By: Karl Ariane Demco & Alex Tan

Lesson 1. Gas Laws

Gasses
- a state of matter that has no definite structure or shape.
- it takes up the shape of its container
- has 3 distinct variables that are measured: Pressure, Volume and Temperature.

Pressure
-is the force exerted by the gas molecules on the walls of their container.
For example:
When pumping a car tire with air, the pressure inside the tire increases as you pump more air.
The more pump the tire, the more pressure builds up inside.
Unit of Pressure: tor, atm, and mmHg

Volume
-It refers to the amount of space that the gas occupies and it is also dependent on its container.
Unit of Volume: ml (milliliter)

Temperature
- Is the measure of how hot or cold something is and, when particles move faster, the
temperature increases.
Unit of Temperature: kelvin (k)

3 Gas Laws

1. Boyle’s Law:

Robert Boyle is a natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor, his first ever published
scientific work is entitled ‘New Experiments Physico-Mechanical, Touching the Spring of the Air,
and its Effects’(1660). He is widely known for his brilliant series of experiments, including when
he used an air pump to create a vacuum.
His law states that the pressure is inversely proportional to volume with a constant
temperature
Formula:
P1 V1 = P2 V2

P1 = initial pressure exerted by gas

V1 = initial volume occupied by gas
P2 = final pressure exerted by gas
V2 = final pressure occupied by gas

Solving Example:
Step 1: Write down the given and find the number that you would solve for
Step 2: Since you are solving for V2, the number beside it will immediately be the one
under. So it will become P1 V1
______
P2
Step 3: You can now find the number by replacing the given numbers on the formula.

Ques: A container holds 500 mL of CO2 at 20 C and 742 torr. What will be the volume of the
CO2 if the pressure is increased to 795 torr?

Given: Formula: Solving:

P1 = 742 torr P1 V1 = P2 V2 V2 = (742 torr) x (500 mL)
V1 = 500 mL V2 = P1 V1 __________________
P2 = 765 torr ______ 765 torr
V2 = ?? P2 V2 = 466.67 mL

REMEMBER:
- After getting the final answer make sure to add 2 decimals (ex: 142 mL will
become 142.00 mL)
 - If there are already decimals, make sure to round it off if the number beside the
first decimal is higher than five (ex: 466.666 will become 466.67)

2. Gay Lussac’s Law

Joseph Louis Gay Lussac was a french chemist and physicist known for his work on the
behavior of gases.By his experiments on the thermal expansion of gases in 1801-1802 he
concluded that all gases expand equally in the temperature range. His law states that at
constant volume, the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature

Formula:
P1 = P2
___ ____

T1 T2

P1 = initial pressure exerted by the gas

T1 = initial temperature of the gas
P2 = final pressure exerted by the gas
T2 = final temperature of the gas

The relationship between the pressure and temperature of gas can be seen in pressure
cookers. When heated, the pressure inside the container caused by steam increases. An
increase in both temperature and pressure is what makes the food cook faster as
compared to other conventional ways of cooking.

Solving Example:
Step 1: Write down the given and find the number that you would solve for
Step 2: Write down the formula and cross multiply
Step 3: You can now find the number by replacing the given numbers on the formula.

Ques: A container filled with gas has a temperature of 30 ˚C with a pressure of 300 torr.
What will be the pressure in the container if the temperature is increased to 40 ˚C?

Given: Formula: P1 = P2 Solving:

T1 = 30˚C+273K=303K __ __ P2 = (300 torr) x (313 K)
P1 = 300 torr T1 T2 ______
T2 = 40 ˚C+273K=313K P2 = P1 T2 303 K
P2 = ?? ______ P2 = 309.90 torr
T1
REMEMBER:
- Before solving the problem, you have to convert the temperature from Celsius (°C)
to Kelvin (K)
 - When the problem is asking for the temperature in Celsius, you can convert the
final answer back to Celsius by subtracting it to 273

3. Charles's Law
Jacques Charles is a french scientist who formulated the Charle’s Law which states that, at
constant pressure, the volume of the gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. In
simpler terms, when the temperature of a gas increase, the volume also increases while
pressure remains constant.

Formula: V1 = V2
____ ____

T1 T2

V1 = initial volume occupied by the gas

T1 = initial temperature of the gas
V2 = final volume occupied by the gas
T2 = final temperature of the gas

Solving Example:
Step 1: Write down the given and find the number that you would solve for
Step 2: Write down the formula and cross multiply
Step 3: You can now find the number by replacing the given numbers on the formula.

Ques: A gas sample is measured with a volume of 70 ml at 50 ˚C. What is the volume if the
temperature is decreased to 30 ˚C?

Given: Formula: V1 = V2 Solving:

V1 = 70 mL ___ ___ V2 = (70 mL) x (303 K)
T1 = 50˚C+273 K =323K T1 T2 _________________________
V2 = ?? 323 K
T2 = 30 ˚C+273 K=303K V2 = V1T2 V2 = 65.67 mL
___________
T1

Lesson 2. Biomolecules
Biomolecules are the molecules essential for life, it includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
and nucleic acid

Classification of Biolmolecules
1. Carbohydrate
- it is the main sources of energy of the body, it composes of elements such as carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen (1:2:1) ratio.
- can be in two forms, simple and complex:
Simple form are carbohydrates that can be quickly absorbed by our body for rapid energy. While
Complex form are carbohydrates found in our food that takes longer to break down and provide
sustained energy

SIMPLE FORM: Monosaccharides

-Monosaccharides are single sugar molecules.
-They are the simplest form of carbohydrates and are frequently named using the suffix-ose
(suffix-ose is used in biochemistry to form the names of sugars)
-Energy Source: used as a source for breathing energy

Examples:
● Glucose - it is an important monosacchdarides as it provides both energy and structure
to many organisms. It is called as blood sugar (it is found in fruits and vegetables)
● Fructose - Fructose or more commonly known as fruit sugar is a type of sugar found in
fruits, honeys, and some vegetables.
● Galactose - it is a simple sugar that is found in dairy products, fruits and vegetables and
is normally transformed in the liver before being used up as an energy.

SIMPLE FORM: Disaccharides

-Disaccharides(dimers) is a molecule formed by 2 monosacharides. They have 12 carbon
atoms and their chemical formula is C 12 H 22 O 11

Some common disaccharides are:

 ● Sucrose - it is commonly known as table sugar. It consists of fructose and glucose, it
is also taken from plants (sugarcane and sugar beet) and when it is digested, they are
broken down in simple sugars and used for energy
● Lactose - It is a sugar found in milk, it is a combination of two smaller sugars,
glucose and galactose.
● Maltose - it is a sweetener that is often found in chocolates and other candies,
especially when caramelized. It is formed by combining glucose and glucose and can
be obtained from starchy foods like potatoes and corn.

COMPLEX FORM: Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate structures that are formed by repeating units of
either monosaccharides or disaccharides. It has a complex structure and high molecular
masses. Storage polysaccharides serve as reserve food (starch and glycogen) while structural
polysaccharides make up the cell walls of planets (Chittin and cellulose)

● Starch
- it is a soft, white, and tasteless powder that consists of a long chain of glucose unit. It
is soluble in only warm water, and not in cold. It is the main comonent of flour. Sources:
bread, rice, potatoes, corn and pasta
● Glycogen
- it is mainly produced by the liver and muscles, but it can also be made during a process
called glycogenesis, which occurs in both the brain and stomach. It acts more like a
long-term storage option.
● Chittin
- Major constituent of fungi and arthropods (carbs, shrimp, insects).It is used as food
thickener and stabilizer, and also for strengthening agent for papers. It consists of a long
chain of n-acetylglucosmine (it is a sugar-like compound that can be found on the cell
walls of fungi, it is used to build certain proteins and other important molecules in our
body).

FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES
1. Instant burst of energy (simple sugars)
2. Long lasting and more stable energy (starch)
3. Provides structural support for plant cells (cellulose)

Classification of Biomolecules
2. Lipids
Lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a ratio of (1 carbon): (2 hydrogen)
ALL lipids repel water, due to how hydrophobic (they don’t bond with water molecules).
Lipids: Fats and Oil
-Both types of compounds are called triacylglycerols because they are esters composed of
three fatty acids joined to glycerol, trihydroxy alcohol.
yield fatty acids and glycerol upon hydrolysis.
-The difference is on the basis of their physical states at room temperature. Fats are typically
solid at room temperature (ex: butter) while oils are liquid (ex: vegetable oil). They both serve as
energy stores in the body.

Classification of Biomolecules
3.Protein
Proteins are the most abundant and important organic molecules. It consists of carbon (C),
hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N) basic building blocks: 20 amino acids and each
amino acid has an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a specific side chain
(R group) bonded to the a-carbon form.

Biuret Test for Protein

-this test is done to detect if there is protein in the sample.
Structure of Protein:
a. Primary: amino acid sequence
b. Secondary: Hydrogen bonds form spirals or pleats
c. Tertiary: Secondary structure folds into a unique shape
d. Quaternary: several tertiary structures together
❖ Protein function is based on shape. Shape is based on sequence
of amino acids

Functions of Protein
⮚ Structural - Bones, skin, nails, hooves, hair
⮚ Enzymatic - Digest sugar, makes DNA, makes fatty acids
⮚ Transport - Carries oxygen and fats in blood, Ca2+/Cl-
⮚ Contractile - Muscles for movement, move chromosomes
⮚ Hormone - regulate blood sugar, increase heart rate
⮚ Immunity - Antibodies fight foreign substance
⮚ Pigment - Pigment in skin, eyes
⮚ Recognition - On cell surfaces—Other molecules (receptors)
⮚ Toxins - Stops nerve transmission, effects movement of ions, enzymes that destroy red
blood cells.
⮚ Collagen- provides strength and flexibility to connective tissues.

Classification of Biomolecules
4.Nucleic Acid
- Nucleic acids are biomolecules that contain the blueprints for making proteins. Nucleic
acids also transmit genetic info to the next generation. Includes: DNA and RNA
- The double-helix consists of two linear strands of polymerized nucleotides that bound
about each other . The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds that form
between pairs of nucleotides. Adenine (A) forms hydrogen bonds with a thymine (T) of
the other strand. Cytosine (C) forms hydrogen bonds with a guanine (G) of the other
strand.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RNA AND DNA

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

● It contains the genetic instruction used in the development and functioning of all living
 organisms
● Function: long-term storage and transmission of genetic information
● Sugar and Bases: deoxyribose sugar, phosphate backbone
● Pairing of Bases: A-T (Adenine-Thymine) G-C (Guanine-Cytosine

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

● It is responsible for the template in the synthesis of proteins which in turn control
the operation & function of the cell
● Funcction: transfer the genetic information for the creation of proteins from the
nucleus to the ribosomes
● Sugar and Bases: ribose sugar, phosphate backbone
● Pairing of Bases: A-U (Adenine-Uracil) G-C (Guanine-Cytosine

DNA REPLICATION
- The process by which an identical copy of the original DNA is formed
is called DNA replication.
Ex: an analogy of dna replication is like opening a zipper, As you open, each side of the
zipper acts as a template for the synthesis of a new, complementary strand. The result
is two new DNA molecules, which have the same base pair sequence as the original
double helix.
 I. Multiple Choice

Directions : Encircle the correct answer.

1.) __This state of matter has no structure or shape. Compared to its counterparts, gasses
have no volume or shape and they take the shape of its container.
a.) Gas
b.) Pressure
c.) Volume
d.) Temperature

2.) It is the force that the gas exerts on the walls of the container. The unit for this is tor,
atm, and mmhg, (Madamba, 2016).
a.) Gas
b.) Pressure
c.) Volume
d.) Temperature

3.) It Is the measurement of the space occupied by matter. The unit for this is milliliter (ml),
(Madamba, 2016.)
a.) Gas
b.) Pressure
c.) Volume
d.) Temperature

4.) This simply expresses how hot or cold an object is. The measurement of this is Kelvin (
̊K).
a.) Gas
b.) Pressure
c.) Volume
d.) Temperature

5.) This law states that the pressure is inversely proportional to volume with a constant
temperature
a.) Boyle’s Law
 b.) Charles's Law
c.) Gay Lussac’s Law
d.) Law of Inertia

6.) This law states that the pressure of the gas is directly proportional to its temperature.
This is so when the volume is constant.
a.) Boyle’s Law
b.) Charles's Law
c.) Gay Lussac’s Law
d.) Law of Inertia

7.) This law states, when the temperature is directly proportional to the volume, while
pressure remains constant.
a.) Boyle’s Law
b.) Charles's Law
c.) Gay Lussac’s Law
d.) Law of Inertia

8.) It is the main source of energy of the body, it is composed of elements such as
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (1:2:1) ratio.
a.) Carbohydrates
b.) Lipids
c.) Nucleic Acids
d.) Protein

9.) They are single sugar molecules. They are the simplest form of carbohydrates and
are frequently named using the suffix-ose (suffix-ose is used in biochemistry to form the
names of sugars)
a.) Monosaccharides
b.) Disaccharides
c.) Polysaccharides
d.) Chitin

10.) These are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen The ratio of these elements is
roughly 1 carbon: 2 hydrogen. Oxygen is present only in trace amounts.
a.) Carbohydrates
b.) Lipids
c.) Nucleic Acids
d.) Protein

11.) These are the most abundant and important organic molecules. It consists of carbon
(C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N) basic building blocks: 20 amino acids
and each amino acid has an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a
specific side chain (R group) bonded to the a-carbon form.
 a.) Carbohydrates
b.) Lipids
c.) Nucleic Acids
d.) Protein

12.) These are biomolecules that contain the blueprints for making proteins. Nucleic
acids also transmit genetic info to the next generation. Includes: DNA and RNA
a.) Carbohydrates
b.) Lipids
c.) Nucleic Acids
d.) Protein

II. Identification A
II. Identification B.
Gas Laws
Choices

Jacques Charles Joseph Louis Gay Lussac Robert Boyle

1. Is a french chemist and physicist known for his work on the

behavior of gases.By his experiments on the thermal expansion
of gases in 1801-1802 he concluded that all gases expand
equally in the temperature range.

2. Is a natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor, his first

ever published scientific work is entitled ‘New Experiments
Physico-Mechanical, Touching the Spring of the Air, and its
Effects’(1660). He is widely known for his brilliant series of
experiments, including when he used an air pump to create a
vacuum.

3. is a french scientist who formulated the Charle’s Law which states

that, at constant pressure, the volume of the gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature. In simpler terms, when
the temperature of a gas increase, the volume also increases
while pressure remains constant.
II. Identification C.

Functions of Proteins
Choices

Structural Enzymatic Transport Contractile Hormone

Immunity Pigment Recognition Toxins Collagen

1. Bones, skin, nails, hooves, hair

2. Digest sugar, makes DNA, makes fatty acids

3. Carries oxygen and fats in blood, Ca2+/Cl-

4. Muscles for movement, move chromosomes

5. regulate blood sugar, increase heart rate

6. Antibodies fight foreign substance

7. Pigment in skin, eyes

8. On cell surfaces—Other molecules (receptors)

9. Stops nerve transmission, effects movement of ions, enzymes that

destroy red blood cells.

10. provides strength and flexibility to connective tissues.

III. Solving:

1.) A gas sample is measured with a volume of 70 ml at 50 ˚C. What is the volume if the
temperature is decreased to 30 ˚C?
Find: Formula: Solution:
Given:

Final Answer:

2.) A gas with a volume of 500 ml and a temperature of 200 ˚C. What happens to the
temperature when the volume increases to 600 ml at constant pressure?
Find: Formula: Solution:
Given:
Final Answer:

3.) A sample of gas was collected with a pressure of 600 mmHg in a 300 ml container. What
is then the volume if the pressure was increased to 800 mmHg?
Find: Formula: Solution:
Given:

Final Answer:

4.) A 45 ml sample of hydrogen gas is obtained at a pressure of 800 torr. How much
additional pressure is needed to compress the gas sample into a volume of 30 ml?
Find: Formula: Solution:
Given:

Final Answer:

5.) A container holds 500 mL of CO2 at 20° C and 742 torr. What will be the volume of the
CO2 if the pressure is increased to 795 torr?
Find: Formula: Solution:
Given:

Final Answer:

6.) A sample of argon has a volume of 0.43 mL at 24 ˚C. At what temperature in ˚C will it
have a volume of 0.57 mL?
Find: Formula: Solution:
Given:
Final Answer:

7.) A container filled with gas has a temperature of 30 ˚C with a pressure of 300 torr. What
will be the pressure in the container if the temperature is increased to 40 ˚C?
Find: Formula: Solution:
Given:

Final Answer:

8.) A sample gas was measured to have a pressure of 200 torr at 313 ˚K. What would be
the required temperature to change the pressure to 300 torr at constant volume?
Find: Formula: Solution:
Given:

Final Answer:

9.) A 50.0 ml soap bubble is blown in a 27.0°C room. It drifts out an open window and lands
in a snow bank at -3.0°C. What is its new volume?
Find: Formula: Solution:
Given:

Final Answer:

10.) The initial volume of a gas is 500 mL at a temperature of 300 K. What will be the new
volume if the temperature is increased to 400 K?
Find: Formula: Solution:
Given:
Final Answer:

11.) A gas has a volume of 1.5 L at 25°C. If the volume is increased to 2.0 L, what is the
new temperature?
Find: Formula: Solution:
Given:

Final Answer:

12.) A 20-liter cylinder contains 6 atm of gas at 27 ˚C. What would the pressure of the gas
be if the gas was heated to 77 ˚C?
Find: Formula: Solution:
Given:

Final Answer:

13.) The gases in a hair spray can are at a temperature of 27 ˚C and at STP. If the gases
in the can reach a pressure of 5.0 atm, the can will explode. To what temperature must
the gases be raised in order for the can to explode? Assume constant volume.
Find: Formula: Solution:
Given:

Final Answer:

ALL INFO TAKEN FROM THE GRADE 10 SCIENCE LESSONS, POWERPOINTS AND
DISCUSSIONS.

Disclaimer: The Items above may or may not appear in the final exam, this reviewer
serves only as a mind refresher and exercise.