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ABSTRACT
Static and dynamic measurements of pressure and temperature along geothermal wells are commonplace practices for
characterization purposes in the geothermal industry. Such profiles provide good insight regarding the deliverability of the well,
location of the upper and lower boundaries of the reservoir / reservoirs and etc. The static temperature profiles, for example, can be
used for modeling the natural state of the system through history matching. As these profiles are taken, it is important that the actual
static and dynamic conditions are reached. In other words, to take a dynamic temperature profile, one would have to wait until the
temperature profile stabilizes in the well after production has started and vice versa for the static profile. Hence it becomes crucial
to know beforehand how long the stabilization time takes. In this study a numerical model is developed to study the parameters
effecting the stabilization time of static and dynamic conditions in the wells for a single phase water system. The model is based on
mass and energy balance equations and couples the reservoir with the well and takes into account the heat losses to the
surroundings of the well. The model is validated using various analytical models in the literature. A synthetic application is
provided to identify key parameters that effect temperature distributions. In the application we model temperature behavior along
the well for the transition from static to dynamic and from dynamic to static.
1. INTRODUCTION
Static and dynamic temperature profiles taken along geothermal wells provide very useful information regarding the fluid and
petrophysical properties of the reservoir. For example, dynamic temperature profiles could help identify different zones of water
entry (at different temperatures) into the well. Dynamic temperature profiles taken at different times could give how the bottomhole
temperature changes with time. Or they could provide insight into how much heat is lost to the surroundings of the well as the fluid
is moving in the well. Static profiles on the other hand could be used to identify the top and bottom points of the reservoir itself. In
fact multiple entry points may be determined from the static profiles.
When interpreting either the static or dynamic temperature profiles along the wells, two points are very crucial to consider. The first
is that a mathematical model which properly describes the physics of the phenomenon must exists so that inference of various fluid
and/or petrophysical properties can be made. The second is that during the measurements, a long enough time must be considered
for either the static or dynamic conditions to be established. Failing to do so could result in a mischaracterization of the system. The
necessary time required to reach static or dynamic conditions can be assessed through the use of an appropriate mathematical
model.
Many authors have developed models that describe temperature behavior in geothermal wells for various cases. Perhaps the earliest
and the most cited work is given by Ramey (1962). In Ramey’s work, an approximate solution to the wellbore heat transmission
problem for the injection of hot or cold fluids is provided. This solution assumes steady state flow in the wellbore and heat transfer
into the surrounding formations is treated to be unsteady radial conduction. Wooley (1980) presents a numerical model which
models the heat conduction effects in the horizontal and vertical directions as well as modeling the convective nature of the flow.
Another numerical model is given by Farouq Ali (1981) which presents a comprehensive numerical model that can deal with
different well operation conditions. This model is capable of handling steam/water mixtures and is based on solving the momentum,
mass balance and energy balance equations in the wellbore. Durrant and Thambynayagam (1986) give a straightforward iterative
procedure for the upward and downward movement of a steam/water mixture. Wu and Pruess (1990) have presented an analytical
solution that considers heat losses to an arbitrary number of layers with different properties. The simplifying assumptions of Ramey
(1962) were not included in this study. Hagoort (2004) assess Ramey’s (1962) method for the calculation of temperatures in
injection and production wells. This study states that although Ramey’s approximation and a rigorous solution are in good
agreement at later times, Ramey’s model overestimates the temperatures at early transient periods. Hasan and Kabir (2010) give a
model for two phase flow using the drift-flux approach. Livescu et. al. (2010) give a semi analytical approach where the extension
of isothermal wellbore-flow models to non-isothermal cases are presented.
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Kutun et al.
d w i N c ,i
V b ,i
dt
p i , jl jl
pi w ,i , jl
z jl
zi w p ,i
w inj , i 0 (1)
l 1
Here, Vb denotes the bulk volume, the density, the porosity, t time, α the transmissibility, the pressure gradient, p the pressure
and w the mass rate. The subscripts w represents water and b represents bulk. The first term of Eq.1 represents the mass
accumulation. The second term represents the sum of the mass transfer between grid i and the connected grids and takes into
account the flow component due to gravity. The third term gives the mass production rate and the fourth term gives the mass
injection rate. Here it is important to note that the mass injection rate is performed at a specified temperature Tinj. The mass transfer
between the grids is based on the pressure difference between the grids and the transmissibility. The transmissibility between the
grid block i and any neighboring grid block jl can be defined as given in Eq. 2.
kA
i , j (2)
d i , jl
l
Here k is the permeability, A is the cross-sectional area, d is the distance between the grid points of grids i and jl and µ is the
viscosity. Equation 2 gives the transmissibility term for two neighboring grid blocks in Cartesian coordinates. Different expressions
for the transmissibility may be obtained for different coordinate systems such as a radial coordinate system or a spherical
coordinate system.
Grid : j1
i, j
1
Wp,i i, j Grid : j2
Winj,i 2
Production
Injection
Ti
Tinj,i
i, j Grid : j3
3
Grid : i
Water + rock
i, j
l
Grid : jNci-1
i, j
N ci
Grid : jNci
d
V b ,i 1 m C m T w u w i wh w
inj wh w
i
dt
N c ,i N c ,i
(3)
h i , j
l
p jl
p i i, j z j zi
l
l
T i , jl jl
Ti
l 1 l 1
Here C is the heat capacity, u is the internal energy, h is the enthalpy and is the heat conduction transmissibility. The subscript m
represents the matrix. The first term in Eq. 3 is the accumulation of energy in grid block i. As it is clear, the accumulation of energy
takes place in both components of the grid block; both in the rock and in the water. The second term represents the energy
contribution due to injection, the third term represents the energy contribution due to production, the fourth term represents the
convective heat transport from and to the neighboring grid blocks and the final term represents the conductive heat transfer to and
from the neighboring grid blocks. Here it is important to note that an upwinding scheme is applied to the convective heat transfer
between grid blocks. The subscript denotes the direction of upwinding and is defined in Eq. 4.
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Kutun et al.
i if p jl
pi w ,i , jl
zjl
zi
z z
(4)
j l if p pi
jl w ,i , jl jl i
The heat conduction transmissibility for Cartesian coordinates is defined as given in Eq. 5. Just as in evaluating the flow
transmissibility term given in Eq. 2, the heat conduction transmissibility term given in Eq. 5, can also be written for different
coordinate systems.
A
i , j (5)
d i , jl
l
In evaluating the thermal conductivity and the permeability for the interface between grid blocks i and jl in Eq’s 2 and 5, harmonic
averages are used. For the other parameters evaluated at the interface (such as the density or viscosity) arithmetic averaging is used.
The mass and energy balance equations are treated in a fully implicit manner causing them to become highly non-linear. Hence a
Newton Raphson procedure is used to solve Eq’s 1 and 3 simultaneously. For constructing the Jacobian matrix in the Newton
Raphson procedure, numerical derivatives are used. A forward difference scheme is used to handle the derivatives with respect to
time.
The above mathematical method has been used previously by Palabiyik et. al. (2013) and later again by Palabiyik (2013) for a
detailed sensitivity analysis of factors effecting pressure and temperature behaviors in geothermal reservoirs. In this study we
extend this model to model the wellbore temperature behavior. The schematics of the grid blocks used in this model are given in
Figure 2.
α=0
=computed
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conduction can be modelled while preventing fluid movement into the strata grids. Mass production or injection rates are specified
only at the very top grid of the wellbore. No other mass rate is specified for any other grid block.
Well
Strata
Reservoir
obtained with the Ramey model since the Ramey model tends to overestimate the temperatures for early times as stated by Hagoort
(2004).
140
130 Ramey
Hagoort
120 Model
110
100
Temperature, C
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Time, Days
Production Case
In this subsection, we analyze with more detail the synthetic application for the verification example given in the previous section.
We first provide how the temperature profile inside the well evolves with time. Figure 5 gives the temperature profiles for various
time slices of 110-6, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 days. It is important to note that, most of the change occurs during the first 10
days. Then the changes in profile with time become very small. At 110-6 days, there is practically no change in the temperature
profile. The distribution is almost identical to the initial temperature distribution in the well. As time progresses, the linear behavior
of the profile is distorted and the profile starts to shift. Two main mechanisms of heat transfer play a role in the changing well
temperature profile. The first is the convective heat transfer from the bottom of the well to the top via production of the fluid. The
second is the conductive heat loss to the surroundings of the well. In the final profile at 1000 days, the wellhead temperature
reaches to about 133 C different from the initial reservoir temperature which was at around 144 C. This difference between the
wellhead temperature and the bottomhole temperature is because of the heat losses to the surroundings of the well.
Next we consider the effect of the production rate on the stabilization time of the temperature. However, it is first important to
discuss briefly the physics of the problem. From a purely mathematical point of view, it is never possible to reach a stabilized
temperature in the well simply because of the conductive heat losses to the surroundings of the well. However, from a practical
point of view, at late times during the production, the temperature does not change much with time as we have seen in Figure 5. In
order to analyze better the change of temperature with time, we look at the derivative of the wellhead temperature with respect to
time. Figure 6 gives the behavior of this derivative with time. As can be seen from Figure 6, the derivative initially displays a
constant behavior. Then, it decreases more or less linearly. This is indicative of two different behaviors. The constant derivative
portion of the curve reflects the time period where convective flow is dominating the temperature change. The linearly decreasing
portion of the data reflects the period where the conductive heat losses now dominate the temperature change.
In order to compare the stabilization times, an arbitrary derivative value of 0.1 C/s for the wellhead temperature is chosen as the
point where stabilization is said to have occurred. In other words, it is assumed that the temperature has stabilized if the derivative
decreases below this cut off during production.
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Temperature, C
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
0
100
200
300
400
Depth, m
500
600
1000
100
dT/dt, C/D
10
0.1
0.01
0.001
Time, Days
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Kutun et al.
lower mass flow rates, as the fluid is moving towards the wellhead, more heat is lost to the surroundings of the well, causing the
fluid to arrive at the wellhead with lower temperatures compared to what would have been with higher mass flow rates.
Next we look at the effect of the well radius on the stabilization time. Figure 8 illustrates the results. An increase in the well radius
causes an increase in the stabilization time. This is because, at a constant mass flow rate an increase in the radius results in a
decrease in the velocity of the fluid. Hence it takes a longer time for the hotter fluid to arrive at the wellhead.
50
45
40
Stabilization Time, Days
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Mass Flow Rate, kg/s
Figure 7: Wellhead temperature stabilization times for various mass flow rates.
32
30
28
Stabilization Time, Days
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Well Radius, m
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Shut In Case
In this section we only consider the effects of production time on the stabilization time of temperature. For this purpose we perform
production for various durations of time. Then the well is shut in and the stabilization times are observed. The same cut-off
derivative value of 0.1 is used for the shut-in period. Figure 9 gives the results. According to Figure 9 as the production increases
the stabilization time during shut in increases as well. After a certain point, the stabilization time becomes constant. As mentioned
earlier, during production the surroundings of the well are heated due to the hot fluid flowing in the well. Larger production times
causes the heated region around the well to become wider. Hence more heat is stored in the surroundings of the well. This leads to
longer stabilization times during shut in since it takes a longer time for the surroundings of the well cool with more heat stored
during production.
105
100
95
90
Stabilization Time, Days
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Production Time, Days
A model capable of modeling temperature profiles in the well is developed. The developed model is also coupled to the
reservoir allowing for realistic profiles to be computed.
The developed model has been verified by two of the common methods used in the literature; the method of Ramey
(1962) and the rigorous solution given by Hagoort (2004).
The focus of this study are the stabilization times of wellhead temperature for various flow rates, well radii and producing
times for shut in.
It is found that with increasing flow rates, the stabilization times for temperature during production are decreased.
An increase in the well radius causes an increase in the wellhead temperature stabilization times during production.
Increasing the production time causes an increase in the stabilization time of the wellhead temperature for shut in.
REFERENCES
Durrant A. J. and Thambynayagam, R. K. M.: Wellbore Heat Transmission and Pressure Drop for Steam/Water Injection and
Geothermal Production: A Simple Solution Technique, SPE Reservoir Engineering, 1, (1986), 148-162.
Farouq Ali, S. M.: A Comprehensive Wellbore Steam/Water Flow Model for Steam Injection and Geothermal Applications, SPE
Journal, 21, (1981), 527-534.
Hagoort, J.: Ramey’s Wellbore Heat Transmission Revisited, SPE Journal, 9, (2004), 465-474.
Hasan, A.R. and Kabir, C. S.: Modeling Two-Phase Fluid and Heat Flows in Geothermal Wells, Journal of Petroleum Science and
Engineering, 71, (2010), 77-86.
Livescu, S., Durlofsky, L. J. and Aziz, K.: A Semianalytical Thermal Multiphase Wellbore-Flow Model for Use in Reservoir
Simulation, SPE Journal, 15, (2010), 794-804.
Palabiyik, Y: A Study on Pressure and Temperature Behaviors of Geothermal Wells in Single-Phase Liquid Reservoirs, PhD
Dissertation, Istanbul Technical University Graduate School of Science Engineering and Technology, Istanbul, Turkey (2013).
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Palabiyik, Y., Tureyen, O. I., Onur, M. and Paker Deniz, M: Pressure and Temperature Behaviors of Single-Phase Water
Geothermal Reservoirs Under Various Production/Injection Schemes, Proceedings, 38th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir
Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA (2013).
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Wu, Y.S. and Pruess, K.: An Analytical Solution for Wellbore Heat Transmission in Layered Formations, SPE Reservoir
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