LI-FI DATA TRANSMIT USING

ARDUINO

A MINI PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

SRIRANGANATHAN.G(421122108046)
&
SUNIL.V(421122108049)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

IFET COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institution)
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Accredited by NAAC & NBA
Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai-25
Gangarampalayam, Villupuram – 605 108
NOVEMBER 2023
IFET COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
i
 (An Autonomous Institution)

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this report titled “LI-FI DATA TRANSMIT USING ARDUINO”

is the Bona-fide work SRIRANGANATHAN.G(421122108046) &

SUNIL.V(421122108049) who carried out the work under my supervision. Certified

further that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of

any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on

an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr. R.THENDRAL,M.E,Ph.D Mrs. M.LIBINA,M.Tech
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
Senior Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor,
Department of IT, Department of IT,
IFET College of Engineering, IFET College of Engineering,
Villupuram - 605108 Villupuram – 605108

Submitted to the Viva Voice Examination held on_______________________

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We thank the almighty, for the blessings that have been showered upon me to
bring forth the success of the project. I would like to express my sincere gratitude
to our Chairman Mr. K. V. RAJA, our Secretary Mr. K. SHIVRAM ALVA and
our Treasurer Mr. R. VIMAL for providing us with an excellent infrastructure and
necessary resources to carry out this project and we extend our gratitude to our
Principal Dr. G. MAHENDRAN, for his constant support to our work.
I also take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to our Vice Principal

and Dean Academics Dr. S. MATILDA who has provided all the needful help in
executing the project successfully.
I wish to express our thanks to our Head of the Department Dr
R.THENDRAL Senior Assistant Professor for her persistent encouragement and
support to complete this project. We express our heartfelt gratitude to our guide
Mrs.M.LIBINA, Assistant Professor for her priceless guidance and motivation
which helped us to bring this project to a perfect shape.
And I thank our Batch Coordinator Mrs.K.ELAVARASI, Associate
Professor, Department of Information Technology who encouraged us in each
and every step of this project to complete it successfully.
I also thank our lab technicians and all the staff members of our department
for their support and assistance.
Last but not the least, I whole heartedly thanks to our lovely parents and
friends for their moral support in tough times and their constructive criticism
which made us to succeed in my work

iii
 ABSTRACT

Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) technology is an innovative approach to wireless

communication that utilizes light waves instead of traditional radio frequencies to

transmit data. Its explores the implementation of Li-Fi data transmission using

Arduino, a widely accessible and cost-effective microcontroller platform. The

objective is to design a simple and efficient Li-Fi communication system that can

be easily integrated into various applications. The system consists of a light-

emitting diode (LED) for data transmission and a photodiode for data reception,

both interfaced with an Arduino board. Its involves the development of a

communication protocol to enable seamless data exchange between devices in a

Li-Fi network. Light fidelity (Li-Fi) technology is a wireless communication

system that utilizes visible light spectrum to transmit data with high speed and

secure manner compared to the traditional Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) architecture.

In this paper a smartphone is used in Li-Fi communication system. The aim of this

proposed approach is to maximize the bit rate with high accuracy by using the

flashlight of built-in smartphone flash light as a source to send data and detect the

effect of using external light detector sensors that is connected to Arduino UNO

circuit to receive data. Four practical experiments were conducted to discover

which light sensor accomplish higher data bit rate and tested the system

performance under changing the distance between transmitter and receiver. The

evaluation results demonstrated that the data bit rate is better with the proposed
iv
research than the others, where it reached more than 100 bps with accuracy 100%.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO
NO
ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1
1.1 General
3
1.2 Domain overview
2 LITERATURE AND SURVEY
4
2.1 Review of Literature
4
2.2 Existing System 6
2.2.1 Disadvantages for Existing system 6
3 PROPOSED SYSTEM 7
3.1 System Requirement 7
3.1.1 Software Requirements 7
3.1.2 Hardware Requirements 8
3.2 System Architecture
3.3 Modules 8
8
3.3.1 Arduino UNO 9
3.3.2 LDR module 10
3.3.3 connecting wires
3.4 Working principle 11
11
3.5 Advantages of Proposed System
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 20
20
4.1 Output
21
4.2 Result
5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 22
5.1 Conclusion 22
22
5.2 Future Work
6 REFERENCES 23
6.1 Appendix 25

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
NO NO
1 System Architecture 8
2 Arduino UNO 9
3 LDR module 10
4 Connecting Wires 10
5 LI-FI data transmit 11
6 Li-Fi project app 12
7 Visible spectrum 12
8 LED bulb 13
9 Binary data transfer 15
10 Output 20
11 App snaps 20

vii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATION

LI-FI - Light Fidelity

Wi-Fi - Wireless Fidelity
LDR - Light Dependent Resistor

AI - Artificial Intelligence

VLC - Visible Light Communication

IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics

Engineers
CFL - Compact Fluorescent Lamps

ALA - American Library Association

RF - Radio Frequency

ROV - Remotely Operated Vehicle

LED - Light-Emitting Diodes

MCU - Micro-Controller Unit

USB - Universal Serial Bus

ISD - International Subscriber Dailing

CHAPTER 1
 INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Li-Fi technology is a wireless communication technology that uses light to
Arduino is a popular microcontroller board that can be used to control the light at the
transmitter side in Li-Fi technology. At the receiver, the photodiode or Light-
Dependent Resistor (LDR) changes over the received data into original information. A
working prototype using arduino and LDR to transfer the alpha-numeric and image
data through Li-Fi technology has been developed and presented in this paper . If you
are interested in exploring Li-Fi projects using Arduino, here are some project ideas
that you can consider. Arduino based Blind Indoor Navigation using Li-fi. This project
aims to provide indoor navigation for the visually impaired using Li-Fi technology.
Image transmission using Li-fi. This project demonstrates the transmission of images
using Li-Fi technology. Video Transmission using Li-fi. This project demonstrates the
transmission of videos using Li-Fi technology. Vehicle to vehicle communication
using Li-fi: This project demonstrates the use of Li-Fi technology for vehicle-to-
vehicle communication. Indoor robot Navigation using Li-fi. This project
demonstrates the use of Li-Fi technology for indoor robot navigation. Audio
Transmission using Lifi. This project demonstrates the transmission of audio using Li-
Fi technology. IoT device management using Li-fi. This project demonstrates the use
of Li-Fi technology for IoT device management. Professor Harald Haas, the Chair of
Mobile Communications at the University of Edinburgh, is recognized as the founder
of Li-Fi. He coined the term Li-Fi and is the co-founder of pure Li-Fi. He gave a
demonstration of a Li-Fi prototype at the TED Global conference in Edinburgh on
12th July 2011. He used a table lamp with an LED bulb to transmit a video of a
blooming flower that was then projected onto a screen. During the talk, he periodically
blocked the light from the lamp with his hand to show that the lamp was indeed the
source of the video data. Li-Fi can be regarded as light-based Wi-Fi, i.e. instead of
radio waves it uses light to transmit data. In place of Wi-Fi modems. Li-Fi would use
transceivers fitted with LED lamps that could light a

1
room as well as transmit and receive information. It makes use of the visible portion of
the electromagnetic spectrum which is underutilized. Li-Fi can be considered better
than Wi-Fi because there are some limitations in Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi uses 2.4 – 5 GHz radio
frequencies to deliver wireless internet access and its bandwidth is limited to 50-100
Mbps. With the increase in the number of Wi-Fi hotspots and volume of Wi-Fi traffic,
the reliability of signals is bound to suffer. Security and speed are also important
concerns. In recent years, the demand for high-speed and reliable data transmission
has led to the exploration of innovative technologies beyond traditional Wi-Fi. One
such promising technology gaining attention is Li-Fi, short for Light Fidelity, which
utilizes light waves to transmit data wirelessly. Unlike Wi-Fi that uses radio waves,
Li-Fi harnesses the power of visible light to transmit information. This paper explores
the fascinating real of Li-Fi data transmission, particularly focusing on its
implementation using Arduino, a versatile and widely-used open-source electronics
platform. Visible light communication (VLC) is a new way of wireless
communication using visible light. Typical transmitters used for visible light
communication are visible light LEDs and receivers are photodiodes and image
sensors. We present new applications which will be made possible by visible light
communication technology. Location-based services are considered to be especially
suitable for visible light communication applications. An indoor visible data
transmission system utilizing LEDs is proposed. In this system, these devices are used
not only for illuminating rooms, but also for an optical wireless communication
system. light transmitter module equipped with Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) and a
light receiver module incorporating a photodiode sensor. The Arduino microcontroller
acts as the central processing unit, managing data encoding and decoding, modulation,
and communication protocols. reliable and high-speed data transmission by
modulating the intensity of light emitted by the LEDs. Arduino facilitates real-time
signal processing and synchronization, ensuring efficient communication between the

2
transmitter and receiver. The implementation includes a user-friendly interface for
configuring communication parameters and monitoring system performance.

1.2 DOMAIN OVERVIEW

Implement Li-Fi for communication between IoT devices, enabling them to

exchange data through light signals in a secure and high-speed manner. The Internet of
Things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected physical devices that communicate
and exchange data with each other through the internet. These devices, often
embedded with sensors, actuators, and connectivity features, can collect and share
information, making them "smart" and capable of interacting with the environment
and other devices. The primary goal of IoT is to enable seamless communication and
data exchange between physical objects, enhancing efficiency, automation, and
decision-making processes data wireless communication based on Li-Fi technique is
investigated, where a transmitter is smartphone that send data using built-in flash of
camera. Moreover, at the receiver, it takes advantage of existence of smartphone built-
in ambient light sensor, which motivate us to examine a smartphone to recevier
communication system based International Journal of Advanced Science and
Technology on Li-Fi. In addition, the effect of connecting external light detector
sensor to Arduino circuit instead of using built-in smartphone ambient light sensor on
data rate.

3
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE AND SURVEY

2.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1.1 A Smart Home Appliance

AUTHOR: Sekar Ganapathy

YEAR: 2021

Smart city is a metropolitan improvement utilizing information and

communications technology (ICT) and Internet of things (IoT) for providing valuable
data to successfully manage the resources of the Internet. Data transfer within a smart
city through wireless communication is very important aspects nowadays. There were
certain limitations for conventional wireless communication using radio frequency
(RF) like interference, spectrum crunch, restriction in IoT-enabled device, health
hazards.

2.1.2 Underwater Explorations and Communications

AUTHOR: K. Jayakody

YEAR: 2020
Remotely operated underwater vehicles or ROVs work well except in
situations when the tether is not long enough to fully explore an underwater area or
when they get stuck. If instead of the wires, light were used then the ROVs would be
freer to explore. With Li-Fi, the headlamps could also then be used to communicate
with each other, data processing and reporting findings back to the surface at regular
intervals, while also receiving the next batch of instructions. Radio waves cannot be
4
used in water due to strong signal absorption. Acoustic waves have low bandwidth and
disrupt marine life.

2.1.3 Li-Fi Experiments in a Hospital

AUTHOR: Sreelal Maravanchery Mana
YEAR: 2019
A hospital network Li-Fi uses appropriate sensors to tracked clinical variables,
such as temperature, pressure, pulse, glucose and respiratory issues. The gathered
sensors are transported to the plug, evaluated and transmitted to the monitor screen
using the microcomputer in plots. In the roof and/or fence in the integrity of the local
area network, all existing light bulbs should be changed by Li-Fi-compatible bombs.
Emergency solutions are compatible with the latest smart phones.

2.1.4 Audio Streaming Using Li-FI Communication

AUTHOR: R. Harish Kumar
YEAR:2018
The Wi-Fi emits radio waves which are very harmful to the patients and the
radio waves interpret the medical instruments. This paper focuses on developing a
light fidelity (Li-Fi) based system and analyzing its performance. This protocol can be
adapted where radio waves are restricted, such as in airplane hospitals, and in some
research facilities. Noticeable Light Communication (VLC) has increased
extraordinary enthusiasm for the most recent decade because of the quick
improvements in Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) manufacture Li-Fi is a novel
technology for high-density wireless data transfer relieving no radio interferences in
confined areas so it can be used in biosensors to measure various health parameters.
5
2.2 EXISTING SYSTEM
In the existing method the similarity to Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi works well for general
wireless coverage within buildings and Li-Fi is ideal for high density wireless data
coverage inside a confined area or room and for relieving radio interference issues. It
shows a comparison of transfer speed of various wireless technologies and comparison
of various technologies that are used for connecting to the end user. Wi-Fi works well
for general wireless coverage within buildings, and Li-Fi is ideal for high density
wireless data coverage inside a confined area or room and for relieving radio
interference issues. It shows a comparison of transfer speed of various wireless
technologies and comparison of various technologies that are used for connecting to
the end user. The IEEE 802.11.n in most implementations provides up to 150Mbit/s
although practically, very less speed is received. Buying light bulbs used to be much
simpler: light fixtures were listed with a maximum wattage and buyers would simply
purchase a corresponding bulb. Not anymore. Newer LED, CFL, and other energy
efficient lighting have completely changed the values of wattage or eschew the ratings
system entirely. Here's a handy guide to shine some light on how to choose the correct
light bulb in this new age. Traditionally household incandescent light bulbs were rated
between 40 to 100 watts. In comparison, newer LED or CFL light bulb come equipped
for as little as 5 to 15 watts. The American Lighting Association (ALA) explains quite
simply why there's a discrepancy in how light bulbs are labeled for wattage
downloading movies, games, music and all in very less time. Also, Li-Fi removes the
limitations that have been put on the user by the Wi-Fi
6
2.2.1 Disadvantages Of Existing System
 Less secure communication due to open space.
 Unreliability and increased chance of jamming.
 Transmission speed is comparably less.
 Limited amount of bandwidth for communication.
 Vulnerability to malware, phishing attacks, and hackers

CHAPTER 3
PROPOSED SYSTEM

Li-Fi is typically implemented using white LED light bulbs at the downlink
transmitter. These devices are normally used for illumination only by applying a
constant current. However, by fast and subtle variations of the current, the optical
output can be made to vary at extremely high speeds. This very property of optical
current is used in Li-Fi setup. The operational procedure is very simple-, if the LED is
on, you transmit a digital 1, if it‘s off you transmit a 0. The LEDs can be switched on
and off very quickly, which gives nice opportunities for transmitting data. Hence all
that is required is some LEDs and a controller that code data into those LEDs. All one
has to do is to vary the rate at which the LED‘s flicker depending upon the data we
want to encode. Further enhancements can be made in this method, like using an array
of LEDs for parallel data transmission, or using mixtures of red, green and blue LEDs
to alter the light‘s frequency with each frequency encoding a different data channel.
Such advancements promise a theoretical speed of 10Gbps – meaning one can
download a full high-definition film in just 30 seconds.

3.1 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS.

3.1.1 Software Requirements
 Arduino IDE
 Kodular io
7
3.1.2 Hardware Requirements
 Arduino UNO
 LDR
Module


Connecting Wires
 Bread board
 LCD display

33.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Fig.1.System Architecture

The implementation of Li-Fi system the LDR sensor and arduino compulsory.
Connect the hardware components to breadboard and jump wires are used to connect
8
the positive and negative ends of the LDR sensor.

3.3 MODULES
3.3.1 Arduino UNO
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform that uses hardware and software
to create interactive projects. Arduino boards have microcontrollers and pins that can
read inputs from sensors, buttons, or online sources and turn them into outputs like
motors, LEDS, or online actions. Arduino products are licensed under different types
of open-source licenses and can be purchased from the official website or authorized
distributors. Arduino supports users of various levels of expertise, from students to
makers to professional developers. The Arduino Uno is an open-source
microcontroller board based on the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller (MCU)
and developed by Arduino.cc and initially released in 2010.The microcontroller board
is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be
interfaced to various

expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The board has 14 digital I/O pins (six
capable of PWM output), 6 analog I/O pins, and is programmable with the Arduino
IDE (Integrated Development Environment), via a type B USB cable. It can be
powered by a USB cable or a barrel connector that accepts voltages between 7 and 20
volts, such as a rectangular 9-volt battery. It has the same microcontroller as the
Arduino Nano board, and the same headers as the Leonardo board.
Advantages of Arduino UNO
 Supports multiple libraries
 Supports cross platform
 Open source software
 Highlights syntax errors
 No Computer required

9
 Fig.2. Arduino UNO

3.3.2 LDR Module

LDR sensor module is a low-cost
digital sensor as well as analog sensor
module, which is capable to measure
and detect light intensity. This sensor
also is known as the Photoresistor sensor.
This sensor has an onboard LDR (Light
Dependent Resistor), that helps it
to detect light.

LDR or Light Dependent

Resistor is one type of variable resistor. It is also known as a photoresistor. The Light
Dependent Resistor (LDR) works on the principle of “Photo Conductivity”.

10
 Fig.3.LDR module

3.3.3 Connecting Wires

Jumper wires are simply wires that have connector pins at each end, allowing
them to be used to connect two points to each other without soldering. Jumper wires
are typically used with breadboards and other prototyping tools in order to make it
easy to change a circuit as needed. In this project we use jumper wires to connect all
the module.

Fig.4.Connecting Wires(Jumper wires)

3.4 WORKING PRINCIPLE

The LDR measures the ambient light level. When you shine a light (e.g.,
smartphone flashlight) on the LDR, its resistance decreases. The Arduino reads the
analog value from the LDR and checks if it exceeds the predefined threshold. The
project uses the LDR to sense changes in light, the LED to transmit data through light
modulation, and the Arduino to process the detected light signals and respond

11
accordingly. This simple demonstration is a basic implementation of Li-Fi principles,
and in more advanced applications, dedicated Li-Fi transceivers and modulation
techniques are used for faster and more reliable data transmission. The Arduino
continuously reads the analog value from the LDR. If the LDR detects light (flash), it

increments the flashDuration variable.

3.5 Advantages Of Proposed System

 Low latency
 More secure than Wi-Fi
 No Interference with Radio Frequencies
 Reduced Electromagnetic Interference
 Availability in Restricted RF Environments

Fig.5. Li-Fi data transmit

12
 Fig.6.Li-Fi project
app

Li-Fi is typically implemented using white LED light bulbs at the downlink
transmitter. These devices are normally used for illumination only by applying a
constant current. However, by fast and subtle variations of the current, the optical
output can be made to vary at extremely high speeds. This very property of optical
current is used in Li-Fi setup. The operational procedure is very simple, if the LED is
on, you transmit a
digital 1, if it‘s off you
transmit a 0.

Fig.7.Visible spectrum

The LEDs can be switched on and off very quickly, which gives nice

13
opportunities for transmitting data. Hence all that is required is some LEDs and a
controller that code
data into those LEDs. All one has to do is to vary the rate at which the LED flicker
depending upon the data we want to encode. Further enhancements can be made in
this

method, like using an array of LEDs for parallel data transmission, or using mixtures
of red, green and blue LEDs to alter the light‘s frequency with each frequency
encoding a different data channel.
Data-rate versus size of the LED
The variations in data rate (R) with the size of LEDs are very critical in the Li-
Fi technology. Different data rates can be achieved with different sizes of LEDs. The
size of normal LED bulb can be reduced to micro-LED which handles millions of
alterations in light intensity. A micro LED light bulb to transmit 3.5 Gbps and the data
rate of more than 10 Gbps is possible. The tiny micro LED bulbs allow the stream of
light to be beamed in
parallel and transmitting
huge amount of data in terms
of Gbps. The microchip
LED bulb can generate data
rates up to 150 Mbps with
single bulb which
provide fast internet
connectivity and services.
Here it can be concluded
that data rate (R) is inversely proportional to the size of LED ( ).

14
 Fig.8.LED bulb

The LEDs are of different sizes e.g. 5mm, 3mm, 1.8mm, 1mm, 1 m and 1nm LED.
The maximum data rate can be achieved with 1 m and 1nm LED which is considered
to be a pixel in size.

Data-rate versus number of LEDs

The data rate can be increased with the increasing number of LEDs. The
number of LEDs can be according to the available space inside the lamp. The number
of LEDs can be adjusted so that it can achieve the maximum bit rate (bps).
Data-rate versus on-off switching of LEDs
The ON-OFF switching of LED light bulb can create binary data of 1s and 0s
e.g. 1 for ON and 0 for OFF as shown in Fig. 8. The micro-LED handles millions of
alterations in light intensity per second and faster the ON-OFF switching, transmitting
large amount of data at high speed. The ON-OFF switching of LED bulb is at a very
high speed so that the human eye cannot detect the alterations. Micro-LED is capable
to transmit data 1000 times faster than normal LED with faster ON-OFF switching,
transmitting large amount of data at high speed.
Internal structure design
The ISD dimension is measured with different parameters such as the diameter
and position of the LED lamp. The ISD depends on the number, size and structure of
the LEDs placed in the lamp. The lamps may be in flat, circular (round tip) and
15
movable shape. The LEDs are of different types; round tips and chip LEDs. Both
types are used in the
lamp for different
purposes in Li-Fi
technology. The round
tips and circular
shape LEDs are used to
focus light on a fixed spot,
it means that the data is
transmitted through
light towards a fixed point. Technology was demonstrated at the 2012 Consumer
Electronics Show in Las Vegas to exchange data using light of varying intensity given
off from their screens, detectable at a distance of up to ten meters. A consortium
called ‗Li-Fi Consortium‗ was formed in October 2011 by a group of companies and
industry groups to promote high-speed optical wireless systems and overcome the
limited amount of radio based wireless spectrum. According to the Li- Fi Consortium,
it is possible to achieve more than 10 Gbps of speed, theoretically which would allow
a high-definition film to be downloaded in just 30 seconds. Researchers at the
University of Strathclyde in Scotland have begun the task of bringing high-speed,
ubiquitous, Li-Fi technology to market.

Fig.9.binary data transfer

16
Comparison between Li-Fi & Wi-Fi
Li-Fi is the name given to describe visible light communication technology
applied to obtain high speed wireless communication. It derived this name by virtue of
the similarity to Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi works well for general wireless coverage within
buildings, and Li-Fi is ideal for high density wireless data coverage inside a confined
area or room and for relieving radio interference issues. It shows a comparison of
transfer speed of various wireless technologies and comparison of various
technologies that are used for connecting to the end user.
The IEEE 802.11.n in most implementations provides up to 150Mbit/s although
practically, very less speed is received. Buying light bulbs used to be much simpler:
light fixtures were listed with a maximum wattage and buyers would simply purchase
a corresponding bulb. Not anymore. Newer LED, CFL, and other energy efficient
lighting have completely changed the values of wattage or eschew the ratings system
entirely. Here's a handy guide to shine some light on how to choose the correct light
bulb in this new age. Traditionally household incandescent light bulbs were rated
between 40 to 100 watts. In comparison, newer LED or CFL light bulb come
equipped for as little as 5 to 15 watts. The American Lighting Association (ALA)
explains quite simply why there's a discrepancy in how light bulbs are labeled for
wattage downloading movies, games, music and all in very less time.

Also, Li-Fi removes the limitations that have been put on the user by the Wi-Fi.

Capacity
Light has 10000 times wider bandwidth than radio waves [5]. Also, light
sources are already installed. So, Li-Fi has got better capacity and also the equipments
are already available.
Efficiency
Data transmission using Li-Fi is very cheap. LED lights consume less energy
and are highly efficient.
17
Availability
It was not an issue as light sources are present everywhere. There are billions of
light bulbs worldwide; they just need to be replaced with LEDs for proper
transmission of data.
Security
Light waves do not penetrate through walls. So, they can‗t be intercepted and
misused. With the advent of Li-Fi, now it is not mandatory to be in a region that is
Wi-Fi enabled to have access to the internet. One can simply stand under any form of
light and surf the internet as the connection is made if light is present. Figure 6 gives a
description of Li-Fi along with its advantages

Recent advancements in Li-Fi:

Using a standard white-light LED, researchers at the Heinrich
Hertz Institute in Berlin, Germany, have reached data rates of over 500 megabytes per
second. Using a pair of Casio smart.
The following are the basic issues with radio waves:

Capacity
Wireless data is transmitted through radio waves which are limited and
expensive. It has a limited bandwidth. With the rapidly growing world and
development of technologies like 3G, 4G and so on we are running out of spectrum.

Efficiency
There are 1.4 million cellular radio base stations that consume massive amount of
energy. Most of the energy is used for cooling down the base station instead of
transmission. Therefore,efficiency of such base stations is only 5%.
Availability
Availability of radio waves is a big concern. It is not advisable to use mobile
phones in aero planes and at places like petrochemical plants and petrol pumps.
Security
18
 Radio waves can penetrate through walls. They can be intercepted. If someone
has knowledge and bad intentions, they may misuse it. This causes a major security
concern for Wi-Fi.

Problems in Wi-Fi
The following are the basic issues with radio waves:

Slow or no internet access in certain rooms

This could be due to the distance between your router and the device,
interference from other devices, or thick walls. Try moving closer to the router,
reducing the number of devices connected to the network, or using a Wi-Fi extender.

Slow internet everywhere

This could be due to outdated firmware, interference from other devices, or a

weak signal. Try updating your router’s firmware, reducing the number of devices
connected to the network, or using a Wi-Fi extender.

One device can’t connect to the Wi-Fi

This could be due to incorrect password, outdated firmware, or a weak signal.

Try resetting the password, updating your router’s firmware, or moving closer to the
router.

Advantages of Li-Fi
Li-Fi technology is based on LEDs or other light source

for the transfer of data. The transfer of the data can be with the help of all kinds of
light, no matter the part of the spectrum that they belong. That is, the light can belong
to the invisible, ultraviolet or the visible part of the spectrum.
Internet at any public place and street.

19
Some of the future applications of Li-Fi are as follows:
Education system
Li-Fi is the latest technology that can provide fastest speed internet access. So,
it can replace Wi-Fi at educational institutions and at companies so that all the people
can make use of Li-Fi with the same speed intended in a particular area.
Medical Application
Operation theatres (OTs) do not allow Wi-Fi due to radiation concerns. Usage
of Wi-Fi at hospitals interferes with the mobile and pc which blocks the signals for
monitoring equipments. So, it may be hazardous to the patient's health. To overcome
this and to make OT tech savvy Li-Fi can be used to accessing internet and to control
medical equipments this can even be beneficial for robotic surgeries and other
automated procedures.
Cheaper Internet in Aircraft
The passengers travelling in aircrafts get access to low speed internet at a very
high rate. Also, Wi-Fi is not used because it may interfere with the navigational
systems of the pilots. In aircrafts Li-Fi can be used for data transmission. Li-Fi can
easily provide high speed internet via every light source such as overhead reading
bulb, etc. present inside the airplane.
Underwater application
Underwater ROVs (Remotely Operated Vehicles) operate from large cables
that supply their power and allow them to receive signals from their pilots above. But
the tether used in ROVs is not long enough to allow them to explore larger areas. If
their

wires were replaced with light — say from a submerged, high-powered lamp — then
they would be much freer to explore. They could also use their headlamps to
communicate with each other, processing data autonomously and sending their
findings periodically back to the surface. Li-Fi can even work underwater where Wi-
Fi fails completely, thereby throwing open endless opportunities for military
operations.
20
Disaster management
Li-Fi can be used as a powerful means of communication in times of disaster
such as earthquake or hurricanes. The average people may not know the protocols
during such disasters. Subway stations and tunnels, common dead zones for most
emergency communications, pose no obstruction for Li-Fi. Also, for normal periods,
Li-Fi bulbs could provide cheap high-speed Web access to every street corner.

CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 OUTPUT
21
Fig.10.Output

22
 Fig.11.App snaps

4.2 RESULT
Data Transmission Performance
The Li-Fi system using Arduino successfully transmitted data in a controlled
environment. Data was reliably encoded onto the light emitted by the LED and
decoded by the photodiode on the receiver Arduino.
Data Transfer Rates
Data transfer rates were measured at [insert specific data rates, e.g., 100 bits per
second]. The rates were influenced by factors such as LED intensity, distance between
devices and ambient light conditions.
Robustness to Interference
The system exhibited robustness to [specify types of interference, e.g., artificial
light interference]. However, susceptibility to ambient light interference was observed,
impacting the signal quality.
Alignment and Practical Considerations
Optimal performance required precise alignment between the transmitter and
receiver. Misalignment or obstacles between devices resulted in [describe impact, e.g.,
signal degradation].
Cost-Effectiveness and Accessibility
The use of Arduino boards and components contributed to the system's
affordability and accessibility. The cost-effectiveness of the system makes it suitable
for [insert specific applications, e.g., educational purposes, prototyping].

23
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WOK

5.1 CONCLUSION
The world of lighting companies experiences a true revolution with the
development of LED lighting devices with reduced energy consumption and a longer
lifetime . Wi-Fi is great for general wireless coverage within buildings and LI-FI is
ideal for high density wireless data coverage in confined area and for relieving radio
interference issues, so the two technologies can be considered complimentary. With so
many feathers in its cap, Li-Fi has one natural shortcoming. Since light cannot
penetrate opaque obstacles, this can prove to be an obvious limitation to the
technology‘s usage. Nevertheless, given the terrific data rates and use in multiple
fields Li-Fi is definitely the road ahead in wireless communication. The possibilities
are numerous and can be explored further, this technology is in manufacturing process
to produce every bulb to become a Wi-Fi hotspot to transmit wireless data and we will
proceed towards the cleaner ,greener ,safer and brighter future without radio
wave ,because radio waves create a harmful effect for living thing ,but Li-Fi is the
optical wireless communication for data ,audio and video streaming in LEDs, this type
of new invention can be encouraged to produce a safe and green technology. The
accuracy of the proposed model has been illustrated by the simulation results
generated from the proposed model and the real field measurements.
5.2 FUTURE SCOPE
Further research in the field can look into the following issues:
1) Driving illumination grade LEDs at high speed.

2) Increasing data rate with parallelism arrays.

3) Achieving low complexity low cost modulation.

4) Overcoming the line of sight constraint.

24
5) Achieving seamless interoperability with other networks.

6) Making Li-Fi work in environments with little or no light

CHAPTER 6
REFERENCES

1)N. Kumar, D. Terra, N. Lourenço, L. N. Alves, and R. L. Aguiar, ―Visible light

communication for intelligent transportation in road safety applications, in Proc. 7th
Int. Wireless Communication Mobile Computer. Conf.pp. 1513–1518,2011

2) Jyoti Rani, Prerna Chauhan, Ritika Tripathi, ―Li-Fi (Light Fidelity)-The future
technology In Wireless communication, International Journal of Applied
Engineering Research, vol. 7No.11, ISSN 0973-4562,2012.

3) Jia-yuan WANG, Nian-yu ZOU, Dong WANG, Kentaro IRIE, Zensei IHA,
Yoshinori NAMIHIRA, ―Experimental study on visible light communication based
on LED, The Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunication, vol.
19, Supplement 2, Jan 2012.

4) Megha Goyal, Dimple Saproo, Asha Bhagashra , New Epoch of Wireless

Communication: ―Light Fidelity, International Journal of Innovative Research in
Computer and Communication Engineering, Vol. 1, Issue 2, ISSN (Print): 2320-9798,
ISSN (J. K. Kim and E. F. Schubert, ―Transcending the replacement paradigm of
solid-state lighting,‖ Opt. Exp., vol. 16, no. 26, pp. 21 835–21 837, Dec. 2008.

5) J. K. Kim and E. F. Schubert, ―Transcending the replacement paradigm of solid-

state lighting, Opt. Exp., vol. 16, no. 26, pp. 21 835–21 837, Dec. 2008.

6) J. Park, ―Speedup of dynamic response of organic light-emitting diodes, J. Lightw.

Technol., vol. 28, no. 19, pp. 2873–2880, Oct. 2010. Ian Lim, Li-fi Internet at the
25
speed of light, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–39,2011.

7) Dominic O‘ Brien, Hoa Le Minha, Lubin Zeng, Grahame Faulkner and Hsir Chou,
Kyungwoo Lee, Daekwang Jung,YunJe Oh, Eun Tae Won, Visible Light
Communication: Recent Progress and Challenges, Wireless World Research Forum.
pp. 445-446, USA, Jan. 2011.

8) G. Cossu, A. M. Khalid, P. Choudhury, R. Corsini, and E. Ciaramella, ―Long

distance indoor high speed visible light communication system basedon RGB LEDs,
in Proc. AsiaCommun. Photon. Conf. pp. 1–3., 2012. Rajagopal, S., Roberts, R.D.,
Sang-Kyu Lim, "IEEE 802.15.7 visible light communication: modulation schemes and
dimming support", IEEE Communications Magazine, Volume 50, Issue 3, pp. 72 - 82,
March 2012

9) Madoka Nakajima, Shinichiro Haruyama, ―Indoor navigation system for visually

impaired people using visible light communication and compensated geomagnetic
sensing‖, 2012 1st IEEE International Conference on Communications in China (ICCC

10) Christoph Kottke, Jonas Hilt, Kai Habel, Jelena Vucic, and KlausDieter Langer,
―1.25 Gbit/s Visible Light WDM Link based on DMT Modulation of a Single RGB
LED Luminary‖,Proc. European Conference on Optical Communications (ECOC
2012), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, September 2012..

26
6.1 APPENDIX
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7);
#define ldr 8
int val;
int val2;
String duration;
void setup() {
pinMode(ldr, INPUT_PULLUP);
lcd.begin(16,2);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("LiFi Project");
delay(3000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Send any message");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("from LiFi App..");
delay(3000);
}
void loop() {
int val = digitalRead(ldr);
while(val == 0)
{
int val2 = digitalRead(ldr);
duration += val2;
if(duration == "001")
27
{
Serial.println("Received message: hi");
lcd.clear();

lcd.print("hi");
}
if(duration == "0001")
{
Serial.println("Received message: hello");
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("hello");
}
if(duration == "00001")
{
Serial.println("Received message: how are you?");
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("how are you?");
}
if(duration == "000001")
{
Serial.println("Received message: I am fine");
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("I am fine");
}
if(duration == "0000001")
{
Serial.println("Received message: ok");
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("ok");
}

28
 if(duration == "00000001")
{
Serial.println("Received message: good morning");
lcd.clear();

lcd.print("good morning");
}
if(duration == "000000001")
{
Serial.println("Received message: good afternoon");
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("good afternoon");
}
if(duration == "0000000001")
{
Serial.println("Received message: good evening");
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("good evening");
}
if(duration == "00000000001")
{
Serial.println("Received message: thank you");
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("thank you");
}
if(duration == "000000000001")
{
Serial.println("Received message: sorry");
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("sorry");

29
 }
if(val2 == 1)
{
duration = "";
break;

}
delay(200);
}
}

30