What are Sanitary Pads made of?

1-2 Topsheet and secondary topsheet

Soft top layer and secondary layer made of synthetic materials similar

to those used in garments and in underwear. These synthetic

materials are used to quickly channel the liquids into the absorbent

core and keep your skin dry.

3 Absorbent core
Flexible core made from absorbent cellulose. In a different thinner form,

this material is used in different items such as tea bags & everyday

garments. This absorbent material has been used in pads since the

1920s. The flexible core is wrapped in a thin synthetic layer to keep it

together with absorbent gel pearls added to the core, to improve the

absorbency.

4 Odour Neutralizing Technology

Our Odour Neutralizing Technology is an exclusive material that

contains selected components with a light scent similar to perfume. It is

applied to the bottom of the absorbent core layer; thus optimized to

mask and neutralize malodour in pads.

5 Backsheet
Moisture proof back layer made from synthetic materials to keep the

fluid inside.

6 Adhesives
Adhesive is used to ensure the pad adheres to panty.
 WHat are diapers Made of?

An average diaper weighs between 1.4 and 1.8 ounces and is primarily

made of cellulose, polypropylene, polyethylene and a super absorbent

PEla&Fs are made of cloth or synthetic disposable materials. Cloth

diapers are composed of layers of fabric such as cotton, hemp, bamboo,

microfiber, or even plastic fibers such as PLA or PU, and can be

washed and reused multiple times. Disposable diapers contain absorbent

chemicals and are thrown away after use

•An average diaper weighs between 1.4 and 1.8 ounces and is primarily

made of cellulose, polypropylene, polyethylene and a super absorbent

polymer, as well as minor amounts of tapes, elastics and adhesive

materials.
 Chemistry behind in Sanitary pads and
diapers

Sanitary pads and diapers may contain different pollutants including

polychloro dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), organically active compounds of

ethylene benzene, xylene and toluene, polyacrylates or phthalates.

Most sanitary pads and diapers employ the same basic design: a

cellulose-based absorbent core placed between a fluid permeable surface

(topsheet) and a moisture-impermeable backing (backsheet). Cellulose

comes from pine trees, generally from well-managed forests. Liquids are

absorbed by the capillaries in the void spaces between the fibers and

the surface tension angle between the fibers and the water. Typical

fiber length used in diapers is about 2.6 mm. An alternative to pulp is

to use air-laid synthetic fibers. However, it is still difficult for air-laid

synthetics to compete with pulp unless it is a niche market product

and thickness is more important for the consumer (as in case of some

sanitary napkins and the adult diapers used by active people) than the

cost. Cellulose acetate, the material used to make cigarette filters, has

been used in some absorbent products. PP synthetic fibers have also

been attempted for absorbent core formation..

polyethylene is your basic plastic, so the outer layer of most disposable

diapers is made with either a plastic film or a composite of plastic

and non material.

The secret, water-absorbing chemical in a diaper is a superabsorbent

polymer called sodium polyacrylate. Sodium polyacrylate is an anionic

polyelectrolyte with negatively charged carboxylic groups in the main

chain. It is a chemical polymer made up of chains of acrylate

compounds. It contains sodium, which gives it the ability to absorb large

amounts of water sodium polycrystate

Polyacrylate polymers are used as superabsorbents in consumer products.

Disposable diapers and sanitary napkins are some of the products

concerned.61 The problems surfaced when consumers complained about

an off-odor in these products. Solid superabsorbent polymers were not

odorous, but some became highly odorous when wet.61 This observation

suggested the involvement of volatile hydrophobic compounds. Removal of

vinyl ketones, and especially the 5-methylhex-1-en-3-one, from the

monomers, used to prepare the polymers resulted in improved materials

with little odor.

Polyacrylate polymer is used as a thickener in hypochlorite solutions

used as bleach compositions. Some bleach compositions have a strong

unpleasant odor. It was found that by regulating viscosity of solution

with polyacrylate, the size of sprayed mist can be decreased and the

yield value of liquid increased, which reduces odor.

The superabsorbent material for the absorbent core contains

polyacrylate-based material. The hydrogen in water is trapped by the

polyacrylate due to the atomic bonds associated with the polarity forces

between the atoms. Polyacrylate provides an effective liquid fragrance

or odor control composition which does not alter the properties of the

adhesive.

Polypropylene (PP), also known as polypropene, is a thermoplastic polymer

used in a wide variety applicatio sons. It is produced via chain-growth

polymerization from the mono propylene. Polypropylene (PP), also known as

polypropene, is a thermoplastic polymer used in a wide variety applicatio

sons. It is produced via chain-growth polymerization from the mono

propylene.

Regenerated fibers

Rayon
The fiber, although chemically similar to cotton (Fig. 1.2), differs from it

in physical structure: rayon's molecular weight is about 20% and

crystallinity about 50% of the values applying to cotton. These

differences make rayon relatively weaker and more extensible, but more

absorbent (about two times) than cotton. The regular fiber is also much

weaker when wet than dry. Accordingly, one of the major applications of

the fiber has been in disposable absorbent pads, sponges, and sanitary

napkins.

Lyocell

The rayon fiber has undergone extensive modifications in chemical

processing and extrusion and a number of types have become available

for specific uses. The most noteworthy and recent of these is Lyocell

that has dry and wet tensile properties comparable to those of cotton

and is, therefore, suitable for use in regular apparel and other durable

products. Additionally, the fiber is made by an environmentally friendly

process in which the contents of the spinning bath are recovered and

reused. The final fiber has a smooth surface and round cross-section,

and is said to be stronger than cotton and regular rayon in both the

dry and wet states..

Cellulose acetate

This is the chemically modified cellulose material in which the acetyl

groups, CH3COO, replace some of the hydroxyl groups, OH, on the chain.

Usually, on an average, about two of the three hydroxyl groups present

on a repeat unit are modified. The acetyl groups being bulky and

lacking functionality, the fiber produced has lower density, lower

strength and lower ability to absorb moisture. The cross-sectional shape

of the fiber tends to be serrated or bulbous.

 Acknowledgement Letter

I would like to extend my sincere and heartfelt thanks

towards all those who have helped me in making this project.

Without their active guidance, help, cooperation and

encouragement, I would not have been able to present the

project on time.

I extend my sincere gratitude to my principal Ms. Shailaja Rao

and my chemistry teacher Mr. Santosh for their moral support

and guidance during the tenure of my project.

I also acknowledge with a deep sense of reverence, my

gratitude towards my parents and other faculty members of

the school for their valuable suggestions given to me in

completing the project.

DATE: Kavali Shreya

1st NOvember, 2021 Grade 11