~Hu '~ n tlli ())ct'l U1tlLfn'lH'iHi5H ~ ~1:! SHu hlJM ~

u
rNJ ru mfi nl'i:! cr llijti

Ql' IQJ '\;, cl

- m x>O t~m (l.5)x<2x '1 !:lti&!:H
U
nb111U!:lb9I'ifn'i.HS~Hl~'i:!S g(x)
~ ~ I
= (1.5(
I
~~
~ntsitLfn't!Lfn'tHSH~~'i:!S f(x)
... "' = 2x '1

- H~~'i:!S h(x) = lx 'i:flSLfnUth'i5~fiUU'i5SbHnJH1U~tusbtsitinliHnJ

ffitl~t'OU~S 1 Qfiffi Utffi8U1tlnt~ X '1
 t:Jgn 1!:1 nuozg 9

- tti x>O tS'"H (0.5)'< I '1 titHS8

U
tti X t:i5Fili1~'!3'tRScrt9'itl']
GV \.J
tSlg k(x) = 0.5'

J..l
NwLff1li Fi. y =4 X
~- y = (41)<

y
X Y = 4x
-2 0.06
-1 0.25
0 1
I 4
2 16 X

y
X
y = (lr
-2 16

-1 -1

0 1

1 0.25
X
2 0.06

37
1.2 rugrutunuisuqAtt~ftnruJnn~fnuru
v
(/Jf • "';) (/'

fJtntnUW NtlLAl'lHS~~?11§S

n. y = 2x + 1 '115. Y = -2x

X Y = 2x y = 2 +1
X

-2 0.25 1.25

-1 0.5 1.50

0 1 2

1 2 3

2 4 5

-3 -1 °1 3 5 X

ml§umu t?1 tu ttl n till m m

n "

tfjl§jtu~Lfilti y = 2x + 1 ~~tlt?1N~1Jilti y = 2x
<:J X
~nJ (oy) t?101SLAlti y =2 + 1 '1

9. N~tJilUtr:U~~t:i'i:H~ y = 2x + 1
mnt!ntl§'inHfltS X at! y
"'wu "'
y
X Y = 2x+ 1
X y =2
-2 0.25 0.5

-1 0.5 1

0 1 2

1 2 4

2 4 8 x' X
-3 -1 3 5
ml§Lmu t r:1 tu c~ n cill (Q m t fj l§j y'

M~LAlti y = 2X+ I ~~tlt?1N~1Jilti

X
y = 2

38
 • .. .,. 2
t'i. hli31.,fi1'i.H2H~t'i'tH~ y = 2x-
fflrlfH1t'I§H1tff'ltS x st~ y
ovl.Ju "'
y Y = 2x
x-2
X Y = 2x y =2 8 I
I

-2 0.25 0.06 6 I
I

I
-1 0.5 0.12 4 I

0 1 0.25 2 x-2
/ y= 2

1 2 0.5 x' -4 -2 0 2 4 X

2 4 I y'

ffl'!§H\l'U tl':ihlthrm.timm
L.J n "'

ttl'l§jM~Urm y = 2x-z
o • X
tj)Ihti=ihl~Lfi1'U y =2
lf'il'U Y = 2x-2 '1

h.
.
hli31.,fi1Ut2H~t'i't:f2
.. .,.
y = -2x
fflrlbnt'i§1n18ltS x Sob y
ovl.iu "'

X y = 2X Y = -2x I
4 ----!
II
-2 0.25 -0.25 /I
-/, / I
/ I
-I 0.5 -0.5 ________ .,.._~ olI

x' --4 12 5 X
0 I -1 I

I 2 -2
-4
2 4 -4

39
 2. y = 3x + 1
?1. y = 1.5 x-2
ill. Y = 1.5x+3

~ A Q 1/:1 A , '"
2. ltS~nUfaS61tS~fflHUS &iSj~ SS &i5jn5
!II

2.1 tufimdlnruJn.n~fruJru
Q

N~ill~HtHuJMtirtuJffi tlltu~mirl:jm'i:flBHtJrri tllS9NJ~ '1

~ennsnn
tJf
tu 2x = 2 4
tsu x =4

40
 n. 23 x+S = 128

~. 5x-3 = _!_
25

1=1. (§)X = 81X+4

nc-i§ru
G\1

n. 23 x+S = 128 ~. 5x-3 = 215

23x+5 = 21 5x-3 = 5-2
3x+ 5 = 7 X- 3 = -2 -x = 2x+ 8
2 -8
X=-
3
X =1 X= 3

2(2x) = 3(x-l)
6 6
2
2x = x -15 4x = 3x-3 x-1 = 4x- 6
5
X= 5 , X= -3 X = -3 X=-
3
'1

2x-!
n. 5x • 2 X+T = 50
'U5. 32x
2
-6x+3 + 6 x 2 -3x+l = 22x2 -6x+3

2.2 lrutJmiftnruJMdiruJru
Q

1nrthndhHujnnti CMJill'iflS91_Ytl ax> ay

<» 'il .. XV <»'jl<» X y
- ttl a> 1 4 hl1:HiU a >a· M'i:H~ru x > y tuH154 M'i:Hm a <a M~~ru x <y
u u

x>y

41
 timg _!_ = 25
_!_ ti 2-
5
tuHH~H HbiJh'fi~·l::fHHffHlH:ltHfl
l..J 32 "'" 1 Fl u ..

3x+ 1 <-5 ruQM: ts1 tu{§nu»miijru~~ ftuJru

Ql Ocu CJ OQJt:::p
3x<-6 i':ln 1 nHhmhm
Fl
tf:lms x<-2 ttH1Hhmhmsh
Fl
3

ttJjbfJii
3x+ 1 1
2 < 32

1
2 3 (- 3 )+ 1 < ~ ~~M
3 ttnru 8
x -3 t!:ims 2- < MD3ru
32 u

ttll gLnnru1 M{§nu

2. (~) - x > ~7
3
n. 25 2x s 5)5 1:1. 5x > -7 '1.15. (O.lt > 10

9 3
ti. 2 x-x < 1

ndiruliN
n. 25 2x s 5J5 ' 25 2x s 5( 52)
3
54x S 52 3 4
xs- -3x < 4 , x>--
' 8 3

1:1. 5x >-7 '1.15. (O.l)x > 10

-X> 1

X<-l

3
ti. 29x-x < 1

3 0
2 9x-x < 2

2x + 1 < -l
2
2x<-2 (9-x )x<O

X<-1 -3 <X< 0 ti X> 3

"'"
42
 !
mtl t = Gr ' t > 0 n.ti tl Ql2 2
t + t - I2 > 0

t<-4 't>3

I); (I)-
t{ (3 > 3 = 3
1

I 1
ttfltti
3 < 1 um ~<-I

-1 <x<O

1 X
n. (7) 3 x+ 1 > 49 2 . (s) < V0.04

2
b. (0.2/ > 25 U. (O.l)4x -2x-2 < (OJ)2x-3

43
 0 •

= re~fi ==========-·=-=~=·=~··==-=====-=·-·-=-=···
' '3 ct eJ
1. tuhLmutsH~~~s~btLm~QiHi~rutn~ru :
1 I

n. f(x) = 2x g(x) = 5' h(x) = 10'

2. f(x) =G)' g(x) = G)' h(x) = ( } )X

10

n. A(3,216) 2. B(5, 32)

~- C(3, 512) lli. D( 4, 256)

b. E(-(2, 64)) cr. F(-3, 2 ~ 6)

ti. G(3, 343) d. hG, 3)

3. tittlmffi
U1 .....,
ttl f(x) =ax tSlZ f(x)f(y) = f(x+ y)

4. n. ttl (x,, y 1 ) sb (x 2, Yz) tllUCl.Jlurlaai nut2Jtfnh f(x) = ax tSlZUCl.Jluilb rl~

(x, +Xz, YtYz) sh (xt -x2, ~) tllUCl.Jlcr&ain1H2Jtfilh '1

2. ttl (x 1, y 1 ) tllUCl.Jlt3rlHainlit2Jtfilh f(x) =ax tSlZUCl.Jluiihrl~ (2x 1, yi)

sh (-x 1, ;) tlluCl.Jlmain1H2Jtmb J(x) =ax '1

5. n. tu~Lmuh~H~~~s f(x) = 2x
2. tu~'ifntitSHS~~s-~~ru")nhn'i~rutn~rutll~ru'ifiltitSHS~~s
l.j I ll <I l.j ll ll l.j 1
f(x) = 2x
1 1

i ). y = f(x)-1
ii ). y = f(x-1)

iii }. y = f(x +I)

iv ). y = f(0.5x)

v ). y = f(2x)

vi ). Y = f(-x)

44
 . ~

7. hl~Lfil'tHSH~f!l'tHl
~

n. f(x) = zlxl f!l. j(X) = XX

s.
. ~

hl~LfilutSH~f!l'!Hl21~ tLfil't§
~

2
n. y = 2x-l ID. y = 2-x
2
~- y = 21x-ll J.<o
w. y = 3-Jx+ lj
cr. Y = 2ii -sl

n. ~- 4 3x
2
+2x+ I = 16
1.
ct C» C( ":J
H S?l'i5~H rulfi'lH1 t::hH 2?115 21GlnHS
I I l.J
cr c:t. " 1 cJ
H~?l'i52HtHuJM~&MJrn '1 t'ifl~tsgLfll'i5
u
m n5tlNH1Hu'l'listm
u GV
srui
.,: ;ct;
y = x '1
I

fi. ti'hmru a> I

M~Lfll'i5'f2H~?l'i5S y = 4x stl

y = log 4x '1

fflrltln'f'i5H1~fflt2
ovl.J c;
x StJ y
u

Y = 4x y = !og 4x
y =X

X y X y 4

-2 0.06 0.25 -1

-1 0.25 0.50 -0.50

-4 -2 X

0 1 l 0

1 4 2 0.50

2 16 4 1

- flt'i5
GV
x tAS t?l(fl2flt'i51n~fflt2
evlj e:;
y = log 4x &AS
u
':! r:f I ~ t 0
- Lfll'i5b2H~?l'i5S y = log 4x fi'lflHnJ (ox) Ui~t:Hl.fj8 (1, 0)

46
 C»
2. mn:nru O<a< 1

tu6unu~sH9~13s y = (D' st~ y = tog(

ffldltl61~13H1J m~s X stl y

.vlju "'

y
y =
cr -
4
y = log 1x
4 y = (~r {- )'=X

X y X y
:\;3
I \
I \
-2 16 0.25 ] I 1
I

-1 4 0.50 0.50 -3 -1 X

0 I 1 0 y = log 1x
4
I 0.25 2 -0.50

2 0.06 4 -1

'I;) cf I C) 1 0

- Lff1U&SH9~13S y = Iog~x Fil61Hf1J (ox) UitltH1.f1ti (1, 0) '1

4

cf cJ 0 1 t::),

- H9~13S y = loga-X 'i:flS~tiSfHl.fl61 x>O Chs~ '1

- H9~13S y = logax stl y =ax ChH9~13Sl_?lfU[l tUlliJ'i:flSLAlU~~~ru~Ju

1

47
 n. y = log 1crt 2. y = log 1 x
TO

y
y = log 1oX

X y

1/100 -2
y = log 1crt

1110 -1
0 X
1 0

10 1

100 2

nfl~:Hut~ntiD(!Jrh ~9f.itH~· y = Iog 1crt 'HlSLfflutfis '1

2. mntlnt~Ln1~ts
1l
X sb y

y
y = log 1 x
TO

X y

11100 2
0 X
1110 1

1 0 y = log 1 x
TO
10 -1

100 -2

nflhti.Htlntllimm
n
~Sf.i't§S
~ 1
y =log _1 x 'HlS1fflUcr,g
~
'1
10

48
2.

n.
. ~

tu~Lffl'iH!:UHiJ:1'iH~ y
~

= -2 + log 3x
mn~nt~iji1~ts x 2~ y
u
y

--
X log 3x y = -2 + log 3x
1 /
113 -1 -3
X

1 0 -2

3 1 -1

9 2 0

.
~. hl~Lffl'iHSH~J:1'8S y
~ ~

= log 3(x-2)
ffifl~flt~iji1~tS X S~ y
u

.• y
X y = log 3(x- 2)
y = 1og 3x
7/3

3
-1

0
J_ ___
0 II X
5 1
I
I
11 2
I
y = log 3(x- 2)

t~'8jtu~LffllitaH~J:1'i§a y = Iogix-2) 81J~tJ:1tu~LffllitSH~J:1'8a y = log 3x Jti

Hhlicr~s 2 bnm t9i21~~Lrum:§nJ (ox) t?Jt:nSLFnlih~H~J:1'8S y = log 3(x-2) "1

49
 • ? ~

R. h5bLfiltHSH~?'i'i:3S y = -log 3x
? ? "'
mn~H'imH'l~filJ:S x sb y
evL:;u "'

y
y = -log 3x

X y

119 2
X
1/3 1

1 0

3 -1

9 -2

t!l13jf15ilLffltitSH~?'i13S y = -!og 3x ~1Jbt?'if15ilLffltitSH~?'i'i:3S y = !og 3x Ju~fU

Lfflu~g~mutltnJtisbiinJ (ox) t?'i1TlSLffltitSH~?'i'i3S y = -log 3x '1
l

50
 ' ? ~
hl tl LfiltH 2 H ~ r:i'i:Hl
n. y = log?(x + 3)

'155. y = log 2(x- 1)2

b. y = 2-log 2i

~ ~ug :n b tLfil~ ffiu 2J~ nMnJlH ~ r:i~ 8t ru1m1 r~ tLli hlLffithJl t mru tat Mm1r~
u

mh M = log,x

aM= x hlHhlHh91JciHuMjrul~H'hlJn5

tr:ims IogbaM = Iogbx truntrulm1r~tmru b truH~l1lhrh

0 • 0
ruun~tta
1
2. log -
273

1 -1 1
2. log - = log 33 - - -
27 3 3 3

t(/13 flf11int1J
ltJ 1f'
Iii
&I
1!1 0 9/!J 51
 log 27
10
t:i. log 727 = -1ogw
- - ""1.6937
7

4.1 rutimnnnmln

log 4x = 52 , log 4x = log 44 2 '1.?"" fi5Y ~ Iogaa =1

5 ~

x = 42 = (2 2 )2 ttm g 4 = 22
X = 25 'i5
"'-
X = 32

1
6(-- - + log 8x)
1og8x
= 13 titlmYS'i5HffHli
lJ u 61
logx8
~
= 1-og-1-x
8
2 2
6+6(log 8x) = 13log 8x ttmg (log 8x) -13log 8x+6 =0
(3log 8x- 2)(2log 8x- 3) =0
log 8x = 32 , log 8x = 23
2 3
3 2
X =8 , X =8
==:> X =4 , X = 16./2
.,
il V»VU nn 4

1
log 9x + - -
log~
= 5-2 ~ (log~)
2
+1 = 5-2 Iog~
2
2(log~) - 5log~ +2 =0
52
 dfJfi 1!1 t'ift(/d 1!1

(2logcrX"-l)(logcrX-2) = 0 hl't§\Jru logcrX = ~ , logcrX =2

l

m"" IogcrX = 1
2 y_ x = 92 = x = 3

JogcrX = 2 Y. X = 92 =? X = 81
"" fil~
t ~H Ln1l115 hl't§
3
n. logcrX =
2
2. log 1 x = -3
16

"" loga-X < logay

t'iJll15 hl't§'t§ru x > y
u

"" log 1x > log 17

t'li t S"J g X < 7
2 2
&f:tl gLnnru1 n5-i§ fila 21~ 'Lfil't§ 3m~~~ fi
n. log3(3x-5)>log3(x+7)

.., .., 5
log(3x-5) 'HlS2115tU 3x-5>0 Y. X>3
.., .,.
log(x+7) 'HlS2115tU x+7>0 y_ X>-7

53
 2. log 1(2x-l) s 2
2

n.JHtu~
2 2
log!(2x-l)slog!G) 2 = log!G) ffl'l:Hligrt.n:tn.nm1nhHmru
2 2 2

2x-1 :a:!4 m9n.Jt!:litLmgcmrutMsb

u ... !2 < 1

... .
log 1(2x-1) 'l:f18Sf.1Hti 2x-l >0
2

1n.J~ma'l:flsMruiud§ru x:a:~
i:!msg
U I N
8
~ xE [~, + oo[

2
n. logs(x - 6) > logsx

54
 0 •

=n5~a:i =-==-=~·="=--=========-========

n. f(x) = w" 2. g(x) = 3x

~- h(x) = 7x m.j(x) = Gr
h. g(x) = Gr G. h(x) = ( 10)
1 X

n. f(x) = logx 2. g(x) = !og 3x

~- h(x) = Jog 5x m. f(x) = Joglx

3

h. g(x) = Jog 5x G. h(x) = log 21 x

4

3. n. MtiLmuh~H~~'t3SHGhlJMtitMJrn f(x) = sx
1 'I) cf I t;f

2. MhLAlU&SH~~t32LffihUUfUH9~'t32 f(x) = Sx

~- h(x) = log 0 _8x

5. uhlmm d5 f(x) = Jogax t2l8 J(xy) = J(x) + f(y)

lJl "

6. n. U~[!Jffi &U (x 1,y 1) sh (x 2,J2) r:tH~'lJ1GrJHsitrnt2JtAlh y = logaX

t2l8cr'lJlG (~,y 1 -Y2) fi~ntsitruf2Jtmh Y = IogaX '1

2. U~[Uffi tu (x 1,y 1 ) ctlcr'lJ1Gtsitrnt2JtAlh y = logax

shcr'lJlG C,,-Yt) R~ntsinlit2J&Alh y = JogaX '1

55
 ~
7.
<!
tf.'i~H~l'!l'i:H~ f(x) = a
X ""
BhH~f.'i'i:HlLGlhl
<!
F l (x) = logax
"
n::lru a> 0 '1
'o
HHH~ a

tih§j2Jt2J&fflhtBH~l'!l'i:H~ f(x)
1
sh F (x) fflri!Jl '1

n. f(g(x)) 2. g(f(x))

9. u~uLMrutu{§m~sht~hJ!lri

n. logz(2x+4)-logz(x-l) =3 1'!1. log 5x +log toX =5

1 2
lli.log(x + 10) + 1ogx = 2 -log4
2

11. ~n6it~ a ,a~j2J~tuYffl~ log_l_(i+2);:: I 'i:flSrdrulYMthmg '<:/x '1

a+l

56
 t si
I
a
~ b tHlli n~ 11Jl nL@ n~ ru ~1 s nub (fl s td nJl ri !ij{§ ffU b~ Mi§ ffl~ L~ &fi'Hl.Jlt:nLri
blru') 1::ltidl
u
cosx =a , sinx =a , tanx =t , cosx>a , sinx<a ... '1

r~ n&S g nub sb tdnJlrl Mi§fi'l~ ab1 Mi§mstfi tfflM'l:flLn9UHhdJh c:J t9Jn ttl ru'l:fls
ru;;o.n:Mti['i'i:fittlb'i:3S
B I lJ I
'1

57
 ~

5 as m; sa e ~~as m; t,a ~ mQbl ~t,a

~~~s--~;~'v·c~·~--~,~,~~\\N'~~

t ru h Ul 2 hl RJl3 u'i:Hi tUl ttl ntu~ ffU Sh

1M~ fflatfi t ffHUl'i:fllJihl ru 1 t si Qh t
1
tuJ l&ffi
ml=i 1 '1 nhtdnt2gtruhahwnnntu~mash
"'1 "' ;j"

1tu~m~tfit mM'i:fllJi ttHl5'i:fl2 9L13~ tdJh 1 t9J n '1

rutlmtBtLn9 1 ttiJttsil sinx sil cosx

dl hl~ffla~tfflrul'i:fl1j1tf:lruttfflrunU~13tUl tll'i:fl2llh : acosx + bsinx = c '1
u

Oe1 \4 C» \4 C Cl ~ "'!Jo a
- utruwfU13fflH2gdlnw cos(x-8) =- tf:lru r = t.Ja+b , (r<!:O) 2w cosS =-,
r r
sinS=~r '1 tE:ilru cosS = ~r sl§'itJ a= rcosS , sinS=~r slf3'itl b = rsin8 '1

M~ffl~ acosx+bsinx = rcos8cosx+rsin8sinx = c

c
r( COS X COS 8 + sinxsin 8) =C rcos(x 8) = c U cos(x- 8) = - '1
"'" r
<:» c
- tE:IlgUtiJltllfU13ffll cos(x-8) =-r ffi13m132
u n
cosx = cosa '1

3tntnUul 1 tE:IlgLtiJltllhl~ffll sinx+ J3cosx =0 (1)

J3
r;-:-;:;
e = a~ = 21 ' . b 0 Jt
t 1!1 m2 r = "' l -r .J = 2 ' cos sm e =~ = 2 21 f3J 8 =3 '1

M~ffl~ sinx+J3cosx = 2cos~sinx+2sin~cosx =0

2( sinxcos~ + cosxsin~) = 0

2 sin ( x + ~) =0 '!:l sin ( x + ~) =0

58
 .,n
Uf.1Jf!ll2
~ "'
I!H1I1Sl sinx sb cosx ctlH~f:l'tlStS tan2
c<, x
n:ilru X¢Jt+2krr' (kEZ) '1
0

tf:ld~M cosx
1- /
=- -2 "'
2~ sinx = -2t-2 ""
&SlgM'tlfil~ acosx+bsinx =c rrl
ttt~ctl
1+t l+t
"" ~ "" 2
M'tlfil~wtUn9 "ttHli'i:flS t .........
w1~Hllln : (c+a)t 2 -2bt+c-a =0 '1
!]

x = Jt + 2krr ctlUMH.HJM~fil~ acosx + bsinx = c Ut9 ?

~ ~

~rnuunn "' 2 ""

tr::tlgLNlli5M'tlfil~ sinx+ 7cosx = 5 '1
2
ff1~ t = tan-X2 (x..,rr+2krr) M'tlfil~hlHhl~
"" 1- t ) =5
-2t- +7 ( ---"2
2
l+t l+t
2 2 2
2t+7-7t = 5+5t ..... 6t -t-l = 0 '1
'i5

""
hl'tlfil~'i:flSYhl t1 = 21 , t2 = - 31 '1
""
- m t1 = 2I tf:llilS tan
X
2
= 1 &Slg'i:fls a 1 ER
2
"
ttHli tana 1 = 21
0
X :>: X
tf:llilS tan
2
= tana 1 Sl<1J
2
= a 1 +krr ~ x = 2a 1 +2kn , kEZ '1
., I
-
X
m t 2 =- 3 tf:llilS tan2 = -31 tSlg'i:fls a 2 ER
""" 1
twru tana 2 =- 3
0
X X
2 = tana 2 2 = a 2 +krr = 2a 2 +2kJt
:;::
tf:llilS tan Sl<1J ~ x , kEZ '1

tf:lQlS cos2x + J3 sin2x = J2 &tfl ru r = J3+l = 2 , cos8 = !2

sine = ~r = J3
2
M~fil~MHhl~ 2Gcos2x+ fsin2x) = J2 'i5 cos(2x-
~
~)
3
= J2 = cos~
2 4

Jt Jt
2x-
3
=
4
+ 2krr , x = 7Jt
24
+ krr , kEZ

2x- ~ =- 4~ + 2krr x = - ..:!_ + krr kE Z

3 ' 24 '

59
 n. 2sinx-3cosx =3
2. cos2x- sin2x = -1
l='i. cosx + J3 sinx =1
lli. cosx- J3 sinx = 3

"' 014 l4
M'i:H'flHTl"WtSH'i:flSnw : acos 2x+bcosx+c =0 . 2
, asm x+ b smx+c
. =0

t~YjttiHUtfltilhl~ffUtti'tHS8 tl='i'Ui~ :
u
- ~H'rubhl~nu~tiTlctlhlihn~~tLn9 2

- mbH~l='iYS~tfiHlJl'Hl'Ultsn~snr~ x t~ru x ~ Y ~ t ... '1

- ~firuQ~Hl-QtiTlniYH~l='iYS~tfnM'HlUittlru~ '1
~ eJ
2 ttlru'i:flSHCJJln x ~ Y ~ t ... '1
Ql QJ

- t~8LNltilhlYFn~i:it1J'i9
""'
- runti
"'
hlttl rumsYnd s
1.1
hlctlHSl='iYS1~t
1 lj
FnM'i:fl1n1
lj
m lmdlbm~
"1.1 :;u <I run2
9
n.n21b
s
nli

ttfi rut~ gLn.nrum'eauy~ hl~m~~cmn.n'i:flu; '1

t~8LNltilhl'i§f\1~ "' .
4-cos2x-7smx =0 '1

ffib t = sinx ttlru't:flsrun2M-lstsl

9 s
'1

hl~f\1~ (1) Hl1JhlHhll 2t -7t + 3

2
=o , D. = 25 , r, = i, t2 =3 -@s

:;u <I ~run2

tdlbm 9
ru121tl'
s
rn

2
"'
c~gun.nruMYfna tan x--(l-.v3)tan--.v3
r;; X r;;
=o '1
2 2

tl='iffib tan~= t hl~f\1~ (1) MHhl~ t

2
-(l-J3)t-J3 =0 t~8LNltilhl~fnHS8

tl='iQlS t 1 = -1 '
t2 = .v3r;; '1 t 1 = tan-X2 = -1 = tan ( - -Jt)
4
, t2 = tan-
.X
2
= .v3r;; = tan-Jt3 '1

60
 ~msg
u
tan~
2
= tan(-~) '
X
2 =- ~ + k:rt
4
, X=-
1t
S + 2kJt
X
tan-
2
= tan~3 '
~
2
= ~3 + kn , x = 32n +2kn '
kEZ '1

X = - nS+ 2k'Jt "'

Sl b X
.
= 32n + 2k:rt , k E a' '1

0 0 2
I
""' cosx(2sinx + 3,fi)- 2cos x- 1
rutrrHHHu tfjHLhfH!Hu'tH'i'U 1 + sin2x =1 '1

fU~ filHuH ti.H

2
cosx(2 sinx + 3 ,fi)- 2cos x- l = 1 + sin2x
2 2
2sinxcosx+3J2cosx-2cos x-1 = 1 + sin2x , 2cos x-3J2cosx+2 =0

t1 = cosx = ,fi ( YSrun) '1 t 2 = cosx = _!_ = cos~ '1

,fi 4

'1

1
2. - -
. 2
= cotx+3
sm x

m. 8sin 2x-6sinx = 5 '1

5
 t$ ~

2. ~~m;~t":n;~e~e asin 2x+bsinxcosx+ccos 2x =d tt1ill a, b, c.,o

ff'l'WJ.o t = tanx tl:lQ11'l 3t 2 +3t-6 =0 "" "" do

M'i:HflHSZ'!:flSYMrlHi : t 1 = 1 , t2 = -2 '1

t1 = tanx = 1 tl:lQ1S tanx = tan n4 , x=

n
4
+ kn (k E Z) '1 t2 = -2 J.o
ff'l'W tan a. = -2

, tanx = tana. , x = a.+kn , kEZ '1 fU~fila'!:flSfH~[)j x = ~+kn S~ x = a.+kn ,

G\J 4
kEZ '1
. 4 x 4x
sm -+cos -
2 . 2 - tan 2xsinx = 1 + 2sinx + tan 2x '1
1-gnx
illn2 MS sinx ;e l , cosx ;e 0 , x ;e n- + kn
B 2

. x
( sm-2 +cos -2
2x) 2- 2sm. 2x-coszx-
2 2 1 + sinx 2 •

1- sinx = 2
+tan x{l + smx)

1 . 2
1 --sm x
2
1 -smx
. = (l+sinx)(-21 +tan 2x)
2 2
1. 2x
1 - -sm = {l - sm. 2x )(cos x+2sin x)
2
2 2cos x

.2 ( 2 .2 .2)
2 - sm x ( . 2 ) cos x + sm x + sm x
= 1 - sm x 2
2 2{1-sin x)
2- sin x
2
= 1 + sin 2x

2
3sin x+2sinxcosx=2 '1

2
+ 2sinxcosx = 2(sin x +cos\)

ttinH~A 91~ ti at s M~fil~ ~ cos\., o '1 s

, tanx = 1 ± J3 '1 ff'l~ tan a. = 1 ± J3
tanx = tana, x = a.+kn , kEZ '1

62
 0 ' 0
ruunntuu 2

mh cosx = t ~tau -1 s t s 1 '1

2
&?iQlS t +mt+ 1-m
2
=0 '1 fflh f(t) =t 2 +mt+ 1-m2
n.r1§ffU'i:flS'iHu'i:H15trnmsu [-I, 1]
"' \J 6V
mrnrun f(-I)xf(l)so '1
2 2
(2-m-m )(2+m-m )sO
2 2
(m +m-2)(m -m-2)s0, -2sms-l y 1sms2 (1)

2 2
~;::0 m -4(1-m ) ;:: 0 2 2
ms- -sm
/(-1)>0 2 J5 ' J5
-m -m+2 >0
f( 1) > 0 -2 < m < 1
-m+m+2>0
-1 < m < 2
-1 < ~ < 1 -1<-~<1
2 2 -2 <m <2

-1 < m s-
2J5 (2)
5

63
2£ntnUll1"' 1 ttiuLnnruLlin ~ M11rm j~ + =. ~ Y
smx+ smy =
t1Um"Bslifrut!
l.j u "
rlct ru'iJntvh::hct
u
nmn.n 1
t?lms M11nu

sinx+siny = 2sin(x;y)cos(x;y) = 1 ti::!lru x+y = ~ t?lOIS 2sin~cos(x;y) = 1 <J

t?l'HlS sin~=~ sl~ cosC;Y) = 1 =cosO t?lOIS x;y = 2kn ~ x-y = 4kn

t?l01SUJrl2
n
x+y=3 ,
lx = ~
6 + 2kn
(k EZ) <J
"'
l x-y = 4kn y = ~-2kn

l
x+y=2 (1)

n n
tanx + tany = J3 + 1 (2)
o o
run:&rul
s 9
x.-- +kn , y.-- +kn , kEZ
2 2
<J ti::!ltiJ tany = cotx ffi'B'Btittlm
1 ~

x+ y = ~ lx + y- ~
lUmx+~y J3+~
(1)

= (2) ' Um 2x~~J3+~)tanx+l = 0

2
tan x-(J3+1)tanx+l = 0 'HlSYhlrJ~~ t1 = J3 , tz = 1 <J

l
x+y=-

tanx =
n

~ = Umj ~
x+ Y = ~

l =~=tan~ l
tanx
3 6
'
x+y=-

X
n
n2

= 3 + kn
'i5
"'-
lx+y=-

X
n
= 6 + kJt
n2

x-y=m (1)
{ 2( cos2x + cos2y)- 1- 4cos m = 0 2
(2)

64
 4cos(x+y)cos(y-x)-1-4cos m
2
=0 ff1'e (I)

dSnJtHli
1J u
2 2 2
tl=i(flS: 4cos m-4cos(x+y)cosm+l = 0, [2cosm-cos(x+y)] +sin (x+y) =0
sin(x+y) =0 x+y = 2kn x- y =n + ~kn
• 1
{ cos(x + y) = 2cosm { cosm =-2 { cosm =--
2

1
- mmg 0
cosm =
2 m = ±:3Jt + 2kn tGrH cos(x + y) =1 tl=i(flS

x +y = 2kn x = ~ + kn
Jt '
x-y = ±:3+2krt
1 { y=-~+kn ,kEZ

- mmg 0
cosm = - 21 , m
2rt
= ±T+2krt tSH cos(x+y) = -1
m Jt
d •• {x + y = n + 2kn x+ y = (2k+ l)rt , m = 2 + ( 2k+ 1)2
t?101STiiL1~
x-y = m { x-y=m
. 1= - -
y
m
2
Jt
+ (2k + 1)-
2

x = ~ + kn
• ,kEZ

1y=-~+kn
m Jt
X= - +(2k+ 1)-
2rt cJ 2 2
• m = ± - + 2kn 'i'i5 L1 S'i:flSU M ,kEZ '1
3 Li "' "'

tf:~H uultij Tii rl ~ nJ'e fila

cJ ""
1
y = -
m rt
- + (2k + l)-
2 2

. 1
smxcosy = -
2. 4
{ 3tanx = tany

tl=i~Tiirl~hl~fil~ {sinxc~s2y = m
2
+1
cosxsm2y =m

65
 ... eo1 eo1

4. @)~~ffliifi~ffl~~5Ji

4.1 'lrutrmiii:HUtnBnil acosx + bsinx > c

or
!J£n11UfU1.1 tf:hg'Lnnru~M'i:3fil~ sinx-cosx>O '1

t~Ql8 J2(fsinx-fcosx) >0, J2(sinxcos~-sin~cosx) >0, ./2sin(x-~) >0 '1

-) > 0 Hi1St!UtltH si truns gH~iH'L:l rn'i§ StHi

sin(x- :n:
4 l.ju 1 ""
u "" ~ u

2k:n: < x- ~ < :n: + 2k:n:

L:lmsg1
U
fU-@filansud§ru
GV 4 0
Jt 5rt
'i5 - + 2kn < x < - + 2k:n: (k E Z) '1
"'-4 4

y_~hl'i:3fil~~tLn9 2 t~u;ltt~HLnnru~nwruiyfUtmrutlinJlfUCJJl '1

u ~

tt:iHUW1115~fU-@fil~ sinx+-.1-2:~
smx 2 '1

t~'i:ll8 sinx + -.-;;:: ~ , sinx + -.- - ~;;:: 0

2
1 1
smx smx 2
2
2 sin x- 5 sinx + 2
. 2: 0
2 smx
(sinx-~)~ 2 sinx-l);;::O tf:hru sinx-2<0 t1tm·'i~U EIR
smx o G x

t~QlS2sin~-lsO (1)
2smx
~fi5{§fila'i:ll8Ut-@rurnguff1tg)
GV 1
sinx;eO 'i5
"'-
x;ek:n; '1
-1 O
widl 2X
~
MnJlfU'Jr t~ms
CI 11>1
ffltl sinx =X tL:lrn -1 sXs 1 ~fU'i§fil~ (I) ~s

y
1 B
X -1 0 1 -- :7t-
2 5:n:
6
2X -1 - - ) + 1
2
A' 0 X
X - + + :

-· .
~ ~
2X -1
-
B'

66
t?!Ql£ 0 <X s ~ , 0 < sinx s ~ Ln~Stl 2bt < x s ~ + 2krc
u

t?i'i:fl£ 2cos2x + sin 2xcosx + sinxcos 2x > 2(sinx + cosx)

2
2(cos\- sin x) + sinxcosx(sinx + cosx)- 2(sinx + cosx) > 0

( cosx + sinx)[2( cosx- sinx) + sinxcosx- 2] > 0

ffitl f(x) = (COSX + Sinx )[2( COSX- sinx) + SiUXCOSX- 2]

ttnru f(x) thH£?JY2f[:jru'i:fl£2ti
1 I,J
2n: t2lgt?JUlut'dnn'ltu-Hm~nbmsu
;j' 01 ....
(O, 2n:) '1
1

t?!Ql£ f(x) = 0 , cosx + sinx =0 ( 1) ~ 2( cosx- sinx) + sinxcosx- 2 = 0 (2)

( 1 ) : tanx = -1 , ( x = 3n: , x = 7n:) '1

4 4

(2) mb t = cosx-sinx = J2cos(x+~) t[:jru -J2srsJ2

2
t = I- 2sinxcosx , smxcosx = -
. 1-i
-
2
2
1- t
(2) ffiutuHtu~ 2t+---2 = o ~ t -4t+3 = o
2
2

t= I ,J2,cos(x+~) = l , cos(x+~) = f =cos~ '1 t?!Ql£ x =0 ' X -

-
3n:

3n: 3n: 7n:

X 0 4 4 2n:

f(x) + +

7n:
4 + 2b < x < 2n: + 2b ( k E 'Z) '1

67
 3
Ublmtnnbfili&fllrt.fl
c:;l.j
ABC t?1Ql2 cosA + cosB + cosC s -
tn"'
I 2
3 1
~?1'Hl2 -(cosA+cosB+cosA) = [3-2(cosA+cosB+cosC)]
2 2

2
1[ A+B
= - 1 - 4cos - A-B
-cos - - + 2- 2 cos C
2 2
J

1[ A+B A-B + 2(1- cosC)

= - l-4cos--cos--
2 2 2
J
2
A +B
= 2-1[ l-4cos--cos-- . CJ
A - B +4sm-
2 2 2

=-1
2
[t - 4 sm-cos--
. C
2
. CJ
A- B + 4 sm-
2 2
2

A+B . C
'Lmg cos = sm
2

= 21[( 2sin 2C - cos- BJ

2
B\
A - --; + 1- cos 2 -A - -
2 2

= 21[( 2sm. C A-B) A-B]

2

2 - cos-2-
• 2 ;:::0
+ sm - -,
2

3 3
~msg
2 ;: : cosA + cosB + cosC U cosA + cosB + cosC s
2

- .
n. smx 6
+ cosx > cos lt

2 . 2cosx-5sinx>O
COSX

cosx 1- cosx
?1. < 2
1-3cosx 1-9cos x

U~[!JGlQb~&fllrt.fl 2 2
ABC t?1Ql2 sin A + sin B + sin C s
2
~ '1
I

68
 0
1. mrubtu'iH'flH2H:lldlb
<' ""
cos(x-8) =-C<'ttlru r = ~
,;a~+b~ , (r<!=O) """" a
2w cosfl =-,
r r

sine= b- HW:tHunnrutu'i:Hm
"" cos(x-8) = -c ff1'i:Uti'H'2 cosx = cosa '1
r u r u "

2b COSX m H ~ ?i'H' 2"'"t2 tan:z(x"'

2. ?H1Jl Sl sinx "' X lt + 2kn ' k E Z) '1

0
t?it:l2tu cosx = 1-? ""2b smx
. = -2t- Cll
tSl8ti5'i:Hm acosx+bsmx •
=c tGlictl
2
u 1+ l+t

• 2x+ b smx+c
, asm . =0
2
atan x+btanx+c =o sb acot x+bcotx+c = o t?iUi~
2

u
- li&rubtu@m~2JtGlimtugm~~'E'~9 2 ~u21btrnhl2 '1
crQ} ~ o S:
- mbH~?iY2L~tfflM'i::llLnt2u~2bl~ x n:nru x y Y y t ... '1

- ff!RruQ~HtgtG!iff1YH~?lYa~tfflM'i::ll'[fttlru2J '1

- tffl&Lnnrutugm~~'Ln9 2 ttlru'i::ll2Ht;[J~
.._. x y Y y t ... '1

- tllnti
"'
tuttl illQ12Ynct 2U tuctlH 2?1YaU~
I
tfflM'i::llU~~ "
ml l~utdlbctl
'{!.:
firun2 M 21b trn
BIll

"" t15 t ffl 8Lnllt15 mYati'H' ~MY"" ffl~!Ji'

tUl "" fflM'i::llL~ '1

- tffl8Lnlltl5~ti5Yffl~ cos(x-8)>cosa Y. sin(x-8)<sina, ...

mmmJtitffl8Lnllt15~hlYffl~ COSX>a Y. sinx<a

d5~ tuYm~ ttl ru'i::ll2 9LY~ m n t 2J1YLti.fil?i y~ tuYm~~ 'Ln9 2 t?i(Jil em gLnnru~ n
u

69
 0 •

=ru~fi =--=- ===================

n. cosx + J3 sinx = cos3x

2. sin3x + 2cosx- 2 =0
1!1. sin2x + tanx =2
lli. sin5x + cos5x = ,Jicos 13x
b. 6sinx-2cos3 x = 5sin2xcosx

ti. Jscosx-cos2x+2sinx =0

2. tffHLMt1Hu~Fn~21btLfil~ ~

n. 1 + cot2x ::.. ___,cos2x

= .1- .2;-:.. . .;. :.
sin 2x

2. cos6 x + sin6 x = 16
]_
1!1. (1- tanx)(l + sin2x) = 1 + tanx
lli. 3sin3x- J3cos9x = 1 + 4sin3 3x
b. 1 + 3cosx + cos2x = cos3x + 2sinxsin2x
ti. cos4 x + sin6 x = cos 2x

3.tl!l~ti5~fil~ cos2x-(2m+l)cosx+m+l=0 (1) '1

n. ti:IHLMIDtu~fil~ (1) mrnrun m =~ '1

" "' ...~ ... rr1 :rt 3:rt
2. ~ntH~ m t!':lrntu<&~tu~fnH:flStitu X t~ltitS'U -2 <X< -2 '1
GV Ae.J " 6IJ

sin(x + y) = ~
n. J22
{ cos(x- y) = 2

2.
= ,fi
sinx + siny
{ cosx + siny = ,fi

1!1.
sin(x + y) = cos(x- y) '1
{ tanx- tany = 1

70
 . 2(x- - :rc)
n. sm - < cos 2x
-
2 4 2

cosx l - cosx
j:l_ > -:---::---
1 + 2cosx l - 2cosx

li5. I - sinx < I + sinx '1

I - 3 sinx l - 9 sin 2 x

- . 4
n. sm a+ cos 4a;;:: l
2
"
"'· . 6
sm a + cos 6a ;;:: 1
4
~ 1 '1
... sm a + cos a ;;:: S
. 8 8

7. utn mmnb
U1 ""' ..
!).ABC tj:l(f12
1

n. 2cos3x+ ,J3sinx+ COSX = 0

6 6 8
2. sin x+ cos\= 2(sin x+ cos x)
sin5x
j:l_ 5sinx = 1

b. cos x+
3 3./i sm2x-2cosx
. = 0
4
G. sinx + sin2x + sin3x + sin4x + sin5x + sin6x = 0 '1

71
 2
n. 2cos x- cosx + 1 :s; 0 ntl [0, lt]
"'1
2
2. 2sin x-:- sinx-] >0 ntl [0, lt]
smx '1
?1. s~nx- cosx + 1 > 0 '1
smx+ cosx-1

2
2. n:tHLN1!1HuYnU 2sin\-I7sin x+7sinx+8 =0 '1

4. ~r:l§JfUYnU cos2x-(2m+ l)cosx+m+ 1 = 0 (1)

?1. hlnJlfU£J]1 (sinx-2)(sinx-~) tsitrntH~H [0, 2Jt] '1

m. ~nNMtHYruta1fUYnU
1 ..,
(E) '1

.. = 32 -:-1_-_ta_n_x = tany

l l
_ smx + smy 3
cos x- cosx + siny = 0 1 + tanx
n. 2. ?1. '1
{ sm + cosx = 0 lt
. 2 . 2
sm x+ sm y = 45 . 3 .
x- smy x-y =6
l+cosA 2a+c
1 + cosB = 2a - c '1 ,

8. ~1 A, B, C tS !:lABC 'i:Hli'i:nS A+C

w 2
=B '1

72
 TAKAKAZU SEKI

Hfitfjrus1§~'f:flSUmfl'i1H9'M1H~t?l
q V ~n W 1
~ ArthurCayley( 1875-1921) '1 ff'l1:3tln

t fj t9 ~{§ n.nci UIS tfirm~ih1:3

\J I
sif11g
l.i
M ttfl ID'f:flS1UfH1
l.i
t si lihtH'i§ ru 9 tvl tS1U
ct 6V U l.i
tl S ru'i§ nU ru
dl
I

tS m~ '1 t~1:3Fitnfl ntStfj t9 ~{§ n.ni1Ln1rns MH MHf:!l ru Leibniz tsi~ 1678 LMut t1 rutfj ru
u
tsinh~ut9Mt:ltlS
c;l.j I
TAKAKAZU SEKI UISMt11:3tHt.llttl8umhtruUmltS81ihm
l.i c; tn ctct
1680 '1
I 1

tsitfh Mn1nJ9 19 Cayley, Jame Syluester and Ferdinand Frobenius UIS hlnJlij ~iflij M
sb tf::l f'g~'i§n.nci cih~H~d tn '1 tf:!l rums m~1nth1 St:h ~ r:l?JM n ruts tih
1
mt? MLfl~UIS tf.'i
u
runwi tf:!l gun.nrunb'iJtrub
.;
ruts m~ UHS?11:3S
"'- 1
ruts nil ttfl IDRffliDtil'iJmihJ21
m~ c;
<V l.i rd
Slib'ig ~
I ._, I

~t:l?Jnllnrutsm~ '1

73
1.

1.1 rugpn.n
nutltnth~ S~u'i§ntUl rus ~ti ~rutlG rulu
"" 1.1 U I

'l§ruGsstsinbtici '1
l.l l.l '*1 ""
tJI Ql eJ 0
~fntnUlfl mt?Htiburulu 6\1 I
M(x, y)
au eJ S
M'(x', y') ffl'i§tibb15b H n:i b15'i:f!Sw61
.!It
0

mJti 4 tS'HtfitflShl~nU

x' = 4x
y' = 4y
Ql ':) 0 el ' ' '' 0 eJ t:J
hl'l§filHsmru.bmb tr::i ru hl~ t hl~ mms g
ti.flim~U~m~~q-~~ 1 ~ti.flim~U~m~rutsm~ '1

nb nwJitsg tftGltl~rubmbmti~rub ruts m~ '1

"'I

t~'l§jm ruL~Uruh5nJH94~~ tm-ncrunLnnruti~rub ruts m~ 2j'tfls g~cimilltj hl

l.l
 t?iffi13f.lMS1 x', y' QlStttltiHl'-li=jMifli?tu [: ~]
gl S~g)ih'i9tut2H~9
u L; fl
2 <j

~ffire t~1§jtuL1§rucr~c6tM~ tl'-lffimLthH1J~ A tJttHmsuuL'HlticJmnh:nmiht?tu

U I

rA~ s~mut'ru~rurst'H~rA~ <j

s91ff)tnfl 1 i15mn l ad!U]n (2, ~) mtltl1ruh A = [-} :] ~

8rmgucru~rurst'f:ht'tJru'Hlsihtjtu 1 = [~ ~]
mmnn~
u

~J = [~ ~m = [~: ~J = ~J ,
tf.ltut~ gJtlli£nm rumn &s ~] L~g)t rumm~1§ ~ <j

t?tm 1 mut'ru~rurst'H~tJt'tJru <J 'Hls2rumcrMuttirut'u~tttlru

1 ..,
1 tsitgJt::Jl
0 eJ
13MutS1StJtl:lru <J
I

1
x' = - -,
2
y' =3 '1

75
 0 • 0
ruun~n~ 1

ttllhQ12
~] = [: ~] ~] ti""- ~~ = [ax+ cyl
lJJ bx + dyj
ttllhQ12 x = ax+cy
y = bx+dy
x(l - a) - cy =0 (l)

y(l-d)-bx =0 (2)

rn1 gum {1 - a = 0 sh { 1 - d = 0 m§'i 0 = 1 ;b = 0

c =0 b =0 u c = O;d = l

fin.nMh'igW M A ti:j rn ttih

N
ncr n.nn
I
(1, 2) tvlcr n.nn
1
(8, 1) sh ttih
~
n
crn.nn
1
(-1, 1) tv! (1, 2) <j

[~] = [: ~] [~]
ttllhQ12hl~fi1~
a+ 2c =8 (1)
b + 2d =1 (2)

[~] = [: ~] [-/]
-a+c = 1 (3)
m1hms hl~fi1~
-b+d = 2 (4)

76
 n:tHLtiSlruL'li~~M~m~ (2) sb (4) nlihms b =-I , d =1
~msg ffitjMttHliLn~H'l~ A = l2 3l '1
u l-1 rJ
0 I II ~

x' = XCOS()(- ysina 'y' = xsina + ycosa '1 fHl.n n'i:fllJ n5 A '1

2. finnci a t~~j2JdLl.Jlu M' Lnnnli M '1

1.1

1.2 fini]tHiniLuurru
v
0 I '\;) 0
iiMnmffHltStiMti
U I
P(3, 2)

nhsfH~ A = J3 - 5l '1
L2 -~

lxJ, = l3 -5ll3l = [3 3-5 2l = l-lJ X X 1:lt:HS8 P'(-1, -2) '1

lY L2 -~ l2J 2 3- 4 2j L-2 X X
u

!xl = l3 -5ll5l = l3 x5-5 x2l = l5l Q'(5, 2) '1

lYJ l2 -~ l2J l2 x5-4 x2j L2J
OeJ ":. c:b C» Cil
fil~mrnh A mffHHS
u
P(3, 2) 1!1 P'(-1, -2) t'Ul t15 Q(5, 2) 1!1 Q'(5, 2) tSU

t?iMt~millQJm dLl.Jlu Q ~s~nh;p9mhwim~ A tsucg 'Lm8a'litnmtin5n

u
Q' ts4fnmdnnu I
Q 1:ltf:lrn'1
QhnHuitsg ttlm Q dlO'l.f1u~ntL'UL'lirnm~titrnh A '1
I 1.1

0 0 c/ 0 0 I

- mmgmrnhmh H(O, k) nMntttlru x' = kx , y' = ky '1

- f:iru o ~dldLl.Jlu~nfL'UL'lirn '1 'Lmg oco, o) ~rua'limn oco, O) f:ltf:lrn '1
1.1
 - 'if:iUGMOtSti~t~rutti~fil'tl
l.j 1 GV 6V
I t2itndlGMO~Sb~~f~ru '1
1 6V
IJ

0 • 0 0 0
rutmiHUU 1 tf:itti~OMO
tlV I
M(x, y) t&li M'(x', y') nM~ttllru

RM~GCIJlmlnfTIJt,tirn '1
IJ

ttl M(x, y) dlGCIJlO~nfTIJTIJbli Ll.pt,mfn x' = x , y' = y

IJ

~] = [~ ~1] ~] + [~3]
lxl_
lJJ
[2x-yl +[3l
3x+4y-3J
_[2x-y+3l 3x+4y-3j

., ~<t ., { 2x - y + 3 = x x-y = -3
~ruwQlS'itirtS
w "' 3x+4y-3 = y { 3x+3y=3

~tJlgl,ti.fltliTIJrl~ ttll~QlS x = -1 , y =2 '1

~ms g t3 CIJlO~n fTIJt,tirn~ (-1, 2) '1

IJ

0 • 0
rutm~f!la 2

~stl~~f~ru '1
""1J

ttl M dlGMO'tlruhmm~
I 1.1 <1
y 2x-1 tmg 'tflSnHHtlltS. 2a-1)
= M U
(a, '1

t:lOtSl:
u
lxl [3-l][a 1] [3a-2a+l]
=
lJj 4 -1 +1
= [a+l]
2a - +1
=
4a - 2a 2a

t 21 HID~ Ql S x' =a+1 , y' = 2a + 1 '1

ttllttitlQl~ a tiD~QlS y' = 2x' -1 f~rudlmfflrttStiSl~

u <I
y = 2x-1 '1

78
 "" ""
~5&H5fi 1. tl!lt:ZbBn!lti M(x, y) t9i M'(x', y') Rn.n6'tn:iH15
n. x' = 2y - 3 ' y' = X +L

RMflBn!ltiel~tiYL'~Hli <j
1J

2. 'Ublmttl'UEnfl y
1.11 " .;
= 2x-3 61.1 Li
1l3 -1J msmmn~abbtltf:iru
t'Ubffl'i5ih19tu 2 1
u ~
<J

x' = kx
{ y' = ky

~ r: il ~J tSUt~tn th~Utnnls ffi~lifrn~ffi~

= M M H '

tfifiM~lifrn~ffi~ls tttltll t~rntllsffi]jtu r: ~ '

H H-'

79
 ~tl'i:ijRMfiucrul:!L11Hi5 A- 1 c~ruc~l:l M'(x', y') t9i M(x, y) lt!J&al~ &~1J11
u
<''o
~rul a1 (x, y) dl~S~'i:iEHS (x', y') 'i
I

ax+ey= x' adx + edy = dx'

~ { , M'i:i'i:ibli
{ bx+dy= y' - bex- edy = -ey u
0~
(ad-be)x = dx'-ey' Ql:lfi~rul ad-bei=O al~t~QlS
""'

1 1
x = --(dx'-ey'), y=-d b(-bx'+ay')
ad -be a - e

lxl
lYJ
= _1 [d -elcj lYJlxl
ad- be -b
i5
"'"'
M = A-I(M')

80
 rJvn ti t'IHiJd D

tEj'tjjfirt.n~ L' ti'1Ul~H1Gn11G A', s· &'!:! rnt:hfliffHHUb ~H.HJ8ru:u A, s h~

u
I QJ 0 I C!:,~'::l cJt I eJ I 0

'i.Hrln
4
L tUltll'iHlllti59tS L f:lt:h'USlnt!:!rnfilnfil'tjGrt.flG
4 I
A', B' '1

aumnts A' Rrt.n~tthru [~ -4l] [~ = [~~

m§j A'(-1, 4) '1

aumncs s· ~ [~ -4~ [~ = [~]

(L)
m§j B'(3, 6) '1

B' nrt.nntthti5ti5'tjfil~:
0 ' ""
L': x-2y+9 =0 '1 X
-9

dj A= [12 -1]4 &Slg A-1 = ~[4 1]

6 -2 1

lxl = A-lixl = 6~[4 1llxl = ~[4x'+y']

lYJ lY] -2 1j lY] 6 - 2x' + y'

trutH.ns x = 4 x'6+ y' ' y-

- - 2 x' + y'
6

!:!GtS8 'USl~
u 4
L: x+3y-3 = l:tH1J'9'USl~ L: x-2y+9
"" 4
=0 '1

0 I 0
ruun~~u 2
u

81
 A= ~3 ol tSH A-I = !13 ol
lo3j 9lo3j

-6 6
X

[~xr + [~yr = 4
[§x·~ + [§y'~ = 4
-6

0 I 0
rutm ri f!i 3 a
~1 ~] ~

qt~nHUitS8~HHtlltStS1f3g~ b= [~] Stl b =

4l]
[-

~msg ~· = [!I ~] [~] = [~] st~ t· = [!I ~] [-41] = [~]

~r;csg~timntscu{hm:1r;9~fi ~ = [~]+I-{~] ~

~~i~i l. firuH~Eti.ffWtSti~~te:irut~bttlltil1fllJM [~ ~
n. y = 2x +1
" ....
~. H RJ ffi'U t1i M J':i. 2x ++
y I = 0

2. fin.n~atimnts'U~~ y = 2x 3 te:iruf~t~ttnruffilJcu [~ _\] ~

3. fin.n~ 3 timn&s1f39l ~ = [~]+Am &e:iru&~t~ttnrumlJcu [!4-21] ~

82
 oc:
2. iSGruess~

2.1
"'
tii rnw~ aoJuswitru x'x
J

m~ M'(x', y') "

dlmfiHHS M(x, y) m~ y
u

tl~illbf!&tGJusbHnJ x'x t21Hf:1Ql2 M(x, y)

I
~
HM' = HM n..nrunHHi:tHSI:213rul13
U I
" 0
x' =X
y' = -y '1
x' 0 X
M' dl3liffltlt2 M ff'l~tl~illbf!HGJtisb
<01< S' I
HnJ x'x f:'i M -~/M'
y' M'(x', y')
QbnHmts~ tf:'iUi~?Hlil2l (x', y') dl
I U

"'"
HGjf:i~StS (x, y)

o"' ~.., <> {x' = l·x+O·y

ff'l~tHrnb~gttiJtiSbHfij x'x tf:'iQlS :
1 y' = O·x+(-l)·y
t~~j2Jm IDLhl rn ~nJl tf:'iffitmntnnruti~rnbf!USg dl9L~~ihi¥ hl~uZib ttm~ ~
U I

Sx'x : ~J = [~ ~I]~ '1

drlJ113 ~J m3umn 'fs ~ m~ti~rnbf!& tGJusbHnJ x'x '1

I

83
2.2 tHrnn~:tt4Jrrswuru y'y
I

d5 M'(x', y') mmmt1ls

u
y

M(x, y)

H
.., 0
nHHf:tHS
u
&St:Hl.flu
l
x' = -x , y' =y '1
x' 0 X

y'

~ms gt?imsti&rutl~HuJustutnJ y'y

1

x' = (-1 ) · x + 0 · y
{ y' = 0 · x+ y

t~'i§j~m ruuuruh1nJl t?iffiuunLnnruti&rutJ~g t s gttJgtYtiY113 tu~umt~ 'Lfil'i§

U I

84
2.3 tHrnilB:mJusiHHU o
I

d5 M'(x', y') ttl um.nHl ~s M(x, y) ff'l'ij y M(x, y)

u~rub~p mJtistHHU 0 '1 tS'U tf:'i(flS
I

OM' = OM ttfltJ5nHHtrltSJ;StH1Jl1J
""
U I
x' " 0
= -x ,

y' = -y '1
x' X

M' ttl3ti.nH1ts M m'ijli~rub~gr;u]tisb

I
'
f:'ibliO r:1M=4M'
<:1> s
M'(x', y')

x' = (-1 ) · x + 0 · y
{ y' = 0 · X + (-J ) · y
r;fj'ijj2jm ruuuru hlnJl tf:'iffiutinU<nruli~rub~g t s gttl 9Lt3ihh[j ft5~u2lb 'Lfnt3
U I

mt3ti~rub~gm]tisbf:1ru o '1
1

0 • 0 0 cJ I 0 cJ
rutmfHHu 1. titillbti~'Hi ax+ by+ c = 0 ff'lt3titillb~g Sv'.v '1
1
OcJ _l..q_ 11

2. titillwLflfl\jill y
u
= (x + 1) 2 OrJ J.q_
ff'lt3titillw~g sx'x '1
I

1. ttrlru ax+by+c =0 ii2J by= -(ax+c) tSH y = -(~x+b)

ff'lbij»HtrltS (k,- ~k-~) tsitruli~fi ax+by+c = 0 tSHtf:'i(flS
0 cJ 0 cJ Q
=o
I

mrubti~n ax+ by+ c ff'l'ijtitillb~g si.v r:1 ~

1

.ii2J x' = -k , y' =- ~k-5 &Slg y' = ~x'-5 tf:'i(flS -ax+by-c = 0 '1

85
 2 2
fflbnHHi::JH8
u
(m, m +2m+ 1) t84trn{fl'h'i.HU
u
y = (x+ 1) tS'H
Ov uu 2 OeJ Q
tr:iQl8'i.Hrubmn~ru y = (x+ l) ffl'i:3'i.Hbl5b!:P sx'x R
I

S,. : lJ·Jx] = loJl -10] [mm +2m+ 1] = [m- m

xx
2 2
- 2m- 1
] i12J

x' =m , y' = - m2 - 2m- 1 t 8l g y' = - x'2- 2x'- I = -(x' + 1 ) 2 i12J

y = -(x +I ) 2 '1

OeJ t OcJ ~

1. g~mrub'i5~61 2x+ 3y-6 =o m·t:mtrub!:P sv·y sb st'x '1

I

fJHJtrubfu'h~ru ffl't3tJfrub~g
2
2. y = (x-1) Sr'x Sb Sy'y '1
I
0 I '\;) 0 ~ 0 cJ
3. Rrt.fHi3'i5ffHH8tHl.fp3 A(2, 3) 8b B(-2, -5) ffl'i:3'i5bbl5b~g Sx'x , Sy'y
I

3.
ttl M'(x', y') th3'i5.ffH1~8 M(x, y) m't3titrubmb H ttlru'i:flsr:JrutwJ'i5 k ttlru
t8lg£f;itf18RHHi::Jlt8 x' = kx , y' = ky H"ltHuHhl~th
x' = kx+ 0 · y
u { y' = 0 · x+ ky
t~13j2JmruLnJruh5nJl tr;;H"tcr'i5nUt.nruti&rubmb H tmgct"JgL13i1ih~nJ~msg
1,1

H(O, k) : ~] = [~ ~] ~ '1

t{j k =1 £8l8 H = [~ ~] ttl k = -I t8l8 H = [- 1 OJ

0 -1

ruun fi t:i a
0 • 0

H(O, -1) '1

86
 m<tnH'rubmb H(O, k) ~ : H(O, k) : ~J = [~ ~ ~]

- fi~u A(2, 4) ~ H(O, 2) : ~J = [~ ~] [!] = [:]

H(O, -1)
~J = [-ol ~J] [~ [=~ =

- fi ru111
I
B(!2' - !)
2
~ H(O, 2)
~J = [~ ~] [_\] = [j
H(O, -1)
~] = [- ~~] [_~J =01
ll
0 e/ I 0 eJ 0 ~

I. mrub'i5Slfi
4
ax+by+c = 0 iin'i3tHrubmb H(O, I) Sb H(O, -1) '1

OcJ u 2 Oc1 0 ~
=x
q

2. mrubmnuru
u
y m'i3u&rubmb H(O, I) sb H(O, -I) '1

4.
&U M'(x', y') ctlmfflrltS
u
M(x, y)

Q'
y
Q ----- -·. M'
M

---7 -----';
OM'= OM , (OM, OM')= a '1

t?lsbunLnnrutH'rub~ rum M1hm '1

'5 C>l ,.,.
tw'tlJ?lrulSl x', y' ctlH~?l'i:3StS x, y 0 p X

tl=1Lfl1ttli P sb Q mficrunrut'nbdJb~&s
u
C>)eJ -7 .. -7
M 'tlntruHnJ ox Sb oy '1

ttl M d"H:J9'tln
w
M' ffi'i§~t a tS18 P Sb Q fimn59t{Jbffi'i:3n
6\1 C$
P' Sb Q' iin'tl~1 a
t1:H '1 ~ 91:1
't..J
t?l?lrul S1 nHH
U
1:h t Stsfi rulu
I
P' Sb Q'
u

iin'i3~'i5tUt?lt15nnHHEhtS
u u
: P'(xcosa, xsina) , Q'(-ysina, ycosa)
0 -----'; --7 ---7
mmgr;~&filrul OP'M'Q' t?l'HlS OM' = OP' + OQ'

87
 ----7 ? ? "' __,. ~ ? ,. 7 7
OM'= x'i+y'j Sb OP'+OQ' = (xcosai+xsinaj)+(-ysinai+ycosaj)
7 7 7 ,. 7 ?
x'i + y'j = (xcosai + xsinaj) + (-ysinai + ycosaj)
= (xcosa- ysina)i7 + (xsina + ycosa)j7
t!!191 mms : x' = xcosa- ysina ' y' = xsina + ycosa

x' 1 J3
= -x--y ' J3 1
y = -x+-y
2 2 2 2

Utrut!1rui5nUuHiHf:tHiHugfil~~tg;9 1 dlutrnbrutst'H~ '1

t!!lffitmnuunuutrut!1 run rugma94mih!j hl

lxl= [cos60° -sin60°j [-1] = 2I 2 Jjl [-1]

lY] sin60° cos60° 3 [ J3 1 3
. -2 2

= [-
3
~ J33fl = [3~-
+
3+J3
lJ '1
-+-
2 2
-2-

88
 • nHl.Ji a = 180° tSH !ft = [-l OJ = S 0
0 -1
nmmm·tHsut'ruh1 nH~2h
1 ....
180° tSl g y
M
Utrub1 ructlutrub~Ht{JU2h~ru 0 '1
1

• fiHlil a = 360° tSlg !ft = [~ ~] = 1

X

mrurumHsut'ruh1 rut~2h
1 ....
360° tSl guf'ruh

...
trumn M '1 y
1
M
• utruh1ru1:flsih~wuntu
m-' = I c~sa sinal 'Lmgcf:lcg-@ 011 iln
l-sma cosaj X

fi 011 fi ummn &scr 01113 (2, J3) m'i:1

1

Utruh1ru !Jt(O, 30°) '1

cosa -sinal
[ sina cosaj
= [cos30° -sin30°]
sin30° cos30°
= If -~~
2
1 J3
2

mmn&scr01113 (2, /3) m'i:1

u 1
m fi011fit~ru

0 I 0
ruune;tuu 2

cosa -sina cos45° -sin45°

[sina cosal = [sin45" cos45"] = [,;;
Ji ,;;Jil
2 -2

89
 fli.Fnrlls D ff11:3 m ff'l~Hr:Jlru D' t~l:3jRn.nt'i D' tl=1Ui~t~tut1turun A sb B
u
&aua1~
.,;
D 1.f~ufiru1iian A' ~b B' ~ usn~t'r:irnm~rnY
.,;
A' Sh B' ~th~umn&s
u
D ~

x- 0 = Y - J2 nli b Ql s mm 11 &s D ~ D' : y = - 3 x + J2 '1

_J2_o sJ2_J2 u
2 2
ct-o 0 Q)

ctl9tm
U
tt:ll=lrt.flSl X, y ctlHSl=ll:3StS
I
x', y' 1.fHHlStu
1.f
X, y nbtul:3fiU
c;
y = 2x-l '1
I

tU ~] m~ t~• ~] mtJ r~rn R~' ~~ ~~

= = =

~] [_~ ~~] {~~~+~~~

= = [_

d~tu x = f(x'+y') Sb y = f(-x'+y') tmcrbtu{hm y = 2x 1 trubQlS

I

fc-x'+y') = 2·f(x'+y')-I trubms y' = -3x'+J2 '1

tt.fHHSg
1 u
\o;)

~UfnbltSUSln
&
I

y = 2x-l 0 cJ ~
ffil:Jmillblill l=lUSln
&
: y
c:f1 I

= -3x+.v2r;;. '1

90
 0 c: #!$ c:- •
5. 5Gn5Si15GfaGHUS~~

s.1 urunriimHruwrihsiRtfti
n
(If eJ
2fl"Jtf)lfll1 tf:lt'U~tHlJlG
0

M(x, y) ~91
y
6V 1

0 eJ ~ Q) eJ
M'(x', y') ffl't3utru~~g WJtiS~HnJ y'y JG M"
1

tf:lli~t~~thUlG M'(x', y') t91 M"(x", y") M

...., 0 Cl C» "";)

mmms M
u
ffl't3utru~H ? M"
d
dlmmms
u
o., , S H x' 0 X
M ffl't3utru~li2ti2lli M ~ M' __,.. M" n~
n .:: "'1
~ ~ y'
nHt.fHS& tt:iUJ1t:lC1Sl21 (x", y") dlH~f:l't32
u
cs (x, y) ffl't3tui§mmrunrh:lu:n~tUfil't3
n u
~

ffl't3tltj;li~~g Sy'y &ru~Ql2 ~J = [~l ~] ~] il2J X

1
=-X , y' = y '1

ffl't3tltru~m~ H(0,2) tru~Ql2 ~] = [~ ~] ~J il2j x" = 2x' , y" = 2y' '1

dl tum 1
tru~ms x" = ( -2x) 1 y" = 2y

unLnmlltui§m~dlffi~tu cru~ms ~:j = [-

0
2
~] ~] · '1
f:lms&
u
M" dlmmncs
u
M m't3titru~tf:lru'i:flsffi,'9tu
u
[-2 olJ '1
0 2
tltru~tf:lrutti~tht.flu
ov 1
M t91 M" ntfhtntHiJtltru~rJ~ ttflirh Utrubunmfi
n
'1

~:] = [~: ~] ~J [~: [~ ~] ~] = :] '1

ffi~tutit'ru~un.g-H~tf:lrut~~Ci M t91 M' t~s~dru9nn'isffi~M [~: ~J [~ ~] '1

 ~ ~-ejfi rul?i1 trlS t'H1Sl Sl ~ ru ~ M'ifllJl ti5 ~tlui~ 1'1 rul Sl x", y" dl H ~ tl'e siS x, y ffi'e
u

x' = ax+ cy x" = a'x' + c'y'

y' = bx+dy y" = b'x' + d'y'
tSlg x" = (aa'+bc')x+(a'c+c'd)y
y" = (ab' + bd')x+ (c'b + d'd)y
'i.H1Unnrudlih1~hl lx'] = [aa'+bc' a'c+c'dll~
G lJ" ab' + bd' cb' + ddj [yj
~rubms1ms~rutlrultSHH~ti5?t : [a' c] [a cl = [aa'+bc' a'c+c'dl
1
G b' d' b dj ab' + bd' cb' + ddj

0 1 "':) 0
nrul~W1ffHHSUrul13 (2, -1)
u 1

A= ~ -;] , B = [-} j,
mb M'(x', y') dlmmnts
u
(2, -1) tSlg

M'( 2'~ 10) dlaHi1t1tSTirulU (2, -1)

u 1
m~ BA '1

0 ' 0
ruuniHH1J 2 tt:i2JutrubrJi A = [
3 sl Sb B = lO 1] '1
-2 7j b1
92
 ~ Q

u
HlffHHS (2, 3) nt'i§ AB ~

~ Q
HlffHHS (2, 3) nt'i§
u
BA ~

s.2 urunriitli:l
n
m su H

tu M(x', y') chfi5fflL1ta M(x, y) nt'i§tltrub1ru 81(0, a.) ttfiru M"(x", y") dJ
3umnca M'(x', y') nt'i§Utrub1ru 81(0, a.) tSl8 M" m3umnca M nt'i§Utrubun{fH~
" 0 •
n:1 ru c~ rHl.n n ~ r.; 21 b 'Lffl'i§ :

M" thH5fflL1tS M nt'i§tltillb'i5S'i5Sltl M!!_..M,!!J,.M"

u n 4

Qbn~ruicag &~lJil~MSl (x", y") mu~~'i§~ta (x, y) nt'i:Hu~ffi1Url{PR~132lb

I U

'Lffl'i§ :

nt'i§tltrubmb H(O, k) trubma ~j = [~ ~] ~ si2j x' = kx , y' = ky

nt'i§tltrub1ru 81(0, a.) n.Ubma ix·~ = [c~sa. -sinal lx~

lJ·~ sm a. cos a.J lJ~

si 2J x" = x' cos a.- y' sin a. , y" = x' sin a.+ y' cos a.

d"Hi.HU
I
truhma x" = k(xcosa.- ysina.) , y" = k(xsina. + ycosa.)

UnLnnrutu~ffiH:hih[jnJ lx·~ = [c~sa. -sinal~~ = lkc~sa. -sinal lxl

lJ·~ sma. cosa.j lJJ lksma. kcosa.J lJJ

7
93
 1. mmn 'fs
u
M tn'\:1 ffiH ~

lx•l = k[c~sa -sinal lxl = [kc~sa -ksinal lxl

[yj sma cosaj [yj ksma kcosaj [yj

lx'J = 2[cos30° -sin3ool [2l = 2

[y" sin30° cos30°J ~ ! J3
[1 -~] [
2 2
1
2] = [J3
1
-1] [ 2]
J3 1

= [2./3 -1]
2+./3
1. tf.'i§'icrMcr
tJ 1
P(2, s) . Q(-3, 4) f'tjrncrMcr
1
P stJ Q csgf'utJm'\:1
sv

tH'rntJ1rn m(o, 60°) ~crust'utlm'i:1t'Hrntlmtl H(o, 2) '1 ~r;mmn

1.1 lil "" u

aiM P Stl Q ffi'\:1 RH '1

2. 'f.'iffiS'@tfilrul ABC ~lli f'tjrnfi~rn A(4, 3) , B(2, 1) §b C(6, 3)

ttjillRrlill
u
A, B Stl C t'i5tlmm5f'rntl1rn
sv
ffi(O, 60°) uW'i5St'i5tlffi'i:1
nGV

94
5.3 H~i~SQiltiiiffHUlffiLn
I

tsi t'i:HU S'i~tnHl.Jll:ll'in

l.J l.J
tclh~tnstiml.Jnnru sU ~ UJ'li'i§s1crm;r;
£1 U
~s tusb ~stu
U I I I I

cos( a+ b) = cosacosb- sinasinb

sin(a +b) = sinacosb + sinbcosa

= [cosb -sinbl [c~sa -sinallxl

sinb cosbj sma cosajlJJ

lx•J = [cosacosb- sinasinb -sinacosb- sinbcosallxl

lY" sinbcosa + sinacosb cosacosb- sinasinb J lJJ

lx•J = [cos(a +b) -sin(a + b ~ lxl

lJ" sin(a+b) cos(a+b)jlJJ

cos(a +b) = cosacosb- sinasinb

sin(a +b) = sinacosb + sinbcosa

0 I 0
rutmrlf!U 1
u

~:] = [cosacosb- sinasinb

sinbcosa + sinacosb
-sinacosb- sinbcosall2l
cosacosb- sinasinb J l1J

~:] = [ sin45°cos30°
cos30°cos45°- sin30°sin45°
+ sin30°cos45°
-sin30°cos45°- sin45°cos30°l [2l
cos30°cos45°- sin30°sin45° J 1j

95
 ,./3 Ji
- x - - -1xJ2 1 x---x-
- -- Ji Ji ,./31
~,]
x" 2 2 2·2 2 2 2 2 2
= .[i ,.13 + ! X .[i ./3 X .[i - ! X .[i [;]
12 222 2 222

= [cos30o -sin30oj l3l

sin30° cos30° l2J

96
• uf'rutaihsf'fh

x' = ax+cy y' = bx+dy

· drupui r1 f'tYtyu ru
tti Q r:tuirup:;elfittyLutut9iff'l~ti&rutl A mrurun A(Q) =Q ,
u
0 0 eJ 0 0 I

- mmgmrutlmtl H(O, k) i'HI.IHHI::iHii x' = kx , y' = ky '1

l!lru o ~mtiniJnelfiftytyru 'Lm: o(o, o) ~ru3unH1 o(o, o) ~r~ru,

u

- l;itlUCUJGtS!;!~t~ru&~tlff'l~ I ts1tfict'lUn.fJG£Stltl~&'~ru '1

u

• Utrutaihstfifl_,trlN
tl=it!,!tl M(x, y) &91 M'(x', y') m~ti&rutl A = [: ~ un:

M' = A(M) , ~j = [: ~] ~ '

x'
y'
= ax+cy
= bx+dy ,
= [a cl ~
1fltjMLtnhltS A
b t{j
A- 1 = _1_ fd
ad- be l-b -claj '1

97
 ticrniHlitsfH~~gmJusbHnJ x'x ~
I S x'x ~J [~ ~~l ~
= '1

tic rub ~1h s &~iJ~g mJusbiinJ

1
y'y ~
sy'y ~J = [~1 ~Jt] '1

ti&rubrutst'fh~g,ojusb?Jru
I
o ~ ~
S0 : ~J = [~l~I] ~
~J [~ ~ ~
= '1

y
M
lxl = [c~sa -sinal lxl '1
lJJ sma J
cos a lxJ

X
- iiHUl a = 180° tsm !R = [-l OJ =S 0
0 -1
M'

ti&ruh1rnr:nti&rub~gmj'osb?Jrn o '1 y
I

M
- ii~M a = 360° tSl8 m= [~ ~] = I M'

fflrnrun~csti&rnh1rntMsb
1 ....
360° tSl8 X

m.frHl M'
IJ l.j
""
HHHrumn I
M '1
1.1

rL-sma cosaj
m-1 = c~sa sinal

98
- ln(O, a) : M-"'M'
} ::::;.M" = Hln(M)
H(O,K) :M'-M"

ix'~ = k[c~sa -sinallxl = [kc~sa -ksinallxl

lJ'J sma cosaj lJJ ksma kcosaj lJJ

• H(O, K): M-"'M'

}il2J M" = lnH(M)
ln(O, a) : M' _,. M"

ix'~ = k [c~sa -sinallxl = [kc~sa -ksinall~

lJ'J sma cosaj lJJ ksma kcosaj lJJ

99
 0 •

=ru~~====================

1. tfltl &rub 'EhH15'1 ftj ru t'uta1 n.ncr P(x, y) t!TIO n.n. u P'(x', y') t sit rn'li~'i§ 115 ttl ruu nn R
1.1 "" I 6\1 1.1 !S-

ufrubrut2m~ y_i§2tifrubrut2ms21b&Lf11'i§ ~
n. tJnflu 1
P' ~dltJru1ti~81fiSbtJru1u
I 6\J 1
P tcr'l'litlfiSbmn~
U .: x =1 '1
I

sh (3, o '1

2. ~nffHH2tin.f1ti
" 0
(-3, 2) ff1'i§ f '1
":) 0 0 CJ '?
t:~. ~nm.nHH2crn.no
II I
(5, -3) ff1'i§'litruh'itnnH2
Li
f '1

3. tt:~~titrubrut2t~h f '1 ~n f(3~-2t) ocmg !(~) = msh J(t) = [-~2] '1

4. tWimH
114
ftJruu~'i§rutuhm'i§titrubruc2m~
11111.16\1
ftJruumUl mc!:hrum'i9M21btHn'i§
~ Li l.j
:

2. [~ ~] t:i. [~ ~]

(x, y)-(3x-y, -2x+y) '1

6. ~nYl'i9hlt2tifrubrutams
Li
ttlrufubt!:tlrurhon.no 4V l
(2, 1) sh (-1, 3) tlflon.no1

(8, -5) ah (-11, 6) dJh [1 '1

7. Huumnlann.no
II I
(-6, 7) ff1'i§tltruburunfi
n
g°F 1 ft1ru~H!:hru-Hl'i9hlt2Utrub
U l.j

rucam~ f sh g ~ rl-11 -3J2l sb [- 2 3l dJb[l '1

1-2J
100
3. finn~nt'tltacrastt:H k t!:Hli~tin§M~m~ {2x+ 3 y = kx 'i:flStH~rutrHtug'1n
"' u G ~ 4x+3y=ky "" \:1" 'J
x=y=O '1

4. utnmm ps-qr = (ad-bc)(a'd'-b'c') ttl Ia bl Ia• b~ = [p ql '1

U1 ""' lc dj lc' d~ r sj

6. ~niht9Mtsut'ru~Hfhat'H~ttjruttitltl1iUl01UcrnnmntlHt'dt2itruum~ 3x+2y-l =o
l.j "" I ~

tl1icrnn1J I
(-1, I) '1

s. run L mum~ttjrum~m'tlcrM1Jl'lrun1'tlru
~ I l.j
ttiiruud:Jnrnsii
n
o ctl'tlruHnu.nuwN
I U U
'1 I
I

n. run P' mcrnn1JtHfflctl'tlrucrnn1J

1 6\1 u... 1
m'1ml1istlHnHfiUMhl
u P li 1
ttiiruut'rutl1ru
I

d1ml'lrunt'tlrum'tlii
1"'-" l.j 1
2e '1 ummm
U1"'-"
P' wm,9cl1istl
1 l.j
P cu'1utl1iatlum~
u ~
L '1
1

2. ~nih'i9Mtsut'rutlrucsm~ctjruummnmaHmm'1ml1istlum~
w ll1 ......, 6V Ql: u ~
L '1
1

9. tl'lmt~m'h&iitnlsu~~ L ~ ~] = [~] + t[~] '1 tfiauls L &yt~m'tlu&rut~rucst'Ha&tjru

tir[)~tf:Jlruffi'igftj Il-24 -2j3l ~mmif ?

~ l.j u 4
 li fru tali [~ tih t' 1l ruu qp ri t 111 ruihtj M [~ ~] '1

12. U~~th x+y = 1 st! 2x-y =1 t~ta9is~ru')tGJtit9Jriml3tltrubrut~n:i~ f '1

13. d5urup:; P1 st.! P2 t~bt91Un.f1u P't sb P' 2 ffii3t5t'rubrutsn:i~

2
f: (x, y)- ax+ by,( ex+ dy) ttfi rud5 P 1P 2 = P' 1P' 2 tlfitSH 2
a +c = b2 + d 2 = 1
st.! ab + cd = 0 '1

14. run f mtit'rut~ruc~m~&1lruuqprhf1lruihtjM [ 1 2

J '1
-2 -5
~lihlYAl~t~U~~ L 1 Sb L 2 ttl L 1 t~bt9i L 2 ffii3 f ttfiru L1 Sb L2

lJi~Un.flu P(O, I) '1

102
 tsi fihct
"l
nU fit 2g tf:'lmti t~13
fl
h1fijl~'i5m ~13 ru EnS
!:!JfiU ct
t2 ru~n ShL'i51flM1u' ru ru~n tf:l rum
13 tGJllll ru ~ tli 2'1 shlLl:fltl ru.n 2nrl t\5 fijl'i5 ~ ~ t 2 t f:l1 t 1s bL'[jl:fl n.n1 u &rut f:l1 t ~ t 2H~ R'tl s '1
"'
'i521tl~99ruQlS'i5mfi ru~n tf:l1t1 Sbtlrul2fihffl~Rru121ru~n ttfh~ tf:'l~bH!tH'itlthn.ng
c::; IJ (!J" '1 LJ

i:1b shu rul2 mb '21 gfib

ct
fflH En gun.nrut:h run 9'i5 21 thh ~hUffl'[j fflh H2I R'tl sun~ Brulu'tl
& 1 lJ
ru
1
C!:), • (0( ~ 0 ':1 ~ ?
rm MfinHtd
\j'
unn MhUffl'i5 mh Hs1 f:1132 MS msl:rl ru"] 1:3II run 2
II
2 ffl~f:'l ru121 n mHnml:fl
GV
n mov
H'i5Jmffi ffl~f:'!M21tru~s&snru21 tffirutruhl~tsn9it9Jn tf:'lru.ns&9itLliLffl'i5 mh
H~R13 s hlLl:fltlt En gLn_nru hl~ ffl~ sb1 hl~ffl~~ruti ~ 2t9Jn '1

ffl~H21 ~n 91 hH M&2 g ffiu~ gunnb

£1 ll1:
6\J
1
2Jtlli m~ Hn rutn m
..........:>
-.....!)
&rum s
........:J
"'
sb t'Ul~'i'i5t!5Jld
L,;
s
tsf:l rt1l n1 9J1Bt m81 9Jln.nL~sh m~ nn gLn.nrutit run gu CiJ1 ~ gQhn ~mnLum&~ '1
I

103
 ste&ese;c1;i)u;rng~iMreei~iMr
a n
""""'~....,..,-~

... " . ...

tf.tlfiHl.?LflltHaU~?l'i:H~ y = f(x) t?l
ffiGtHlll fi Q1 a t f.tl fi5 ~Hi5 n » ti ffl t1 tHt1 grob
!'dnJ1t9im'tl~r~mht''!§'[!ln»~mn
~ ~ ~
o
y fl.HaJustln~ a StlU~ ayMta Mgfil~
YM 9rot~yhltttJust~d~ast~d~a
f(x) = "A t9ifi'l'tl~t~fu'ht''!§1_.~ "A <j
y Mea Mt§m~~c09tist~
M1§m~ ~ 'U19~a t tt"l ru 'lYLmu <j
o cmgu\nru1~1§m~~'U19tist~
3 2
y = f(x) = x + 3x -2 'Hlal_.filti C <j 'n51§m~~ &1_.n91Js tf.tl rut@t~1c1

li.
'
ft1lj1_.filti "
C taU~?l'tla
... f <j 2t~tmu ,
2. !'dnJH'il'tl1_.m.fim9i m'tl~ c~~'hf'l§1_.~ • U~(glft11§f-jll~tlji9Ustl91Ja
').. utimn
~
stlnau a~~~ hl ca ftjgfil~ rfil wct!h r:n tf ~:8 1..mu ,
i 2
+ 3x -2 ="A <j

f'(x) = 3x2 + 6x = 3x(x + 2)

f'(x) =0 , X =0 , X = -2
0
mmg x = o t?lma J(O) = -2
0
mmg x = -2 t?lma f(-2) =2

X -oo -2 0
f'(x) + ~ ~ +
f(x)

104
 3 2 y
y =0 , x + 3x - 2 =0
D ='A
2 2
x (x + I)+ 2(x - 1) =0
X
(x+ l)(i+2x-2) = 0

X = -1, X = -l- Jj = 2.7, X = -1 +J3 = 0.7

rutrrH~~3 hlnJ1ffl~Lfil~11nliff1'iHit~ m H~mnstl9mtlyMtsHu{§m~ i -3x-m =0

mJustld~s 0 stl 1 '1

y' = 3x2 -3
y' =0 , X= ±1
0
mmg x = ,....1 tl:iQ1S y =2
x =1 tl:iQ1S y = -2
105
 X -oo -1 +OO
y'

y c

y=m

nHhHn
&
~ n:i n'tfl fHd~ flU y = m t @in l:H1~Y li5 t61'\:HlHtfi 155
~ uI u
I

t 21161{1 td 11 run ttHlitHn ~du; ffltit:flfHifi sfi n..ntrlio 61 '1

W "' & U l.J U I I

106
 ~. 'tfl2Yhl1~'Hl2tlHdJb~sbyhl

H1d'Hl21H15t~fl61
13- 1.1 'J '1

• ~ d
n. hlbLFn'li c t2H9?i132 '1

~. tftlt1HtYLFn'li (C) MnJlt9iff1136'it~ m

4 2
x - 2x - m =0 '1

y' = 4x3 -4x = 4x(x2 -1)

y' = 0 , X = 0 , X = -1 , X =1
0 ~ 0
crcmg x =o , y = o sbmmg x = ±1 , y = -1 '1

hlt1TH2 y' : X -00 -1 0 1 +oo

~
4x - - ) + +
2
x -1 + ) - - ~ +

y' - l~ + ~ - ~D +

y'

0
~ 2 2
x=OSl~y=O, y=O ,x(x-2)=0 ,x=O ,x=±.fi

107
 y c

"" -1 < m < 0

ttl ""
&S"!Ht51H'ilH:fHH.JM 4
"'

0 • 0
nnmtl?U1.1 -1

sbLmu c :
fi5nJl&vhn'ln;"t~m·ht'iiu; A u~mn ah9mh
UMtSM~ffl~
"'
'>""
x 4 -2x2 = A-2 to0""0
'i5Shcrss
u
-I ..sb
1 m~Lmu '1

ttd~ru auns6 1
IN I 1 I
..
1 I

t:hrq_yrut'~'\lru
1 I
tm rutsiL~~ t~ n run tf;J nnfm~'i5Lffl'i5Qls tLosfi n.f111
c:hbt!='i '1

auns6 3 NnjltnJLffl'i.Jtglff'l~~t~ A

108
 Hifit~
" m ~ "":>: ""
tJ.;J'i§J~Jhl'i:Hfl~ x 4 -4x 2 = m-3
y c

n. 'i:flSYhl~~HdJ~~ '1

2. 'i:flsytunHdJ~~tsitLnim~g [-2, 2] '1

2.

2.1 ustnsti:ilttthrn
•n
:i nrnmtfitijti9ff
tHnmm~hl'i§fil~
~
"l! ""
~
x 3 +x+2>0 t ~ ~dlnmmg
•
~
x>-1 '1
0

Q cl 3
=x
I

t'(YLQlhl~Hjt:l'i§S y +x+2

y' = 3x 2 + l > 0 , y" = 6x , y" =0 , x =0

+OO

floo +

-00

x=O ,y=2

3
y=O, x +x+2=0
2
~ (x+l)(x -x+2) = 0, x = -1

m13LfilliUJlit3nrp; (x, y) ct~ru'i:fls y>O

ttfl 1151J11 ~ S~ X > -1 '1

u

tt:lQlS y = x 3 +x+2>0 0
1'Hffi8 X>-1 '1

t~msg 1tu'i§m~ i+x+2>0 tdl~mfiucmg x>-1 '1

u 4J ~

~'7t111
UttJ ,.. 2 : 'Lli""""'g hl t <..14
w 1~H o un n"t s ~ ~ t:l'i§ s y cf
= x 3 + x + 2 t ""n s t rn"" IR '1

3
tt:l'i:flS: y(-1) = (-1) +(-1)+2 = 0

x>-1, y(x)>y(-1)

y(x) > 0
109
 n. tr:SHLflnrul~ fU'tj"Al~
""
x 3 - 3x + 2 < o

ffl'tj"UTIU '1

~- ummdlUl'.:J
Osi-3x+2s4
0
t.Hffi8 xE[-2, 2] '1

QJ t 0 '?
t3t~li5 n. ffl'tj"LAlU 1_!1UtH1.f1u (x, y) tSLAlU
ttlrn'i:fls y<O 1Ji~~&its4t~n~h
u

tLAl'tH~ liJ Hili~ hl ttli rulJi~ ~sh

u
~ ~ 0 0
x<-2 '1 tlmsg
u
lfU'tj"Al~'i:flShlrul
1

YhlS=( -oo,-2)'1

~- utfju'DJ : ffl'eLAlUGlliju (x, y) tSLAlUttlrn'i:flS xE[-2, 2] L&i1~&inli

u
Lmut'tlrntsi~htrnitnJH~li~hl ~uitnJH~li~hllJi~ x = -2 x = 1 ttliru
ouuSlfi
1J ..
y =4 1n~
l.j
x = -1 sh x =2 '1

tlmsg
u
Osy = x 3 -3x+2s4
0
utmg xE[-2, 2] '1

utfju'D 2 : cr::nru@st1f5Lmu ( nHUlfflSLmu):

y' = 3x 2 -3
y' =0 I X = ±1
X= -1 , y =4
x=l ,y=O

110
 X -00 -2 2 +=
y' + +
+oo
~4~
y

-00

.,. .,. <'

~iS~S~ HS?115S
I
y = -x 3 +3x-2 tnSLfilti C '1

n.
0
~nnHl..fltinHS
0 "';) 1 tU15ffl~
1::1 3
-x +3x 2::::0 c y
1'-"

m15Lfflti '~

-2 -1 0 2
~- til:rlmm -4::::-i+3x-2::::o
lf1 " X
0
mmg -2::::x::::2 '1

111
 <;! ., 4 2 "'
2x + 3 <! 0 ffl'tlUFnJi cr '1
0 0 "
'l.Ht.H s ~ hl'i:Hil~ -
HH'l.Hl.Jl!'-" X -

0
ffl'tlLFnU urtflu (x, y) tSLFnmr:Hli'i:flS y <! o
" eJ
1Jil
u
M~tsitdnZltmli
"" es
udustu~nnfl'liMN
~u U 1
cmruu~1ITJsh
-
u X

-lsxsl '1
c
~
i:lmsg
u
<hl'i:3Fnrt:llSNMUhl
1"'
C» 0 0
s =[-I, I] '1

<;! ., 1 4 2 5 X
n. tttHHUltl5< hl'i:3ffl~ - -x + 3x -- < 0
l.J X " 2
ffl'i:3LFnu '1

2. ummm~ ~
0<-!x
2
4
+3i-~s2
2
rhmg xE(-J5, -1) u (1, J5) ffl'tlLFnU '1

s. <;! ., 1 4 2 5 0 0
1:3&~ 1!5 n. ffl'tlLFnU• hl'tlffl~ -
2x + 3x -
2< o 'i:flS hlrtfl
Yhl S=(-oo, -JS)U(-1, l)U(J5, +oo) '1

2. ffl'tlLFnUGrtflu (x, y) tSLFnU c ttHli'i:flS 0<ys2 1J1H~~tsit~n2lhtru

u
HnHflUMhl
U I
tUiruthshUSl~
&
y = 2 ti:lrnu~Hnsh xE(-JS, -l)U(l, J5)
co
u
1 4 5
2
0 <- -x + 3x - - s 2
2 2
Gtmg xE (-JS, -1) U (I, J5)

112
 4 y
n. <;! ""
t!:tl&Ltultlf~M'i:Hfl~ X -2x-+1>0
?
fi11:3Lffl'U'1 c
2. 'Ul:rlmm
lfl ......,
osi-2i+lsl

3 2 "" •
y =ax +hx +ex+d S~'USln
.::
y =A '1

y = ax4 + hx 2 + e ""S~'USln
.::
'
y = A '1

- 1 hlijffl~ ax3 +hi+ ex+ d < 0 'i:flS ti5 rul'U

1 '-'
Mctl hl ruin
1
ti:Hfltl
IN
hl1 n5 X &su n.ncr
I

tsitruLffltimbH~?i1:31:3a y = ax 3 +hi+ ex+ d &!:! rn~ntsi f~n~b tLffl1:3HnJ

.
ffi'U n5"" hl '1
I

- 1 tijijfiU ax 4 + hx2 + e > 0 'i:flS hlrul'U

I'-'
MJ::h hlrulI n t'l§ffitlhlhl
I
x tSU MGt
I
si tru
flV

Uffl'UfilbHS?i1:3St
4
y = ax +hi+ e t!:!rnMntsitdn~btruHn'iffitlMM
" cr U 1
'1

Qb fflH!:tl &Lnnru1 n1ijma~ tLn9ti y_1 hl1:3ffl~~ qji9'iJ s

I

• umtimbHS?iYS~t'in9ti
1 ~
'UHS?iYS~t'in9ua
• I ~ U

113
 t:f 0 I 3
2. ~HH'i'i:H~ f
I
ntl..fHHtilli5 f(x) = x·- 6x + S '1

n. Mi1unu1s 1 '1

2. ~rymliLfflut9ifil'i:H'it~ a nH~tnt1SbMCJ!lYMt2M~nu i-6x+S-a =0 '1

-.:>

3. t?l~M~f'm 2/- 3i- 12x- k = 0 ttj ru'i:flSHCJ!ln x Sb0l'ht~1j1 k '1

-.:>

n. ~nnt~ k t~~j~M~fflj'i:fl2YMUtdJtl~ '1

2. ~nntl§
6'V
k t~~i§Hu@fflj'i:fl2tihl1d'i:fl2rJHd'itlfflSbtiMH1d'i:fl2~115tlf'1n
eJ tJ '-' t3- U C:C '-' c,.,. 1J rJ '1
t:! 0 • 3
4. H~?l~S f nMnttilli5 f(x) =x -3x+ 1 'i:fl2Lfflti c '1

n. Mi1Lmu c ts f '1

2. ~nJl&ruunmmm~nt~ P nH~mnsb9mt~yMtsN@mj J(x) = P mJusb

riss
IJ
-1 sb 1 '1

3 4 1 2
S.
•
n. MhLffltit2H~?l~2 y
" c!
= 2x + 2x -4 '1

2. ~nntru'iffltit9i fil~n t~ m rJ H~.fflt1 Sb gmbti Mt2 M~fflj

\.t' l.j G\J " "'

3412
-x + -x -4- m
2 2
=0 0""
to ti2b -1 ""Stl 2 '1

6. § ""
~?1 bjhl~ffl~ -2x4 +3x2 -1 =a '1

n. j " .., a t~~j~M~ffl~'i:fl2YhliJ2&dJb~ '1

nfitl§

2. ~nntl§ " a t~~j~M@fflj[ISYM '1

""
• " c! 13 2
7. n. MhLffltit2H~?l~2 f(x) =- +2x -3x-l '1
3x
2. ttnzLnnru1 M~m~ J(x) + 1 so ml§Lmu '1

114
 ' ~ ~
n. n5t1Lfflli c tSH~l=l1Hl '1

2. ummm
lfl .....,
}+3i-4so utmg xs-2 '1

~ ~ ~ 14? 3
9. tl=l""JLffl'U c tSH~l=l'i§S y = 2x + x-- 2 '1
':I ""' 1 4 2 3
n. tf:tHLtuHi5~ n5'1:3ffl~
2x +x -
2 <!: o m'i:3unu '1

2. ublmm
lfl .....,
-2 x 4 +i-~<0
2
1
Btmg xE(-1, !) '1
X
~ 0 ' 4 2
10. 1 ctlHSl=l'i§SnlliHHthru
I
l(x) = -x +2x -2 '1

n. n5tlLffllits 1 '1
2
2. tthZLtu~rut~1 M~ffl~ -2 s f(x) s -1 ff1'1:3Lffl'U '1

R. ublmm
lfl .....,
l(x)<-2 Btmz xE(-oo, -J2)u(J2,

~
11. n. fUwLffl'U C 1 ~ts y = Sw C2 ~tS
3x4 + 1 "''"' y = 8x 3 -18x2 ,.,4 l.o
tl:jiQwt'i~rutt'i~ru
<I
'1
I 1

1. tl=l§1H2l=l'i:3S J(x)
U I
= x2 sb h ctlusstiti2hlrlhl2t
IJ I UU
'1 ~nt'it'i:i
6V
a ca'i:3~§1
e.Jt.J

l(x0 +h) = l(x 0 ) + h · f'(x 0 + ah) '1

I U Qp ':) cf ..,
2. 'USlt'i
4
T 'i:iliJ'UZSb'iffl'UtSHSl:l'i§S
IJ G I
y = x"' tt;tlBMu
L.:i I
M 'i:3ru
1J
ttfirutluHn'iffitlMhlsb
IJ U I

HnJHHthtstOb~LtitlBfWlu A sb B '1 ~ nd ru trlJti AM : MB '1

~ ~
3. tl=l<UH~l=l'i§S y = 6x5 -15x4 +lOx3 -2 '1

n. R llil Sl tf;j1 tJ y' sb MnJlfU Wl ts y' '1

I ':I
"' C.'::t. cf
2. n5t1ff1nbHtt:H.fnt1 SbLAl'Ut2H~l=l'i:3S y '1

ll5
4. mhlJrnm~ y = 9-i Fn~HfijH"Itl~MU1jjUrrf1u E y

Stl F '1

untmn.nmru EFGH m1nli~mhurn ttfiru'tfls

I "' "'I ll

[EF] ctlmncr 0
s~ [GH]
"'
mmnnu '1 ll

mHmn.n
1
m
"'
ru'tfls td1Jli9ncrudr~
<;~ iJ. I
'1
" 0 0

" 0 0
2. 1=1MSltg[JiltJlti'i5~ntS'U '1

X
~
y = x 2 +bx+c '
Fnn~Ln,.., A(l, 2) ttnru'tflsU~n
ClJ t

'I) ':» 0 s Q

6. li. ~lin&'tHSuSS ~In

"" II
a, b S~ c '1

a >0 '1

9. tl=1§iunl§2SIDn
e.J I I
ABCD l§t15t~rn'tflS'i9S~
II Li I
l2cm '1

Urrf1u M, N, P ~msitruL?~~ [AB] , [Ac] , [AD] 'U~~ ttfiru'tflsu~ru x

~uffirJRrlrn
lJ ll
0$
A '1 urtnu
--,
M', N', P' ctlnmmrnfli~ts M, N, P tfl~mtflltruQln
u ..
BCD '1 ~nnt~ x tt5tl=1'B~mLnM~l:j2SIDn MNP · M'N'P' 'tflS'tfl2dtl~n '1
:£: ... 3 2
10. Kl=1<4Jhll§Fn~ 2x -3x 12x-k =0 (E) '1

li. ~lint~ k t~l§j~ (E) 'tflSYMUtdJ~~ '1

1L H~l=1'i§S f(x)
d
= x 2(6- 3x2 ) 'HlSLFnU C '1

li. ~lint~ P t~l§j~M.Ym~ f(x) =P 'tflsyw~stdJ~~ffll§LFnU '1

4
2. ummm Os6i-3x <3 Utmg xE{-1,1) '1
U1 "'

116
 mHi ru1 Sl'i'i5Ql'i5
l..i
rim &o"' n1Hi5
lJ
f'tj blil:flB m~ 91 R91 m
.....,
}flamll
6V ....
ilt~mb t~@b'Hls m~~ rrm
u
eyuctlb [~ [ Bi Qb ~ rui fi1 9Jl '1 'i5'1Jl91 R9b sb tb15Jtl ~Utj BJ ctl ~ t hlhltb15Jb tQ1gLff1U9JilftllR
1 1

Rtju Uctl'i5 ml91 R9b sb m~~ n5 tsi'i'i5GltG

Ul l..i "'
m M~ Bfljiu"'nb ~dl m ruln
1
ctl'i'i5{i rl ~B m~ ~ ru1 Sl
l..i
1

Lli111'i5 '1 m~ t'dnJlLM1Lctl1 ~ m~ ~ ru1 SlL'i5111'i5Lfi ~ ms runu~ ~ n ct1fi t!tl ru~ rui fi1 ~ m
u u u
tl? s
tluctl
u
Blaise, Pascal, Cardan, Feunat, Bernoulle, Laplace, Poisson, ... ctl ~ t MM~ Mn1 9u ~1 tu'i
u
AN Kolmogorov tsim
c;
1933 Q1BhlHM~WSlhl~Bhltlltufi'ictli'9M'i'i5U1'i5
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u. ~'i5M hlJ'i5~ m~ MnJlttll rums'i3h~srtll::ll MMJU6

13. ~'i5M MJtfilttll rums'i3h~smm MhlJ'i5~ m~ MnJl '1

~ Lhl"" L'i5hl hl~'i5

I
ifJ 1

'i5 ~ ms MnJl 27 66 93

~2'i5~ m~ MnJl 63 44 107

hlS'i5 I
90 110 200 Sl~

118
 oC:pQ rl q
B dl UJ ~ filHl.fl ~ 1H\Ht5J '[Y t\5
I
c~ rl q q
C dl1_,rl~filHtJl~U hl t'UJU~ fill hlnJ1

c ml!l~filHw~u~tuJ-Hr:m~fils~nJ1 '1

tf;lms l!l~fils rui~u f6tuJU~H'tHliu ~fill ~nJ1 ml!l~ fill ru1 Fn c

l!l~fillM~u~tuJ'[YM'li~fill~nJ1 ml!l~fillM B nc
I
c::.
tf;l'i:flS MMJ91~Hhl
0 t

200 Sln
'

tf;'JQlS n(S) = 200

MMJU~ 90 SlR n(F) = 90

f6tuJ'[YM uo SlR n(B) = 110

I

hlMJU~HtHli'li~fillhlnJ1 27 SlR: n(F n C) = 27

~hlJ'[Yhltf:Hl.J'li~fila~nJ1 66 SlR: n(B n C) = 66
1

~MJU~fill ~nJ1'i:fl21_,hl 27 1_,'lihl 66 SlR: n(C) = 27 + 66 = 93

I

n(F) 90
n. 1Yu mu t s l!l ~fill ru1 ~ u ~ MJ t,tli P(F) = n(S) = 200 = 0.4S

til '[YUl'li tsl!l ~fila ru1 ~15 ~ MJ'[Y tuu ~fill ~nJ1
U I

P(B n C) = n(B n C) = ~ = 0 33
n(S) 200 ·

~- 1UQl'litSUrJ~fillrultJ'li~hl1t[:Hl.mSfill~nJ1 P(C) = n((C)) = 200

_52 = 0.465
l.Ju " u u " n S

u. t,umu tsl!l~fill ruiu ~fill ~nJ1 ntH15'S~~s mdl ~ MJLM

u

d5 tf;l 'S ~"t3I s m H"' n ff::l rntf;lcrci oum ~ M1UM t Sl g ms srum tf;lcrci ou ~ tu~uMu 2 fila
U U U U £1

~nJ1Q~t3trun"t3~MJLM tftl rut3~ 2 ~hlJ1_,hl'li~fill ~nJ1'i:fl2 n(F n C) = 27 SlR

I
~ 0 Q Q) I "':t c::pQ cf Q

tUlti5U~ShlhlJ1_,hl'i:flS n(F) = 90 Sln tS"Jg1_,UQl'litS1_,rl~filHl.fl~'lihlhlJU~filS

u
~nJ1tt11ru'S~"t3smdl ~MiUM~ n(F n C) = 27 = 0.30
1 u n(F) 90

119
 thmgd rntqJU n(~(~)C) ti:HfltHuHhl:i :

n(F ()C)
n(F ()C) = n(S) = P(F ()C) = 0.135 = O 3
n(F) n(F) P(F) 0.45 .
n(S)

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u u
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t:1LHS8 'i'UffJU'i:flSrnn·~MtS C tttlru~b F ~ P(CIF) = P(Fn C)= 03

u Liu 9 s P(F) .

P(CIF) ffiStll : Lumu'ls c tttlru~b F ( ~ c crhHLmru F )

u

~. Lumut1:1 rn~u MtUJUdtttl rums ~b'i:f smm t\5 tUJU~ mnlinJl

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I

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t::::/1 q Q)c::t, cf 0 0 tJ
.. m A sb B ctlLrl~m:inn 2 QbrntntUrunnl3rut1:lrn P(A) ... o
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&Sl8'itiffJU'i:flSrnn~MtSUri~m:irul
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P(Bi A) = P(A ()B)
P(A)
., t?lffiG?lMSlffJS1:!Gff1
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P(B)
(P(B);.oO)
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tl:iffiuf!lmffJS'iUQ1Ut2Ut1~m:iMdrn?lM A
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P(A ()B) = P(A) x P(Bi A) = P(B) x P(A/ B)

120
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1

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blin~MtSUtlnfil~M
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~- 1UQ1Uti:lrnHnmrict1m~m~
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n c:c c:c
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vnM
tfims P(V n M) = P(V) x P(MIV) = 0.85 x 0.02 = o.Ol7
fi. ,umufi:lrnHn~hctt!l
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121
 P(VnM) == P(V)xP(MIV) == 0.85x0.02
= 0,.017

....-'-1)~'1 M: P(VnM) == P(V)xP(MIV)

v\?~
/>~,;}
'J.::::o M
·0;

..
tfi~tlm Hn1:h:~wbt1:tlru~tlm@smsmfirilnumHfiS
.... 1% : P(MIV) == .. o.o1

@S{gtlt1:tlru~tlm@sm~m~ : P(MIV) = 1-P(MIV) = 1-0.01 = 0.99

ill. ~'UQl'Ut1:lrnHn@smsmfiril
l.j C$ a;
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P(V n M) = P(V) x P(MIV) == 0.15 x 0.99 = 0.148

tl. Hnmfirilm~mamrut;tld~'i:lls~'UQl'U
ct <:$ lJ
P(v n M)
6\1
= 0.011 1:lmsgr;tJ
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10
nnru P(B) x P(A) =
10
= P(B n A)
Cl.l &:::$/Q c! q 4C), ct c:::.
m P(A n B) = P(A) x P(B) tf:m t~mLn~filHl.fl A sbLt1~filH1.fl B 132

..
9lR9tlm'1

P(AI B) = P(A n B) = P(A) x P(B) = P(A)

P(B) P(B)
P(BI A) = P(A n B) = P(A) x P(B) = P(B)
P(A) P(A)

~LHS& P(AIB) = P(A) P(B/ A) = P(B)

- t~tllimm
....., P(C) = _!_
lO P(B n c) = o tUm& B nc = ·0

P( C) x P(B) = 101 x 104 =

1
25
,., P(B n c)

Q t::p~ etC!!.
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123
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n. f:lfWlal P(A) , P(B) Sb P(A n B)

f:l. f:lfWlal P(A/B) Sb P(B/ A)

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2
n(S) = 6 = 36

r.lmtinmh 2 mtiaaf:l ~r:hr.lmuncm~ti:lmHlmt\5sh 2, 4, 6, 8, w, 12

u lJ u u ....

tf:l0l2 A = {(1 ,1) ,( 1 ,3) ,(2,2) ,(I ,5) ,(2,4) ,(3 ,3 ),(2,6) ,(3 ,5),(3 ,1) ,(5 ,1) ,( 4,2) ,( 6,2) ,

(5,3),(6,4),(4,4),(4,6),(5,5),(6,6) n(A) = 18
f:l'Hl6'l~nhtm~mtJ 2 Hlmt\5sh 2 mt\5stJ 4
6V ~ '\A. ~

B = { ( 1 ,3) ,( 1 ,5),(2,4) ,(2,6) ,(3 ,5) ,( 4,6 ), (3 ,1) ,(5 ,1) ,( 4,2) ,( 6,2) ,(5 ,3 ),( 6,4)} n(B) = 12

A n B = { (1 ,3) ,( 1 ,5) ,( 2 ,4) ,( 2,6) ,( 3 ,5) ,( 4,6 ), ( 3, l ) ,( 5,1 ) ,( 4,2) ,( 6,2) ,( 5 ,3) ,( 6,4) } = B

n. f:lfWlal P(A) , P(B) Sh P(A n B)

P(A) = n(A) = 18 = ! P(B) = n(B) = 12 = !
n(S) 36 2 ' n(S) 36 3

P(A n B) = n(A n B) = 12 = ! P(A) XP(B) = ! X! = !

n(S) 36 3 ' 2 3 6

f:l. f:lfWlal P(AIB) Sh P(BIA)

1 1
P(AI B) = P(A n B) = ~ = 1 P(B/ A) = P(A n B) = ~ = ~
P(B) ! ' P(A) ! 3
3 2

124
 li. fJHRDJOlUtSUJ~fmrul A , B S~ An B
u

~. rfi@~;:mru1 A 2~ B Hlu-dru[J~'g ?

~. ~MSl P(AIB) S~ P(BIA)

n. ~MSlP(A), P(B) 2~P(AnB)

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1.1 ""
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n(A) = 32 +3x2 = 15 ... "'
1Jl~ffl~M n(B)
"'
= 3x2+r = 10 ?

n(A n B) = 3 X 2 = 6

10
P(A) = ~ = ~
25 5
, P(B) = 25 = 52 , P(A nB) = 256

t!:ilru P(A) x P(B) = ~ x ~ = 266 tSl8t~ms P(A n B) = P(A) x P(B)

tltitS8
u
A 2~ B munftffl~rul{§S91R9~Rl
~ ~

~. ~ M Sl P(AI B) 2~ P(BI A)

t!:ilru@~rn~ru1 A 2~@~rn~ru1 B @smfi9~[ltSl& t~ms

P(AI B) = P(A) = 53 , P(BI A) = P(B) = 52

t~tmgLmli9Jn!Ulfi1JruLmli 2 tl~u~u~ti[J '1 t~m~@~rnlru1 :

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u 1.1 u
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li. ~MSl'i'U(fl'U'tflGlblili~M P(BI A) , P(CIB)
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A 2~ B A 2~ C B 2~ C

125
 0 • 0 eJ
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tl='iQlS P(M) = P(MnV)+P(MnV) n:llru P(MnV) = P(V)xP(MIV)

P(M n V) = P(V) x P(MIV)

P(M n V) = 0.15 x o.99 = 0.1485

~msg P(M) = P(M n V) + P(M n V) = 0.017 + 0.1485 , P(M) = 0.1655

..
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126
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L.Ju "' "'
P(VIM)=P(VnM)= P(MIV)xP(V) = 0.017 =O.lOZ7
P(M) P(M!V)xP(V)+P(M!V)xP(V) 0.1655
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P(B) = P(A 1 n B)+ P(A 2 n B)+ ... + P(A 11 n B)

t~Ql2 P(B) = P(A 1 ) x P(BI A1 ) + P(A 2 )P(B/ A 2 ) + ... + P(A 11 ) x P(BI An)

P(B) = 2: [P(BI A)
n
X P(Ai)]
i= I

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P(A k !B) = P(Ak
P( B) = -~-,_
P(BI Ak) x P(Ak)
_____;____;_ ____;_

2: [P(B! A) x P(AJ]
i= I

127
 n

P(B) = ~ [P(BI A;) X P(A;)]

i= I

P(BI Ak) X P(Ak)

P( Ak/ B) = _n_ __:;.__ ___:.:.__

~ [P(BI A;) X P(A;)]

i= I

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P(D) = P(AnD)+P(BnD)+P(CnD)

..., \) p3 D : P(A n D) = P(A) x P(DI A)

A~ l5

e
\)~
D P(B n D) = P(B) x P(DIB)
I
B
l5
ooA P(CnD) = P(C)xP(DIC)
c"~ D
<_______ l5

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(.j "'u
ruffi!'ds
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A ft P(A n D)
U I

128
 P(A n D) = P(A) x P(DI A) = o.so x om = O.Gl5
'i'i5Q'ltittHli1n2utHfintt:rl ruffiMS B ~ P(B n D)
L.J
u "'u 1
1

P(B n D) = P(B) x P(DI B) = o.3o x o.o4 = 0.012

'i'i5Q'ltittHli1n2utHfintt:nruffiMs
L.J ... u 1
C ~ P(D n C)
u 1

P( c n D) = P( C) x P(DI c) = 0.20 x o.o4 = o.oo8

tlcrtSll
u
P(D) = O.Ql5 + 0.012 + 0,008 = O.Q35 '1

[ymuft~ruffi~s A rHlin"a~ tt:nru~tlm~~~cr~ P(AID)

u 1 1

tt:nru~tlm~n2cr~ P(BID)
d .. Ql
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u "'1 "u
I

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P(AID) = P(DI A) X P(A) = 0.03 X 0.50 = 0 428
P(D) O.o35 .
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P(D) O.Q35 .

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P(D) O.Q35 .

ntldtn:mY1n2cr
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t:l
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t:l
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= 12 + lSi '1
t:l
2
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137
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2
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Mr • • • • ,
-------

"
dlitifflrH22z ...ti::lru 2z=2x(2+i)=4+2i
u

142
 y
M M'
mh•uiH
';) ., ----7
OM 1
' "
d1H5filr:Hsusanuu
0 09
z1 = 1- 2i ~--4 ,,
I U U I6V
''
""'ll"'--7 " --7 --7 2
ttnru•u9~ OM dlmmms -2z 1 '1 tl=lQlS
I \

I U
OM= -20MJ

..,:2 0 X

-2z 1 = -2(1- 2i) = -2 + 4i '1

Ml

---7 --7 "

OM' = 20Mz dlmmms
u .
.2zry '1
-
~ ----7 ---7 "
2z 2 +z 1 = OM'+OM 1 =ON dlH~ft1JbCSl_Ytrli9JLffl'e OM'NM 1 '1
u u
'ejlbt9Jti 2z2 + z1 = 2(2 + 2i) + 1- 2i = 5 + 2i '1

0 ,

=i1Simfi = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

"'
l. l=lllil S1 Z 1 + Zz , Z 1 - Zz , Z 1Zz Sb ZJ
- ""
t'li
Zz
n. z1 = 2+5i , z2 = l-7i ~- z 1 = J2-J3i , z2 = J2+ ,J3i '1

2. tuHtu~crssfi~u~btUffl'tldltH'tlti
u 161.1 t_;
a+ bi
ry
_ l3+12i C2i+lr (iJ2- ,/3)(i,/3- J2) l+i 1-i
n. 6"t-8 + 2+ l. ~-
1-i 1=1. J2- 1 + J2 + 1

3. l=lllilSl o +2i) 3 sb (3i-4)4 '1

4. tl=l~h x d1GSS~ti'1 Rllilfttit'tl x t~'tl'i§t 3 +i+x-i d1GSS~ti'1

u u ., eJi.II+i 1-i u

5. firu1f1mmn
u mhcrMutacrssfi~u
t u l6V -I-3i, -1+3i, 2, 4i sb 2-3i nbtiti
c:; 6V
1

6. tl=12Jcr~s~~u zl = 3+2i sb Zz = 2+4i Qb~~~~u '1 Rllilft3lifilrltS

I

n. Z1 +Zz

143
 d~e~~G~iiaCiftiffl~~ili I >$~ %

1.

m.nHJhl z nbtH.1fiou (xoy) '1 OM dl~~Huts

u "'I "" 1"" u 1

USSRGf3
ll !<11
trllbSbl!HlJlSl~~HlHSg
U I
'1

m~ fli m n 21 t jf1~ b 'rub till [!1m@ t ffl n.n

OMN rnb'Ui~ N '1

M
b

0 a

Qt Ql C» tl
m~w ~ug nmm ttl rna
2 2 2
OM = ON +NM

2
i:lf3&S&
u
OM= Ji+b '1
• .., "" 0 • ~
ttlfilb~2blHS z
U I
tf:tlru lzl ttflt15tt'inllil~HI5HnH r = lzl = ,.;a+b- '1
""0
mcrssnuf3
U IN
z 09
= 4-3i. tt'iQ'lS lzl = J4 2 +(-3) 2 = "'25
r:;;
=5 '1

ia+bil m~:;zrutsussfiocr
U I U I ev
a+bi '1

tt12JU~S~~fj Z1 = -l-2i Sb Zz = -4i t'illilSl lzll Sb lzzl 'i

lzd = J(-I/+(-2)2 = J5
lz 21= Jo 2 + (-4/ = 4 '1
 0 02 ~
2 tntJU nfll t!=i't:flStHlSnuti
U I6V
z = 3-4i !=iMSl lzl , lzl al:l 1-zl '1

z = 3-4i~lzl 2
= J3 +(-4)
2
= J9+ 16 = 5

z = 3+4i~lzl = J3 2 +4 2 = J9+ 16 = 5
-z = -3+4i~l-zl 2
= J(-3) +4 = J9+16 = 5 '1
2

(JI

2 tntJU n.n 2

z = 2- i t!=itfiS z=2+i
z = 2- i ~ lzl = J2 2
+ (-1 ) =
2
J4+.l = J5
lzl
2
= (/5) 2 = 5

z·z = (2-i)(2+i) = 4+ 1 = 5

391f.J)tfuJ3 !=iMSllzd·lz21 21:3 lz 1 ·z21 ttl z1 = 1-i 21:3 z2 = 2+i '1

z1 = 1-i~lz 1 1 = J1 2 +(-1) 2 = J2
z2 = 2 + i ~ lz 21 = J2 2
+1 =
2
J5 tl=ltfiS lz 1l·lz21 = J2 x Js = Jf6
z1 ·z 2 = (l-i)(2+i)

= 3 -i

145
3fJJU1UuJ4 f:Hl.fl Sl ~~:: S~ ~~~ d'hr:i§J z1 = 3+i S~ z2 = 1- i '1

z 1 = 3 + i = lzd = J32:li = Jl6

z2 = l-i=jz2 j = )1 2 +(-1) 2 = Ji
t?'iQlS lzd = J16 = j5
jz2l Ji
~ = 3 + i = (3 + i)(l + i) = 3 + 3i + i + i2 = 2 + 4i = 1 + 2i
z2 1-i (1-i)(l+i) 1+1

t?'iQlS ~~~ = JI2 + 22 = j5

2f/JtnUlfl"' 5

z1 = 3-4i=lzd = J3 2 +(-4) 2 = ,J9+T6 = 5

2
Zz = -1 +-iJ3 = jz 2j = J(-1) 2 + (-J3) = Jf+3 = 2
t?'iQlS jzd + jz2j =5 + 2 =7
z1 +z 2 = 3-4i+(-1-iJ3) = 2+(-4-J3)i

jz 1 +z 21 = J4+(-4-J3/ = J4+16+8J3+3 = J23+8J3<7

13j1~ t9Jn t?'iffiutinUtnt1Hn'!32 rutiHlfi'i:flLn : y

N
t?'i'i:flSBSSROu
U IN
Zt s~ z2 &'i:Hli'i:flSmtnmsQ~m
U ~

"
N dl3titnrHS ""
z1 +z2 ttflru ON= jz1+z2j

611'13~ t15'!3filrllj~~tnHl.Jl ON 1N t?'iQlS ON s ON 1 + N 1N

I

146
 0 • 0
~
rutm£HUu 1 tHnmm lzl
Ul ""
= lzl = 1-zl "'stl lzl 2 = z·z ""
u
o
t'iH~:dltiSSnwu
IJ
ol!l
16\1

z = -1 + iJ3 '1

z=-1+iJ3 t~ms
z=-l-iJ3 stl-z=l-iJ3
= -1 + iJ3 => lzl = J(-1) 2+ (J3) 2 = ,J1+3 = 2
2
z = -1-iJ3=>1zl = J(-1) 2 +(-J3) = ,J1+3 = 2
2 2
-z = l-iJ3=>!-zl = J1 +(-J3) = ,J1+3 = 2
tjut.sg
u lzl = lzl = 1-zl '1
2
lzl 2 = 2 2 = 4 tUiru z·z = (-l+iJ3)(-l-iJ3) = (-I) -(ij3) = 4
2

tjutf:Jg
u
lzl 2 = z·z '1
0 • 0
rutm£l~u 2
u

n. z1 =- 1 + 2i => lzd = J< -l )2 + 22 = J5

z2 = 1 + i=> lz 21 = J12;li = Ji

2
Z1Z 2 = (- 1 + 2i)( 1 + i) = - 1- i + 2i + 2i

= -3 + i

lz1z2l = J(-3) 2+ 12 = Jf6 (2)

~msg ffl -e9Sl~9stl (l) stl (2) => lzlz21 = lzd ·lz21 '1

2. ~ = (-1+2i}(l-i) = -l+i+2i-2i2 = 1+3i = !+~i '1

z2 (1 + i)(l- i) 1+ 1 2 2 2

147
 ?1. Zt+Z2 = -1+2i+(l+i) = 3i
!z 1 +z 2! = Jo 2 +3 3 = 3 (I)

lzd + !z2l = J5 + ,J2 > 3 (2)

~tHEH fil1§ga~fi9sb (1) 2h (2) ==> jz 1+z 2 jsjzll+lzzl '1

t?J'i::flEluSSnuti
0
U
z 09
1ru
= 2-i '1 t ~ bctlnm
~
•
lzl = lzl = 1-zl '1

n.jz1z21 = jzlj·Jzzl
2.
z; = l:Il
IZ]I lz2!
?1. Jz1 + Zzl sjzd + lz2i '1

y
t?J'i::f1Si3ssfiau
lJ 1GV
z = a+bi Mntsinbuti 10'\ c:ti 6V
1
os ~ cJ ---7 "? ou
liuti
1""
'1 filb l1 u!H OM dlmfilCHS
u
z '1 'i:Hl:Hli
1
0 t -----7 --? II t ~ b M
linJHHt:iH15 (Ox , OM) ttrrim ffi?lli1~btS
I

crssfiau
U 1ru
z '1 ntibmb cp 11- argz d1 ffi?1111~ti
1
X
0 a N

argz = cp + 2kn , k E Z

N dlcrtn.mrutnbtSGn.fjti M trnHnJrln (ox) Qb~tnH1.fltnb OMN tlibUiti N

I

coscp = ~r n.llru sincp = ~r tf:l ru r = lzl = Ji + b 2 dl~~

u
ruts z 1
'1

~msg ttl~j~nffif.iru~tits z ntib'01ttrl8Lnfl111Lun~hl~nu

u

=~
l coscp
.
smcp = -br
tf:lru r = Ji +b 2 '1

148
2rJ1tnU1J1 1 "' y

z = l + i/3 '1

z= 1+ i/3 ttl rn a = 1 stl b = J3 J3 ------.z

2
tt'ltnS r = JI 2 +(/3) = 2

cos qJ = -
a
= -2I t'Ul"" ru sin qJ = b- J3
2
r r
X
0 I
t'Ul6HS&ffit'lli5ii~ cp = ~ '1
1 1 3
2rJ1tnlf1J1 2 "'
z = - 1 + i/3 '1
2 2
z =-I +iJ3 tt::lbli a= -I Stl b = J3 tt'ltnS r = J(-I) +(/3) = 2

coscp = a- = - -I "t'Ulli5
" sincp = -b = -J3""
trutl y
r 2 r 2
"" • ... 1 q
tlli(!JctlQtl~~tlLmffH1.fl'i:fl'[!i coscp =- <0 stl
2
sincp = J32 > o '[!11 ~nntl ff1Lt::l~'9 2 '1
u ... "; z
2n:
tUl~tS& cp = 3" '1

0
tt'l'i:fl21322n~13
u 1<V
02
z = cosa-isina
-1 0 X

""
tH't§W z = cosa-isina 'i:fl2
"'

coscp = cosa stl sincp = -sina

tLmg cosa = cos(-a) Stl sina = sin(-a)

t::lu crt 2 g cp = -a + 2kn , k E Z '1

0 • 0
ruun i1 f!1a2 tt'l'tflsussfiocr z tt:Jrntitnmrnn:JM lz-Sil =3 '1 lnussfiflcr z
u '"' " 9 s u '"'
t't:Jrn'i:flsffit'lruii~~d'i:flsnm5nn
1 Cot U I
'1

149
 0 os
ffitltHl2n'-'u
IJ IGV
z = x+ yi y

tt:iQlS lx+yi-5il = 3¢:>lx+(y-5)il = 3

Jx 2
+ (y- 5)
2
=3
ttutlcifE:Jm'Hlso~ (O, 5)
2
i+(y-5) =9
" <!!

mtl Q mo~cs~tlci '1 m'i:lnn.nmh P t:i"-5

./!1. " 1 u

ununmtnbtrnHnJ (ox) Ulci N sbtrnHnJ (oy) Ulci M ( ft5~btrn) '1

Qtl~tfiln.fltnb MPQ
2 2
fnb'Ulci M tt:iQ12 MP = 9-QM (1)
I

t!tlL~hmn.nfnb MPO fnbL~ci M &t:iQ12 2 2

MP = 16-M0 (2)
1

m'i:l (1) st~ (2) .. 9- QM = l6-M0

2 2

2 2
M0 -QM =7 (3)

ti::llru QM+MO = 5 =MO = 5-QM

2
n5~fil~ (3) ffi13h5HM~ =7
2
(5- QM) - QM

2 2
25- 10QM + QM - QM = 7

lOQM = 18 = QM = ~
5
MP2=9-QM2=9-(~)2 =9-81 = l44=MP = {144 = 12 '1
5 25 25 ~25 5

ON= MP =12 "" 9 16

- t'i..lltil OM= OQ-QM = 5-- = - '1
5 5 5

~m~u n'lilo pc;, ~ ) 6

ffit:iru~ci~d'Hls~m5o~
I ts- U 1
'1

150
wJn '1 ttil 115 cos<p =~==>a = rcos<p sb sin<p = ~ ==> b = rsin<p
r r
Q . 0 0~
a= rcos<p sb b = rsin<p nbu22nl-lf3
lJ 1N
z = a+bi t?1Ql2 : ~
I

z = rcos<p + irsin<p = r(cos<p + isin<p) &Ulictl9L'eti0tmn.rl'i::f1Lnt2U~2~~G z '1

t:l'
y
2 97U1 Ul.f7 1

mbz=-4+4i tt1rua=-4 Sbb=4

t?1Ql2 r = J16 + 16 = 4)2 tt11 115

cos <p = ~ =- __±__ = - J2 s b

r 4)2 2
X
-4 0

sinc:p = ~ = __±__ = J2 &Uln&sg <p = 3 Jt '1

r 4)2 1
2 4

~msg z = r(cosc:p+isinc:p) = 4J2(cos 1t+isin 1t) '1

3 3
4 4
t:l' 0 C) 0 0~ r::;
297U1Ull1 2 l.HtibGSSnwG
GV U 1GV
2,..;3 -2i

ctl9 L'e ~ 0 t nHl..n 1:fllJ1 '1

2J3-2i 'i:flS a= 2J3 Sb b = -2
X
2 2
t?JQlS r = J(2J3) + (-2) = 4
a 2J3 J3 ..,
t t1l 115 cos c:p = - = - = - &Ul 115
r 4 2
2J3 -2i
. b 2 l
sm<p = ; = - 4= - 2

151
 0 • 0
NtmtHU 1
IJ

tH~W tttlru
7
cos n
4
=cos(-~) sh -sin~= sin(-~)

tf!'iQlS z1 = 2cos(- ~) + 2isin(- ~)

os "'
0
tf!'i'HlS13SSnut3
u l<V
z = l+cos<p-isin<p ti::lru -n+2kJt<<p<n+2kn,

tH~W tttl ru 1 + COS(j) = 2cos2 ~ cUi ru sin<p = 2sin~cos~

tf!'iQlS z = 2cos2T- i2sinTcosT = 2cosT(cosT- isinT)
2 2 2 2 2 2

= 2cos~[ cos(-~) + isin(- ~) J

- n + 2kJt < <p < n + 2kJt t S1 g -n + kn < 9: < ~ + kn
2 2 2

::;. COS~>O, 2cos~ dl~4illt2 Z

z = 2cos~[ cos(- ~) + isin(- ~) J dl9L'i§~~ tAlM'HlUi '1

152
 "'tn cos<p 1 cos<p 2 -sin<p 1 sin<p 2 = cos(<p 1 +<p 2 )

z1 = AJL.r,:.2( cos 37t . . 37t) ~!.. z = 2( cos 47t + zsm

. . 47t)
4 + rsm 4 ~w 2
3 3

t?iQlS z1z2 = AJ2r,:. X 2[ COS (37t

4 + 47t) . . (37t
3 + lSln 4 + 47t)]
3

= 2 AJL.r,:.2( cos 12
257t + zsm
.. 257t)
12
z1z2 = 2 AJL.r,:.2( cos 12
257t + rsm
. . 257t)
12

'
,.~_no~o 0 !.S..,
,.,o,~u~~fjJ;du z1 = ~r. ( cos
2
AJL., . · l11t) ~!..
ll1t +zsm ~'W z2 lOg( cos 37t +zsm
= AJO .. 37t)
4 4 8 8
?irulSl z1z2 '1

t?iQlS z1z2 = J2xJ8[cosC~7t+ 387t)+isinC~7t+ 387t)J

= 4( cos 8251t +lsm
. . 257t)
8

153'
 0 ' 0
rutnHil~U 1
u

tH~W 1/11)
z1 = 2J3-2i fE:Jrn a= 2J3 ~tl b = -2 tR'QlS r = ,Ji2+4 = 4

&C:Jlt:15
2
COS<p = ~ = J3 = J3 ~t\ sin<p = ~ =- ~ =-! t'Uln&Sg <p =- ~6 -
~
r 4 2 r 4 2 1

1
<p= ~"~z 1 = 2J3-2i = 4[cos(-~)+isin(-~)J '1

z2 = -1 +iJ3 ttlrn a= -1 Si:l b = J3 tR'Ql2 r = Jf+3 = 2

ttnru coscp = a~ =- 1 ""2w"" smcp

. b
= ~ =
J3 t'Ul~t2o
o
cp = 2n '1
2 2 3
~z 2 = -l+iJ3 = 2(cos 23"+isin 23") '1

2 2
z1z2 = 4 x 2[ cos(- ~ + 3") +sin(-
~+ ;) J '1

= 8 ( cos 63n + tsm

.. 3n)
6

z1 = 1+ i ~ r = Jf+i = ,J2
n
t t:r1 ru COS<p = l_ = ,j2 St\ sin<p = l_ = ,j2 <p =4 '1
,J2 2 ,J2 2

tR'Ql2 z1 = J2( cos~+ i sin~) '1

z2 = 1 + i J3 ~ r = J1+3 = 2
cos<p = 2-1 ""J..>
2w sm<p
•
= -J3 t'Ul61&2g
2 1
<p =3
n
'1

tR'Ql2 z2 = 2(cos~ + isin~) '1

r:::.2 ( COS 7n + lSlllU

= 2 Aj£. .. 7n)
12

154
 '11jltlt9J61 ZIZz =(I +i)(l +iJ3)

= l+iJ3+i-J3

= l-J3+i(I+J3) (2)

tLu]mcrJu (1) sh (2) tmflufll[!JOlS

2Jicos 7rt = 1- J3 ==>cos 7 rt = 1 - J3 = Ji- ./6
12 12 2Ji 4

2Jisin 7 rt = 1 + J3 ==> sin 7 rt = 1 + J3 = Ji + ./6

12 12 2Ji 4

cos 7 rt = Ji - ./6 Sh sin 7rt = J2 + ./6 '1

12 4 12 4

~5iei 2 t?'i'HlS ZI = 6(cos~~+isin~~) Stl z2 = 2(cos 1~+isin~) '1 ?'iru"JSl

ZIZz ~tHuHM~ctl9~ci a+ bi '1

Mth6'1USSRGumnHsussrH~u
n 1.1 1w "" 1.1 1ov
z ttl z = r(cos<p + isincp)
= (rcos<p) + i(rsin<p)

C?'iQlS z = (rcos<p)-i(rsin<p) = rcos(-<p)+i[rsin(-<p)]

os . . ., c::ll
tWtSll
u
0

uSSrhsuffihltS
1.1
z
l6V 6V
= r(cos<p+isincp) ?1 z = r[cos(-<p)+isin(-<p)] '1

z1 z z ri(cos<p 1 + isin<p 1 ) r 2 [cos(-cp 2 ) + isin(-<p 2 )]

-
z2
= z-1 X =2 = r X ---:---:----:---:--:----,-:::
2 22 2 (cos<p 2 +isincp 2 ) r 2 [cos(-<p 2 )+isin(-<p 2 )]
2
r Ir 2 [ cos cp Icos ( -<p 2 ) + i cos<p I sin ( -<p 2 ) + i sin cp Icos (-<p 2 ) + i sin <pI sin (-cp 2 )]
=
r 2 r 2 [ cos<p 2 cos (-cp 2 ) + icos<p 2 sin( -cp 2 ) + i sincp 2 cos( -<p 2 ) + r sin<p2 sin( -cp 2 )]
?

sin <p 1 sin (-cp 2 ) + i( cos cp 1 sin (-cp 2 ) + sin cp 1 cos (-<p 2 ))]
= rr I[cos cp 1cos (-cp 2 ) -
~-~---:--~-~~~~~~--~~~~--:-~-....,-~~
[ cos cp cos ( -cp ) - sin cp 2 sin (-cp 2 ) + i( cos cp 2 sin (-cp 2 ) + sin cp 2 cos (-cp 2 ))]
2 2 2

r 2(cos0 + isinO)

= ~[cos( cp 1 - <p 2 ) + isin( cp 1 - cp 2 )]

rz
155
 -Zt = -rl [ cos ( <p 1 - <p 2 ) + tsm
. . ( <p - <p )]
1 2
"1
Zz rz

Zt
- arg- = argz 1 - argz 2 '1
Zz

z1 = r::.2( cos 3:rt + zsm

.JL. . . 3:rt) 3>"~'W
J.,
z2 = 2( cos 4:rt + zsm
. . 4:rt) <4
1
4 4 3 3

r::.2( cos 3:rt + zsm

.JL. . . 3:rt)
4 4
~~ma ~ _ ------- = f[cose4n- ~n) + isine4n- ~n)]
Zz
2( 4:rt:
cos + tsm
3
. . 4n)
3
= ./2[cos (- 7:rt) + t..sm (- 7:rt)]
2 12 12

-l+i
z=----

,.,J..o
1>11'1-J z1 = - 1 + 1. 3 J.,
>"!'W z2 = cos 3t3 + tsm
. . 3t
3 '
<4

d~hl Zt = -l+i t:h&JL'j§~~'nHlil'HlLn t~ma r = J(-1) +1

2 2
= J2
&r::!lru coscp = ~ =- _!_ =- J2 s~ sincp = ~ = _!_ = J2 ttflfitag cp = 33t '1
r ../2 2 r J2 2 • 4

= .JL.r::.2( cos 12
5:rt + tsm
. . 5:rt:)
12
156
 z = Zt r;:;( cos-
- = ,..;2 5Jt + 1.. 5Jt) '1
sm-
z2 12 12

0 • 0
ruunn?l~ 1
u

l+i/3 1+iJ3
= -
z = 2i( cos60° + isin60o) = ·( 1 ./3) i
2z - + r -
2 2
r~ · · · Jt
r = cos rc + tsm
2 2
sh 1 =cos 2Jt + zsm
· · 2 Jt '1

z = cos 2Jt + i sin 2Jt

3Jt . . 3Jt
= cos-+ tsm-
2 2

o.!"'C"o
~u ~o z= cos 3Jt + tsm
.. 3Jt '1
2 2

2
Zt = -l+iJ3=>r = J(-1)2 +(J3) = 2

cos<p = ~r = - !2 sb sin<p = ~r = J3
2

t "",..,..,"
>~1..1•~ z 1 =- 1 +r,..;.J .. 2 Jt) '1
. r::;3 = 2( cos 2 Jt +zsm
3 3
z2 = 1 + i => r = Jf+l = 12
cos<p = ~ = ..!.. = 12 sh sin<p = !? = ..!.. = 12
r 12 2 r 12 2
t!:lQ'lS z2 = 1+ i = 12( cos~+ isin~)
2Jt .. 2~
Zt 2( cos 3 + zsm 3 )
=>-=------
z2
12( cos~+ isin~)

= ,..;L.r;:;2( cos 5Jt

12
. . 5Jt)
+zsm
12

= ,..JL.COS
r;:;2 5Jt + l,..JL.Slfl
. r;:;2 • 5Jt (1)
11 12 12
157
 -e'htH9Qn
u· z;- -l+i/3-
Zt-
l+i -
(-l+i/3)(1-i)
(l+i)(I-i)

- - 1 + i + i J3 - i 2 J3
- 1+ 1

=-I;J3+iC+2J3) (2)

q_,uJmnJu (1) Stl (2) ttlltlffitHTl[!JQlS

J2cos5n=-l+J3=::.cos5n = -l+J3 = J6-J2
12 2 12 2J2 4

J2sin5n = 1 + J3 =:> sin5n = 1 + J3 = J6 + J2 'i

12 2 12 2J2 4

f:ltHsg
u cos 12 -
5n- J6-J2
4
sb sm12
. 5n-- J6+J2
4
. .'

~~·•n.t<~
~~t ~ 11:11:
...., ~
~
1 •r .,~ ~0
H o 1 j::l ._, 'il "'~
n 0 0 · 5 n) 3"'~ wJ.. z2 = 5 ( cos
z1 = 6 ( cos 5 3t + z.sm 3t + z.sm
. 3t) . , 1
12 12 12 12
tlMmnrufon ~ '1
z2

6. 5~nse~ns~~mesrefil;~w~essfi'e
~ ~~ ........, S\; liS\;

~SSRGu
IJ 1""
z = coscp+isincp 'HlSSU.ffltlRrul~h~ru~rulu
u 1
M 'i &tl§H3rul
tJ
u M r.tnJg
1 6\1

t9ifnS~rulu
1
M' tf:lrut.hmmnls~SSRGG
u IJ l<V
z' = (cos~6 + isin~6 )z 'i

0 'C» 0 ~ 0
nruln9ffltltsonno 1
M'

, ( n . . n) z
z = cos + zsm M'
6 6
M
= ( cos n + zsm
.. n)( coscp + zsmcp
. . )
6 6

= cos( cp + ~) + isin( cp + ~) X

f:lmsg
II
~nno
1
M' t.hmmn&s~ssfino
U IJ I <V

z , =cos (cp+ n) +zsm

.. (cp+ n) ..twru
.., (--7 -7)
ox, oM = cp .,.
tUlfll (--7 -7 )
ox, oM' = cp+ n 'i
6 6 6
ttldl~nno m-eu1:fln5'9t~ru1ruil1mmli o m-e-ij, ~
1
M' t.hmmnts
U
M <11 I l "'-" 6 '1

158
 sh
0 1 0

ruunntuu 1 tsinbti~Rao
.. I<V
<V
xOy UrulG
I
M ctlitiffirltGlUSn'lRau
U U I<V
z = 1+ i M'
I

z' '1 finn~ z' t~1:3i§1 o .ijI ~

mmmnt2Us2fiao
U I<V \J e.) U
M' mmmn&2
U
M ffl'i:31Jtruh1ruG61
· C. 3 '1

t61 z = 1 + i 'HlS r = JI+l = J2

nnru coscp = ~ = ..!._ = J2 sb sincp = ~ = ..!._ = J2 tUlfi&sg cp =~ '1
r J2 2 r Ji 2 1 4

z' = (cos~+ isin~ J2( cos~+ isin~)

M'
M

= r;:,2 ( cos 7n + zsm

.fL
.. 7n)
12 12
cJ.-::roo
~ubl'>o z' = r;:,2( cos 7rt + zsm
.fL
.. 7rr;) '1
X
12 12

ten ru z' = (cos~ + i sin~) z

1.4
= G+if) o +i) z'
1

1 .1 .J3 J3
= 2-+l-+l---
2 2 2

= 1- J3 + i(! + J3) '1

-0.4 0 X

2 2 2

159
 z' = J2(z+iz)=!(J2+iJ2)z
4 2 2 2

z, = 2I(J2 .J2) z = 21( cos Jt + z..sm Jt) z y

2 + z2 4 4
I

t aHH1TH~ Gl M' dl umJlH1 t a M

I
ffi'ij
(3-
I

1.Hrub1 ru~ ~4 ttfl ru

z' ,
I
!(J2
2 2
+ iJ2)z HlS
2 z
'i§!arut~'2b
u 1 ~
- &s'!ul1
§!'-ru z '1
2

0 • 0 X
ruUTHHUUl 3 0

z' = ( cos<p + isin<p)z:::;. cos<p + isin<p = ~z

2 2 z
1.7
., z' + i./3
n; -
z
= -1 2i
(-1 + i./3)(-2i)
(2i)( -2i)
2
= 2i- 2./3
__i4.,...---;_
X
-1 0 1
2i + 2./3
=-...,-;:.,._
4

= J32 + i!2 '1

lt . . lt
= cos-+
6
rsm-
6

'"'"'roo
~ u • ., o cos <p + t· sm
·
<p = cos lt6 + 1.sm 6
. lt

160
 t fi HltHHl.fl Sl <p ~1 hu=m1 n.Hn-e1 ~'eu ru &go fl

z
,
= -1 +L,y3r;:;
o "u
twrn a= -1
""~o.
!::lw b = ,y3r;:; "
'i:flSY~rn r
u 1
= J(-1) 2 +(,y3)
r;:; 2
=2

cos a = -ar = - 2-l ~lo.

.. w Sill a = -b = -J3
0

r 2
t~n-roo
b
2n:
u 1 n b .. o a = - '1
1 3

~z 2 2
= -l+iJ3 = 2(cos n:+isin n:) '1
3 3

z=2i " ~
"&~blia=O ""Sbb=2 'i::flSY:ablir=.....,t0-+2-=2
u 1

a ""~o. b 2 n;
t tn ru cos~ = - = o 2 w sill~ = - = - = ~ =- '1
0

r r 2 2

z'
2( cos 32n: +zslll 32n:)
0 0

tfiQlS -- - - - - - -
z

n: .. n:
= cos-+ tslll-
6 6

..
COS<p + !Sill<p = cos n:6 + tsm
.. n:
6 cp =
:it
6 '1

s 0
7n:
~fl 0 ~ -6 '1

UMti M(z) 'i:flSH5fiH1 M'(z'

1 u
= Ji
2
+ iji ) '1
2

161
 0 •

= re~~ =-===-=-=--=·=-··=~====..=--===-===-==-=·-=-=··-

n. l-2il ):'). 14 + 3il + 14- 3il

lli. 1(4 + 3i) + (4- 3i)l B. jiiooj '1

==z2

n. 2 + 2i 2. -3 + 3i ):'). -2 + i2,/3 lli. - 1- i

b. 4i u. -4 ti. - J3 + i '1

n. z1 = 1+ i 2. z2 = - 1 + i,/3

n. 2[cos(- ~) + isin(- ~) J
3 3
):'). -2[ cos(-
4
rt) + isin(- ;) J lli. 6( cos~+ isin~)
""
w. r,:;2 ( cos 3rt
"-fL.
.. 5rt)
+ 1sm ..,
u. r,:;
-"-f:J
. 2rt
3 ( sm .
+ 1cos 2rt) '1
4 6 3
6. MH M~G ~ sry~uZ"lb q_,mi:3 ttl &l1Jtilj tff1Mffi!Ji
-5 + i
n. -5- i5J3 2. ):'). 2 + 2i lli. -i
2- 3i
b. -20i u. 15 ti. 2,/3 + 2i d. -6i '1
COSrt . . rt
--+!Slll-
9 9
z = 4rt .. 4rt
cos + tsm
9 9

n. lzl =2 sb argz = rt3 2. lzl = 4 sb argz = -3rt

4
):'). lzl =1 sb arcr7 -- - rt
o~
2
lli. lzl =6 "'
sb argz =
7rt
6

162
 tJfJ l'i tY C'i:Ufj£/g i£J

9. t?i~cr~s~2u z = tana+i ftlru O<a<~ 2-h w = 4(cos~+isin~) ?illilSl

n. lzl

2. lzwi

?i. argz

os "'
11. t?i1:flSuSSnuu
U IN
0
z sh w ttlru
<I
z = -2+5i , zw = 14+23i '1

n. ?i M Sl w

n. z 1 = Ji( COS~+ isin~) Sb z2 = 3J3( COS~+ isin ~)

2. z1 = -5 + 5i 2-b z2 = -3i
?i. Z1 = 2i Sb Zz = -3i '1

13. tsinhtHlflGu
.. ov I 611
(xoy) fill§Ullilu
I
M(z') mmmnts
U
M(z = -4+4i) fill§tHruh1rurln
' 0!
I
0 Jt 0
o
t

1§ - '1 u~nlliln
u
z' '1
I 6
14. &sinbtitifirlu
.. fiV IN
(xoy) crMu I
M(z) 1:flsmmn
U
M(z') fill§tltrub1rurln
0!
o ~I e '1 m U
I

fi llil fi e &f.tHll ~ bttl z' fi llil fi' 111 ru cr s s fiG u21 b &1l.jffll§ :
U IN

iz
n. -
3

3,)3 3 .
2. -z--Zl
4 4
1
?i. -zi '1
2

163
1.
0 0~
~?i''i:flStiSSnucr
u 1"'
z = r(cosm + isinm)
't' 't'

t i:ll ruH s Jn s"' m-gm-g s

1 " u "

t?i'QlS zz = rr[cos(<p + <p) + isin(<p + <p)]

i = r 2 (cos2<p+isin2cp)
3
z = lxz = c/xr)[cos(2<p+<p)+isin(2<p+<p)] = r\cos3<p+isin3<p)
4
z = lxz = (r3 xr)[cos(3<p+<p)+isin(3<p+<p)] 4
= r (cos4<p+isin4<p)

i = z4 xz = (r4 xr)[cos(4<p+<p)+isin(4<p+<p)] = /(cos5<p+isin5<p)

) 'i
z=z
II 11-!
xz=rcosn<p+zsmn<p
"( • •

= 8( COS1t + i sin 1t)

r:lutsg
u
z3 = 8(cosn + isinn) = -8 'i

164
 10
i'H1Jl@l (-1 + i) '1

fflb z = -1+i ti':lrn a= -1 Sb b= 1 tf.iUIS r = Ji+b 2 2

= J(-1) +1
2
= J2
tt!'H15 COS<p = ~ = _ _!_ =- Ji sb sin<p = ~ = _!_ = Ji tUH'HSg <p = 3Jt '1
r J2 2 r J2 2 1

tf.ims8~ s ry~u z 9L'I§~LfitnH1fl'i:lll.f z = Ji( cos 34n: + isin 34~

~ ....... ,... ( 1 +I.)10 = [ Aj.L
biiO~UO~ -
3n: .. 3n:)]l0
r:::.2( C0S4+!Slfl4

= 2 5( COS 15n: + l..S l15n:)

fll

3
= 25 [ cos( 6n: + 32n:) + isin( 6n: + ;) J
= 2 5( cos 3n: + tsm
.. 3n:)
2 2
5
= -2 i
10
(- 1 + i) = -32i '1

0 1 0
rutmnti~ 1
u

tmru cos<p = ~r =- J3 Sb
2
sin<p = ~r = !2 tUH11 &Sg <p = 56n: '1

= 2 13( cos 5n: .. 5n:)

6 + zsm 6
J3
.)13 -- 213( - 2+12
r:::.3
( --v.)+l .1)
-- -212 .J.)+l-
r::;3 .? 12

165
 o
ruUTifif!ll.. 2
, o
?Hl.flSl z =
( 1+
- -.
i) 2n "'
tt:1ru n
0
ell ., ~
dltHHlf:'ifi~9fl9ti~r:l'i:fl£ '1
1 -l IJ 1 i.J' 1:3-

GtYW tf:'iQl£ l+i = (l+i)(l+i)- 1+2i-l = i

Gil 1- i (1 - i)(l + i) - 1+ 1
tuHtuHi~s~2u i dl9tytlL~tfflrul'HlUi
i 'Hl£ a = 0 2b b =1 tf:'iQlf:l r = J()2;i2 =

, ..n
•WILU
·~~ coscp =-a = 0 "'
£w J..t •
smcp =-b = 1 t'Ulfi&£g :rt '1
cp =-
r 1 r 2

i = cos~+
2
isin~
2
'1

z = (1)• 2n = ( cos :rt + 1sm

.. :rt)2n
2 2
= cos( 2n x ID + isin( 2n x ~)
= cos(n:rt) + isin(n:rt)
= (cos:rt+isin:rt)n
n ..,
z = (-1) '1 mn ~ ' z = "" ""
t'UliDtti n Ctutu z = -1

l+sincp+icoscp)n
( 1 + sin cp - i cos cp = cos [(:rt )] ··[(:rt
n 2 - cp . + 1 sm n 2 - cp
)]

1 + sincp + icoscp _ ( 1 + sincp + icoscp)( 1 + sincp + icoscp)

I + sincp- icoscp - ( 1 + sincp- icoscp )(1 + sincp + icoscp)
' 2
_ (1+sincp+icoscp)
- (1 + sincp) 2 - (icoscp) 2
= 1 + sin 2cp- cos 2cp + 2sincp + 2icoscp + 2isincpcoscp
. . 2 2
1 + 2 sm cp + sm cp + cos cp
<-h ·~~
•t w 1 LU
• 2
sm cp = 1 - cos 2cp
2
_ 2sin cp + 2sincp + 2icoscp + 2isincpcoscp
- 2(1 + sincp)
_ 2sincp(l + sincp) + 2icoscp(l + sincp)
- 2(l+sincp)
_ (1 + sincp)(2sincp + 2icoscp)
- 2(1 + sincp)
= sincp + icoscp
, !:11 ru sin cp = cos G - cp) 2t~ cos cp = sinG - cp)

166
 I + sincp + icoscp = cos (Jt
---'----'- - - cp) + 1..
sm (Jt- - cp)
I + sin cp - i cos cp 2 2

:=;.
I+ sincp + icoscp)
( 1 + sincp-icoscp
11

= [ (Jt ) .. (Jt
cos - - cp + 1 sm - - cp)Jn
2 2

= cos[ nG- cp) J + isin[n(~ cp) J

1
( 1 +sincp+icoscp)n = cos[n(~-cp)]+isin[n(~-cp)J '1
+ sin cp - i cos cp 2 2

d t$

2. s.i~@SaUaflSliesG fflOO~lifi
' n "' ~ ~
t?lffitHiCl..fHll ( coscp + i sincp )
11
ffl'i§Htijli 0~ rffitl
- ffl'i§ hl ru ?1 n.n 'f s rHlili rH g cru;
IJ 1 U IJ I

(1/'

2 fl7 ffJ UJ/1 ?1 n.n £1 (cos cp + i sin cp t '1

""
- fUM n =2
ffl'i§hll11?1
/) 1
n.n 'fsa ~mnt9trm
u /) 1

( cos cp + z. sm
.
cp )2 = cos 2cp + 2.zcos cp sm. cp + 1.2 sm. 2cp
= cos 2cp- sm. 2cp + 1'(2 coscpsmcp . ) '1

2
(coscp+isincp} = cos2cp+isin2cp '1

- n~rul "" n = 3

ffl'i§Mru?Jn.n 'fsa mlint9mn

IJ u /)
1 1
3 3 2 2 3
( coscp + i sincp ) = cos cp + 3 cos cp(i sincp) + 3 coscp(i sincp ) + (i sincp )

= cos 3cp + 3'1cos 2cpsmcp-

. 3 coscpsm
. 2cp -tsm
.. 3
cp

= cos 3cp - 3 cos cp sm

. 2cp + 1'( 3 cos 2cp sm . 3 cp ) '1
. cp - sm

l67
 3
(coscp + isincp) = cos3cp + isin3cp '1

sin 3 <p = 3 cos2 cp sin cp-sin 3 cp = -4 sin3 cp + 3 sin cp

- nHlil n
. =4
ffi'i:Hi5ru~
II I
n.n csd ru't5nt9
U II
mflI

( coscp . .
+ zsmcp )4 = cos4cp + 4 cos 3<p ( zsmcp
. . ) + 6 cos 2cp ( zsmcp
. . )2 + 4 coscp ( zsmcp
. . )3 + ( zsmcp
. . )4

= cos 4cp+ 4"1cos 3cpsmcp-

. 6 cos 2cpsm
. 2
cp- 4"1coscpsm
. 3cp+ sm
. 4
cp

= cos 4cp + sm
. 4
<p- 6 cos 2cpsm
. 2
cp + z"(4 cos 3cpsmcp-
. . 3cp ) '1
4 coscpsm

4
(coscp+isincp) = cos4cp+isin4cp '1

3.
t{j w mytu9 n tscr~s~~u z tsut~ms w" =z '1 gL~~Uttmn.nmu;'tsd~s
w ~z=r(coscp+isin<p) sb w=s(cosa+isina) '1

w" = [s(cosa+isina)f

=s"(cosna+isin na) '1

0 os t::Jl q,
tf:$1115 w" = z &~Ql£ s"(cos na+isin na) = r(coscp+isincp) ti££nl..ltit1Hhlffl
1J IN ,_..,.

cos na+isin na = coscp+isincp t~9l~Q1£ cos na = coscp, na = cp+2k:rr

a = <r + 2k:rr &l:l ru k E z '1
n
dstuIJ
2
a= <r+ k:rr
Jl
sb s = nJr nb9L~~Lihmn.nmLntsdssfiou
'1 1J IN
w t~ms

w = 'ifr[cos(cp+n2 k:rr) +isin(cp+~k:rr)J '1

d5t~dstu k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...... , n-1 t~Ql£ n 11tu9 n tt:hb')fflt£G££Rtlu z '1

IJ - li "" IJ 1""

168
21T1ff)lllf1"' 1

~~1htH~
4
'1

~ I 2 2 r;::.
mb z=-l+z ~wrua=-1
• "._. Q
Sbb=l ttiOlSr=A/a+b=.y(-1)+1 =,.;2

ttilru coscp = ~ = - _!_ = - ,fi Sb sincp = ~ = _!_ = J2 tUHHsg cp = 3 :rr '1

r ,fi 2 r ,fi 2 ' 4

z = - 1 + t. = ,.;r;::.2(
L. cos
3:rr + 1.Sill
. 3:rr) '1
4 4

I
. (3n: + 8k~J
-- 210[ COS (3:rr + 8k:rr) + l. Sill )
20 20
tf:lru k = o, 1, 2, 3, 4 '1
I

tSH w 0 = 2 [ cos(~~)+ isin(~~) J

10
ttl k =0
I
~u k = 1 tSlg w I = 210[COS (3n: + sn:) + l..
Sill (3:rr + s~]
)
20 20
I

= 2 10( COS-+tSill-
lln: .. lln:)
20 . 20
I I
r~
•u k = 2 •r,..,...o
..,lo w 2 = 2 10[ cos (3n:+ 16n:) +tSill
.. (3n:+ 16n:)] = 2 10( cos 19:rr +zsill2Q
.. 19n:)
20 20 20
I 1
r~ k = 3
• u
rc:no
• .., 1 0 w3 = 210[ cos (3n:+24n:) + 1sm
. · (3n:+24n:)] = 210( cos 27n: + tSill20
.. 27n:.)
20 20 20

169
 ~HLflS1tHo9
"'
4 &st3ssiH~u
lJ 16\1
-8 + i8,/3 lJ~umhtHuii~um::tru~l:H~
&
'1 "\.,!)

fflh z = - 8- i8,/3 ti:1 ill a = -8 Si:l b = ~8,/3 t?'iQlS r = J( -8) 2 + (8,/3) 2 = 16

cos<p = ~ = - !_ = -! Si:l sincp =~ = - 8 ,/3 = -,/3 t'i..fHHSl: <p = 4 rt '1

r 16 2 r 16 2 1 3

&r:1ru k=0,1,2,3'1

wk -- 2[ cos (4rr: + 6krr:) + zsm

. . (4rr: + 6krr:)]
12 12

d5 k = 0 tm:: w0 = 2( cos~+ isin~) = 1 + i,/3

""
m k =1 reno
b ~ 1o WI = 2( COS 65rt + l· Sin· 65rt) = - M3 + I·
.j ::J

dj k = 3 tm:: w3 = 2(cos 1 ~rr:+isin 1 ~~ = ,/3-i '1

0 0 "
130Jlu Mo, Ml' M2, M3 mh Wo, WI' Wz, w3 ctln~ ruts filt~

0 6 ':>
nt~ru z = -64 ,
Ql

z my tug 6 cs -64 '1

-64 = -64+0i 'i:llS'i§~ru

u 1
r = J(-64) 2 +0 = 64
tf:tHJ5 COS<p = ~r = - 64
64
= -1 Si:J sin<p = ~r = 64
.Q_ = 0 ttnmsg
1
<p = rt '1
\:1 0 •

= 64(cosrr:+isinrr:)
t:::J}

t?lQlS -64 ytug 6 tS -64 nCl..fHHt:tlt15:

I

wk = 64 6 [cos(rr:+~krr:) +isin(rr:+62 krr:)J &r:1ru k = 0, l, 2, 3, 4, 5 '1

ttl k = 0 tm:: w0 = 2( cos~+ isin~) = ,/3 + i

ttl k = 1 tm:: w 1 = 2( cos~+ isin~) = 2i

170
.
m k = 2 t S'U w 2 = 2 ( cos 5n + zsm
. . 5n) = -J3 + i
6 6
.
m k = 3 t S'U w3 = 2 ( cos 7n + zsm
.. 7n)
6 6 =-J3-i
.
m k =4 ta'H w4 = 2 ( cos 23n + tsm
. . 3n) = -2i
2
dj k= 5 tS'U w 5 = 2( cos
1
~n + isin 2 ~n) = J3- i 'i

tHHS8
u
z tt\5'2~
-1
J3+i , 2i , -J3+i , -J3-i , -2i S~ J3-i 'i

3 ~
(z-2) =1 , z-2 t:llyhl~tHS 1
.. ~
1 = 1 +Oi 't:flS'iHH15
U I
r = "Jl-+0- =1
t 111 ti5 cos IV = ~r = !1 = 1 S~ sin IV = ~r = Q=
1
0 tuHH
1
S g IV = 0 'i

t?lQlS 1 =cosO+ isinO

w k = cos ( 0 + 2kn) + 1.sm

. (0 + 2kn:) ftl ru k = o , 1, 2 'i
.
m k = 0 t S'H w 0
3
= cosO+ isinO
3
=
.
m k = 1 t S'U WI
2n . . 2n 1 J3 .
= cos- + 1sm- = - - + - 1
3 3 2 2
..
m k = 2
4n 4n
tSH w 2 = cos-+ isin-
1 J3.
= ---
3 3 2 21
ttnru z-2=Vi ,z=Vi+2
.
tti w0 = I t Sl g z0 = 1 + 2 = 3

1 J3. 2
tC>"lO
b<'liO ZJ =- 2+2l+
3 J3.
= -+-l
2 2
z2 = - !_
2 2
J3 i + 2
3 J3.
= 2-2!

171
 0 • 0
rutmnl!Uu 3

6 3
z + 2z· + 1 = (z 3 + 1)2
3 2
t~QlS (z + 1) = 0 , z3 = -I 'i5
"'-
z ctl'UW~'UtS -1
"' u
"
'1

"tn -1 = -l+Oi "

tE:lru a= -1 .Sb
,. b =0 t~QlS r = J(-1) 2 +0 2 =
cos cp = a-r = - -1I = -1 8b sincp =~ =0 t'Ul m s g cp = 1t
r •
t~QlS -1 = cosn:+isinn:
.::::»
ywg 'I)
3 ts -1
0 '
nruHm:JH15

wk = 3;v"11 ( cos 1t +32kn: + z. sm. 1t +32kn:) tE:l ru k =o , 1, 2 '1

""
t'U k =1 tSl8 w 1 = cosn:+isinn: = -1
rft k = 2 5n: +1Slll
. · 5n: = l J3. '1
2-21
tcr>o
bU b>OIO Wz = C0S
3 3
~ 1Jt S g Yfd t S fd{§fm '?\ Zo =~ + 1 i , Z1 = -1 8b ttl Z2 = ~ -1 i '1

172
= re~ fi
0 '
=====-·~·=··
..-=·-=··=·-·=··~·=-=======·==-·-=-==·-=····=·=-=·-=·~"'·-

-n. (1 +1')12 2. (J-i)IO

b (- Ji+Jii)i5 ~. {-1 +i/

0
. 2 2
2. ~wn Sl t3 ~HH~
lJ
au :n taum't§ :
1GV

5
n. u = (l+i/3) +(1-i/3/

4. ummm
U1 ~
n. (l + 1.)n
... = 22( cos 4nn + 1..sm 4nn)
5. m§1crssfiou
tJ u 16>1
z = cos~+
6
isin~6 '1
0 0 !:) .., 14~.,.
n.
u-40
t~.-uunnumffHHSuSSnuu
1 u u 16>1
"
z, z2 , z3 , z4 , z5 , z6 , z7 mHw 11
wHHfilrul'i:flHi
w w
0 • O'o " 2 3 II
2. nrul~H'itllitS 1 +z+z +z + ... +z '1

6. l'!irulSl n. 9( cos :rr;4 + zsm

.. :rr;)
4

lil V- 2- i2/3

Ql ~ Ql 0 Q,l tC»
8. l'!innSlytug 6 ts 1 ttrHiHntlytuVJiHSl&tnn~tii_,ntfilM'i:fll.r '1

9. ttfl&i_,nfltiJM~fil~::rltlti_,fil't§ :
4 3
n. z -8(-l+i/3) =0 2. z + 8i =0
4 3 =0
l'!i. z + 81 =0 lli. z + 27 i

tl. /-4/3 +4i =0 1 1 .

u. z5 +-+-l =0 '1
J2 J2

173
1.

z2 = 4 + 3i Mntsintlti~Rau
G" lGV
t::; 6\1
t!:l rn·i:rH:U'i5ffH1
U
I

mh&L::llru A(z 1) 2t! B(z 2 ) '1 nTihu~'!:lbm t~

u'tflru~nh A
~
2h s thfst~ihns .?
~ 1~

tROISG~tAlrul OAB'B ctllJHb15&lJLAl13

u
101n OA = BB' Sh [OA] II [BB'] '1

ffih A'(-z 1 ) ctl315fflbl tS -z 1 tROIS OA = OA' '1

OA = B'B ttfiru OA = OA', B'B = OA' G61tAlrul

I
OA'B'B 'tflS OA' = BB' Sh
[OA'] II[BB'] m;mrnlf'iUAl13
W i.l
'1 tROIS B'(z 2 - z 1) ctlmmtl
U
cs8sU sfiau
IGV
z 2 -z 1 '1
u
t!:llli5 AB = OB' tS'H AB = lz2 -zd
= 14 + 3i- l - 2il
= 13 + il
= J9+i = JW
174
 .,
291tntflfl 2

z2 = 1 + 2i '1
y
mb A(z 1) Sb B(z 2 ) dlfi5fflbHUh[J&Gl Zr Sb Zz

HGl~f!H5'eGl
1 nu n
AB = ll +2i+3-5il
= l4-3il

= Jl6+9 = 5 t::lmsg
u
AB = 5 bnm '1
0 • 0
ruUTHHU 1 X·
\J

ut~ru mh A(zr) sb B(zz) mru.mtHUh[J&Gl Zr sb Zz '1

tr:lQlGl AB = lzz- zd
= Ja 2 +b 2 i-a 1 -b 1iJ

= J<az-ar)+i(bz-bi)I
= J<az- ai)2 + (bz- bJ
e1 I 2 2
~msg L'iH~h AB = Af(a 2 -a 1) +(b 2 -b 1 ) '1

blhffi~~a 2 tr:l§jn~Gl~~u z1 = -5+2i, z2 = 3+6i Sb z3 = 4-6i '1 A,B,C dl

H5ffll:lt2
U
Zr, Zz, z3 tsinbutir'Hh:;
c:t 1GV
6V
'1 utnmmufltnHl.fl
Ul ""
ABC mufltnHl.flM'eQln '1
1

u~run'lb A Sb C ?i AC = Jz3-zrJ
= 14- 6i + 5- 2il
= 19- 8il
AC = J81 + 64 = J145 '1

175
 y
1J¥1t1Htltl B Sb C ~ BC = lz3-zzl
= 14- 6i- 3- 6il
= II- 12il
= Jl + 144 = ,Ji45 '1

trllhQlS AC = BC = ,Ji45

0 09 ~
tl=iffiSuSSn!.-'u
J.l I""
z1 = 3+2i, z,- = -1-i sh z3 = ll-6i '1

t:tU'\5fi1CltS
U
z1 ,z 2 ,z3 tsinbti~flOu
ct: GV 1W
'1 l=irul21Hnnht:lbtS1~tfilrul
& 1..) l.,j
MNP '1
1 1

ab Zz = a2 + bzi tl:H15ffi23tifilt1 mh n::h ru

(zl) m ~B(zz)
t"3ClJlu A(z 1) Sb B(z 2 ) dJb~ '1 mht"3ClJlu I
~I
I
I'

I
I
1 n
P(z) m ummncst1ssfion J.l '""
z ftH1H;5ntsi
~
I

trn [AB] ttflrufun [AB] ffl'l§drutuJti m:

n '1 trubu~~nussfiou
J.l JoN
z '1

t 0 QJ I 0

c
I Cp

!=Hu~hnlJhltiSb
u n
[OB] ~hnmhmt:ltim1nl:1urulu
n ucolj 1
'1
0 t Cp I l 0

ffl'l§urult3
I
P l=ihltiS1n1JhltiSh
U c;
[AO] filn [OC] 1nl:1urult3
Lj 1
Q '1 fflh A'(-z 1 ) t:ll

tl=i'QlS Q(z-z 1 ) "

maumms z+(-z 1) ~ z-z 1

C(z2-Zt) ftl3tifiltltS Z2+(-zl) ~ Zz-Zt '1

m
--=-- z-z1 = --(zz-Zt)
m+n
m mz mz 1 mz 1 + nz 1 nz 1 + mz 2
z = --(z 2 -z 1)+z 1 = - -2 - - - + = ---
m+n m+n m+n m+n m+n

176
 nz 1 + mz 2
z= =---
m+n

a;.smru
0 . - m
Q>

A. =1
0
t su tH1Il t; p M~tainruTHliHb~ [AB]
I ~ n n
0
- m Q>

1.>0 tSUOMO I
P M~taimsH .., A sh s
"'
0

- m P hl~taitrut521tl5t~ [AB] y_taitLAi [AB]

Q>

1.<0 tGllgt;n.flO
I
'i
"' 6\J

3tntnuu1 2 tl=lYl~O~~~~o Zj = 2+4i sh Zz = 8+6i ttHliffi~3li.ffltHUh~ A(zl)

sh B(zz) OMO
I
P(z) dU'i5tntlt~t3~~R~O
U 1.1
z ti:lru p tOn [AB] lifl~rAruttfU1 li 1'111

AP : P B =2 : 1 1=1 ru121 z 'i

z = z1 + A.zz t i:l ru A. = 2
l+A.
- 2 + 4i + 2(8 + 6i) = 18 + 16i
- 1 +2 3
.16 "
Z = 6 +13 I

or
ifntniM 3 r~~no~oo:3.~..,
... ,o,,..u,..1.1 ... nJ..Su z1 = 2 + 4·l 3!.4
... w z2 = 8 + 6"1 f!uwn~~no~~~"""'M~~nn""'
• •uo• ... •u•"••w•u•w•u
1611 U I

A(2, 4) Sb B(8, 6) 'i

" 0
2. ~finHHI:tH~t~urulO
u 1
P nrunru
n
[AB] 'i
y
fi. ffi~3'li~~ Z = ZJl++A.:z
... p
u 0~ 0
ti:lru A.= -2 21<1JOO.f10 P 8 ~---13---
6 ---- I
4 A I I
taitru'liGlltllt~ AB 'iN
I I

X
z = 2 + 4i- 2(8 + 6i) = 14 + 8i
1-2
i:lm~g
U
nHHI:tltSt~OMO
U I
P ti:lruton [AB] m~rArutu'l'li
U AP: PB = -2 ?i
P(14, 8) 'i

177
 z +A- 2
2. m'i.Hli'i:Hl z = ' .(. ttl ru A = 1
u £1 l+A

z1 + z2 2 + 4i + 8 + 6i
= - - = = 5 + Si
2 2

nhm~iia 1 m2Jri~a~~u z1 = 7+4i sb z2 = I0-2i ftHli'Hl23lifiH1r:hUrtf)u

A(7, 4) sb B(lO, -2) '1 H1~~Uttllt2t2Ulli)u M tt1rutuliH~iJ [AB] 6Tl'i:ldrutt{Jli

AM: MB = 0.2 '1

Zr + AZ2 7 + 4i + 0.2( 10- 2i) 7 + 4i + 2- 0.4i

z = I +A = 1 + 0.2 = 1.2
+-
- 9-
- 3.6i-
- 7 .5+3.
l
1.2
tlmsg
U
t3ruw
I
M(7.5, 3) mmmr~ls
U
z =7.5 + 3i '1

ttl rumsmmr1
u
A(-3, -7)

Lfi~GCU')u ~ ls AB '1

GCU')u M funH~ii [AB] Lfi~ j &s AB msfi~mnii

A M B
- n~ nfi AM : MB = !2

z-
_ Z1 + ~I\.Z2 _
-
-3-7i+2l(l0+2i) _
2 - 6'l
- - - - - - 4z
_
4 .

l+A l+! 3 3
2 2

.., A M B
- liHUl AM : MB =2 : l
~r:'i('flS Z = Z1 +AZ2 = -3-7i+2(10+2i) 17-3i = -173 - l.
l+A 1+2 = -3-

tr:'l§'iGSsfirlu
lJ 1J l<V
z, = 6+4i sb ZJ
-
= I +9i ti':ibli'i:flSmfi'lrlfflbttnrucrrulu
U I

A(6, 4) Sb B(l, 9) '1 ~li~HHtlltStSGrtf)u M tt1rutuliH~iJ [AB] 6Tl'i:ldrutcrJti

AM: MB = 2: 3 '1

178
3.

~sinh'UtiRrlu
c::c tcru
~r:'imh8ssrH~u
6V U
z, z1 1GV
y
I
c
sh z2 ~L:llt15Grulu~Dhm A, B sh c '1
I "

~r:'iQlS~~fflrul ABC ( amnh ~) '1 ~~13j

f:'irulSl LBAC ttllt15t1th3ssfiou
lJ U IGV
tf:'ihlti1u9a
1

---7 --7 "" ---7 --7 :5 ""

OB' = AB Sh OC' = AC '1 ~r:'iQlS ABC .. w

OC'B' ctl'i~tfflrulE:lGm
l.j u ..
ttfiru
LBAC = LB'OC' '1

AB mmffltlts8ssfiou
U U tov
z 1 -z ~tiiru AC ctlmffltlts8ssfiou
U U l!SV
z?-z
-
'1
"" ....,. "' -7
~ruhms OB'(z 1 - z) sh OC'(z 2- z)
--7 ....,. "" --7 ---7
(Ox, OB') = arg(z 1 - z) Sh (Ox , OC') = arg(z 2 - z)

Sfl1'iJltnfl 1 ttl A(-1- i) , B(l + i) Sb C(-1 + i) 'U&~nQlS~tfflrul ABC '1

f:'irulSldblitu]'u ~~ Sb LBAC tS~tfflrul ABC '1

m13m13s
u 11
AC
AB
= 'zZt-Z
2- zl
tn z2- z _ - 1 + i- (- 1 - i) _
z1 -z- l+i-(-1-i) - l+i

AC = ..{2 '1
AB 2

179
 LBAC = arg(zz -zz) = arg(-i-.)
2
-
l+1
1

= argi- arg(l + i)

tltHS8
u
LBAC = 4~ '1

z = x+ iy

_ l2-3i-x-yil
- li-x-yil
- I(2 - X) + (- 3 - y) il
- 1-x+(l-y)il

rn 2
1(2-x)+(-3-y)il = Jc2-x) +(-3-y/

1(-x)+(l-y)il = J(-x) 2 +(1-y/

2 2
J
..;..(.,_2;=-=X=:)=+=(=-=3=-:::0y-'-) =3 ¢::> ( r?
2 -X + (- 3 - Y
?
r =9
J(-x)2+(I-y)2 i+(l-y)2
2 2
4+4x+x +9+6y+y =
2 2
9
X + 1-2y+ y
2 2
13- 4x + x + 6y + y = 9x2 + 9- 18y + 9y 2
2 2
2(x +2x)+2(y -3y)-1 =0
=0

0 • 0
rutnHHU 2
1.1

stl z2 = 2i '1 mfin..n~crn.nu

u 1
M rtlru arg(z-z 1)
z- z2
= ~4 '1

180
 mb z = x+ yi
z-z1 _ x+yi+2i _ x+i(y+2)
tf:llflS Z-Zz- x+yi-2i- x+i(y-2)

_ [x+i(y+2)][x-i(y-2)]
- [x+i(y-2)][x-i(y-2)]

_ i- ix(y- 2) + ix(y + 2) + /-4

- 2 2
X + (y- 2)
_ X
2 + y 2 - 4 + 4 Xl.
- 2 2
X + (y- 2)
2 2
x + y -4 4x
= 2 2+ 2 2
X + (y- 2) X + (y- 2)
2
x + /- 4 4x .) n
==;.arg?
( X- + (y- 2) 2+?
1 =4
X- + (y- 2 r ?

4x
2 2
X + (y- 2) _ t Jt
2
2 - an-
x + y -4 4
2 ?
X + (y-2t
? 2
4x x-+(y-2) =tan~=
4
X
2
+ (y - 2 r?X 2 2
X +y - 4
2 2
x + y -4 = 4x
2 2
x -4x+ y =4
2 2
(x-2) +y = 8

[:jmsuJru1tinncr
U I I
M ~t:tubihnstl-n
4 a (2, o) sb'tflsnit~ab
-1
2J2 '1

tf.i~hunncr
U I
A, s si:l c ctuu.FruH{)t~m'tscrssfitlcr
U <C 1.1 16\1
z = -1-i ,

Zj = 1 + i sb Zz = -1 + i '1 f.irulSlrHmoJu~b sb~h~Liitfflrul ABC

1
AC
n. ~b LBAC
AB

CB
2. Sb LBCA
CA
BA
f.i. ~b LABC '1
BC

181
4.

0 os y
mbt:Hl2liu1J
\.1 16\1
z = x + yi

t?'ilil2 lx+yi-il = 1 <::>lx+(y-l)il = 1

Ji + (y- 1) = 1
2

2 2
X + (y- 1) =1
X
0

... 0 0 0

2tnU7UU12 ~lif'tHl..JlOMO P dlnJ,ffHl

I ! U

mb z = x + yi t?'ilil2 y

lx + yi- 31 = lx + yi- 2il

i(x-3)+yil = lx+(y-2)il
2
J(x-3/+/ = Ji+(y-2)
2 2 2 2
(x-3) +y =x +(y-2) X

2
?
X-- 6x + 9 + y = X 2 + y 2 - 4y + 4
-6x+4y = -5

.,r;r::Hli'i::fHHt5'i:3ffl~
"' 4y-6x = -5 '1
...
2tntnUU13
3:rt
arg(z+ I)= '1
4

182
 filb ttJl 115 arg(z + 1) = 3Jt
Z = X+ yi y
4
3
arg(x + 1 + yi) = Jt
4
~f:ltnS

y 3:rt
--=tan-= -I
x+l 4 X

_Y_ = -1 ' y = -X- I '1 y = -X- 1

x+l

hl~ffU y = -x-l tl:lru y;;:O '1

n. lzl = 3

2. lz + 2il = lz- II
y
n. 2ti'tflctl z = x + yi
3
~f:ltnS lx + yil = 3 , ~ = 3
2 2
X +y = 9

tlU m s HJ ru1 13 rum

I I
P ?h::tu b {1. ttl ru'tfl s
iJ
-3 X

-3
2. 2'i.J'tf1Gl Z = X+ yi
tf:ltnS lz+2il=lz-ll, lx+yi+2il
y
= lx+ yi -II

lx+(y+2)iJ = J(x-l)+yiJ
2
Jx +(y+2) = J(x-1)
2 2
+/
2 2 2 2
x + y + 4 y + 4 = x - 2x + I + y

4y + 2x+ 3 = 0

.
'tflS hl'e"filS 4y + 2x + 3 =0 '1

183
lz- 21 = 3lz + 21

2U'i:flrtl z = x+ yi y

&!:i01S lz- 21 = 3lz + 21

lx+4i 21 = 3lx+yi+21
X
I(X - 2) + y il = 31 (X - 2) + y il
2 2
)(x-2) +/ = 3)(x+2) +/
2 2 . 2 2
(x-2) +y =9[(x-2) +y]
2 2
x -4x+4+y = 9(x2 +4x+4+y)2
2 2
x + 5x+4 + y =0
2 25 25 2
x + 5x + - - - + 4 + y
4 4
=0

(x+25) =49 '1

2
2
+y

... ...
t,efiel
ancJruinn.nu
I 1
P t'tHlidlmJ::rm&snssrHlu
U U 1<11
z tUirm5tnmnl'iHlin2n.n~htUmY
--.!> 9 !ll

n. argz = :rt4
2. lz-181 = 2lz+ 18il '1

184
 os s 2
0 0 eJ
- tiiHH'iutitlltiSfHf:iill'i:fHHlb
u IIIII u
eJ oC:\ 0

IJ
QJ
a+bi ~f:iill a Sb b tlltiSSLin '1 t'lflru i = -1
0 02 "' ""' el ""~.o
- tiSSnuti
IJ 1<N
a+bi Sb c+di thlff'l
~..
rugumtn
I
a= c Sw b = d '1
0 02
- drntintiSSnuti
U IJ 16V
(a+bi)+(c+di) = (a+c)+i(b+d)
0 02
- drnf:intiSSnuti
u 16V (a+bi)-(c+di) = (a-c)+i(b-d)
0 02
- drur:iMtiSSnuti
1 IJ 16V
(a+bi)(c+di) = (ac-bd)+i(ad+bc)
os os
0

\.1 16V 6V
•':lo 0
- tiSSnutil11hltStiSSnuti
\.1 IN
z= a+bi fflbtf:hru z= a-bi '1
0 os ':lo 0 os
- tiSSnl.3udrutStiSSnuti
\.1 1N ,; \.1 I""
z = a+bi fflbtf:hru -z = -a-bi '1
I
.::» os 0
r-z-:2
- ttitf!i'i:flStiS\.1 Snuti
IN
z = a+ bi &Slg~~rnts
" "
z fflwt!:hru
l.o
r = lzl = ,_Ja-+b- '1
os .. '? 0
- rnnn.fl:'ij:arntsussnuti
9 u 1 \.1 '""
Ql s 0 0
• m z thtiSSnuutS18
\.1 16V
lzl = lzl = 1-zl
ab Zz tllBSSROti
1
tS'Htf!iQ'lS
u ""
lzlz21 = jz ~l·lzzl ' lzll = 81
Z"; lz2l
lz1 + z2l s lzd + izzl
'i'! el ---? " 0 0~ 0 0 " ~ ---?
- ~r:;g~ OM th~tiiiltHStiSSnuti z fflb <p tJl'ijfttitid~HS (Ox, OM) <p tUTit:tl
1 U \.1 1GV 1 U I

ffir:irut§~tsussfiou
1 · \.1 IN
z '1 t~'ij"'irf!in..nSl~
ZJ I
cp trubin~tf:h8UMru1titl§M~m~:
W t.:.i ~
u
a a
COS<p = = -
Ja2+b2 r
. b
sm<p = = -b
Ja2+b2 r

- z = r(coscp+isincp) tUTit:tl9'D3~~tfiiM'i:flUitSU~S~~ti z = a+bi '1

- tU Z( = rl(cos<pl + isincpl) sb z2 = r2(cos<p2 + isin<pz) tal8tf!i01S

• ~ = ~[cos(cp 1 -cp 2 )+isin(cp 1 -cp 2 )]

Zz r2

• zn = [r(coscp+isincp)t = rn(cosncp+isinncp) 1Jili n mu~sr:in1W9u '1

tf!iffiti91(g01S (cos<p+isincp)n = cosncp+isinn<p tUTit:tl~~'(jg~{h '1

185
 Llit'Hl AB = jz 2 - zd = jz 1 - z2i '1

- ttltf:lYlSUS1J s fi~cr
1""
z1 ~b z?- ttHliYlSmtrHHUb
u
m
"'
mb n:!l ru A(z 1) ~b B(z?_)
ttfirucrrulti
1
P(z) ctUtifflLltSGSSR~ti
u 1J l<V
z t'tlru P f'6msitru AB t'un AB
"

z1 + AZ 2 .. m
ff'l'i:3druto0tim: n t~:mtf:l(flS z = l+A ttlill A=~ '1

• tti A= 1 tsucrrulu 1
P h5ntsinrunruHbri
4' n n
AB

tf:l(flS AC = lz 2 - zl ""
t'iJl li5 LBAC = arg (z-2 - z)
- '1
AB ZJ-Z z -z
1

0 •

=n5~a1 ===================

0
2. ~fifiHHL:htStirultinrullill
u 1 ..,
AB '1

3. crru1cr
I
A, s ~b c ctuummubmcsussfi~cr
U C\1 1J I
2+i , -I ~b 3-2i '1 1r:ntimt.ri9
<IIl.j l.j

""
"tSLfitfflrul ABC '1

4. tf:lffiscrssfi~cr
1J I<V
3+2i, -1-i~b n-6i t'tlruYlsmmmuhmmbtmruuMcr
U I <I
A, s

186
 t1gn nJ rgrijsg fi

5. GM 13
1
A, B, C sb D ctlmmm~QbmtscrssrH~cr
u .. 1.1 1611
-2+i , 4i , 2+2i
2
sb 2~-i '1
. "tscr~tmn.n
tmuLm.ng ABCD '1

6. tt1§'icrssiH~cr
t.J II Jov
6+4i sb I +9i t1:Hl5'i:flSHJ.fflrHUbR1 mbtfhrucrn.ncr
U · c; 1
A sb B '1

fin.n~mmn
U
M &scrssfiocr z t1:lrncrn.nlcr
l.J 1 6V
M t'crn AB m·t:H~rnwQu

AM: MB = 2: 1 '1

t'1:lrn'i:fls~umnmt~tf:tlrucrn.ncrcut~m
u 1 ..
A, s st~ c '1

t1M21drntwJu ~~ Sb LBAC tSLfltfilM ABC '1

n. lzl = 5

~- lz- 21 =5
t1. lz- 2il =4
ill. lz + 2 + 2il = 2J2
b. lz+3-iJ3I = 2./3
cr. 2lz- il = 3 '1

9. ~nMnncrn.ncr
1 1
P &scrssfiocr z
II IN
t1:lrntitnmrnn~n.n:nl::!tUm<t3
"'>.!> 9 S

3n
n. argz =
4
n
~- arg(z+2) =
2
fi. arg(z- 3i) =~ '1

n. lz-21 = lz-41
~- lz- 61 = lz + 31
fi. lz-11 = 3lz+21 '1

187
 n. Z1 = 3+2i Sb Zz = l-7i
~.z 1 =J3-i,JS Sbz 2 =J3+iJ5'1

2. MH.tuaissrHlo
1J l<V
z :nbtUill'i:H:ll9'i'e~tid~Mn
l_j

2 3
-41+63i 6i+l n ( 1 + 2i) - (l - i)
n. z = so - 1-7i 0 z - -'----'-:::--'---'--:,
3 2
. - (3 + 2i) - (2 + i)

t:i. z = 13+12i+(2i+1)2 lli

.z
= (- 1 +2iiJ3) 2 '1
6i- 8 2 +i

,.., lOre . . lOre

.a. 1 + cos + zsm
9 9
re
. . re
cos + zsm
z =
9 9
4re .. 4re
cos + zsm
9 9

n. lz- 2il = 4

lli. lz + 21 < lz- 21

~- lz- 1- 3il = 5
b. lz- il = lz- II
~- lzl = lz- 2il
'G. !z- 4 + i! = lz- 1 - 2il

188
 t rub ms MnJl,u9 ~ Qb~i1~o nrn ttfi rut sri ~l R9 10 ~ 9J ~ t rub sb MnJl Ci,o9 aQb
1 U I

't:Ht5i:nsn5:n~ic]&s~o9~nbrthn
U ct I <0
~i:io~o9jnbui1t'1::la
U I <0 <N
tifsum2t'ntrubMnn§,
I n \j' tJ
I 1

~cttL'Hictlb~su~o ~trubMnJltrunn~rut'i:irul:flsHnJli y_tmiJlim ti~~i1tuJb t~'ijj2J

I I

mst'n~cttLHitrut'~ncralJi'i:fl1j'l '1

trubtlih::gmu~·n~1Jli1 trubwnJltill~nJ\lru ( \lru~l§i1tuJb) 1tJ~i1trubhlnJltru

I

~nJrij ( Cij~~cituJb) crfMntJf~j1QJ trubMnJl&ru~nJli ( ti~~i1tuJb) '1 tu~&~trub

I I

hl nJl db ttl H 9i t ru nhfl ~i:i b\5'i:fl2 ~ nJ n(n ~~ i1 tDJb) '1 t rub till QJ ctl t 9'U ctl, og j{§ 2Ql2
1

L1Li5 nu~ ~m M'i:fl1Jl~Ol2 ~ct tL'Hi lihb ru11 ih i:i1 ru An ct1 n~~ ~ &s f.i nJi n1 9Jlti:i rutQu m5
~ . I

Ci" 1o9jgbb1hfl" t'i:i~ '1 ruQM:t'umsgttfiru ~hn1rh.n~~9tsufi:irutg~f.infln19Jl

msfn1nmL~2t9jb '1
~ ~ f!l 0
tnfln Giuseppe peano (1858-1932) chHnf.irulnJ
"'
9f1ti:i
tJ'
rutMn9 9u b\52 tu'in~mm
G
g
I
u
Mru tun'i~
4 tJ
ru'\3 srum fJu m
!::IJnl '1 ru'Ul ttfi ruti:i rums d
~111 9j nb ., rn§H
eJ
~1u ris MrutunitJ
rub tlb suL,; a:>4

l3 &scrssf.i~tmctl~dbti:ij
u ...
'1

189
 n tHU'Ul ffiO filb t f:tl ru HiH'i'i:fl SfHi.H !:Ji A B
0 ' ""
B ~ n
1

ftj ru'i:flsw £)) ( ~oru~b tun~

1J
)
<t

Hb~'i:flS9nH!:Ji
n
AB ttnitil 1cr§~r;bru'Ul
1 ec
ftjru'i:flS A d'HHU Sb B mob
1
<t
1

Hb~'i:fls9nH!:Ji As ts4nbrumttnim ~o9~nbrum ftjru'i:fls A

n ~ 1 "'
1 1

mf!lm sb B mob
I
<t tRRrul~tuHtuH!:tl ru AS

190
 [;~'i:flS~ti ABCD -EFGIJ 'i:H15 '1
D c
u u

A B

I
I
"'ll"--7 --7
tlG?ilttl~~G9~ EH = FG '1 HI
---
u "' 1
/
;r --- G
/

E F

1.3 lu9trHnmnwrutn
I ~ q q
I I

tl'
2 f111.f) Ul./1 D c

A B
--7 --7 --7 --7
r;~MHM~ AB =-CD ti CD= -AB tsur;~m
"'- I
I
HI
/
;,r------- G
/

E F

191
1.4 in9uustiJ
I U

iess~~ess ~89~
I
b m ~89HtHl'U
I U
ru8'iffltn
1 W
lbl = o '1
0 '<;I C) ---7 -7 ---7 -7
t?'lfHliln189Ht5GlHr:ht15
I U U
AA = 0 , BB = 0, ... '1

0 • 0
rutmnt'la tf.'l§jLmrufitUntnb ABCD-EFGH 1Jt15 '1
<;I ---7 --7 "' ---7
~n~89HtlillttuGlb AB , AD
C) "' """"
n. l ~
Glb AE '1
""'ll --7 "' ---7 ---7 "' ---7 ---7 "' --7 <;I
:3. t6i~89~
C) C) ' ...

I
AD Glb CB , AB Glb FE , AE Glb HD r:h189Hmbtlut1:WGlbl:n
I U n co
?

---7 --7 ---7 --7 --7 ---7 --7 ---7

n. ffl'i:HtHf.'lt:nGl
u
AB = DC = EF = HG , AD = BC = EH = FG .
---7 ---7 --7 --7
AE = BF = DH = CG '1

~ c
2. I
89~
C) --7
AD "' ---7
Sb CB ctl~89~oru~:n
1
'1
<I
I
.. D

~
ctl~89~oru~:n
---7
AB "' ---7
C)

1
89~ Sb FE I co
'1
<I A
I
~ 89~
"'
AE Sb HD ctl~89~oru~:n
---7 "' --7
'1 I
I I <I co >-------- -
I
/
/H
"' "'
~5fi5~ tf.'l§jLutrufit'i56it1Jn ABCD-EFGH 1Jt15 '1 E F

<;I ---7 --7 .. ---7

~n189Htlillthl2b AB
C) "' """"'
n. I ~
, AD Sil AE '1
""'ll"--7"' ---7 ---7.,---7 ---7.,--7 'll"'" ...
:3. tnJ89~
1
AD Sb CB , AB Sb FE , AE Sb HD ctl189Hiflbtlut'i§8Sbl:n
1 u n co
?

nnrm.nitiyn 8il j;f n

n. U'1:fHtn1thJ n

3intnUuJ tf.'ll:flSL'iHilltltU6i ABCD-EFGH 1Jt15ttlilll:flSt:n6ictlTIHill£ULill'i§ '1

u

1. liHUl11 ti UHll
q
g
--7 ---7 ---7
tf.'ll:flS DH = BF = AE D
---7 --7 ---7 ---7 ---7
tSH AB+DH = AB+BF = AF
---7 ---7
tSlHf.'lth AF dldrutlli~tlb AB ~ H
u . ~--------~~
"' ---7
Sb BF '1 E F

~t;tSg I AB+BF = AF I
192
 2. nulii1I cr 9~'l:fl ~HH1h1§
L!
--7 ~ .. ~ --7
tf:1'HlS AD = BC Sh AE = CG
~--7~ ~~--7 --7
tS'H AB+AD+AE = AB+BC+CG = AG

~ --7 ~ --7
AB+AD+AE = AG

CIJeJII
tf:1'HlSU5trutH'\H1 ABCD EFGH

ftjru'HlSOlndltYtru9JLfill:i '1
u
--7 ~ ~
tf:1'HlS DH = BF = AE n:ru
~--7 ~~ --7 E F
AB-DH = AB-AE = EB
~eJ--7 ~d ~ .. ~
tSlHf:1Gl fG9~ EB dltHl.Himtl-b~t;Gl~ AB Sb AE '1

~msg I £B = AB-AE I
0 • 0
~
ruunri~~
u
C»d" " '"'
Cf:1"1JL'i.HrutH'l5ntnw ABCD EFGH ~til
J.o
'1 tf:1filw AB
--7
= a7 --7 7 :;; ...
, AD = b .,w

A£ = ~ '1 m~n1cr§~
u 1

--7
n. AG "'"'
dlHSf:1l:iS
1
7
tS a, b7 "'Sb c~

2. F!J mHsf:11:is&s
1
b, t sh ~
--7 ~~--7 7 7 7
n. AG = AB + BC + CG = a+ b + c '1
~ --7--7--7 77 7
2. FD=FE+EH+HD = -a+b+(-c)
7 7 7
= -a+b-c '1

7
A a B

--7
n. AG
~
2. OP
~
f:1. PD '1
193
 Gtm8m2lbtHll'i§Gn.Jlf3
u lj 1
M sb N rtlGMf3l'Hl.mrutsH:lb
1 E1 lj
PQ sb PR
I

n.HJ~nnn.n PQR £i]b~ '1

----? "" --? ""

ttiH15 QR Sb MN 1:flS9nHt::iitlf3ffi tS'U
u "
0~ ----? --?
QR = 2MN S'l<\J QR = 2MN Sb
l 0~ --? }----?
MN = 2.QR S'l<\J MN = 2_QR N Q

tR!TlStlbttlS
----? --? ~ ----? --?
= 2MN S'l <\}
0

QR RQ = -2MN
--? 1 ----? 0 ~ --? 1----?
MN = 2.QR S'l<\J MN =- 2_RQ p
cf C»
m'i§2 mtm n.n t s g trub m.....,
mms

7 7
b;;a

• ltl = lkll~l

194
 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
(3). (mn)b = m(nb) (4). (m+n)a = ma+na (5). m(a+b) = ma+mb
7
m"" ma7 =0 tSl8ti'illlS m = 0 Y, a7 =0 '1

7 7 7 7
2. 2(a+Sb)+3(2a-b)

2. HI
&J t11:tnhu~ ill~ 21 b t'il.ifil'iHll Hs mHH S b
I ttH1.w:fl & 1
sb b
77 7 7 77 7 7 7
n. 2a +X = 3b + 2X 2. 4X- a = 3a- 4b + 2X

7 7 7
1. n. 3a+4a-2a = (3+4-2)a7 =Sa7
7 7 7 7 7 7
2. 2(b+5b)+3(2b-b) = 2a+10b+6a-3b
7
= (2+6)b+(l0-3)b
7 7
= Sa+ 7b

2. n. 2a+ +x7 = 3b+ + 2x7

77 7 + 7 7 +
2x- x = 2a- 3b ~ (2- 1)x = 2a- 3b
7 + 7
x = 2a- 3b
7 7 7 + 7
2. 4x- a = 3a- 4b + 2x
7 7 + 7
4i- 2k = 3b + b 4b
'
(4-2)x = 4a-4b
7 + +
2x = 4(a-b)
7 + 7
x = 2(a-b)

1. i'irul mmSJl1321btLffl"H
77 7 7 + 7 7 7
n. 3(2a-b)+4(a-2b) 2. 2(-a+3b)-(Sa-4b)
17 + 2+ 7 l + 1 + 7
1'1. 3(a+2b)+3(a-b) m. 2(-a+2b)-3(2a+b)
2. Jn i tt:Hl5t~b~~M~filJ21btLfil13r.:hHEjf:'i'HlHs b_ sb b
7 7 7 7 7
77
n. 3(a+x) = 2(x 3b) 2. 2b-7x = 3(4a+b)+4(2a+b-3x)
77 77

7 + 7 7 + 7 + 7 +
1'1. 3x 2a = x-4b m. 2(a+x)+3(b-x) = 0
195
3.

z
t1 bWl u o nsrl m fHli nL~ ru
1

- ~u9~ ~ ttflim 'h;fhtmm ~sHm\.t

1 I x'
' ""'
ffi'iHtHi5 ( x' x) /
1 /
/
7 / ~

y~ - - - - - ~ *"_,___j _ _ _..,.
,o y
HH1:htS (y'y)

<;!!
- ~t;g~
1
k
" ?
ttflim 'i'l11J9~bnm
.,
l
" "'
tSHnHin
tt u
(zz')
I

(x'x) , (y'y) , (zz') ttflirhHnJ '1 X

'z'

3.2 mnnrusisnrum
U I

7 7 7 ~
tsiQhnL~ru (o, i, j, k) t?i'i:flSubLJlu P \iru
I I

z
0

runuo.nu 1

P 1(x, o, o) tmtruHnJ x

P 2 (o, y, o) tmtruHnJ Y

P3(0, 0, z) tsitruHnJ z
~:f:if:itutiSl~
u ~
PP' iino.nu 1
P §1fnh
u
X

----7 ----7 ~ ----7 "' ~ ----7 "" ----7 ----7

OP = OP1 + P 1P' + P'P '1 tn P 1P' = OP2 Sb P'P = OP3

196
 dfJfi a nstiJd D

ts·H'!:flsossrh;
1J
x, y 2t~ z t'~ru
---7
OP1 = xi~ , OP2
---7
= yj' ---7
, OP3 = zk
7
'1

'
t1=1'!:flsrq~ru (o; i, J,' k7 \Jli5Qtlruut mmglJiu 0 0 '

I 1

OrLflG P '!:flSL~m~ (x, y, z) tn1Jli51=1fi t~ ru

---7 ' ~ 7
OP = xi+ yj + zk '1

t_!im~ (x, y, z) &mim~HHf:fHslsdrLflu P

0 t Ql I Qt

t1=1nMnMHM~ P(x, y, z) tutru x dl ffitH'l.Hu

I

'il..
~u9Hlnffl
1
'
i = (1, 0, 0) , j' = (0, 1, 0) , k7 = (0, 0, 1)

13jltlt9Jn (x, y, z) = (x', y', z') hl'i:3~ru (x = x', y = y', z = z') '1

~~ru
0~
n. m.. z = o &1=1018 ---7
OP = xi+ yj
' '
Sl~~ P
0
dlGMG'i:3li5ntl'i5h xoy '1 •

iJ 1 1J "'
1
6\1

'itrln513n1m
l.j '-'
ttl P dlOMG'i:3li5tSUt1
I 1J
xoy tS18'!:flS1=1U (x, y) tscrssrln
N1J
cJ ---7 7 ~
t~ru OP = xi+yj '1

"" ---7
2. m x =y =o t1=101S OP = zk7 '1

' ---7 7 ""'---7

ffl'i:3UL'!:flut1=101S OA
77
= 2i + j + 3k &tfl ru OB = 3i7 + 5}7 + 2k7

197
 ~ ~ 0 c::r.
1. tf:i<\jtitHlJ)G A(-2, 3, -1) , B(4, -7, 5) Sb C(3, -6, 0) '1

---7 ~ ;;---7 'oO C>

OQ = 3i-6j+OK '1 HinHHEtltStSGrulG
U I
P, M Sb Q '1

3.3 runnn:nrnnrns
B U
1!$ c::r. t::::J1 0 "'> 0
n. m P(x, y, z) sb P'(x', y', z') ctlrJWlli}utSru'UlL'UntitEtlliHiL~ru
1
;; 7 7
(0, i, j, k) '1 tf:iQlS

0 p = P' tu~~ru
u
X = x' sb y = y' sb z = z' '1

0 p r' P' tu~~ ru X r' x' 'U y r' v' 'U z r' z' '1
u "'- - "'- .
---7
o P'P 'tflSnHHEtltS (x-x', y-y', z-z') '1
u

o 13 rulG n run ru cs PP' 'tfl s n H H EtJ t s (x +2

x' 'Y2
+ y' z+ z') '1
I £1 U '2

2. d5 t = (x, y, z) sb t· = (x', y', z') mr!J1u9~nbru'Ul1tin'UtEtlrutmru

1 "'I LJ
7 7 7
(i, j, k) tf:iQlS

0 k = t• t\j~~ru
u
X = X Sb1
y = y' Sb Z = z' '1

7 7
0
U r' u' tu~~ ru X r' X' ti y r' y' ti Z r' z' '1
u "'- "'-

o 1u9~
I
(tt-t•) 'tflSnHHEtltS
U
(x-x', y-y', z-z') '1

o \ikEBT 1u9~
1
ktt 'tflSnHHEtltS
u
(kx, ky, kz) '1

o \i(k, k')Efrt
2
1u9~
I
k"tt+k'Zt' 'HlSnHHEtlts (kx+k'x' , ky+k'y' , kz+k'z') '1
U

0 '
ruuntH'i~
0
1 ~ a=
tf:i<\} 7 (1, -1, 5) , b7 = (0, -l, 6) S'W c7
"'"' = (3, -1, 3 ) '1
ll

f:irulSlnHHEtltSts1u9s
U I
tt Sb t [Hru
7
n. 7
u =2a-3b
7

;; 7 7 7 7
2. v = 3(a-b)-4(b-3c) '1

198
 7 0

tH1!ru
1$1.1
7
fi. u = 2a-3b
7 ?::
ffi'\J ~?iQl2
7
u = (2, -2, 10)-(0, -3, 18) = (2, I, -8)

t:!u LH 2 g fiu H H t:!l t 2t2 ~. = (2 , 1 , -8 ) '1

7 7 7 7 7 o:;::
:3. v = 3(a-b)-4(b-3c) ffi'\} t?iQl2
~ 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
v = 3a-3b-4b+12c=3a-7b+l2c

= (3, -3, 15)- (0, -7' 42) + (36, -12, 36) = (39, -8, 9)

t:!LH28 fiHHt:!lt2l2
u u
t = (15, 0, -15) '1

B(l, -2, -1) , C(O, -3, -4) '1

" --7 --7 --7
fi. ?iMffifiHHt:!lt2tS
u
AB, BC, CA '1

~ 0
2. L''itfilrul ABC \1li5'i:f1Sfi~ rn A(2, -1, 4) , B(3, -2, 5) ,

--7 --7 --7

1. fi. AB = (2, -4, -4) , BC = (-1, -1, -3) , CA = (-1, 5, 7) '1

l
2 · (O, O, I) ' ( 2' 5 5) ' ( -2,
-2,-2 1 -2,-2
1 1) '1

--7 --7 --?

2. AB = 08-0A c
7 7 7 ,,. 7 ?>7
= (3i-2j+5k)-(2i-j+4k) = i-j+k A
--7 --? --?
BC = OC-OB
,. ,. 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
= (-i+6}+2k)-(3i-2j+5k)= -4i+8}-3k
--7 --? ---7
CA = OA-OC 0
77 7 7 7 7 7,. 7
= (2i-j+4k)-(-i+6}+2k)= 3i-7j+2k

:>:: 7 7 .. -7
1. t?i'\} a = (2, -3, 0) , b = (-3, 2, 5) 2tl C = (6, 0, -3) '1

~ 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
n. u = 3a -4b 2. v = 2(a+b)-3(b-2c) '1

2. ttl~HHt:!lt2t21f3g~ t = (x, y, z) Stl t = (x', y', z') ~MntiJ2J '1

ummmt;;t¢>~=2::=~ '1
tn " ' x' y' z'

199
3.4 ~ruti:fi9rlJ9M

t~§'i~u9~
1..11
lt = (x, y, z) -eru shoanu P tsinhnhn[1jru
IJ 1 "'
tt = ofo '1
I

Q OcJ Ql Ql

run a, 13 sh y ctl~t1jrutn6H9Jhtt:llru z

OP ctl~rushHnJ (Ox) HnJ (Oy) shHnJ

(Oz) t{Jhff11jmti~hnii '1 m-e9Slr19sh't:f1H1
"' u u 6'l l_j

Qh~tmanfnh t~ms :
I

cosa =liP! , x = loJ>Icosa

cos()= liP! , y = lo:PI cos()

cosy= liP! , z = loJ>Icosy

t~ms

2
loJ>I = x +
2
i +l
--71 2 (cos 2a+ cos-(3~ +cos-y) --7p'2
'o
0
:£: 2 2 2
= 1OP ?
Sl ~ cos a+ cos f3 +cos y = loJ>I 2 =
2 2 2
1jt;£Sg
u
cos a+ cos f3 +cos y =l '1

m-e
"
IN
cosa , cos() "'sh cosy tsg ~mmnn
<:0
tS-
'""
!H\HttlnMSM
"' ""
U I 1
ts~u9~
" ";)
1
<I
u~ = OP
--7
'1

s:: ~ 0 dJ
1. t~<:l'inHHt:lltStStirulti P
1..1 u 1
~ (-2, 6, 9) '1

n. ~n9MtttlnhlSMts
"' ""
U 1 I
" oP
--7 '1

2. t~§'inHHt:lltStSOrulu
t.J u 1
M ~ (2, 3, -6) '1

n. ~n9
"' Mtttl "tSnf'US
"" MtS
" --7
OP
U I I

2QO
 ~fH@% x = lo?lcosa , cosa = _: = ~~
· 1OP1

= Ii'PI =
6
y = Io?l cos f3 . cos f3 11

z = lo?l cosy , cosy = liPI = i

1

2 2 2
2. tHn mm
IJ1 .,_,
cos a+ cos f3 +cos y =

tfh ru cos a = -2
TI , 2
cos a
4
= 121

cos 13 = IT6 , cos

2
13 = ill
36 ..
a~ cosy = IT9 = 2
cos y
81
= 121
2 2 2 4 36 81 121 1
cos a+ cos f3 + cos y =
121
+ill +ill =
121
=

2 2 2
f::i 13 t @g
u
cos a + cos f3 + cos y =1 '1

~m~H x = lo?lcosa , cosa = liPI =~

y = lo?l cosf3 , cosf3 = liPI = ~

z = lo?lcosy , cosy = - 2
- =- ~
7
lo?l

2
2. cos a + cos f3 + cos y
2 2
-4 + 49
= 49 9 36 49
- +- =- =1
49 49

2 2 2
f::i 13 t @g
u cos a + cos f3 + cos y =1 '1

1 '1

""" .......
2. Uw,mu,
IJ1 .,_,
cos 2a+ cos 2 f3+cos 2y 1 '1
201
4.1

1. t?i2Jrl~1u9~ tt sb t ttl ru lttl = f ' ltl = f sh e = 90° ttl ru e

m~dtg'"HHtllru1cr9~
11'1 'W 1
tt sb t '1
1

?irulSltiru?iCUHiJltru~tlh
1 n
t_ Sb t '1

2. t?i'\}tli,ufil~
:;:: "" 'il
u? ""sb ?v ttlru 1?1
C)
u C)
= 2J3 , 1v7 1 = "'3
r;;

1. tt . t = Ittl x Itl cos e

= J2
2
x J2
2
x cos90° tn cos90° = 0

7 ?
u·v =
J2 J2
-x-xO = 0
2 2

2. tt.t = lttlx[tlcose = 1xJ3xcosl20°

t_ · t = J32 X J3 X (- !)
2
= - 4~ '1

&?i~~tfilllilnr'!§bJ ABC ttlru'HlS~~hl~bt~ a '1

1

--? ---?
n. AB · AC
--? --?
~. AB · BC

202
4.2 runn.n:
8

1
t
t:HlHHl..fHtJl ru n twh.fl 'iff S ru fH1.fl : t:j ti ~ ~.HHl.fHLfl ru n tl 'i5 ~ f:H '1
n «I s u 1 n
t «I ""
t t ru tl M S n ru n M :
"" 9
0 C:. I f

91 tl ' s u tn fjj 'i§ s Qlti uul fjj 'li LQl n '1

( 1) . u·v
7 7
= 7v·u7
(2). ~.Lt M'l§\fru ~-t =o (~¢0, t¢o)

(3). (m~)-t = m(~·t)

• (1). l~·tlsl~l-ltl tUTlm 1M'l§ffHlnM

U I

(2). I~+ tl s1~1 +ltl tunm 1 M'l§.nm~ tmM '1

0 ,o :;:: " --7--7 .. --7--7
llitmii~~
U
1 ti:i~ttin'l§2 OABC
U I I
'Bf55t~ru OA·AC
1J
=m Stl OA·AB =n '1

i:iMSl~ruf.'!Mhlltru
1 n
" --7 --7
OA "'"
· CB dlHSf.'i'l§StS
1
m Stl n '1 O

--7 --7 --7

ffl'l§m tf.'!QlS CB
u
= AB- AC
--7 --7 --7 --7 --7
OA · CB = OA(AB- AC)
--7 --7 --7 --7
= OA · AB- OA · AC
= n-m '1

203
 0 • 0
ruunnf!l~ 2
1J

r!:lru LNMT = LPMT = 60° '1

M' r:hUrulu'i:Hmsitru
I 1J
MT' r!:lru MN' = a '1
CJ ----7 ---7 ----7 ---7 "" ----7 ---7
n. t:lrulSldbl5f:1rulhlHbl5
1 n
MN · MM' , MP · MM' Sb MO · MM' '1

2. 9lman~
cosLOMT 1J~mnablhl~
<l I
LOMT ~61r:llfilt'in
l.J
'1

M' 'I
,...-----~_,0
n. fliN. MiJ. = lfliNI·IM"MI cos6o 0

1 1 2
=a· a·-
2
= 2-a
fliP. MiJ. = IM?I·IM"Micos6o 0

l 1 2
= a· a·-=
2 2
-a M

M"O . liM = IM"DI·IliMI cosoo

2
=a·a=a
----7 ---7

2. tf:iH15 MO·MM = jM(Jj.jM"MicosLOMT, cosLOMT = ~~~·M~~~

MO · MM'

rn M"O.MiJ. = i , AiM= a sb IM"OI = aJi

2
Ji
&Slgtf:lQlS cosLOMT
a
= --==-.-a = JiI = 2"

cosLOMT =Ji
- '1
2

tL:JltlJ cosLOMT = f, LOMT = 45° '1

... ...
~~~~~ tf:12j~U~tl5'i:flSl_EJb a ~u~mntl ~ '1
I

~ nd rut:1I ru1 Wltru

n
~s~o9
I
~ Zl b t'iffl'i:3
l.J
~ ---?
n. AB·AF
~ ---?
2. AF·BG
---? ---?
lli.BG·DE
---? ~
b. DE·FC

204
 5.
5.1

y
tmtrnn~:m~~ ox, oy, oz tUb[l

tf:l ru 0/ = OJ = OK = 1 '1
0 • :> ----7 7 ---7 7 ---7 X
tf:1nlliH1 i = OJ , j = OJ , k = OK
f'-'ru o' 1 J K i§sr~hHsinb'li~tfi'i:Hl5 '1
[;! ' ' " "' 6V IJ
1
<;~"t?7o '> o
.crg~ i,
l
J, k omstmrutsru'Ul'i:Hl5
A IJ
'1
I

13'hbtg'lfi 1cr?hilbutsg m1cr9Jtlnm ttilruHJfi.nrunrnmri~<J '1

i.J" J 1 1 uu "'

77 7 7 7 7 7 7
tf:1QlS u·v = (xi+ yj + xk) · (x'i + y'j + z'k)
,. 2 72 72 7 7 7 7 7 7
= xx'i + yy'j + zz'k + (xy' + yx')i · j + (yz' + zy')j · k + (zx' + xz')k ·l
72 72 72 "" 7 7 7 7 7 7
i =J = k = 1 sb i ·J = i ·J = i ·J =o
7 7
u ·v = xx' + yy' + zz' 'i

0 eJ ':> t:» ~ 7
= (x,
II 1':> C)

nbtmrumfirulJ'i:fmHsru'Ul
"' u
druf:1n..nn.mrutsm.criH
1 n 1
u y, z)
1

Sw
"'"' v
7 = (x', y', z') f:1
<::11
u7 · v7 = xx' + yy' + zz' '1
14
205
 n. rh1u9a ft
I
= (x, y, x) Sb t = (x', y', z') HH1nrunrum
uu ~
ill1 &1filt61
G ft · t = 0
7 7
u.lv tu'i:3'i:3ill
u
xx' + yy' + zz' = 0 '1

eJ Q~ \) ~ ~ 7 0 I
:6. MtruSwM'8
n
~S~ti!:H u
1
= (x, y, z) i'Hl..fl61ttilru

7 7
u7 · v7 = 171u · 171v cos e 21o l':'11 cos - u·v - xx' + yy' + zz' '1
-~~1-ltl- Ji+i+l Jx' 2 +/

0 • 0
rutmrHull
l u 9~ 21b tLm'i:3 §

n. ~ = (3, -1, 2) , t = (1, -1, -2)

:6. t = (-4, 0, 2) ' t = (2, 0, -1)

n. 2
ltl = )3 +(-1) +2
2 2
= Ji4 ltl = )1 2 +(-1) 2 +(-2) 2 = J6 '1

:6. 1~1 = J(-4) +0 +2 =

2 2 2
2J5 ' 2
ltl = )2 +0 +(-1) =
2 2
J5 '1

n. t-t=3·I+(-l)(-1)+(2)(-2) = 3+1-4 = o
:6. tt-t = (-4)(2)+(0)(0)+(2)(-1) = -8-2 = -10 '1

~-t 0 0 8=~'1
n. cose = ltlltl = Ji4J6 = j84 =o = 2

:6. cose = -
t. t = --10- -10
= - - = -1 = e = :rr '1
Itil tl J26 J5 JTOO
1. and ruf!1 nn hlltru
In
ts f!11u9 ~21b t~ill'i:3
lj U I

t = (-2, t= s,
7,. 77 7 ,.,. 7
n. 2, 3) , (4, 6) :6. u = 4i + 3}- k ' v =-2i + j + 3k
7 7 7 7
R. a = ( 1 , l , 2) , b = ( 2, -I , 1 ) m. a = (1 , -1 , 4) , b = (2, 1, 2)

206
 --7 7
2. m"" --7 7
AB =a , AC = b rtlUlhtSUHnltlJl ABC
0 ""

(1) u·(v+w)
77-7
= u·v+u·w
777-7

77-> 7-77-7
(2) (u+v)·w = u·w+v·w
(3) it· (mt) = m(ft · t)
(4) (mft)·t = m(it·t)

( 1) . t·(t+it) = t·t+it·it
hlS~ctln~HttltStS~ug~
~ u 1
&, t Sb it ~
t = (u 1 , u2 , u 3 ) , t = (v 1 , v2 , v3 ) , it= (w 1 , w2 , w3 )

tSlg t+it = (v 1 +w 1, v 2 +w 2 , v3 +w 3 )

7 7 7 -7
= u·v+u·w
77-7 7-77-7
(2). (u+v)·w = u·w+v·w

7 -7 7 -7
= u·w+v·w
7
(3).
7
u·(mv) = m(u·v)
7 7

tttlru t = (u 1, u 2 , u 3 ) tSlg mt = (mv 1 , mv2 , mv3 )

t?iQlS t(mt) = (u 1mv 1 + u2 mv 2 + u 3 mv 3 )

= m(u 1v 1 + u2 v 2 + u 3 v 3 )

=m(t·t)
(4). t:tGfiltw~
<)

u ct
el<.)
t?iQlS
( 7
mu) · v
7
= m ( u7 · v)
7

207
 0 • 0
ruunnt:i~ 1 ttl~~= (I, -1, 2) st! t =(-I, -2, o '1

t ~ ru ~ -lt = (1 + l, 2l- 1, 2 -l) '1

"7 7"'7"
[&) u-lv u stl tntlm
ct
7 77
tSl8 (u-lv)·u =0
sl2J ti:JQIS (t-lt)·~ = (l)(l+l)+(-1)(2!-1)+(2)(2-l)

= 1 + l- 2l + l + 2- 2l = - 3! + 4
tn
... 7
(u- z7v)·u7 = 0 , -3l+4 = o~ 1 =-4
3
4
l = - '1
3

Qtln[33ru~u~ruum ti:t~ticrrup::; A(I, 4, 2) , B(2, 1, 3) .

0 ' 0
rutmnti~ 2
'II
I I

C(-2, 2, -1) '1

--7
ff1'tlUL'tflU ti:l(flS AB = (2-l, 1-4, 3-2) = (1, -3, 1)
---7
AC = (-2-1, 2-4, -1-2) = (-3, -2, -3)
---7 --7
AC·AB = (-3)(1)+(-2)(-3)+(-3)(1) = -3+6-3 = 0
---7 --7
tHHS&
u
AC.lAB '1
... ...
~5iH5f! 1. tti2J ~ = (2, -I, 4) st! t = (-4, s, 3) '1

2. tt;§'ii:JU
U U
ABCD-EFGH ttfirucrn.ncr
I
L, M Stl N dlGMunrunru
I A
\;) &:::l 0 • 0
tS'it::ltl
LJ
EF, FG Stl GC '1 mnMn'tl
u 1
LLMN =e '1
l

3. ntln'~'tlti5Hann.n~m
ct lJ U
ti:l§'lticrn.ncr
U I
A(2, 1, o) , B(o, 2. I) ,
I I

C(O, -1, 4)
cJ --7 ---7
n. fiMSl~blii:lMnfHbli AB · AC '1
n
0 Oe1 0 t;:» --7 ---7
e
Q

2. t1 n.n Sl'tlI dl'tltf:l ru~ t9'lb t~ ru AB sb Ac '1

1 A i.f
I

208
 9. nljHiH.U ~ nmffi ru
I

tl. t31:fl
.,
ttH t1 b th cr rulI cr & 11
ct
b m
I
rum z

t~~Gllijt3 P(x, y, z) &slt!bnlJtll P(x,y.z)

I 1
II t ? ~ ?
»HHl..fU1:flru
u
(0; i, j, k) '1 ~
k
~hltiSlfl
u &
PH §~tnbt94Sbti~
u (xy) tSl g 6V

nHHf:tH~HS
u
"
H ell
~ (x, y, o) '1

tSl g
¥0 y

2 X IYI
t~QlS OP = OH 2 +PH 2 = x 2 +y 2 +z 2 '1
I 2 2 2
t:ltH:::lg
u
OP =A/X +y +z '1

ctl~tfli tU~rJ~Glliju P(xl, Yt· Zt) sb Q(x2, Yz, Zz) tslt!bnL13tllHa~n.narm5

I I
~ ~ ~
(O; i, j, k) '1

209
 z

PQ = PQ1---71 = ~~j(Xz-xl)
I 2 2
+(yz-YI) +(Zz-zl)
2
y
tlu m s g u'tfl
.,
rm n tJ P El tJ Q Rn.n ~

0 • 0
rutrrH'il'!U
IJ

n. Q(l, 2, 3) , P(3, 4, 5) 2. A(-1, -2, -5) , B(-3, -4, -5)

n. run d dlu'tflru~ntlmun.nu
.,
""' 0
1
Q(I, 2, 3) , P(3, 4, 5) tSlHt:iOIS

d = (Q, P) = PQ = J(3-1) 2 +(4-2) 2 +(5-3) 2 = J4+4+4

= Jl2 = 2/3 '1
2 2 2
2. d(A, B)= AB = J(-3+1) +(-4+2) +(-5+5) = J4+4+0

= J8 = 2J2 '1

II J ~ ~ 7 0
ntlni'tlli5HHiM~'tflrn (0; i, j, k) tt:i'tflSullilu M(3, 1, 5) , N(3, 5, 1)
~ ~ U I
1 I

stJ P(-1, 5, 5) '1

6'il'tll51Yltl tt:iOIS MN = J(3-3) 2 +(5-I) 2 +(1-5) 2 = J32

MP = J(-1-3) 2 +(5-1) 2 +(5-5) 2 = J32

--7 "" ---7
n:ilru MN = (0, 4, -4) Stl MP = (-4, 4, 0) tmgt?JOIS
--7 ---7
MN·MP = (0)(-4)+4x4+(-4)(0) = 16
--7 ---7
cosS = MN · MP = 16 = 16 = ! =:> 8 = ~ '1
1~1-IM?I J32 X J32 32 2 3

210
 n. A(3, -2, 4) , B(2, 0, 3) ~. A(O, 2, 3) , B(-4, 0, 1)

2. u'i:flli5tl GO.fl1::m tiH m'i5 Sl fi 'i:3li5 : n b rn'iSI ~ 'i5 ntit L:hli5 n~ 'i:3li5 HHH1.fla'lfHU
"' I lJ <:: lJ t_; <1 t_; · U
1 1

Rllilfiu'i:flruilcro.rw P(-2, 1, 3) tffiliSlfi (11) ft~rnmfim'i:3Grulu

"' 1 & 1

Q(-1, 2, I) sh'i:fls1u9j'Llflli9M ~ = (-2, I, 2) '1

6.
.... ..,
6.1 8tnt:HHU

ttl (a, b, c) r:h~HHt:fHS~S~n C ttflli5 z

OJn~rul CP = r '1
9 s

tL:htti C(a, b, c) Sb P(x, y, z) tSlg

ff1'i:3m'i:3Su'i:flli5jflb
U rt "'
thGrulutsinb
I
rn'i.fl t?lQlS <I y
1
2
CP
2
= (x-a/+(y-b) +(z c)
2

= 2
(x-a) +(y-b) +(z-c) = r
2 2 2
'1
X

M{§masgtUlim rut1nu&sffl54 '1

ftj{§fflj~Sft'15ft:!rn'i:flSGnun~ (a, b, c) Sbnl r ~

" b.

(x-a/+(y-b) +(z-c)
2 2
= r2 '1

211
 = J( o- 5)
2
r +(4-l) 2 +(-3-0) 2
2
= [97 = J97
{4 2
t~msg
u
'
M'BfflHS~Mr:l
.. " Cl ~""
&
(
x-- 5)2 2 ?
+(y-1t+(z

r '1
s ~ '=' 2 2 2 0
Q1 C)-
2. HiM'l3fflHM WH'it.lnShmtstM x +v +z -2x+6y+8z+l =
" 1J ,J,
I")-

" "
o

2 2
(x -6x+9)+y-+(z +8z+l6)
?
= 9+16
2 2 2
(x- 3) + y + (z + 4) = 52
.. 2 2 2 2
tSl&tl'!iQlSM'Bm~ (x-3) +y +(z+4) = 5

2 2 2
2. x + y + z - 2x + 6y + 8z + 1 =0
OCJ ..
'i.Hblihhl'i3fflHS8 tl'!iQlS
2
(i-2x+ 1)-1 +(/+6y+9)-9+(z +8z+ 16)-16+ 1 =0
2 2 2
(x -2x+1)+(y +6y+9)+(z +8z+l6) = 25
2 2 2 2
(x- 1 ) + (y + 3 ) + (z + 4 ) = 5

M-Hm~ts8mM-Hm~ft1H't~ru1:flsonun~ (1, -3, -4) ~h1:flsmtt\5sh s '1

" a ....
... "'
~5~5~ 1 1nM-Hm~tsf~:nhtLm'l3 s

n. ft:iru1:fls~nU'lil (2, o, -3) ~h1:nsmt~ 6 '1

2. ft~ru1:fls~nLn~ (4, -3, 5) t'i.firuuH9ish1,1~ (yz) '1

2 2 2
fi. x + y + z + 18x- lOz + 91 =0
2. i+/+l-4x+6y+2z = 11
2 2 2
r:l. 9x +9y +9z -6x+ 18y+ 1 =0
2 2 2
ill. 4x + 4y + 4z - 4x- 32y + Sz + 33 = 0
212
6.2 i n.nlnufiusit:tc:t nmiHHl
c:t
silmiltUfiiisi fitrJ
I

n. 1~{§ mHhH~ t'o n~ bnb &at' f\5

"" ""1 IJ

~ tu~nu~uston~bnbtsttli
"' "'I "
~ch fl5ru18
I
o.nuttHliu'tflrunnnnuchb
I "' .!11 U
m'1
X

~tu~m~~uMctn~bnbh~[tlifrHli'tfiSGn'inci (a, b, c) Sb'tfiS

"' "'I " .!11 t..:i
0 <:!> ? 2 ? ?
mr f;1: {(x,y,z)l(x-at+(y-b) +(z-ct<r-} '1

0 <:;> 2 2 2 2
mr f;1: {(x,y.z)l(x-a) +(y-b) +(z-c) >r} '1

0 1 0
ruunntuu tuHtu~1 tu~m~~tis fctn~b nb sb fct n~b tUnits ftli ff:l rn'tfls~nt~rhnl:l
"' "'I "' " ~ t..:i
f:1rn oco. o. o) sbmtw... 4 '1

2 2 2 2
(x-0) +(y-0) +(z-0) <4
2 2 2 2
x+y+z<4

~ tu~m~~us ton~b 'Units ttli

?
"'? ? 2
"
(x- or+ (y- or+ (z- or> 4
2 2 2 2
x+y+z>4

"" ...
jJSfiS§ tuHtu~1 tu~m~~us f~n~b Qb sb~b tLnits t~ tf:l rn'tfls~ntsiUJci
I

(2, I, -3) Sbnlthll sb[tliff:lrn'tfiSGn'inci

... .!11 t..:i IJ
(2, 1, -3) Sbnlthl4
...
'1

213
 0 •

= ru ~ ~ =·· =·=-=-·=··~=~·=
..··=·=····=···=~·=·-=-=··=··=·
..-=-··=·····=~-=·~·=
. -·=-·=.....=.= = = = = = =

l. b~ ~ ~ = (4 ' -2 ' 5 ) 2b t = (7 ' 9 ' -8 ) '1

H1~u9s
I
i ttHl.w:llbm
{I
ii9 Sl r\9 sb;nb tHn'i3
& lJ

2. t~~
~ ?
u = (1, 7
1, 0) , v = (l, 0, 1) , w = (0, I, 1)
-7
Sw
"'14 -7
p = (5, 6, 7) '1

tibl m p
lJl "
ct"Hnl3~
LJ
p = t& + mt + nw '1

n. ~ = (3, -4, 5) 2. t = (-3, 2, 2)3) '1

4. '~~1u9~ t = (2, -1, 5) 't = (3x, 5, 4y-2) sb }t = (z-1, 2, z+l)

'>I " 7
"
5. ~R6H~ x, y Sw
"'14
z tt!ru,u9l
el ?
u = (x, 4, 6) , v = (2, y, 6) Sw
"'14 -7
w = (2, 4, z)

tnb m '1
""
6. t~~ t = o. 2. -3) sb t = (2, -1, -2) sb it= (1, -1, 1) '1

~
7. t~~ u
?
= (2, -2, 1) Sw
"'14 7
v = (2, 3, -4)

fflb 7 ?
v-ku = w-7 "
~t!ru k ctltiSfHlfi
0

u
""
'1

8. r;~~GOSJti A(O, 3, O) , B(O, 1, -2) sb C(2, 3, -2) '1

n. tilf tlABC ctl1}Hl19L~hnmfl~ ?

2. ~nhl~m~'fsfh5ttlrumiiml3tirulu
/) 1
A, B, c sbtirulu~rn
1
'1

9. ~nhl~ms'fsf~2lbtLFnl3 :
n. tMttlru'i:flSHbiiflnftlrufflUrlSUrulti
IJ n .;. cs- 1
(-2, 1, 5) Sb 4, -3, -1 '1

2. fh1ft!rumiiml3tirulu (-5, 1, 4) cmru'iht9isbu~nHHf:tltsmbti '1

/) 1 "" u

214
 n. ~Mu
1
P ctl~MuttlrncHmtfl'lirtH1.itl'i:fl2uffirun~Mu A(-1,
1 u "' 1
o, O)

Btl 8(2, 0, 0) ?i 2 : I '"1

2. Gllilu P ttlrntirn'linfil~dsuYJrumn5nri~Muri~ A(I, 2, O) Btl B(-1, 4, 2)

1 u "' 1
<:1>
t'i 38 '"1

11. (l, }, k) m~mrnHH'iM~ii"Hli1:3ru

u u
'"1 mt'iM2l
u
tt-t
21 t~ ~Lml:3

~ r;:. ~ r::.' 7 r;:. ? 7 ~ r;:. 7 7

n. u = (l+..J2)i+,.,J3i , v = (l-..J2)i-k , w = "'3J+k '"1

7 2~. 1 ~ 17 7 1~ ~ 27 7
2. u=31-(/+·;} v=;zt-2j+sk, w = i+k7
)>
'"1

s
YJsfinrn
u
s BtlU&~st!YJsH:nn5 1 "
a tf\j
...

mmtlHM
"'
'"1 t'illil2ltirnt1Mhlltrn2ltl
1 n

--7 --7
n. SA· SB
A B
--7 --7
2. SA· SC
--7 --7
t'i. SA·AC

p
13. ~t'i~~~{1 (C) H~~~6'i AB t~Qtl~ci
1

a Lnci A '"1

'li~Q)dl ~tmgLr:1u ME(C) tt'iQlS

~ ---7
CM·MB = 0 '"1

215
tHlflusb
0

I
""'
'i

t):;m1u9~-;
I
m1u9~9mtJ
I
'&suruw I
P ft:Jrnuru1u o murulu):;rn '1
I I

tRRllil~1u9~9mbt8Urulu
I I
P i!f p tmtiHRhlHhl~ P(p) 'i

inn 9t9milisn ruwinnnw

n
swinrnumuwrl
n q
I

t):;§~ri~urulu
eJ I
A(b) sb B(b) nbrutflsb1u9i9mb
et I
E t8Urulu c &tfiru c fun
I
I

»b61' [AB] U'i5

9lbnbffl'!50bli&ti m: n :5J..~.-,~.~
RWhHI'UbiiW
pf;J.. d-7 ~o~nn<">
bRUbWIU
D .,.
ttflru D "mnHbn'
n "' 1 1 n
I

9lbttnlm'!5drumJu rn: n 'i

m'!5o Ll.HuJuilb 11 s mmsau'!5 ~ 9lb 'LAl'!5

216
~t,~e~~;i
7 7
mb + na
Lnnrum 1u9~9 mh 7
c =- --
m+n

7
b
A(ii)
---7 ---7
ffi'i:H'li'BS ~f:ltnS AC = __!!!_AB
u 61 • m+n
0
t:Jms&
u
~f:ltns
·
: ~-11 = m+n
__!!!_(b-ii)

nz - (b.,.
7 =-
c ."") 7
-a+a
m+n
7 7 7 7
7 mb- ma + ma + na
c = -------
m+n
7 7
7 mb + na
c = ---
m +n 7 7
'l! o 7 mb-na
- unnrum~.uff~ffmh
C) ""

d = --
m-n
---7"' ---7 <;! ---7 -7-7 ---7 7 7
8 h AB rtl ~I ti g ~ g mh t S'U AD = d - a , AB = b - a
<:» cJC»O
m t f:1 mh AD

---7 ---7
ffi'BH.Hf:'IQIS :
u
AD = m-n
__!!!_AB
-77 m""7 7 m 7 7 7
L:lmsg d-a = --(b-a) , d = --(b-a) +a
u m-n m-n
7 7
d = mb - ma7 + ma7 - na7 = mb- na7
m-n m-n
0
nhmri~~U 'i:flsut3WJu I
A(ii) , s(b) sh cc~) m8ru1u
I

&si1Jicifi~ruLWi~fflrul ABC '1 ~n1u9s9mh g tSGOSJti a tr:Jru a m9Lu~g~2mfd

b..ABC '1

7
B(b)
7 7
7 b+c
a+-1 x - -
7 -7 7 7 7
.,. a +2d 2 a+b+c
g = -3- = 3 = 3

2
 'i:flS1:Hlcrrulu
IJ
A(~) I
, B(b) , C(t) Sb D(J) dlcrruluRt1illHHJu~'i:3~
1 U 1 1

""sru~
" ABCD '1 crrulu
1
G d1'9'i'i5tlfm~
l_j 1 "'
tS~~hmM
l_j
BCD '1 ~ n1uf1 ~g fflb
1
p tscr rulti
1
P

tt::lru P tun [AG] ~b~bm'i:3orutuJu 3: 1 '1

I

-7 ~~ eJ Q1 0 .l.o. ":t 0
m
Q1
p Wl~ti9HtffiwtStirulti P(x, y, z)
1 I
tS'H
m1:nu
u
tf:'ims1cr?h p ?i 1
y
7 ~ ~ 7
p = xi+ yj + zk '1
X
~ 0~ 7 c::b
t::Jmsg
u
nHH!:iHStS~ti9~9ffiw
u 1
">) C) Q1
p f:1 (x, y, z)

0 ' 0
rutmiir:uu
~
&Sg'i:flSnHH!':JHSf:'i A(-1, 2, 3) , B(l, -2, -1) ""
Sb C(O, -3, -4) '1
u

tH!ru ffib ~' b Sb t m1cr£h'9mbtScr'lflti A, B Sb C tQb~ '1 tS'Htf:'iQlS

~=(-1,2,3), b=(l,-2,-1) sht=(o,-3,-4) '1

ABC '1 t::Jmsz

U
tf:'ims1cr9~'9mh
1
~ &s9~ud9'i:3~~WitmMtt::Jru'i:flsfinru
lj I "' lj U
A, B
7 7 7
7 a+b+c (-1, 2, 3)+(1, -2, -1)+(0, -3, -4)
g = 3 = 3

=(0,-3,-2)=(0 -1 -~)
3 ' ' 3

n. A(6, -2, 3) , B(-1, 6, 3) sh C(l, 5, -3) '1

~- P(2, 3, 6) , Q(l, 2, -3) Sh R(4, 2, -5) '1

218
3 fl7ffl UIJ7"'

Ublmttl
111 ...._.,
ttl [OB]..L[CA] Sb [OC]..L[AB] tGrH [OA]..L[BC] '1

run o dli:Hli ttfiru ~. b shE m1u9~9ffiht~ticrn.nu I 1

A, B sb C '1
i> i> 7
n:flru [OB]..L[CA] tmg b·(a-c) =0 '1

(1)
7 7 i>
Wlti5 [OC]..L[AB] &Slg c·(b-a) =0 '1
7 7 i>
tlm~g
u
c·b
i>
= c·a (2)

fi1'jj ( 1) "'~ h ( 2) t J:i Ql ~ bi> · ai> = c" · ai> '1

i>
0~ i> 7 i> B(b)
Sl<U (b-c)·a=O '1

tlm~g [OA]..L[BC] '1

u

0 • 0
ruunntuu
..
nh ~1hn '1
I
---7 i> ---7 " ---7 i>
t'i:i6nh AB = b , AC = c , AD= d '1 Ublmctl
111 ...._.,
[AB]..L[CD] '1

---7---7 i> i>" i>i> "7

fi1'jj~'iJt'i:iQl~ AB ·CD = b · (d- c) = b · d b·c
u

---7 ---7
tlm~g AB..LCD
u
B
sl~ [OA]..L[BC] '1

2
 z

~@lg [AD].l[BC] '1

2. y

~f:l§mS16'i
tJ ..:
L 'i:H15ri:jmRM£'innru
1J

"';..'il C) ... 7
P0 (x 0 , y0 , z 0 ) 8w~tHHUl1tHHt5 u = (a, b, c)
.,. 7
(u "'0) '1

mh P dlUlliltHtHJ9nli
1 ....
L rj;j m PP II tt
0
'1
0 .. ~ 7
mn t 'i:3li5 t i:j ru P0 P = tu
C)

u
2 g'i::fl8 r.; 21J 2 tH'l 1J
, ( t E m) '1

x-x 0 = at
Y- Yo = bt (1)
j z- z = ct
0

x-x0 y- Yo z-z
-a- = -b- = -c-2 '1

g@1 f'1g 8h (1) tuTh:fH15~filJtr1hr-JEJ t8U ~ £'i L tj;j bl5'tfl8 t dltn'hf'JEJ Sh

t = (a, b, c) t'Ulidl ~crg~'itfltl~M

I lJ
i2uS1~
..:
L '1

Ltnt59 tu~u~h tLfil13

n. (-3, 2, 4) 2.(1,4,5)'1

220
 "Jl <> '"" 7 <:~~ X- Xo y- Vo z- Zo
1tHHUOlli9W
1
u = (a, b, c) f:'i - - =
a
~ = --
c
~Slg~f:10l2

"'x+2 y-3
(-3, 2, 4) f:'i -=3 = - -
2
= z-4
4 y_
-x-2 y-3 z-4
= -2- = 4

~- w{§mmS16'i &
L m6'im~t3n.nu
I
(-2, 3, 4) 't:fl21u9Jumti9w
I

( 1' 4 , 5 ) ~ X+ 2 = y- 3 = Z- 4 'tJ X+ 1 = y- 3 = Z- 4
1 4 5 "'- 4

2. tf:llruw{§mm~6'i L LWliStm~6'i x-1 = Y; 4 = 3 ~Z tS"]g L R

Lwm9ish1u9~Lmli9wu~6'itsgf!j~ <J

~msg 1u9JLmli9wmnt x-1 = Y;

4
= 3 ~z ~ o, 2, 5) <j

~~"""'n ~••<Y'Ii; L ~ x+2 _ y-3 _ z-5

f-l<>Oroo
UlJbl"l 0 bUCIIIdU~Ioo
....
H - -- - --
1 2
Y. X+2 = -y-3
2
z-5
- =- -
5
'"I'

n. (-2, 1, 3) ~- ( 5' 1, 4) f:'i. (3, 4, 0) '155. (2, 0, 0)

2.
Ql
~nw~masuS"J&;
"

&
' (}
L ~!jrnfllriff"l~un.nu
I
'
(5, -2, 3)
0
tmruuwu
Q,l

.-.4""'"'
tttl2wtiSln.:. x-2 =y-5
- =4-z
- <J
"' 3 6
3. n. m2Jt3rt.!Ju A(-1, 3, 2) Sb B(2, 1, -2) '1

... "
- Snhl~fliH2tiSl&i '
(AB)
"'
- f.irulSlnHHf:lltstst3n.nun5wmnbuSlri
. U I l_j tJ &
(AB) shu~
""
,. ,. 7 ,. "" ,. ,.
(0, i, j) ' (0, k, i) 2b (0, i, k) '1

~- tiS16'i L 13li1't:f1Shl{§fll~ x- 1 = y- 2 = z+l '1

"' 1.J - 3 2
- Rrul6'iUrulu't3ruts
1.J I
L sb1u9~umu9wmntn
I

5
221
3.
tt:l'i:flSrJ~UnJp:; P0 (x 0 , y0 , z0 ) Sb P 1(x 1 , y 1 , z1 ) tsiQbru'Ul '1
I
e»O ':1 ----?q
6111HlHH1fjt:HSg tt:!QlS~HHi:!'HStS P 0 P 1 t:1 (x 1 -x0 , y 1 - y 0 , z 1 -z0 ) '1

M~fnm:::mhn
C:
~nll§rJ~Urulu
I
P0 (x 0 , y0 , z0 ) Sb
Pl(xi, Yt• Zt) ~ x-xo = y-yo = z-zo
xt-xo Yt-Yo Zt-Zo

0 • 0
ruun~ti~ 1
IJ

n. (l, -2, -3) (-4, 5, -6) 2. (3, 0, -2) , (-4, -7, -5)

t:l. (-3, -4, 2) , (-5, -3, 4) m. (2, -5, -3) , (4, o, -1)

tH1§'m 11iU
ffll§S'i.Jl§S
U fl
M~fi1S'i5Sl~fi1~61113rl~Urulu
C: I
P 0 (x 0 , y 0 , z0 ) Sb P 1(x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) ~
x- x0 y- Yo z- z0
=- - =-- cmgtt:JQlS
xi Xo Yt- Yo Zt- Zo
X- 1 _ y +2 _ Z+3 << 1 -X _ y + 2 _ - Z - 3
n. - 5+2- -6+3 ~ -5---7-- - 3 -

2_ x-3 = y-0 = ~ 'i5 3-x -y -z-2

-4-3 -7-0 -5+2 "'" -7- = 7 = -3-
t:1 x+3 _ y+4 _ z-2 'i5 -x-3 y+4 z-2
. -5+3- -3+4- 4-2 "'- - 2 - = -1- =

x-2 +5 z+3 x-2 +5_z+3

m. 4-2 = = Y. = --2-

ruunfitt~2
U
tt:l'i:f1S'i5Sl~
C:
L: ~3 = y+6 = z-2 2 '1 ~nnHHf::lltStSUMu
U I
Q tsitru L
~ • Q 0 ~

nH15'i:flS13¥JtiH1 [PQ] nf1ulli]13 P(3, -I, 2) 'i:flSnt~HliJtiJ'i:fl '1

.., 0

run (x, y, z) tllnHHf::lltstsuMu Q cmg&t:JQlS :

u 1

2 2 2
PQ = (x-3/+(y+ 1) +(z-2) (1)

222
 X= 3t
j
y = t-6
z = 2t + 2
(2)

dShl (2) tsrlnb (I) tfililS

u "I

PQ
2
= (3t-3) 2 +(t-5/+4t
= l4t2 -28t+34 = 14(t-1) 2 +20
~msg PQ
2
HtiJtifi:fl crtmg t =1 '1

E:Jmsg
u
nHHtilts'fscrn.nu
u 1
Q tmlirE:Jrn PQ Hmmm~
~
(3, -s, 4) '1

A A Ql \;) ~

~51lHS~ 1. lnhl~A1HS'i5~61 L [E:Jrn :

n. Al~ffl~ A(-1, 2, 3) Sb B(4, -5, 6)
~. Al~ffl~ A(-3, 0, 2) Sb B(4, 7, 5)

fi. Al~ffl~ A(3, 4, -2) Sb B(5, 3, -2)

m. rn~m~ A(-2, 5, 5) sb B(-2, o, 3)

n. rn~m~ A(l, 2, -1) sbms1u&l~Lmli9M t = (-2, 3, 2) '1

~. A16lffl~GMG A(-2, 1,
0 0

1
3) Sb "'
B(-1, 2, l) '1

3. tfi'i:flS'liSl~ L: x-l = y- 2 = z+ I '1 lnnHHtiltStSBMG P tsi~rn

"' -3 2 u 1

L ri:l rnu¥Jli5~ PQ t94BL1.f1G Q(-1, 3, 2) 'i:flS6lt~HtiJtiJ'i:!l '1

1!$ , ,., ~

4. ~~m;eene~~~w";~oo;~ru
"' "" ~= :-
4.1 in9HlJlitnmisu~
I ~

- 1u&lln.nfifmHsyi1 (a) ~Lfili1u9l A ~SflJSJ

ttflli5'i:flS9MHl6lnlliTHUSbtia
uu 6V
(a) '1

- tfi'i:flSBMG I
P ~ru
IJ
sh1u&J~
I
h ~SMS1~li5
U tJ IJ
'1

n'Jo.i\crn.nu
I I
Q !srntn&!:1rntdlbm~
:u 4 ?Q. tt = o
~ttmi1
6V
&E:J rnrn~m~crn.nu
I
P sbms1u9~
I
n.n~ihru 1t '1

223
dluruwnrun rn&a
1 ..
[MNJ '1 n5ru1uruH:;
1 l
P t'E:l rntlin
"

M N
II l --7
'i:llbli MN

(a) '1

" <;I ... --7

n. m~nnHHtnt~HSJufi!~ PQ '1
u u 1

2. tr:n fiH'iU92lfi9
LJ
stl PQ · 'h = o um mm
lll"'-'
Q E (a)

"
~gtmtn 3x + 2y + 4z- 19 = o '1

?1. nHUl~tftlita~~ (a) fin.nfitr:nru P 0 (x 0 , y 0 , z0 ) 2ti1u9~n.nH{m5 h =(a, b, c)

tE:lbli (a, b, c)>"(O,O,O) '1 ummmun.nu

lJ1 " 1
Q(x, y, z)E(a) rn,g'iffitn
l_j
eJ 0 0 I

ax+by+cz+d = 0 tE:lrn d dlu~El1f1nn.fln '1

u
--7
n. PQ 'i:llSJjHHi:tltEl (x-1, y-4, z-2) '1
--7 7
2. QE(a)¢>PQ·n = 0 Y. QE(a)¢>[3(x-1)+2(y-4)+4(z-2)] = 0

QE(a)¢>3x-3+2y-8+4z-8 = 0 Y. 3x+2y+4z-19 = 0 '1

92lfi9sbtsg t'UlimM~ffl~tsu~
.., (a) '1

~mag QE(a)¢>(x-x0 )a+(y-y0 )b+(z-z0 )c =0 '1

QE(a)¢>ax+by+cz-(ax0 +by0 +cz0 ) =0 '1

224
 " 0 ~ " 7
t?l'i:flSrqJliHU~n.fU'i::fHli (0, i, j, k) ~t15 '1
I

- hl~ffl~~ciftlrn~rul~ttllrucrru;u P(x0 , y 0 , z0 ) 2t~1u9a

II l ~

rul~'i:flrn n =(a, b, c) 'i:flSrlb ax+by+cz+d = 0

- n5ru1crrul11 Q(x, y, z) tdlbm~hl~ffl~ ax+by+cz+d = 0

I I ;u <l

( ttlrn a, b, c, d ctlcrssnr;
u
tmru a, b, c ~Sn5StUrl1Hf1)
u tJ ..

., ., • " ?
m z = o mM<emmb (O, i, <V
j)
., ., ' " 7
m x = o ctlM-emmb co, j, <V
k)
7 7
m y = o mM<emmb (O, i,
Q1 Q) I

6V
k)
y
nhrruhh U
1 nb ri~'et15H~ 61 rul~iflru t?J§H1 rul11
"; l.i 1 U tJ I

P(2, -1, 4) Stl1u9~

I
~ = (l, -2, 3) '1
C» ") . ' eJ •
~nhl'efflHSUb (a) ttlrnmr;m-e P
6V

hl~ffl~tsuci (a) 'i:flSrlb ax+by+cz+d = 0 ttlrn (a, b, c) ctl

fN

" <;! 7 " 7 <:1<

nHHf1HSt2l11!i~
C)

U I
u '1 ttllt15nHHtllt2t2
U
u ?1 (1, -2, 3) tSHt?1Q12

a = 1 , b = -2 , c = 3 i1 ~ x- 2y + 3z + d = 0 '1

ttllru PE(a) t?1Q12 2-(2)(-1)+3(4)+d = o , d = -16 '1

tl11t28
U
hl~ffl~tsuci
GV
(a)~ x-2y+3z-16=0 '1
91' ---7 7
0
0 00 C)

ttfJ 1J11 2 : (a) ctl!Urul11rul11

1 I
Q(x, y, z) ttlrn PQ · u = 0 '1
---7
ttllt15 PQ 'i:flSnHHtlltS
u
(x-2, y+l, z-4) t8l&t?1Q12
---7 7
PQ·u=(x-2)l+(y+l)(-2)+(z-4)3 = x-2y+3z-16
!:lms&
u
PQ·~=O N'i:H~rnx-2y+3z-16=0
u
ctlM@m~Zsuci G\1

(a) '1

225
 0 • 0
ruunritH2
1.D
1. Q~rutnLuntH~f1HiL15ru~H~o.n~-B·nli tr:1~nrup; A(6, 4, 2) 2~
I I

1cr9~
1
t = (1, 2, -3) '1 mRM~tD{hm&su~
U N
(a) ttHl5Al~m't3 A

2~l:fls1u9~
1
o.nrffiru t '1

2. Q~mtnLunm~runL15ru~u~o.nahru tr:1~tia8lliJcr A(4, 3, 2) 2~

1 1

B(2, -4, 6) '1 Rllil~tu@m~hm~ (a) &~rum~m't3Bllilu A ttfiru

"" 1

~unnrunrut9i'2~1cr9~
uu 1
A1 '1

l. ffi15UTifltl tr:1QlS (x-6)+2(y-4)-3(z-2) = 0

x-6+2y-8-3z+6 = 0

x+2y-3z-8 =0
""'
~utS8 t\515Alm~' (a) ""r:1 x+2y-3z-8 = 0
u ""
2. ffl13UL't:fltl tr:1Qla a(x-4)+b(y-3)+c(z-2) = 0 (1)

&rt1u9~o.n~ihru
1
A1 = (2-I, -4-3, 6-2) = o. -7, 4) tm8tr:1ma
a= 1 , b = -7 , c =4 , (1) HltltDHtDHtl
(x-4)-7(y-3)+4(z-2) =0
x-4-7y+21 +4z-8 = 0

x-7y+4z+ 13 =0
~mag
u
tD@mm~
6V
(a) ~x-7y+4z+l3 =0 '1

1. Q~mtntynm~runL15ruH~~o.naihru tr:1~Bo.f]u A(2, 4, 5) 2~

1 I
1cr9~ b= (3, -1, -2) '1 Rllil~tD@mm~ (a) &~rum~m15 A 2~l:fla
1 ""

2. Q~rutnLUnUt~ru6ilJI1JH~~llil~ihru tr:1§JrlaBlliju A(3, 2, 5) s~

1 1

B(4, -2, 1) '1 RM~tU@mm~ (a) &~rum~m15Bllilu A tmru

"" 1

H~nnrun
UU
rut9is~1u9~
I
Al '1

3. crtJrutnLUnm~runL1311JH~~llil~ihru tr:1~tlBo.fju A(2, 4, 5) '

1 1
~ 0 I ~ I C) I

B(-5, -2, 3) a~ C(3, -1, -2) '1 nllilntD15Alm~

<V
(a) t~rumnm'e

0 t Q) I eJ I t:::,) 0
4. nllilntu15Alm~
<V
(a) t~rumnm15Uullilu A(4,
I
o, O) , B(2, o, 3)

s~ qo, -1, 4) '1

226
 (II' 0
2 fl'ltnt nn QiHlitfl Lli nm tn tiH'ilJ ru
1 1

HH'irul~ihru
u
co.~. j, k) tr:i21ti~
~~
(a) fr:Hl5Yl2
~ ~ 0
M'i:H1U ax+ by+ cz + d = 0 Sburulu
1

y
P0 (x 0 , y0 , z0 ) Y2ts4Qh1J~ (a) '1
1

mh H ctlGtNTHlifnh ~s P0 tilly~ (a) '1

X
Llif1h P0 H tUTlrhu~runGN]u P0 wi

y~ (a) '1 ~nu~ru d(Po, a) riGNJu Po wiy~ (a) '1

P0 P 1 = 1&1 = Ja 2 +b 2 +c2 '1

mh (xH, YH· ZH) ctl~HHtlltStS H tS'Utf3iQ1S P;H. YlS~HHtllt2

(xH-xo, YH-Yo· zH-zo) tS'H
----7
P0 P 1 ·P0 H
---7 = u·P---7H = a(xH-x )+b(yH-y )+c(zH-z
7
0 0 0 0)

= (axH + byH + czH)- (ax 0 + by0 + cz0 )

ttnru HE(a) tr:itflS (axH+byH+czH) = 0 2h ax0 +by0 +cz0 = -d

----7 ---7
(P 0 P 1 • P0 H) = -(ax0 + by0 + cz0 ) (1)

P7t ·P;H. = IP:ltll?oHicose (2)

m'tl ( 1) sh
~
(2) tr:iffl ~
mms P0 H = P0 H =
1---71 -(ax0 + by0 + cz0 +d)
I I ·cos
P0 P 1 8

d = ( p o' a ) = p oH =
lax 0 + by0 + cz 0 + dl '1
Ja 2
+b 2 +c 2

227
 0 I 0

ru 'UTI ~Hi~ 1 Hi

n. G'tflru'eiGMG
~ I
A(-4, -1, 3) misbti~
w
(a): x-2y+3z-16 =0 '1

~- G'tflru'eiGn.nG
~ I
0(0, 0, 0) t9isb15~
w
(a): ax+ by+ cz + d =0 '1

odlru<N
m13~mHlG'tflru
u n
tt:ims
~

d(A, a)= 1(-4)(1)+(-1)(-2)+(3)(3)-161 = _1__== 2.4 1

. J(-1)2+(-2)2+32 Jl4
~- d(O, a) = ldl
Ja2 + b2 + c2
0 • 0
rutm ~Hu1J 2
2x-y +z = 3 (1)
{ x+ 2y-4z 4 = (2)

X- p _ y-q _ Z
-a---b--c'1

Ot~ru~
~15bUn1t:iMSl
U
z dlHSI=i13S'i:s
I
X 2-b y ntlrum13 (1) sb (2) '1
u
ttllbt:ibl.flhl{§fil~ (1) Sb 2 WtinSbM{§fil~ (2) tt:i012
I 1J U

2x- y +z = 3 ( 1) X 2
+ { x+2y-4z = 4 (2)

5x-2z = 10
5x-10 (3 )
z=-2-

ttllbt:in.nhl{§fil~
1
(2) sb 2 IJWtlinhlYFm (l) f:ln tt:iQlS

2x- y+z = 3 (1)

{ x+2y-4z = 4 (2) X 2

-5y+9z = -5

z = -5y-5
9- (4)

228
 6ll'i3 ( 3) @h (4)

t!:lQlGl 5x; 10 = 5y9-5 = z (5)

x-2 y-1 z
- = - = - '1
2 9 5

ruun~hhU 3 nh~.hmuntHt1lli.H1L13t15HHHlil~if!ru
, l_j I U
t!:l~Gn.nu
I
A(-3, l, 2) 2huci
GV
(a)

ft::Hli'i:JlGl tu@m~ 2x- y + z- 2 = o '1

2. !:lMSl d(A, a) '1

n. tt1lttid1h9t9itstu@mmci?i
u ""
(a): ax+by+cz+d = 0 ft:jm a, b, c dl
nHHt1ltsts1u9jn.n~iflru
U I
it &suci
ev
(a) '1

tfitu@m~:zci (a) ft:jm~?i 2x-y+z 2 =0 '1

t!:19l(!JQ12 a = 2 , b = -1 , c = 1 , d = -2 '1

t:jlJtS&
u
nHHt1ltStS
u
it n.n~ffirush (a) ?i it= (2, -1, 1) '1

tSlgt!:lQlS l£tl = J22 +(-1) 2 + 12 = J6 '1

2. u'i:Jltti~ A &94 (a) ?t d(A, a)= 12(-3)+(-1)1 + 1(2)-21 = .2_ = 7J6 '1
., J6 J6 6
1. m~n
u

n. u'i:lltti~Gn.nu
., 1
A(3, I, 4) t94Glhtici
6V
(a): x-2y+2z+3 =0 '1

2. u'i:llru~8n.ncr O(O, o, O) &9ishuci (a): 3x+2y-4z+5 =o '1

"' I ev

!:1. \J'i:Jltti~GM\1
., I
M(2, I, 1) t94Shtici
N
(a): 2x-y+4z-16 =0
ft:jru'i:fls1cr9an.naffiru
I
(2, -I, 4) '1

2. ti~QJdl tu@m~&su~~ L t!:1mdlLtitu~at1h!,!ci

X+ y +Z - 2 = 0 ( 1)
{ 2x - y + z + I = 0 ( 2)

'i:ll29mci
l.i
x-p_y-q_z'1
-a---b--~

229
 -? -? -? -? -? 7 7 7 -? 7
(1). a+b = b+a (2). (a+b)+c = a+(b+c)
7
(3). (mn)b = m(nb) ( 4) . ( m + n )a = ma-? + nb7
-? 7 -? -?
(5). m(a+b) = ma+nb

ttl mb =0 &S18&?1Q12 m = 0 'li

..... b = 0 '1
- n. tti P(x, y, z) sb P'(x', y', z') ctlrJjf3bl.fjtlt2bthflL'lintitthliH1L'i:Hi5
1
7 7 7
(0, i, j, k) t?1Q12

• P = P' hl'I§1Hli x
u
= x' Sb y = y' 2b z = z' '1

Gl p "' P' hl'l§'i§u ru X "' x' 'li "'- z "' z' '1
..... y "' y' 'li
--7
e P'P 'i:f12~HHt:iH2 (x-x', y-y', z-z') '1

• 13Mtlnn.mru~s PP' 'i:f12FiHHtht2 (x+x' y+y' z+z') '1

1 n u 2'2'2
2. ttl~= (x, y, z) sb ~· = (x', y', z') ctlrJj1{jgjfihrth
I ct
..fl'i'UFititthli.Hfnru
l._j
1
7 ~ 7
(i, j, k) t?1Q12

• t = t• <=> x = x' , y = y' , z = z' '1

• h"' t• <=> x "' x' , y "' y' , z "' z' '1

• 1tlfli (t-h') 'i:f12FiHHtht2 (x-x', y-y', z-z') '1

l u

• \fkEffi 1tlfla kt 'i:f12FiHHtht2 (kx, ky, kz) '1

1 u

(kx + k'x', ky + k'y', kz + k'z') '1

dru?lrulhlltru~SrJj1tlfli h Sb t Fibrthn ~ctlf3SStln k 'l§li5

1 n 1 "'
1
u u
7 7 ""7 7 7 7
.. k = u . v = 0 t'li u =0 'li v
"'-
=0 '1

230
 8 m'!§dt~t1htt:nru1u9~
1A i-J 1
t 2h t '1
1

- nhtfflru~H'inruTJnH~Hl.ltfl
., u u
r:lru~n.nn.nt'rutsri~1u9~
1 n 1
it= (x, y, z) 2h
1
7 ~ ~ 7
v = (x', y', z') ~ u·v = xx' + yy' + zz' '1

n. ri~lu&lj 2h t = (x', y', z')

it= (x. y, z) ~~~~ruTJru~ npunt'~ it· t = o
ens Srum ft_L t tu'i:1'iu:Hli xx' + yy' + zz' = 0 '1
eJ Q!q_ ':1 ~ C) 7 0 I
2. filtHt.mru
n
Sw nil'\5 ~s~u9~
1
u = (x, y, z) nrul~tt:nru

~2
U =X
2
+y +Z
2 2 .,. 14 I ~
2w U 1 = JX 2 + y 2 + Z 2 '1

~. r:lru~n.nn.nt'rutsth1u9j-@stus'i
1 n 1 u u
t, t 2h'!§ 1
8
~
( ~ntillll:jJh ) nrulntt:n ru
01 • 0 '

~ 7 1~1 171 it· t xx' + yy' + zz'

o
u · v = u · v cosEl sn2J cosEl = litl·ltl = J 2
x +y +z
2 2 Jx' 2 2
+ y' + z'
2
'1

- uH'lrultlh P sh
"'
Q nrultitt:nru
0 '

"'
2 2 2
d(P, Q) = PQ = j(x2 -x 1) +(y 2 -y 1) +(z 2 -z 1) '1

- tu~ffUt2thlatl:jillH120n'i~~
& .:. l.i
(a, b, c) 2hm r ~
2 2 2 2
(x-a) +(y-b) +(z-c) = r '1

1u9~9mh ~ tSGrulu C tl:jrutun~~~ [AB] :nhQhffl'!:1r:lrumJu m: n ?f

1 ~ ~ 1 1
~ = mb+na '1
m+n
- 1u9~9mh
1 ~
~ t2Grulu
~ I
D tl:jrutun~~~ [AB] :nhq_,niffl'!:1r:lrumJu m: n ?f
d= mb-na '1
m-n
ti5~fflm~~ (L) ffl~ffl'i:1G'l.f1u
P 0 (x 0 , y 0 , z0 ) Ln1m9ishlu9~Lcnti9ti5
~ ~ x - x0y -Yo z - z0
u = (a, b, c) ~ - - = -b- = - - '1
a c
- tu~fflm~~ffl~ffl'!:1[ht3'l.f1u P 0 (x0 , y 0 , z0 ) 2h P 1(x 1, y1, z 1) ?f
x-x0 y-y0 z-z0
- - = - - = - - '1
xi-xo YI-Yo zi-zo
Ca,l I eJ 0 I 0
~ 7
- ti5'!:1ffl~~btfjruf1rul~Ht:hruu'l.f1u P0 (x 0 , y 0 , z0 ) 2h•ulfirulaH'lru
Q

1
C) " '
n = (a, b, c)

H12llh ax+by+cz+d =0
- MrulGrulu Q(x, y, z)
I 1
tdlbm~ti5~ffl~
~.,;
ax+by+cz+d =0 ( tl:jru a, b, c, d

mcrsstin n.f\ru a, b,
IJ
c @sti52'1Ut1'!:1ffl)
u u "'
~tilti~tl:jruH1s1u9~n.nfihru
G\1 1
~
n = (a, b, c) '1

231
 0 •

= re~ ~ =.....=--.·=-·=··=·=····=-·,·=···=·. . ·=··-=-=··-=··.-=. ···=--.-=..-=.=··=~-=..·=·~·-=·~=======~~

I. ~!:12j&fllfi~~HiSIDfl ABCD ~t:Hli'l:flS~ht~ a '1 run M t:hnrup:;nrl.QHlitSL£1h
I I

[ cD] '1 um mm
1,/l~

2. ti!;rJ QJlJl [AB].l[CD] '1

2. n. anhl~fmtsmrnhn~hn'enn.nn
..; 1 (2, -3, 7) ~~ru'l:fls1rs~h9Mttfi
I (1, 1' -4) 'j

2. ~n1u9~9
I
hlttntStiSlfi
..;
2x- 6 = 4- y = z- 5 '1

!:1. anY~tltl
0

l
n. stl ""
2. '1

3. run (L) ..,..,

w1ti~n
·x-1
= -2-y
3
!.<\
- = z+2 S'W (a.) t:h1J'W 3x-y-2z = 12
""J.o
'1
'\:) 0 eJ •
n. annHH!::ras&s
U
P mrsn.nm~ru (L) 'itihltltih (a.) '1
I U IJGV

2. ~mH~rutfiflt9'1tltl:tlrutiSlci
i.J
I ..;
(L) sh1u9an.naffir;J.Hsuci (a.) '1 1 6V

4. m~nhl~fmtsuciZlhtUffiY
U GV
:
n. 1JcimfimYBniju (5, 3, 4) LMm9i'Stl1Jci (yz) '1

2. ucimfimyfin.nrs
6V 1
(3, -2, 5) ~ntlt9istl1rs9~
1
(-4, 2, -3) '1

!:1. ucimfimyfin.nrs (4, -2, 3) UMm9istluci 3x+6y-4z = t

"" I 6V
'1
• j Q.l 0
m. ubmflmYtiun.nu (3, o, O) , (O, 4, o) stl (o, o, 5) '1
Q

6V I

5. ti:12j1,1cirJa 3x+z-I = 0 Stl x-JSY+2z = 0 '1

~ n1 rs 9an.n sffinH suci sy ru") cUi rus n~ ~~rut fifl t91tl
I 6V IJi.J
t 1:n ruuci il tl rl as g '1
I GV

6. :inM~matsucimcim'enn.nrs
w 1
(-2, 1, 3) tUiru~fiht9istluci x-y+z ~
= o stluci
w

2x + 3y -z =5 '1

7. ti:12J1Jci (a.): 2x+3y-6z+5 = 0 StlGniju M(4, 2, -5) '1

n. Rn.nfi1rs9an.naffinHsuci (a.) '1

I 6\J

2. run HMo = t · frt (t m8~siin) '1 Rn.ncint~ t tt:lYj2j HE (a.)

i:i. Rn.ncinHH!:tltsts8n.nrs
U I
H stlu'Hlru HM 0 ~

232
2. i"i. tdlbctH~flt'ij m Sb n tt:lruUGMu A(2, 3, -4) , B(3, 1, -1)
.. ,
Si:l
~J ~ N 1

C(m, 7, n-1) hln&Erltrn'liSl~'ij[jj '1

"' ~ u

2. tdlbct'l~flt'ij m tt:lru'liSGMu P(4, -2, 5) , Q(-3, 4, -4) , R(l, 2, 4) sh

4.J ~ 6\J u 1

S( m, 1 -m, 4) Nntmnlium~'ijru
"' ~ u '1

Ql '3 tel • 0 e) ff 0 q
3. mnJ'ijfilHS'liSlntt:Jrumnm'ijullilu
~ I
(3, -1, 2) tt:lruutQn'ij
n I
60°
'
45° sb 60° m

~ruHnJffitl~M HnJmttras sbHnJ~nti.Jb~ '1

4. 'li~QJrh 'ij~~th ~ = Y;
2
= z+4 sb x;l = ~ = z LM'li~ ttfiru~nhl~Fil~tsyti
&t:Jrufirt.n~tthruum~mbn~ '1 ~

5. ummrh 'liSl~rl~ x-1 = y-3 = z+2 sb x-1 = y-3 = z+2

Ul"-" ~ 4 2 5 3

6x + 4y + 3z = 12 '1

7. run (a) th'li~

6V
4x+3y+5z =50

n. ~i"iu'i!lrun'lby~ (a) sbGn.f1utH"linL'ijru '1

1

2. ~nnHHth
U
ts &son.nu
I
fi5t'iji'9
I Li
t9iat'l r:Hli
n~rumJm9i~b~~ (a) '1 y
I

"" "' " """ll "' -7 -7 "" -7 -7 ""

8. t'litytJbtStu~UfH ta+b Sb a-tb t~~ '1

~mH't:Jrudt91btthru1u9~
I Fl\.1 I
~ sb b ttfiruummrn
Ul"-"
X

~~~ = lbl:;eo Sb t:;t:O '1

233
9. n. run b =(I, I, J2) stl b = (1, 2, 3) '1 ~~~nnt~ts t ftjru ih-tbl HtiJtH'i:fl '1
2. run t0 t:hnt'ettj
..,
ru~ntllimtsi
..,..,
n'iruu
1J
n. '1
7 7 rr~"" ";) 7
tiblmltl
ll1 ..,..,
cJ

1
cJ
b-t0 a tnh&lttStl-atHr~ a '1

10. &~hlrulUrulti p mmu ttjru'i:flSti'i:fltlj&Mriliun.nu A(4. 3, -2) ' B(4, -3, 6) sb

1 I U 4 1 "' ~

C(-4, 5, 6) ? ""
~nhl'efiltsm&Sl8
.. '1
u

11. tljfi A mun.nu

1
(-2, 1, 3) Sb (a) t:htici
..,
3x+v-2z
-
= 17 '1

1 r 0 C»
12. tiSln
&
(L) filnffl'tmn.no I
(2, 3, -4) ttnru
• • 0
i'i5hlt1'i5~
l..j & 6V
(xy) 'in~tirulti
l.j 1
(5, 5, 0) '1

n. ~na:b:c ttiticiax+by+cz=d
..,

0
fil'etirult:i 1
(4, 3, 6) '1

sb 2x = y = -z ttjrutyn5~[11Jicir:m5n'U3ru '1
1

14. 13Hnhl~fil~tS'i5tittjru'i:flS'i5Sl~ x-l

u <V & 2
= - 2 = z-l
3
Sbfil~m-eun.no
1
(1, -1, 2) '1

15. tl=12J M 0 (3, -2, 1) Sbti~~ (L): 2-x =2- = z+l '1

n. Rn.n~'lu9~n.na~rn 1
t 'ts (L) '1

2. Rrul~hl~filJtS!Jci (a) ttjrufil~fil'e M 0 Sb'i:flS1u9~rulJ~r;li t '1

1=1. 1=1 rul Slti'i:fltlj

., H M 0 '1

234
 100 22 15 20
1. n. Lk :;3. I.k2 tl. I. k 3
'115. I,nx(n+2)
k =I k =I k =I n =I

2. n. 1+2+3+4+5+6 2. 12+22+32+42+52

R. (3.4- 1) + (3.5- 1) + ... + (3.9- 1)

2 3 4 7
'115. (-1) ·2+(-1) ·3+(-1) ·4+ ... +(-1) ·7 '1

3. n. 506 2. 4900 R. 4394 '1

4. n. 90000 2. 14400 R. 75600 '1

n(n + l)(n + 2) _ n(n+ l)(n+2)(n+3)
5. n. 2.8120 6. n. 4 2. 153130
3
2 1 2
7. n. n -2n+ 2 2.
6n(2n - 3n + 7)

4 3 2
n +4n + lln -64n
8. n. 2. 12
1 n-1
9. an= 2[(p+q)+(-l) (p-q)]

1. n. 2, 3, 0, -4 2. 5, 7, 17, 55 2. 21

10
3. p = 4 q = -2 p = -4 q =-
3

4. n. 2. R.

1 1
5. 2. bn = n , a = - + 3 '1
n n
6. n. 2an + 1 = an+ --1
2n-

4 4 3 2
5. n. (3x-1) = 8lx -108x +54x -12x+1

6 6 5 42 33 24 5 6
2. (2x + y ) = 64x + 192x y + 240x y + 160x y + 60x y + 12xy + y

6
R. (a+ b) = a6 +a5b +a4b 2 +a3 b 3 +a2b 4 + ab 5 + b6
235
1. 3, 7, ll 2. S 8 = 40 y_ S 8 = -24
19
4 "" 8 "t2hl61
"" 6 X 3 -2
4. n. U 10 = 6561 2. 619 r:l. Szo = ,., 18
lJ

n
"
1
n+l
.)

1-(n-l)x +nx
5. Sn = 3°- I 6. sn = 2
7. ul = 16
( l - x)
8. U1 = 3 Uz = 15 U 3 = 75 ul = 75 Uz = 15 ' u3 = 3
2
9. n. sn =~
n+ l
2. S
n
= n +n
o
2(2n+ It
I
10. n. an= 6(2n-l)(n-l)n+l 11. n. ~(n + 2)(2n- 1) 2.5720 '1

100
12. 2 (3n-2) = ~U 2
3
_ IOU _ 24
- 7 3 - 17
n=l 7
16. n. (x2- 2y)7 = 2 7Crx7 ry'
r=O

2.

1
2. n. 6 2. 2 ?1. 8 lli.4 h. 8 13.6 ~. 7 d. 27

3. f(x) = a
X
, f(y) = ay &?1012 f(x)f(y) = ax· aY = a
x+R
t213 f(x)f(y) = f(x + y) '1
.,
6. n. X
a = m""' a>O ttnru X =0 'i5 m"" a= I ""
ttnru xER
""
.,
2. ax> I m a> 1 ""
ttnru x>o 'i5 m""' O<a<l ""
ttnru x<o
""
.,
f:l. 0 <ax< I m"" a> I ""'
ttnru x <o 'i5 tliO<a<l r;m""' ru x >o
""
236
 9. n.

~-

; X = 3

2 2
'i:i. 4-
3x +2x+l
= 16 , 4
3x +2x+l
= 42 , 3X
2
+ 2 X- 1 = 0 Sl°§tJ~'i X=- 1 , X= 3I

""' (!) ~~~;..#Jat,..,.~-'"-''"'~~~?"::...__•.CCl.~~""'-.-...:.::tJ~~~"":~',..""__.:..;,;:::~...-.·"''!Sl~'"'~""~'"'t~:,"~,

G~ G;j5a S

-I
3. f:i. f (x) = log 5x
5.

l:jfHSZ f(xy)
u
= f(x) + f(y) '1
x -log 1 x
8. n. ~- g(f(x)) = g(x -log 2x) = 2 •

10 log3125

9. n. X =2 ~- X = 2} 'i:i. X = lQ I + log5 '115. J56- 5

1
10. 2<m:S:3 11. --<a<O
2

7t
3. n. X = ± 3 + 2k7t kE Z ~- -1 < m < 0
'
- 37t
4 + k7t < X < 0: + k7t
7t
5. n. 4 + 2k7t < X < 57t + 2k1t ~-
3
[x = 7t-2 tano: = - -
4

- 1t + 2k7t < X<- 7t + 0: + 2k7t

'i:i. - ~ + kn < x < ~ + kn '115.
3 3 [ - o: + 2kn < x < 2k7t ; sino; =- ~

• 2 A -sm
sm . A cos (B-C)
- - + l>O
_
2 2 2 4
[sin~- ~cos(B; c)r + ~ sinz(B; c)~ o n?1
6
237
3. n. 2.(sinx+~)<sinx-8)(sinx-1) = 0

X = ~ + 2k1t X = ~ + 2k1t
2 6
7. n. 1t 2k 1t
y=2+ ~~'::!. X -- S1t + 2k1t

51t 1t
y = - + 2k1t y =- + 2k1t
6 2
x = 5n + k1t
2. ?1.
j=
y
24
1t kn
24 + 2
2
(k E Z)

9. A;C=B tt:llti5A+B+C=n=>3B=n=>B=~

Sill
.A + sm- ·c
.n + Sill
3
= -32 + -J32
. C = 3
. A + sm
sm
2
1t A-C 3 1t
2cos-cos-- = - = cos-
6 2 2 6
1t ·~ 21t
A-C=- ~wruA+C=n-B=-
3 3

2A = 1t-3 + -21t
3
= 1t => A = -
1t
2

= 1t- (A+ B) = 1t- (~ + ~) =

i::H.HS8
u
A = ~2 '
B = ~
3 '
C = ~
6

2. n. [-1-2 ;] 2.
GJ = [~4J ?1.
:;J = m
3. f(3u-2v)
? 7 = CJ4
6. [ 5 -2]
-3 1
238
1. k, y) = (-6, 7: 2. k,y) = (6,-6: ~ x,y) = (-6,6:
3. K = -1 ~ K =6 5. [~ ~]
cos2e sin2e]
7. [2aa 2bbl 8. 2. [
sin2e- cos2e

9. ti~~ [:J = [:2] + t[~2]

.
HfiJ oy :tiSlfiy=o &

11.a = -2; b = -3 1 0
12. [ ]
1 -1

14. ll : X+ y- 1 = 0

1~ : 3x + y- 1 = 0

e~iwts:fl tl
"•''"'"''"''".'"'<'""'

1. n. 2. m>O ""' fi1 ftfl2 ti hl1:Hl5

hll§
"' II

m = 0 tu~ffl~'i:flsy turJHOJb~

-4<m<O tu~ffl~'i:flsytutitdJh ~

m = -4 hl~ffl~'i:f12YMrlHOJb ~

m<4 ""' ffl~'i:f12ti tul§ ru

tul3
"' II

y
2. n. 2. a>4./2 + 5 ""'
tul3ffl~'i:flsytu x3 > o

a = 4./2 + 5 : ""'
tul3ffl~'i:f12YM x 1 = x2 < 0 < x3
y =a
5 <a <4./2 + 5 ""
hll§ffl~'i:fl2Yhl x 1 < x 2 < 0 < x3

a =5

239
 a= -4J2+5

3. n. hl~ffl~'t:f12YhlthtUtl~ mrurun k E (-20, 13)

2. k E (-20, 0)

2. p> 3 't:f12tihl x3 &'tlru -I< I <x 3

4. n. "'
p = 3 't:f12'UM x, = x 2 = -1 < I < x 3
= p "'
-l<p<3: 't:f12'UM XI < -1 < Xz < 1 < x 3
"'
p = -1 't:f12'UM x 1 < -1 < x 2 = x 2 =
"'
p <-1 't:f12YM x 1 <-l<l

2. m > 22 't:f12'UM x 1 < -1 < 2 < x 2

5. n. y "'
22 m = 22 't:f12'UM x 1 < -1 < Xz =2
y =m "'
I

-2<m<22 :'t:f12'UM x 1 <-I< x 2 < 2

"'
m = -2 't:f12'i5 M x 1 = -1 < x 2 < 2
"'
X
0 2 -4<m<-2 :'t:f12'UM -l < x 1 < x2 < 2
"'
m = -4 't:f12'UM -I < X I = Xz = 0 < 2
"'
-4 m<-4 In
... 215M
"'

6. n. a E (-I, 176)

2. aE(l76' + oo)

0 0

7. n. 2. MM'UM
•"'
s = [0, + 00)

240
 y
8. n.

9. n. s = ( -oo, -t J u [1, + oe)

~- LffltH~msin2l~HLff1'iH~nJHlti~Mutm& x E ( -1, o
tltHS& !x 4 +x 2 -~<0 Gtm& xE(-1, 1) '1
u 2 2

y
10 n. ~- s = [-J2, J2]

~- LffltHilb f ~~ts"lt1.fi1Yti~~ y = -2
dtm&x<-J2 tix>J2
"'"

11. n. y
~- nl1:11.fll'i5 c, ~m sin 21 tl tLfflY Cz
0 0
crtm& x 2 ~ o tlut
u
a& mm&x~o t~QlS

4 4 3 2
3x + 1 > 8x - 18x '1
c2
~. f'(x) = 12x(x 2 - 2x + 3)

11 9
X f(O) =
4
lli. +oo
X -00

f'(x) +oo

f(x)
~1~
0
tltHS& utm&x~o t~QlS f(x) > 0 '1
u

13
2

241
1. A = unti9JnltllRWQJWj2 l ' B = LR1tl9JnltllRWQJ&ru2~ M~
I 1

n(AnB) = 10 , n(B) = 6x5 = 30

P(A/B) = P(A n B) = l
P(B) 3
2. n. P(A/B) = 5x4x4 =~ Pc/(AnB) = 5x4x 1 =!
5x5x4 5 ' 5x4x4 4
P(A/c) = P(Anc) = P(c) = 5x4x 1 = 1
P(c) P(c) 5x4xl
2. P(A/c);t:P(A) : A Sb C Hlu{jru~

P(A) = 5 ~ 5 x = ~ P(A/B) = ~
4
~.
6x5x4 6 ' 5

P(A/B);t:P(A) : A Sb B HludliJ~

3. n. P(A) = 41 , P(B) =
3
4 , P(c/B) = S3
I C
1 9
2. P(c) = P(A n C)+ P(B n C) = - +- -23
= 40 = 0 575

l
8 20 .
yA<c
~. '(A/c)=~=
23
2.
23
40
= 021'
. ~B
4
yc
<.._______c

4. I 1
P(B) = P(BnA)+P(BnG) =
2 x0.7+ 2 xo.5 = 0.6
P(G/B) = P(B n G) = 0.25 = 0.4I6
P(B) 0.6

1. n. s = {{1, 1},{1, 2},{1, 3},{2, 2},{2, 3}}

P({l l}) = c(3,2) = 1. P({l 21 ) = c(3,l)xc(2,I) = i_

' c(6,2) 15 ' ' f c(6,2) 15
3 1 2
P({l, 3}) =
15
, P({2, 2}) = I
5
, P({2, 3}) = IS

242
 2. A= {{1, 2},{1,3},{2,3}}

6 3 2 11
P(A) = 15 + 15 + 15 = 15

B = { {1, 2} ,{I, 3}}

P(B) =~
C = {(1 , 1), (I, 2) ,( 1, 3)}

P(C) =~
1=1. D={{1,3},{2,2}}

4
P(D) = 15
2. n. P(A) = 1-P{A) = 0.7 , P(B) = 1-P(B) = 0.5

P(AUB) = P(A)+P(B)-P(AnB) = 0.3+0.5-0.2 = 0.6

2. (AnB)U(AnB) = ((AnB)UA)n(AnBUB) =AnA= A

P(AnB)+P(AnB) = P(A) ~ P(AnB) = 0.3-0.2 = 0.1

P(AUB) = P(A)+P(B)-P(AnB) = 0.7 , P(AnB) = 0.3

P(A U B) = 0.9
3. n. A ~'iifinUMff12Lfl~HnStti.m P(A) = c(1 45
' 10) = 0.7048
w '"' .. u 4 c( 150, 10)

cle~ ' ,.
2.
.c::;:pt:::lr,
Hlfiff1Hl.Jltl:lbl5Hi1~bl2till{H'iu'i:HiHi52nl=1 A
wn lj 4
Q

I.J
C!p

6V
t$ - -
: P(A) = 1-0.7048 = 0.2952
u

f:'i. P(B) = c(5, 3) x c(l45, 7) = 0 _002 lli P( ) = c(5, 5) x c(l45, 5) = 0 0000004

c(150, 10) · c c(I50, 10) ·
4. n. LUQ1ULfi1m~liHLfi'l'tlJu 3 Mn.IJ~ : P(A) = 0.0142
u u J
2. P(B) = c(25, 2) x c(75, 1) = O.l 391
1=1. P(c)
c(75,3)
= c(lOO, 3 ) = 0.4176
c(lOO, 3)
lli. P(c) = 1-P(c) = 0.5824

5. P(A) = 0.3877 , P(B) = 0.0135 , P( c) = 0.10298

6. n. P(C) =~ , P(R) = S1 ,P(CnR)=

1
32
P(C n R) = P(C) x P(R) ~ C ~~ R i12HlLMt15~

2. P(c/F) = \
1
c s~ F H1Ln1ru~

243
7. n. P(A) = 0.15 , P(B/ A) = 0.15 , P(B/A) = 0.04
2. P(B) = P(B n A)+ P(B n A) = 0.0225 + 0.034 = 0.0565
0 0225
P(A/B) = · = 0398
0.0565 .

8. n. P(B) = 0.025 + 0.675 = 0.7

2. P(D/B) = 00.7
·
675
= 0.9642

l=l. n(B) = 70
n(iS),. 68

26 529.
2. n. 35 + 701 2. l=l.

3. - 11 - 2i st~ 625- 336i X = 3

6. n. w( cos·T+tsm
4n .. 4n)
3
2. J2( cos 5n +tsm
.. 5n)
4 4
l=l. 2J2( cos~+ isin~) ~- 4 ( cos n + 1sm
6
.. n)
6
'
s. n. z= 1 + iJ3 2. Z=-2J2+i2J2

l=l. z= -i ill. z= -3J3-3i

1 4
9. n. lzl = COS<X 2. lzwl =-
COS <X

n- a
l=l. arg(z) =
2
ill. w = 2n
arg (z) 5 -a

10. n. z= cosG- a) + isinG -a)

13. z, lln + 1sm

= 4 J2( cosl:f .. lln)
12

244
5. 2. l+z+z z+ ... +zll = 0 .n."'
7 'W. zk = 2( cos lln+l2kn .. lln+l2kn)
+ 1sm
18 18
k = 0, 1, 2
5n + 8kn . . 5n + 8kn
ti. zk = cos +Ism , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
20

4. l. AB = 5 J2 2. n. AB = Jl7

4. AP = Jl37 , BN =8 '
CM = J569
2
7 AC
'AB
= 16 Btl m
"~'
= '3!!:
2
~ 3
10. n. 'US'l~ 2x-y-3 =0 2. 'i52'l01X=-
<: <: 2

4. n. r;;
(.J:J -1
.)too = 21oo( cos 4n + Ism-
.. ·1n)
3 3
6. n. z 0 = 1 + iJ3 z1 = - J3 + i , z2 = -- 1- J3i , z3 = J3- i
'
8. ?1. 'US16'1 y = 1
<:
b. Btl ti. y =X

~ 7
1. n. X = (13, 31, -34) 2. X = ( -6, -22, 26)

7
2. f=2 ,m=3,n=4 , p = (5, 6, 7)

3. n. cosa
3Ji
=ill cos~ = -4Ji
J:()
J2
cosy=-
2

2.
'-3
cosa = - cosA
2
= 5
-- cosy = - -
2J3
5 , 1-' 5'

4. n. (x, y) = (-130' _?}) 2.z = -- 7! L.::it:HS186'lt'g

u
1x y z) -
.... , . ,
- , .!_Q' - 23
(-3 4' - 7 !)
245
5. (x, y, z) = (-12, -3, 3) 6. x 1 : x 2 : x3 = 3 : 4 : 5 7. k = - 32
8.

2 ? ?
9. fi. (x-1) +(y+ 1r+(z-2r = 22

11. fi. 6. t = -1 t-\t = -1 , \t-6=3

-7 -7 13 -7 --7 9 --7 -7 7
2. u·v = - v·w = - w·u =-
15 ' 10 ' 6
---7 ---7 2 ---7 ----7 2 ---7 ---+
12. SA· SB =a SA· SC =a SA· AC = 0
' '

--7 ---+ 1 2 --7 ---+ 1 2

1. fi. AM·CD =-a BM·CD =-a
2· ' 2
7-2
2. fi. x-2 = y+3 = - 2. ( 1' 1, 1)
4
3. fi. (3, -1, -1) 2. 8 = ~ ti 8 = 90°
2 "'-

4. fi. y+z-7 = 0 2. 4x-2y+3z-31 = 0

tl. 3x+6y-4z+ 12 = 0 lli. 20x+ l5y+ 12z-l20 = 0

5. ~ = (3, o, 1) , ~ = (I, -JS, 2) , 8 = ~ y_ e = 60°

6. x- y+z = 0 , 2x + 3 y - z + 4 = 0

7. fi. ~=(2,3,-6) 2. t =1 tl. H(2, -1, 1)

Ut:fHti
., HM 0 =7

G~Uj~Q Cl'l

L ~~ (3, 7, 0)
~
m3 thtHtiti~ xy
lJ 6V

~~ (0, 7, 4)
~
m4 th13U5ti~ yz
lJ ""

2. fi. m=O , n = -9 2. m = 5 3. 2(x-3) = ,J2(y+l) = 2(z-2)

4. 2x y-z = 2 5. 13x- y- 7z = 24 6. 4 7. n. sJ2 !J. (8, 6, 10)

8. 8 = ~ ~ 8 = 90° 9. t = 3(l+J2) 10 X + I - y - z - 2 11 · -n. (4 ' 3 ' - 1)

2 4 · -4- - 4 - -3-
5 7
4 , ,
2. (10, 5, -5) 12. fi. 3:2:4 2. 3x + 2y + 4z = 42 13. b = c = d = 0
4
--7
14. 2x + 2y + 3z- 0 = 0 15. fi. U = (1, 3, I) 2. X + 3y + Z + 2 =0 '1

246
 7 7
u · v = xx' + yy' + zz'

niittlflmtsiudt
V I
: tutf:lffis1G9Huuihru 1
nmtlfltsfunnutsiudtffmu : 1o9a'9mh c
V 4 I I
I
~ ~ ~
7
u = ai + bj' + ck
7
&fn8nHHI:t1&~&~1cr~ta
U I
<)
&~on.ncr
I n 7
c
t'tHuconHhfi AB :nhnhm'i:3
7 1
h "" 7 mb + na
ruuii-mi u fi (a, b, c) y_ rHmaJu m: n 1!1 c = - - -
m+n
7
u = (a, b, c) '1 niittifltsfunmrttsiudtUmu
V U I
: 1o9a9mtJ I

fi1FfjJt!fffltidfiJijflJlfJ{ltl11 : d5 dt~Gnhcr D ttlrutunHhfi AB :nhtH'fi

1 n C.
7 ~ ~ 7
u = xi+ yj + zk ffi'i§
7 7
7 ~ ~ 7 h "" 7 mb-na
v = x'i + y'j + z'k &fnHI'ilfl~ : r:iru&aJu m: n 1!1 d = --
m-n

0 0 0 ':1 0 0 QQ
n,t ( Sample ) : th nHtfl HH s nHl.fH1HHd n ru '1
I I "

Gelff1 miftlnnutJtJJt
IH
frluii
.V4
nuwcn : mm15
"'
ti tlfl!JuiflifLtJLtJfiJ
H
: tu Q mtinnG~fi
1
I

GNJcr P 0 (x 0 , y 0 , z0 ) t94:Jti (a): tLliLti rut 9i m'i5u t' ru h A ill ru run

"'
+ by + cz + d = 'i:fl~ nh A(Q) =Q '1
. 0lax + by + cz + dl
0 0
d = (P 0 , a) = '---r=:===:====:----=- qptfts'lffljnn : tLuttl'i5j?1nnmLtitnti
u
Ja2 + b2 + c2

ctlru&ErlUltitmg LFnu~~.mmmh on '1

u

tlssf1Cu :
H I.V
(Complex number) mtis\J s

ttjruffisnh a+ hi tl:jru a 2h b

247
 Pvq
mm tHlHmm~n01SMtn1iat'UTl rqpi.ls1 ~ P~q
tJ '\!l. ~ n ""'

thrtintl
ct fl!!1 i.lf1Jff1jflJ : P<;::>q
llJPi.ISlJ p A q

Ufi&f : nHhihmunut~UljH151:Hlj'i§ Alrn

u

rumw:H'i:flsutL'f§U~ rn~m ~~ tn rtJSJ '1

u

11-fU Z ( Z Value) dlu'i:flCmtltlnt'i§

"" ., ""
I~ 0

t'~HtH?lQlS t~ nJt1 ru stl'l§uJ'I§ ~~ 61u nn ~'i:fl rn t a rntfl

II

'1

11[JJ111!jufl1tn : t~H'U1i61L1H15'Qtl rntfl fit?iti

~ ~
pI
7 I I

z = X-!!
-0- '1 u!'lt:n!'l (o, i, j, k) monnut§f15ntl
1 l I U Cl
I

11Liif1mtynnt&7nf : fi'{!iticr~m~ rntfl ~tl ~, ;~, k mtrlcr9~@s Mfintluci

1 " c:t 6V
I
u ~~7 .. 0 , .

(o, i, j, k) c~rn o tilulliju~tmsrntfl

•
• cosa = l~lX ,
: ~ 1i tiD mt f:h ru Rever-
"'
cos!) = ltl , cosy = ~~~ end Thomas Bayes t si n5 61 H1J g 18

tf.:lrn ~ = (x, y, z)

UmutstJnntJ
u ~ t'~rnfinn~MHeu~
•• P fi p

PCP) '1

248
tHaniJfunStfi1n.i : ( Normal distribution ) 0 eJ "
tt'lffitHtH t~nmruh ts Hh'i:fi1J ni~U
C»

g-)htLm~ §

ruQn.n~t~tJ stnns~crJ~ in mtlJlS

[;] = [: ~][~
u::ri~nnMm
c; ...
'1
u

rumu :
U
V
cJ
nt~t'tl rurunnhmsuug
6\J CC

C» 0
I
eJ
CN
o sh
':I
t1fll!i1fiflsffft(fllif : tii A = [: ~
1 ttl rutihl m1:1 ~Hlfnh ttl ru~nans
U1 c;
....,
ts
u
C»~ ct C» QJ Q)

Lri~AllM~ruShl_!iHnnt~Uh '1
u

L11a7111f1Sil1U8n!J : hlrtmhttln51_!i1'i:fl2t2
v u
Qlc:t, ti' C» Q) C» Q!

Lri~All n.n~ru sh tnn &9Jh tffl rutlhm

tJfwug:rtfjuilty x'x : ctTiHruh ttl ru'l:fla

1

rfJ A siJ B ti7Lii§mmi7fismlfiw!f1 :

nb Sx'x : GJ = [~ ~J ~ 9

P(A n B) = P(A) x P(B) tJfmug:rtfjusnnm o : tl\titruht'tlru'l:fls

1

rfJ A su B ti7Lii§mtnJlmLMIJJ!f1 :
P(A n B) = P(A) x P(BI A)

P(B) X P(AI B)
tJfmumiJ : crnHruht'tlru'l:flanh
R(o, a) :[x'J = [ ~osa- sina ][~
rfJLii§mm/1 B rifmtJufiuLii§mtnJl A1 y' sma cosa yJ
I
~ Q) C» .::PC::.. ct eJ
shtnntffJhQhUJ~ffljtl.fl A 2 ttlru
tJfiiJ~f111ff111 ~]
I

AI n A2 = 0 : tSH : ttl A = [: ;
P(A 1 )P(BI AI)

B = [a' c~
b' dj

M(kiy) &94 M'(x', y')

o •
nMntffltlHu'8Al~
.,. {x' = ax+ cy '1
y' = bx+dy

249
 7
~ 7
= ka7 m"" k > 0
t.~B
.J
£Utf!MltiljllJJftiflt : b £Utf!Mlff1Jfiftidt :
t::m a7 ""sl:l b7 ffis9n.m:::Hi:ltHn
ltl
u ..

= jkjlbl dj k < 0 &SH b 2h b

tffiru
-----7
OA+AB
7
a+b
7
-----7

=c ~
= OB
-----7
y_
r+b
ffis:9nmn~rufn ttfiru ltl = lkillil
" .. 1
£Uf11Mtffufiftidt:
-----7 -----7 -----7
AB = OB-OA

fiflJii8 fUl Mf
11
flJfliJ
ct
nJm : fi flftt[}Ujfftsf§liti ulilf11£1i : ~ ct1 t:l ru mJ u
1 I

7 = 1711~1
u · v~
u v · cos 8( 8 : ctl'l:3r:H i:ll ru 00
t s ?i ~ nti su ::n tim mtl t i:ll ru
1A
1
u 01 " ..

q= - - '1
un+ 1
un
~ .t = 0 ttl ~ =0 u
...... t =0 '1

hy;i (Variance)
7 7 ~a=
a;;b
7 kb7 ·(kER)
""bll:3GJ1:3 '1

fm1munftn
1 ct
: H1:Jgiffis9nHtrltsinb
n "'
I I

rutn tUTlm1u9~nl:l
1 ..
1
rutn '1
iaflmuum
8 lJ ct
: 1cr9~ I

250
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I ~
c:f
: 1u9Hl
1 c;
rum
..
dl1u9~
1
tt:J rn !mtfimfis ""urmmstnsttJrJmff P(n)
I 1
I U

l:flstyt~bt~~ 1:fls9nnttiqru~ '1

1

{uYifljSJ : 1u9~~SJ m1u9~tt:lrnl:fls

t,ut~bt~~SJ '1 (1) P(l)sb(2) P(k)
raUrimiJ : 1n9~
I 1
p m1n9~'9mb&sun.nn
7
1 1
tlnil2J P(k+ 1) tlnocmgt,R'ti k '1

fiJifliJIUlf :
~
( Population ) dl fli rul t Sb nffl
1
mthn13~~Gtl.fju P0 (x 0 , y 0 , z0 ) sb
0 • eJ C» Q

9lbHM tt:lrutR'trunrun-enMnJl Pl(xi, YJ, zi) ft:

1:f1St:ludl'in'i:3'i:3Shl'i
U W I \:!'
Mn 4
u~n
"'- "'
'1 X-Xo
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fJflfflJ siJnntJ :
~ ~
-?
u = xi+ yj + zk =:>
7
Ni1mn1111f11£n : M'i§m~m'ht1§t,ntsu~~
-?2 -? -? 2 2 2
u = u · u = x + y + z em ru L ttl blil:flS1u9~t,mti9M
ltl = Ji+/+i t = (a, b, c) ttfirum~m-eon.nu 1

ftyt : fliru1t3n.fJutt:lrnl:flSu1f!t1HtH r fl
oru1usb c tt\htt:~rnl:flsnnc sbffi r x- x 0 = at ¢:> x = x 0 +at
1 " <>
y- Yo = bt ¢:> y = y 0 + bt
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r?
C(a, b, c) m~£1
.!1

z- z 0 = ct ¢> z = z 0 + ct

NiJmwd : nr~ mmJH'tHli fi nmh mru

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(x-a) +(y-b) +(z-c) = r
2 2 2 2 Utl.fjti P(xo, Yo· Zo) sb1u9~n.n~'ffiru
h(a, b, c) ffiSnb

ax+ by+ cz + d = 0 !Jnnun.nu

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6
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c;
L m~ 1 1

I
Q(x, y, z) t~b~~ru-ijm~
ffl'i:3Gn.fju P0 (x 0 , y0 , z0 ) uum9isb
-? +by+cz+d = ( tf:lrua, b, c, d
,UfHL£flti9hl
<;I ... "'"
b, c) ""R' :
u(a,
X - x0 Y - Yo Z - Zo mussn£1tUlt15
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n = ( a, b, c ) '1

251
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252