LOURDES CENTRAL

SCHOOL

CHEMISTRY

Project On PREPARATION OF RAYON FROM

FILTER PAPER

NISHA .R .SHETTY

Class: 12.A

Roll no: 19

2019 -2020
 Certificate
This is to certify that Nisha R Shetty student of Class XII,
Lourdes Central School, has completed the project titled

During the academic year 2019-2020 towards partial

fulfillment of credit for the Chemistry practical evaluation of

CBSE 2019, and submitted satisfactory report, as compiled

in the following pages, under the supervision of the

chemistry teacher.

MRS.ANITHA THOMAS

CHEMISTRY TEACHER

REV.FR.ROBERT D'SOUZA
Principal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Primarily I would thank God for being able to complete

this project with success. Then I would like to thank my
chemistry teacher Mrs.Anitha Thomas whose valuable
guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this
project and make it full proof success. Her suggestions and
her instructions has served as the major contribution towards
the completion of the project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who

have helped me with their valuable suggestions and
guidance has been help fuling various phases of the
completion of the project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my

classmates who have helped me a lot.

Nisha R Shetty

INDEX
1. CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE……………………………………

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………....

3. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………....

4. AIM OF PROJECT…………………………………………….……….

5. APPARATUS REQUIRED………………………………………….…

6. THEORY……………………………………………………………….

7. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED……………………………………….…

8. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………….

9. BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………...

INTRODUCTION

Cellulose is nature’s own giant molecule. It is the fibrous material

that every plant from

seaweed to the sequoia makes by baking glucose molecules in

long chains; the chains are

bound together in the fibers that give plants their shape and
strength. Wood has now become

the main source of cellulose. Since it contains only 40% to 50%

cellulose, the substance

must be extracted by ‘pulping’. The logs are flaked and then

simmered in chemicals that
dissolve the tarry lignin, resins and minerals. The remaining pulp
about 93% cellulose is

dried and rolled into sheets-raw material for paper, rayon and
other products. It can be

obtained in 2 ways:

1. Viscose Process: Cellulose is soaked in 30% caustic soda solution

for about 3 hrs. The

alkali solution is removed and the product is treated with CS2. This
gives cellulose xanthate,

which is dissolved in NaOH solution to give viscous solution. This is

filtered and forced

through a spinneret into a dilute H2SO solution, both of which

harden the gum-like thread

into rayon fibers. The process of making viscose was discovered by

C.F.Cross and

E.J.Bevan in 1891.

2. Cuprammonium Rayon: Cuprammonium rayon is obtained by

dissolving pieces of filter

paper in a deep blue solution containing tetra-ammine cupric

hydroxide. The latter is

obtained from a solution of copper sulphate. To it, NH4OH

solution is added to precipitate

cupric hydroxide, which is then dissolved in excess of NH3.

Reactions:

CuSO4 + 2NH4OH → Cu(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4

Pale blue ppt

Cu(OH) 2 + 4NH4OH → [Cu(NH3) 4](OH) 2 + 4H2O

[Cu(NH3) 4](OH) 2 + pieces of filter paper left for 10-15 days give a

Viscous solution called VISCOSE

Aim of the Project

The main objective of the project is to illustrate the preparation

of rayon by the cuprammonium process. Instead of wood pulp as

the cellulose source, attempt is done to make use of raw

cellulose products such as waste paper (un-printed), filter paper

etc.

Apparatus And Chemicals

@:- Beakers(250 ml.)

@:- Conical flask(250ml.)

@:- Filter flask

@:- Funnel

@:-glass rod

@:- Sodium hydroxide solution

@:- Copper sulphate

@:- 50% Ammonia solution

@:- Filter paper

@:- Syringe

THEORY

Of all the fibers, rayon is probably the most perplexing to

consumers. It can be found in

cotton-like end uses, as well as sumptuous velvets and taffetas. It

may function successfully

in absorbent hygiene and incontinence pads and equally well

providing strength in tire cords.

What is this fiber that has so many faces?

Rayon was the first manufactured fiber. The term rayon was
officially adopted by the textile

industry. Unlike most man-made fibers, rayon is not synthetic. It is

made from wood pulp, a

naturally-occurring, cellulose-based raw material. As a result,

rayon's properties are more

similar to those of natural cellulosic fibers, such as cotton or linen,

than those of

thermoplastic, petroleum-based synthetic fibers such as nylon or

polyester.

Although rayon is made from wood pulp, a relatively inexpensive

and renewable resource,

processing requires high water and energy use, and has

contributed to air and water

pollution. Modernization of manufacturing plants and processes

combined with availability

of raw materials has increased rayon's competitiveness in the

market.

Although rayon is made from wood pulp, a relatively inexpensive

and renewable resource, processing requires high water and
energy use, and has contributed to air and water pollution.
Modernization of manufacturing plants and processes combined
with availability of raw materials has increased rayon's
competitiveness in the market.
 History

Rayon is the generic term for fiber (and the resulting yarn and
fabric) manufactured of regenerated cellulose by any one of six
processes. Its importance as a fiber lies in its versatility, and in the
fact that it was the first viable manufactured fiber.

As far back as 1664, English naturalist Robert Hooke theorized that

artificial filaments might be spun from a substance similar to that
which silkworms secrete to make silk. This was often tried by
scientists in the ensuing years who sought an "artificial silk", yet
no one was to succeed until in 1855 the Frenchman did so,
George Audemars. By dipping a needle into a viscous solution of
mulberry bark pulp and gummy rubber, he was able to make a
thread.

While interesting from a scientific standpoint, this process was

hardly viable economically - it was very slow, and required a great
deal of skill and precision.

The first commercial synthetic fiber was produced by Hilaire de

Bernigaud, Count of Chardonnay (1839-1924) after 29 years of
research, was patented in 1884, and manufactured by him in
1889. This cellulose-based fabric known as Chardonnay silk was
pretty but very flammable, it was removed from the market.

Soon after, the English chemist Charles Frederick Cross and his
collaborators Edward John Bevan and Clayton Beadle discovered
the viscose process in 1891 (1892?).

Courtaulds Fibers produced the first commercial viscose rayon in

1905; the first in the United States was in 1910 by the American
Viscose Company. Initially rayon was called "Artificial Silk", and
many other names.

In 1924 (1926?), a committee formed by the U.S. Department of

Commerce and various commercial associations decided upon the
name "rayon". It was called "rayon" for one of two reasons: either
because of its brightness and similarities in structure with cotton
(sun = ray, -on = cotton). Or because the naming committee
couldn't find a name from the thousands entered in a contest they
sponsored, and who hoped to shed a "ray of light" on the subject
(from rayon, French for ray).
 Properties

Viscose Rayon has a silk-like aesthetic with superb drape and feel
and retains its rich brilliant colors. Its cellulosic base contributes
many properties similar to those of cotton or other natural
cellulosic fibers. Rayon is moisture absorbent (more so than
cotton), breathable, comfortable to wear, and easily dyed in vivid
colors. It does not build up static electricity, nor will it pill unless
the fabric is made from short, low-twist yarns.

Rayon is comfortable, soft to the skin, and has moderate dry

strength and abrasion resistance. Like other cellulosic fibers, it is
not resilient, which means that it will wrinkle

Rayon withstands ironing temperatures slightly less than those of

cotton. It may be attacked by silverfish and termites, but generally
resists insect damage. It will mildew, but that generally is not a
problem.

One of rayon's strengths is its versatility and ability to blend easily

with many fibers— sometimes to reduce cost, other times for
luster, softness, or absorbency and resulting comfort.

Rayon has moderate resistance to acids and alkalis and generally

the fiber itself is not damaged by bleaches; however, dyes used in
the fabric may experience color change. As a cellulosic fiber, rayon
will burn, but flame retardant finishes can be applied
Fiber Properties overview
· General Characteristics: Rayon as a cloth is soft and
comfortable. It drapes well, which is one of the reasons it is so
desirable as an apparel fabric. Most characteristics are variable
depending on processing, additives and finishing treatments, not
to mention fabric construction.
· Absorbency: Rayon is the most absorbent of all cellulose
fibers, even more so than cotton and linen. Because of this, rayon
absorbs perspiration and allows it to evaporate away from the
skin, making it an excellent summer fabric. Its high absorbency
applies equally to dyes, allowing beautiful, deep, rich colours.
· Strength: It loses a great deal of strength when wet. Because
of this, it stretches and shrinks more than cotton.
· Abrasion resistance: Poor due to inelasticity of the fibers. It is
easily damaged by scraping and will pill on the surface of the
cloth.
· Flammability: Because of its excessive flammability, it inspired
the Flammable Fabrics Act. The FFA was enacted by the U.S.
Department of Commerce in 1953 in response to public concern
over a number of serious burn accidents involving brushed rayon
high pile sweaters (referred to as "torch sweaters") and children's
cowboy chaps which could easily catch fire and flash burn.
· Static: No static build-up.
Applications
· Yarns:
embroidery thread, chenille, cord, novelty yarns

· Fabrics:
crepe, gabardine, suiting, lace, outerwear fabrics and linings for
fur coats & outerwear.
· Apparel:
blouses, dresses, saris, jackets, lingerie, linings, millinery (hats),
slacks, sport shirts, sportswear, suits, ties, work clothes

· Domestic Textiles:
bedspreads, blankets, curtains, draperies, sheets, slip covers,
tablecloths, upholstery
· Industrial Textiles:
high-tenacity rayon is used as reinforcement to mechanical rubber
goods (tires, conveyor belts, hoses), applications within the
aerospace, agricultural and textile industries, braided cord, tapes

PROCEDURE
A. Preparation of Schweitzer’s Solution:
a) Weighed 20g of CuSO4.5H20.
b) Transfered that to a beaker having 100ml distilled water and
added 15ml of dilute H2SO4 to prevent hydrolysis of CuSO4.
c) Stirred it with a glass rod till a clear solution was obtained.
Added 11ml of liquor ammonia drop by drop with slow stirring.
The precipitate of cupric hydroxide was separated out .
d) Filtered the solution containing cupric hydroxide through a
funnel with filter paper.
e) Washed the precipitate of cupric hydroxide with water until the
filtrate fails to give a positive test for sulphate ions with barium
chloride solution.
f) Transfered the precipitate to a beaker that contain 50ml of
liquor ammonia and washed it down the funnel. The precipitate
when dissolved in liquor ammonia gave a deep blue solution of
tetra-ammine cupric hydroxide. That was known as
SCHWEITZER’S SOLUTION.

B. Preparation of Cellulose material

a) 2g of filter paper was weighed and divide it into very fine
pieces and then transfered these pieces to the tetra-ammine
cupric hydroxide solution in the beaker.
b) Sealed the flask and kept for 10 to 15 days, during that period
the filter paper was dissolved completely.
C. Formation of Rayon Thread
a) Taken 50ml of distilled water in a glass container. To that added
20ml of conc H2SO4 drop by drop. Cooled the solution under tap
water. In a big glass container poured some of the solution.
b) Filled the syringe with cellulose solution prepared before
c) Placed the big glass container containing H2SO4 solution
produced before in ice (the reaction being spontaneous results in
excess release of energy in the form of heat which makes the
fibers weak and breaks them).
d) Immersed the tip of the syringe in the solution and pressed
gently. Noticed the fibers getting formed in the acid bath.
Continude to move and pressed the syringe to extrude more fibers
into the bath.

e) Left the fibers in solution till they decolorize and become strong
enough.
f) Filtered and washed with distilled water.

RESULT:-

Rayon thread was prepared from filter paper

 CONCLUSION

By doing this experiment I have learnt a lot about the rayon. Now
I can do this experiment when I am free and also I can make. I
thank my school LOURDES CENTRAL SCHOOL for giving me this
opportunity for doing this project successfully and I also thank my
Chemistry teacher MRS.ANITHA THOMAS for Her support which
helped me in making this project a good success. I also thank my
friends. Finally I thank all the helping hands which helped me
doing this project THANK YOU

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1) NCERT textbook class 12

2) NCERT physics lab Manual

3) INTERNET

4) www.yahoo.com

5) www.google.com