Analysis of Seismically Isolated Buildings

Freyssinet WEBINAR on 5 May 2020

Lie Hendri Hariwijaya, ST, MT (May 2020)

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 Outline

What will we convey?

 Introduction.
 Why do we need seismic isolation?
 When is seismic isolation applicable?
 Basic concept of seismic isolation.
 Types of isolator units.
 Analysis procedures (ASCE 7‐16, Ch. 17).
 Case study: a simple non‐irregular building.
 Foundation design philosophy.

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 Introduction

SEISMIC ISOLATION?
Seismic isolation works by decoupling (separating) a structure from violent ground
motions caused by earthquake.

“One will not feel an earthquake event when he or she

is inside the flying plane”

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Introduction

General practice:
 Right below the protected
superstructure.
 The base floor is usually rigid
enough to prevent differential
lateral movement.
 The base slab is sometimes
thicker to increase weight
preventing uplift.
 Enough space to move laterally
is provided.
 The seismic lateral movement
shall not be limited or even
blocked by any element.

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 Why do we need seismic isolation?
Performance Level Designation
Private and commercial
Life Safety buildings

Immediate Occupancy Important and emergency

Operational/full functional buildings

Code default  Life Safety (ABSOLUTELY not considering functionality and

economic loss after earthquake events)
In many cases increasing performance level to another is necessary/urgent.

SEISMIC ISOLATION  WHY?

 Increase life safety and performance level
 Simpler/fastest solution compared to demolition/reconstruction
 More economical considering the achieved performance target
 More economical considering the repair and maintenance cost after EQ
 Recommended for handling violent/major EQ

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 Why do we need seismic isolation?

Misperception & disappointment of many

owners & government agencies about the
expected performance of code conforming
buildings.

Ref.: Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA 445

Ref.: Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA 349

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Why do we need seismic isolation?

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 Why do we need seismic isolation?

PERFORMANCE LEVEL ACHIEVED BY CODE COMPLIANCE CONVENTIONAL BUILDINGS

Importance factor:
 Group I = 1.0
 Group II = 1.25
 Group III = 1.50

Highest performance level that can

be achieved by Group III is LS
during MCE (2500 yr.)
REMEMBER: Preventing damage
and economic loss is not the
objective of LS Level
Even during frequent EQ, Group I
will not experience Operational
Performance Level
Seismic Isolation is an answer
to design with better
performance level

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Why do we need seismic isolation?

PERFORMANCE THAT CAN BE ACHIEVED BY BUILDINGS

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 When is Seismic Isolation Applicable?

1 < H/B < 3

0.5 sec < T < 2 sec
H/B < 1
H/B > 5
T ≈ 0.5 sec
H T > 2 sec

H
H

B B B
Rigid Structure Semi Rigid/Flexible Structure Very Flexible Structure

Seismic/Base isolation is EFFECTIVE & EFFICIENT. Base isolation is not effective.

Reducing shear force and response. Low effect on shear force reduction.
Increase flexibility & base displacement. Bearing Uplift force is very high.
Pay attention for Bearing UPLIFT force Use another solution: TMD or damper.

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 Basic Concept of Seismic Isolation

Acceleration response is reduced from blue to green dot due to increasing period &
damping of the isolated structure.

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 Types of Isolator Unit

Damping up to 16% Damping up to 30‐35% Damping up to 25%

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Lead Rubber Bearing (LRB)

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Pendulum Bearing (PS)

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 Comparison of LRB/HDRB and PS

Bearing Bearing
stiffness stiffness
depends on depends on
size. weight.

Need to be
adjusted
manually They are
otherwise naturally
adding new aligned.
eccentricity.

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 Analysis Procedures (ASCE 7-16, Ch. 17)

Seismic Isolation Analysis

Procedures

Equivalent Lateral Force

Dynamic Procedures
Procedure
Can be applied on SDOF and MDOF model. Frequently done on MDOF model by FEM

1) Site class A, B, C, or D. Response History

Response Spectrum
2) Teff ≤ 5 second at DM.
Analysis Procedure Analysis Procedure
3) ≤ 4 stories or 19.8 m high except no
uplift/tension on isolator units.
4) Effective damping ≤ 30%.
5) Teff > 3 times the elastic fixed‐base Period. When meets 1), Can be executed
6) Does not have irregularity (Horz.: type 1b, 2), 3), 4), and 6). on any condition.
Vert.: type 1a, 1b, 5a, 5b).
7) * Keff(DM) ≥ 1/3*Keff(0.2DM)
* Capable of producing restoring force
* System does not limit max. EQ disp. < DM
Please see ASCE 7‐16, Ch. 17 for more details.

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Analysis Procedures (ASCE 7-16, Ch. 17)

APPLICABILITY

Approaching nonlinear behavior

with linear behavior, REQUIRE
ITERATIVE PROCEDURE:
 Equivalent Lateral Force
 Response Spectrum Analysis
ELF RSA RHA
Involving exactly nonlinear
behavior:
 Response History Analysis /
Time History Analysis

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 CASE STUDY: A Simple Non-irregular Building

 A 4‐story building, 10 m by 10 m plan, 4 m story height.

 Main beams 350x600 mm, secondary beams 300x550 mm, column 450x450 mm, slab 120 mm.
 Life load 250 kg/m2, SIDL floor load 68 kg/m2, SIDL ceiling load 26 kg/m2, perimeter wall 500 kg/m.
 Location in Jakarta Selatan, soil class SD.
 There are 9 LRBs, spectral analysis is used in combination with simplified SDOF procedure.

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CASE STUDY: A Simple Non-irregular Building
d

Mass W

Superstructure
Simplified SDOF Kss, dss

Isolator units
Kiso, diso

Substructure
Ksub, dsub

Using spectral analysis (linear analysis) for seismic isolation analysis (actually nonlinear)
will need iterative procedure.
This simplification helps reducing iteration effort in FEM Software such as ETABS.

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 CASE STUDY: A Simple Non-irregular Building
Needs ITERATIVE
procedure

Seismic isolation
SDOF analysis

Firstly assume diso  𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑

2𝑄 𝑑 Convert beta to B using the following table,

𝑇 2𝜋 𝑊/ 𝐾 𝑔 𝛽
𝜋𝐾 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
Convergent if the 𝑆 𝑔
initially assumed diso 𝑑 𝑇
is equal to the lastly 4𝜋 𝐵
calculated diso.
 Calculate diso = d – dss ‐ dsub
In ASCE 7‐16,
DM = diso

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 Lower Bound and Upper Bound

λmin*Qd
λmax*Qd
λmin*Kd
λmax*Kd

The properties of the isolator units are not

really exact and precise. They are actually
vary between Lower Bound and Upper
Bound property.

LB is mainly used to design the isolator unit.

These lambda are permitted using values from
UB is mainly used to compute base shears and
vendor with valid data and tests.
story drift.

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 Forces Below The Isolation

Please see ASCE 7‐16, Ch. 17 for more details.

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Forces Above The Isolation

Please see ASCE 7‐16, Ch. 17 for more details.

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 General Design Requirements

 Importance factor Ie = 1.0 (always).

 Redudancy factor ρ = 1.0 if no irregularity (type 1b horz. irregularity;
type 1a, 1b, 5a, 5b vert. irregularity, see ASCE 7‐16 sec. 17.2.3).
 Required to resist wind load before the seismic isolation feature
works.
 Provide relevant and equal fire resistant rating.
 Having minimum lateral restoring force: Kd ≥ 0.025W/(0.5DM).
 Local uplift/overturning is not exist except not causing
overstress/instability in structures and isolator units.
 Evaluate behaviour in Lower and Upper Bound Condition.

Please see ASCE 7‐16, Ch. 17 for more details.

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Back to The Case Study: RESULTS

λmin = 1.0 and λmax = 1.4

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Back to The Case Study: RESULTS

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Back to The Case Study: The Proper LRB

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 Foundation Design Philosophy
Most common foundations are designed using design shear force from the upper structure without modification.

One must realize that the upper structure can develop greater shear force due to over‐strength action before the
expected mechanism (plastic hinges) in conventional design takes place.

FIXED BUILDINGS
Design shear force should be multiplied by over‐
strength factor in designing foundation using R factor.

Without over‐strength factor, foundation will fail

before plastic mechanism occurs because foundation
ductility is not usually defined well, and much lower
than that of upper structure.

There is no possibility that “Life Safety” Performance is

ACHIEVED.

ISOLATED BUILDINGS
Foundation is designed using R = 1, assumed having full
elastic behavior.

However, the design shear force is reduced significantly

by isolation system.

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Foundation Design Philosophy

R  Response modification factor

Omega sub zero  Over‐strength factor

Cd  Elastic‐to‐plastic displacement coefficient.

Foundation design without over‐strength

factor causes false‐cheaper foundation cost
compared to that of isolated buildings.

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 Grand Aston City Hall Hotel (Medan, Indonesia)

• Constructed in 2005
• 5‐star hotel
• 16 stories
• HDRB isolators

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 Thank You
Lie Hendri Hariwijaya, ST, MT
lie-hendri.hariwijaya@freyssinet.co.id

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