Recent Advances in Theory and Applications of

Substrate-Integrated Waveguides: A Review

Abhishek Sahu,1 Vijay K. Devabhaktuni,1 Rabindra K. Mishra,2 Peter H. Aaen3
1
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, The University of Toledo, Ohio 43606
2
Electronic Science Department, Berhampur University, Ganjam, Odisha, India
3
Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
Received 3 June 2015; accepted 3 October 2015

ABSTRACT: The use of substrate integrated waveguides (SIW) for microwave and milli-
meter wave integrated components has increased dramatically over the last decade. They
mimic the performance of conventional metallic waveguides and they are fabricated using
printed circuit boards using the top and bottom metallization with two rows of vias forming
the side walls. This creates a low profile, compact, and light weight alternative to conven-
tional metallic waveguides, and they allow a direct interconnection with printed circuit
boards and active components. This article reviews the fundamental theory, documents the
research that has been performed over the past decade, and summarizes progress up to the
recent state-of-the-art including novel SIW structures for passive circuits and antennas as
well as new applications for reconfigurable and printed circuits using SIW tech-
nology. V C 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 26:129–145, 2016.

Keywords: millimeter-waves; substrate integrated circuits; substrate integrated waveguide

I. INTRODUCTION gular waveguide but are significantly smaller in size, with

The exploitation of millimeter waves for next generation
mobile communications has fostered significant advances
in the development of new high-performance microwave
components to support applications ranging from mm-
wave handsets to microwave back-haul [1, 2]. There has
also been a considerable interest in a wide range of appli-
cations beyond mobile communications that includes imag-
ing sensors [3], automotive radars [4], and biomedical
devices [5]. All of these applications require microwave/
mm-wave components to be integrated into a multilayer
circuit and existing manufacturing techniques, that use pre-
cision machining have difficulties to economically achieve
the required precision and they are also difficult to scale
for mass production [2]. To address this, innovative inte-
grated waveguides, such as the substrate integrated wave-
guide [6–8], post-wall waveguide [9], and laminated
waveguide [10] have been proposed. These waveguide
technologies attempt to maintain the advantages of rectan-
Correspondence to: A. Sahu; e-mail: Abhishek.sahu@utoledo.
edu
DOI: 10.1002/mmce.20946
Published online 21 October 2015 in Wiley Online Library
(wileyonlinelibrary.com).
lower profiles, and are straightforward to fabricate using
existing printed circuit board (PCB) technology. SIW
structures are fabricated by embedding two rows of con-
necting vias or slots in a dielectric to connect the top and
bottom metal planes as shown in Figure 1. In this way, the
nonplanar rectangular waveguide can be made in planar,
and the SIWs are then compatible with existing fabrication
techniques such as PCB or low-temperature co-fired
ceramic (LTCC).
Substrate-integrated waveguides exhibit the propaga-
tion and dispersion characteristics similar to rectangular
waveguides. As SIW structures provide a platform to inte-
grate all the components including active circuits, passive
circuits, planar circuitry, and even antennas, there is a
possibility of mounting one or more chip-sets on the same
substrate. Moreover, there is no need of transition between
elements fabricated with different technologies, thus
reducing the losses and extending the concept of system-
in-package to system-on-substrate (SoS) [11]. Over the
last decade SIWs have been used in design of many
microwave components including post and cavity filters
[12–17], power dividers [18], phase shifters [19, 20],
attenuators [21], oscillators [22], various antennas (slot,
array and conformal) [23–44], and reconfigurable

C 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

V

129

130 Sahu et al.
Figure 1 Illustration of a SIW showing the via arrangement
that forms the side-wall of the waveguide.
microwave resonators, antennas and filters [45–58]. Figure
2 shows the number of publications using SIWs over the
past decade showing the cumulative annual growth. This
article summarizes the present state-of-the-art and the
applications and uses of SIW technology.
II. RECENT PROGRESS IN WAVEGUIDE STRUCTURE
AND ANALYSIS
The original SIW design was conceived in 1998, when it
was known as the laminated waveguide [10, 11]. It is also
noteworthy that integrated waveguide technique was pro-
posed much earlier through a patent [59] that was aimed
at facilitating the processing of and improving the produc-
tivity of waveguide based microwave components. The
design used two rows of plated through holes to connect
the top and the bottom conductors. In each of the rows,
the separation between two consecutive holes is smaller
than the cut-off wavelength. But it was not until 2000
when SIW technique was unified with substrate integrated
circuits (SICs) [60], which refers to the synthesis or
conversion of any nonplanar structures in planar form
(such as rectangular waveguide, coaxial line, nonradiating
dielectric waveguide, and image waveguide), and their
full integration with other planar structures such as micro-
strips and coplanar waveguides on single or multilayered
substrates. Thereafter, numerous attempts have been made
to formulate design equations for primitive SIW structures
to simplify their design. In their review work, Dr. Wu and
coworkers. [11] provide an elaborate study on the operat-
ing principles and development of different empirical rela-
tions to calculate the effective width for SIWs. In this
section, we will discuss recent approaches to design of
different SIW structures and review their operation
principles.
A. Operation Principles and Loss Analysis
Substrate-integrated waveguides have propagation charac-
teristics similar to rectangular waveguides when the
metallic vias are closely spaced; as this minimizes radia-
tion leakage. Their TEno (n51,2,. . .) modes coincide with
a subset of the guided modes of the rectangular wave-
International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering/Vol. 26, No. 2, February 2016
1099047x, 2016, 2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mmce.20946 by Indian Institute Of Tech - Roorkee, Wiley Online Library on [27/10/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
guide. TM modes are not supported by SIW structures
due to spacing between metalized vias [11]. The metallic
posts establish the boundary conditions for electromag-
netic waves; as they conductively connect the surface cur-
rents between the top and bottom planes. Various
empirical relations have been proposed relating geometri-
cal dimension of SIW and rectangular waveguide. Two
such relations proposed in [61, 62] are
d2
weff 5 w2 (1)
0:95s
d2 d2
weff 5 w21:08 1 0:1 (2)
s w
where d is the diameter of the metal vias, w represents
their transverse spacing, and s represents their longitudinal
spacing. The effective width enables the SIWs to be ana-
lyzed as rectangular waveguide, thus reducing the design
complexity.
An improved closed form formula derived from an
analytical method was proposed in [63].
w
weff 5 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2w2d d 2 4w  d 3ffi (3)
11 s w2d 2 5s4 w2d
Very recently, in [64] the authors showed that the
accuracies of the above relations depend on via diameter
to via pitch (d/p) ratio. Hence, a new method to design
the SIW width aSIW , in terms of its equivalent dielectric
waveguide width Wequi, based on the mode matching tech-
nique was proposed in [64].
 
d d
aSIW 5 wequi 1s 0:766e0:4482 s 21:176e21:214 s (4)
where d and s are the diameter and pitch of the via
respectively. The above relation covers all practical SIW
applications for which 0.5 < ds < 0.8.
Figure 2 Cumulative plot of number of publications on SIW
technology in last decade (source: web of science:
webofknowledge.com).

Figure 3 Two adjacent SIW layout for crosstalk determination
[69].
Numerous attempts have been made for rigorous deter-
mination of the propagation and dispersion characteristics
of SIW structures based on numerical and modal analysis
methods. Analysis of the propagation characteristics of the
EH1 mode of the HMSIW was proposed in [65]; using
method of auxiliary sources, which is an alternative
numerical technique to the widely used surface-integral
formulation, that is suitable for solving elliptical boundary
value problems, which appear in electromagnetic-scattering
analysis, antenna modeling and waveguide structures.
Addition theorems using Bessel and Hankel functions were
used to analyze the full–wave behavior of the SIW devices
[66]. In this approach, the equivalent circuit parameters
were extracted using the hybrid mode matching between
guided and cylindrical modes. Interested readers can refer
to [64] and [66] to learn more about the mode matching
technique. An approximate analysis of a slotted SIW with
periodically loaded elements using the transverse technique
was proposed in [21]; for designing a travelling wave
attenuator where pin diodes are capacitively coupled to the
waveguide slot.
The minimization of losses is a significant considera-
tion in the design of SIWs. There are three major mecha-
nisms of loss: conductor losses, dielectric losses, and
radiation losses [67]. SIWs conductor losses closely
resemble those exhibited in rectangular waveguides and
they are primarily affected by the substrate thickness; as
the conductor losses depend on the surface integral of jJj2
on the metal surface, more specifically on the top and bot-
tom metal surfaces of the SIW. Hence, increasing h advancements in waveguide technologies for millimeter-
pffiffiffi
results in a reduction of jJj proportional to h, further
scaling the conductor loss proportional to 1/h. Conversely,
the dielectric losses depend on the volume integral of
jEj2 . As increasing
pffiffiffi h results in a reduction of jEj propor-
tional to h, but linearly increases the volume of the sub-
strate, so overall there is no effect on the dielectric loss.
Analyzing the quality factor related to dielectric loss
shows that it is independent of h and depends on the sub-
strate dielectric material, but not on the geometry of the
SIW [67]. Earlier research indicated that radiation losses
can be reduced [67] if p/d<2.5, with p/d52 as the recom-
mended value. Recently, a formula based on a semianalyt-
ical model to calculate the attenuation constant due to
radiation leakage in SIW interconnects has been proposed
[68] based on the decomposition of fundamental mode of
SIW into two plane waves. Lateral radiation leakage can
International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering DOI 10.1002/mmce
1099047x, 2016, 2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mmce.20946 by Indian Institute Of Tech - Roorkee, Wiley Online Library on [27/10/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Recent Advances in SIW 131
result in crosstalk between adjacent SIWs and in [69], an
analytical formula has been developed for the crosstalk.
Considering a case of two adjacent SIW structures sharing
common row of metalized vias, as shown in Figure 3, the
authors formulated the forward crosstalk using attenuation
constant due to lateral leakage (ar), and the attenuation
constants due to dielectric and ohmic losses, ad and ac,
respectively.
The forward crosstalk C can be expressed as:
2 3
  
1 d 2:84 s
6:28 1:2732
6 d 21 7
C5N 2 4w w qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
 5 (5)
2w 2
572 k 21
where d, w and s are the diameter, transversal spacing and
pitch of the via, respectively. N is the number of apertures
and k is the wavelength of operation. The number of aper-
tures is directly related to the SIW as (l 5 N3s).
The scalar parameters in (5) are extracted through a
least square curve fitting and hence, limits of validity
have to be considered while using the same, in terms of
operating frequency and geometrical parameters. Equation
(5) has been derived for validity in the single-mode band
of the fundamental SIW mode, according to the nominal
band ranges from 1.25 f0 to 1.90 f0 (f0 being the cutoff
frequency of the fundamental SIW mode). Finally, the
geometrical limits are directly described by the attenuation
constants and SIW length, by the approximation
(ar 1 ad 1 ac) l 1.
The insertion loss, which accounts for conductor,
dielectric and radiation losses, can be significantly
affected by surface roughness. Although analytical models
of losses due to surface roughness have been developed
for classical waveguides and incorporated in electromag-
netic simulators, no publications have been reported so far
for insertion losses in SIW structures [11]. A detailed
comparison of losses in SIW structures, microstrip lines
and coplanar waveguides is reported in [70], which shows
that SIW structures losses are comparable or lower than
those of planar transmission lines. Furthermore, the recent
and submillimeter-wave applications have led to develop-
ment of new topologies such as gap waveguides [71],
hard-wall waveguides [72], and microstrip-ridge gap
waveguides [73]. Gap waveguides offer very low loss and
manufacturing cost compared to SIWs, as there is no need
of dielectrics or any conductive joint between the top and
bottom metal plates, which have led to investigation of
microwave circuits with improved performance over SIWs
at frequencies above 40 GHz. A comparison among the
major features between SIW, gap waveguides, rectangular
waveguides and microstrip lines is presented qualitatively
in Figure 4.
B. Recent Configurations of SIWs
The compactness of SIWs is one of the key attributes
considered in designing efficient commercial mm-wave

132 Sahu et al.
Figure 4 A spider chart showing SIW’s performance qualita-
tively compared to gap waveguide, ideal rectangular waveguide,
and microstrip line based on different criteria.
components; different topologies have been proposed to
improve the compactness of SIW structures. Substrate
integrated folded waveguide was proposed in [74]; where
a metal septum is introduced to permit folding of the wa-
veguide, thus, reducing the size by a factor of two at the
cost of slightly larger losses, as illustrated in Figure 5a.
The half mode SIW was proposed in [75] based on the
approximation of the vertical cut of the waveguide as a
virtual magnetic wall permitting reduction in size of
almost 50%, as illustrated in Figure 5b.
A quarter-mode SIW is proposed in [76], based on the
approximation that centre symmetrical plane of HMSIW
can also be regarded as magnetic wall for several modes,
allowing the cross section to be further bisected along the
symmetrical plane, as illustrated in Figure 6a; resulting in
a size reduction of 75%. A miniaturization method is pro-
posed in [77], based on the concept of backward wave
propagation; where a SIW when loaded with split-ring
resonators (SRRs) shows uniaxial negative transversal per-
meability and the width becomes less than half a wave-
length at cut-off frequency (Fig. 6b). This miniaturized
structure also provides flexibility for tuning the cut-off
frequency, provided the SRRs are designed accordingly.
However, none of the above topologies focus on longi-
tudinal dimension reduction. As discussed before, the
dielectric loss in a SIW depends on the substrate dielectric
Figure 5 (a) Substrate-integrated folded waveguide [74] and (b) half-mode SIW [75].
International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering/Vol. 26, No. 2, February 2016
1099047x, 2016, 2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mmce.20946 by Indian Institute Of Tech - Roorkee, Wiley Online Library on [27/10/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
constant. This is one of the reasons, that PCB technology
is too often used for SIW component fabrications. Alter-
natively, when SIW is realized using other fabrication
technologies such as LTCC and semiconductor IC’s, the
relative high dielectric constant often makes the width of
SIW shrink to a size which is impossible for practical use
at mm-waves. Another important aspect to be accounted
for the design of SIWs, is the ease of integration of active
components. Unlike traditional rectangular waveguides,
SIW avoids the requirement of complex mechanical struc-
tures, such as diode mount and RF mechanical coupling
between waveguide and active devices; consequently, the
manufacturing cost for these structures is reduced. To
address these critical design issues, some SIW topologies
have been developed. The corrugated substrate integrated
waveguide (CSIW) utilizing open-circuit quarter-wave-
length microstrip stubs, in place of vias, to form the elec-
tric sidewalls of SIW (Fig. 7a) was proposed in [78]. This
results in a structure that is completely dc isolated from
the ground plane and permits the shunt connection of
active devices. The half-mode buried corrugated substrate
integrated waveguide (HMBCSIW) [79], is almost identical
to HMSIW; but offers a floating top conductor, thereby
permitting ease in integration of active devices with an
additional advantage of a monomode bandwidth of 3:1.
The empty substrate integrated waveguide proposed in
[80], removes the dielectric substrate, and a wideband tran-
sition allows the excitation of the waveguide accessing the
microstrip line so that waveguide can be connected to tra-
ditional planar circuits (Fig. 7b). This approach enables
very low loss circuits with up to 4.5 times greater quality
factor as compared to an equivalent design in SIW.
Extending the approach, a low-loss hollow substrate inte-
grated waveguide (HSIW) was proposed in [81], where the
HSIW is realized by removing the inner dielectric of an
SIW and, therefore, incorporating a hollow cavity inside
(Fig. 7c). As this structure incorporates a hollow cavity
inside, the losses again significantly reduce and the struc-
ture eases the integration with rectangular waveguides of
equal heights and design of antennas with better radiation
performance. A slow-wave substrate integrated waveguide
(SW-SIW) was proposed in [82], which requires a double

Figure 6 (a) QMSIW topology [76] and (b) an equivalent infinite parallel plate waveguide (PPWG) containing the SRRs to analyze pro-
posed SIW loaded with SRRs [77].
layer substrate with a bottom layer including internal
metalized via-holes connected to the conducting ground
plane (Fig. 7d).
Based on a double-layer substrate technology, these
SW-SIWs exhibit a significant slow-wave effect leading
to a reduction in both transverse and longitudinal dimen-
sions and thus, a noteworthy surface miniaturization ratio.
III. RECENT PROGRESS IN PASSIVE CIRCUITS
SIW based filters and couplers are extensively docu-
mented in the literature. Various filter topologies have
been proposed which include filter with an inductive post,
with irises, and cavity filters with circular and rectangular
cavities [7, 83, 84]. Subsequently, dual mode SIW filters
[85–87], wideband SIW filters [88], multiband SIW filters
[89–91], filters based on multilayered structures with cav-
ities [92], and compact and superwide band-pass filters
using electromagnetic band-gap structures [93] were
reported.
With respect to passive components, the development
of bandpass filters is an essential component of a commu-
nication system. Several attempts have been made to
design filters with SIWs exhibiting a desired passband
and high rejection level in the stopband. Table I presents
a qualitative comparison of recently published bandpass
filters in SIW technology. In addition to these bandpass
filters, several other topologies including introduction of
complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs) and com-
posite right-left handed (CRLH) transmission line [16,
17], a triple mode filter on quarter-mode SIW [97], balun
filters based on SIW technology [98, 99], and filters with
controllable electric and magnetic coupling [100, 101]
were reported.
Very recently, a series of three papers summarizing the
various filter topologies, design considerations and pra-
ctical aspects of SIW filters, have been published in
International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering DOI 10.1002/mmce
1099047x, 2016, 2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mmce.20946 by Indian Institute Of Tech - Roorkee, Wiley Online Library on [27/10/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Recent Advances in SIW 133
[102–104]: basic design rules and fundamental electrical
characteristics to indicate the superior performance of
SIW structures are reported in [102]. Advanced design
techniques such as cross-couplings realized by physical
and nonphysical paths, SIW filters with dual-mode and
multimode techniques, miniaturization enabled techniques
such as LTCC, wideband, and multiband filters have been
presented in [103]. In [104], the authors have summarized
a series of practical aspects and design considerations of
SIW filters. Critical aspects such as substrate selection,
fabrication tolerance, thermal stability, and power han-
dling capability are discussed in depth with suitable exam-
ples. The discussion showed that substrate characteristics
play a crucial role on the electrical and physical perform-
ance of the SIW filters, as shown in Figure 8. The size,
insertion loss, power handling, temperature stability, and
fabrication cost of an SIW filter are all related to the char-
acteristics of its substrate.
Additionally, several coupler topologies have been
developed in SIW. Among them, two directional couplers
were proposed. The first one uses two adjacent SIWs with
a common wall on which an aperture is utilized to realize
the coupling between two SIWs working in TW10 mode.
This topology was used to design and fabricate 3, 6, and
10-dB couplers [105]. The second configuration presents a
cruciform shape, and was adopted to design a supercom-
pact 3-dB directional coupler [106]. An efficient design
technique for accurate design of wideband couplers was
proposed in [107]. In this design, the even mode propaga-
tion constant for tapered slot section was first accurately
extracted with the help of numerical thru-reflect-line cali-
bration method. Then, it was fitted into the model of a
dielectric filled rectangular waveguide and thereafter
extrapolated to the operation range of odd-mode. Based
on the extraction of the equivalent circuit models of
the waveguide bifurcation effects along with parametric
values, a 908 3-dB coupler was developed to validate the

134 Sahu et al.
Figure 7 Topologies for (a) half-mode corrugated SIW [79],
(b) empty SIW [80], (c) hollow SIW [81], and (d) slow-wave
SIW [82].
approach. Design and fabrication of a 3-dB coupler based
on a hybrid HMSIW-slotline guided wave structure is pro-
posed in [108]. With this approach, the coupler achieved
a relative bandwidth of 17–22% with 0.5 dB amplitude
imbalance. A variety of ring coupler topologies have been
proposed (Fig. 9). Among them, a SIW-ring coupler and
HMSIW ring coupler adopting closed side to closed side
designing, for connections of HMSIW [109] with 24.6%
International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering/Vol. 26, No. 2, February 2016
1099047x, 2016, 2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mmce.20946 by Indian Institute Of Tech - Roorkee, Wiley Online Library on [27/10/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
bandwidth for amplitude imbalance, a dual band ring cou-
pler based on CLRH folded substrate integrated wave-
guide (FSIW) [111] and a hybrid ring coupler based on
compact ridge substrate integrated waveguide (RSIW)
[110] are noteworthy.
The design of SIW-based power dividers and phase
shifters has also received significant interest from the
research community. Development of three configurations
of SIW power dividers were proposed in [18], including a
compact radial cavity power divider developed in [112], a
frequency-selective power divider based on single-layer
proposed in [113], and a multilayer four way out of phase
power divider developed in [114]. Two topologies of ring
power divider were proposed in [115, 116]. Also, two
configurations of phase shifters were proposed in [19, 20].
One of these is based on several phase channels made by
SIW resonators loaded with additional metallic posts, to
design a phase shifter with 10% fractional bandwidth and
the other design proposes a compact phase shifter using
omega particles; thus, providing bandwidths of around
55% for 908 and 458 versions of the phase shifter, with
the accuracy of 38 and 60% with the accuracy of 2.58. A
broadband magic T [117], X-band SIW attenuator [118]
and circulators [148] were also implemented and experi-
mentally verified. The analysis of loaded SIW attenuators
was presented in [21].
IV. RECENT PROGRESS IN SIW ACTIVE CIRCUITS
Complete SoS integration is possible with integration of
active devices in SIW technology, which is yet to be a
focus area of research in this field. The development of
SIW technologies has stimulated the possibility of design
and optimization of components like oscillators, mixers, and
switches, and so forth [11]. This section highlights several
recent developments of these components including new
SIW-based switch topologies.
The first reported SIW oscillator used a rectangular
SIW resonator appropriately placed in the feedback path
between the input and output nodes of an amplifier circuit
designed using Agilent ATF36077 pHEMT transistor
[119]. The feedback transmission lines and the input and
output lines of the oscillator circuit were fabricated in
microstrip technology and were connected to the SIW
cavity using appropriately designed transitions. This
design demonstrated the fabrication of low cost, high Q,
oscillator circuits using SIW technology. Successively,
two oscillators based on Gunn diodes were proposed in
[22, 120]. In [120], the authors achieved frequency tuning
for the oscillator by introducing a varactor diode along
with a Gunn diode. These reflection oscillators were
designed based on linear simulation techniques to estimate
the resonance frequency of the oscillators. Linear simula-
tion techniques are very intuitive and provide a means for
estimating the oscillation frequency using S-parameters
obtained from measurements of the passive resonator.
However, as they rely on small-signal operating condi-
tions, they are unable to estimate the output power of the
harmonic content of the oscillator [11]. Addressing this
 1099047x, 2016, 2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mmce.20946 by Indian Institute Of Tech - Roorkee, Wiley Online Library on [27/10/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Recent Advances in SIW 135

TABLE I Qualitatitve Comparison of Recently Developed SIW Bandpass Filters

Insertion Center
References Size (mm2) Bandwidth loss (dB) Frequency (GHz) Technology
[94] 61 3 32.8 4% 1.8 5.05 Inclusion of planar resonators
63 3 33.13 4.2% 2.05 5.1
[95] 62.36 3 64.92 5.7% 2.4 5.25 Using frequency dependent
coupling
[96] 12 3 19 10.1% 1.2 4.65 Using HMSIW and avoiding
the need of vias
[12] 30 3 15 42% <1.1 8.5 U shaped slot etched in SIW
cavity to form a multiple
mode resonator for wide band
[13] 28.13 3 28.13 10.9% 1.8 5.5 Hybrid structure of SIW and coplanar
waveguide (CPW)
[14] (Circular SIW) 1515.55 9.7% 0.29 2.06 Using a triple mode dielectric resonator
implemented in SIW
[15] (triple passband) 74.73 3 21.54 4%, 3.4%, 0.33, 9.72, Inclusion of six cascaded singlets
3.3% 0.45, 0.3 10.76, 11.76 in SIW

problem, two X-band oscillators using rectangular cavity
were reported in [121]. In that work, the oscillators were
designed by harmonic balance simulation, where the S-
parameters of the cavities were imported from an electro-
magnetic simulation. A new technique based on self-
compensation of the resonant frequency of SIW cavities
was applied to the oscillator design in [122], in which a
nominal ratio of thermal expansion and permittivity coef-
ficients was defined to generate temperature compensa-
tion. In that work, a cavity of specific substrate was
designed, measured and compared to cavities realized on
other substrates. Finally, the cavity was integrated with an
amplifier to build an oscillator which showed a stability
of 2 ppm/8C in the temperature range of 240 to 808 C.
Another Gunn oscillator design based on HMSIW was
reported in [123]. The circuit was composed of a Gunn
diode, resonant cavity, direct current power supply circuit
and a transition of HMSIW to microstrip. The HMSIW
cavity acts both as a tuned resonant circuit and an energy
coupling device of GUNN diode, coupling energy from
cavity to transmission line. A single-layer cavity backed
antenna oscillator was implemented in [124]. The active
circuit and radiator were placed on the opposite side of
the substrate and within the cavity area allowing a com-
pact configuration with 11.87–12.36 GHz tuning range
and phase noise better than 2107 dBc/GHz. A push-push
and push-pull oscillator (Fig. 10a) based on SIW and sub-
strate integrated coaxial line (SICL) was presented in

Figure 8 The relationship between SIW filter and its substrate characteristics [104].

International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering DOI 10.1002/mmce


136 Sahu et al.
Figure 9 Layout for (a) Hybrid ring coupler based on HMSIW
[109] and (b) lumped-element equivalent of dual ring coupler
unit cell based on CLRH folded SIW [110].
[125]. Design of a tunable oscillator based on mechani-
cally tuned resonant cavity was reported in [126] that
allowed varying the oscillation frequency by 2%–3% by
means of a flap (Fig. 10b).
While, considerable work on oscillators based on SIW
technology has been reported in literature, still there are
several areas for future research. For example, phase noise
can be minimized by increasing the unloaded quality
factor of the resonator, matching the noise impedance or
achieving a balanced characteristic of the nonlinearities.
Similarly, recent published results show a 2–3% tuning
range through the use of varactor diodes or mechanically
tuned resonant cavities, which can be potentially further
improved by inserting more diodes or introducing various
resonant circuits as CSRRs or CLRH topologies. Further,
there is also scope for fabricating low cost frequency
sources for high frequency range (100 GHz or above).
As one basic building block of communication system,
mm-wave mixers have widely been studied, especially
with regard to the aspects of port isolation and spurious
rejection. Two singly balanced mixers, one: X-band sin-
gle-balanced diode mixer and the other a part of 24 GHz
automotive radar system-on-package front-end, were pro-
posed [127, 128]. Further, a broadband single-balanced
mixer using a standard H-plane 3-dB coupler and a novel
International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering/Vol. 26, No. 2, February 2016
1099047x, 2016, 2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mmce.20946 by Indian Institute Of Tech - Roorkee, Wiley Online Library on [27/10/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
908 broadband SIW phase shifter, was proposed in [129].
The mixer had a conversion loss better than 10 dB across
the frequency range 20–26 GHz and LO-IF RF-IF isola-
tions as 255 dB and 245 dB respectively. Additionally, a
single balanced mixer based on a SIW Magic-T structure
was proposed in [130]. The structure showed conversion
gain higher than 29.5 dB in the case of applying 220
dBm RF signal for both high and low LO power configu-
rations at 10.6 GHz, over the entire RF frequency band of
10–10.55 GHz. Self-oscillating mixers are compact cir-
cuits providing the functionality of both the oscillator and
the mixer. They are designed by appropriately biasing and
loading oscillator circuits to optimize conversion gain
[11]. Two prototypes of self-oscillating mixers were pro-
posed: the first one, a self-oscillating mixer based on a
feedback oscillator that used a rectangular SIW cavity
placed in the feedback path of a field-effect transistor
(FET)-based amplifier circuit [131], and the other, an X-
band active antenna self-oscillating down-converter SIW
mixer [132], with IF frequency of 3.15 GHz for conver-
sion gain in at least 600 MHz bandwidth around the IF
frequency. As in case of oscillators, there are several areas
where SIW technology can be explored for mixer design.
Some such areas include implementation of mixers in
high frequencies (100 GHz and more); integration of
active devices in SIW circuits [11]; new topologies for
self-oscillating mixers etc.
Besides oscillators and mixers, switches are essential
components that are found in many microwave applica-
tions and a switchable SIW was first proposed in [133].
This research introduced a switch based on slotted-SIW
(SSIW), whose mode of propagation can be switched
between two different modes controlled by integrated pin
diodes (Fig. 11a). The switch was fabricated using micro-
wave laminated SIW, and showed an isolation of approxi-
mately 50 dB over the operating bandwidth with 3-dB
insertion loss. In [134], a magnetically controlled switch
based on ferrite-loaded SIW was proposed. Through an
external transverse magnetic field, the permeability of the
ferrite slabs loaded inside the SIW cavity (Fig. 11b) is
Figure 10 Schematic of (a) SIW push-push push-pull oscillator
[125] and (b) SIW oscillator with tuning element [126].
 1099047x, 2016, 2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mmce.20946 by Indian Institute Of Tech - Roorkee, Wiley Online Library on [27/10/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Recent Advances in SIW 137

Figure 11 Layout for (a) switchable SIW [133] and (b) geometry of a ferrite loaded SIW section [134].

tuned, thereby making the SIW mode cut-off frequency
change, to enable the switching function. This switch had
a 1.1 GHz bandwidth centered at 1.1 GHz with an inser-
tion loss less than 1 dB in the on state and an isolation of
20 dB in the off state. The design and implementation of
a SIW SPDT switch for X–band applications was pre-
sented in [135]. Inductive posts with rectangular slots
were embedded in the SIW to control the travelling EM
wave. By adding pin diodes on the top slots of inductive
posts, the SPDT switch achieved isolation (S31) greater
than 10 dB, (S32) greater than 15 dB and an insertion loss
less than 2.55 dB in 8.24–10.36 GHz band.
V. SIW ANTENNAS
The development of millimeter wave technologies has led
to a growing interest in SIW antennas. Several early
developed antenna topologies have been discussed in [11].
SIW based antennas offer advantages similar to microstrip
antennas as they can be fabricated with the same planar
printed technology. Furthermore, SIW as a waveguide
structure, does not suffer from unintentional radiation and
surface wave loss, which reduces the limitation of thin
substrates. These merits make SIW a better candidate for
antenna design. In this section, we will focus on the
recent advancements for several SIW antennas.
A. Slotted Antennas
In this technique, the radiation in SIW antennas is
obtained by etching slots in the top metal surface of the
SIW structure (Fig. 12a). The first slotted SIW antenna
was based on a four-by-four slotted SIW array operating
at 10 GHz [23]. Recently, many topologies of SIW slot
antennas have been proposed for back lobe suppression. A
SIW slot antenna array based on comb-shaped chokes of
an array of quarter-wavelength short-end parallel micro-
strip lines at the bottom surface of array was reported for
lowering the backward radiation by 10-dB [24]. A SIW
slot antenna with folded corrugated stubs was proposed in
[25] for suppressing the back lobes. Bandwidth broaden-
ing of SIW slot antenna was reported in [26]. The work
proposed the use of two unequal slots to increase the
bandwidth up to twice of standard slot antennas. Two
design methods for SIW travelling wave slot antennas and

Figure 12 Layout for (a) Slotted SIW, (b) leaky-wave SIW, (c) cavity backed SIW, and (d) conformal SIW [44].

International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering DOI 10.1002/mmce


138 Sahu et al.
planar slotted array antennas were also reported in [27,
28]. Both design methods are based on the method of
least squares and Elliot’s design formulas using the con-
cept of equivalent waveguide to formulate the error func-
tion. Using the concept of hollow SIW, a slotted
waveguide antenna array was designed in [29]. Using
classical log-periodic theory, SIW slot antennas with
broadband performance were presented in [30]. Based on
the orientation of the slots a transverse SIW slot antenna
and a longitudinal SIW slot antenna were designed and
results indicated a much wider impedance bandwidth as
compared to traditional slotted waveguide antennas.
B. Leaky-Wave SIW Antennas
In the SIW leaky-wave antennas, the radiation is obtained
by increasing the longitudinal spacing s of the side wall
metal vias, as shown in Figure 12b.Two leaky wave
antennas based on CLRH SIW were presented in [38, 39].
In [38] a double periodic CLRH SIW is proposed and the
equivalent circuit, the dispersion behavior and the expres-
sion for cut-off frequencies were studied. Two SIW leaky
wave antennas composed of periodic set of transverse
slots were proposed by Long and coworkers [40, 41].
Such structures were found to support three kinds of
modes (a leaky mode, proper waveguide mode, and a
surface-wave-like mode). Furthermore, a SIW leaky wave
antenna with tapered transverse slots on top and bottom
sides was proposed by the same group for investigation of
end-fire radiation with a narrow beam and side lobe sup-
pression [42]. The synthesis of one dimensional SIW-
leaky wave antennas with modulated geometry was pre-
sented in [43] using holographic concepts; its synthesis
technique demonstrated the capability of flexibly tailoring
the radiated field’s pattern, both in near and far-field
regime.
C. Cavity Backed Antennas
Generally, there are two categories of SIW cavity backed
antennas: SIW cavity backed patch antenna (Fig. 12c) and
SIW cavity backed slot antenna. Numerous SIW cavity
backed antennas, with different configurations, different
feeding structures, and different performances have been
developed by researchers around the globe. In 2013, Dr.
X. H. Zhang and coworkers. reviewed SIW cavity anten-
nas [31]. Thereafter, some new topologies have also been
introduced to this area. A wideband SIW cavity backed
antenna was proposed in [32]. To enhance the bandwidth
and radiation efficiency, the cavity was designed to reso-
nate at its TE210 mode. Another broadband SIW cavity
backed antenna was introduced in [33], where the broad-
band performance is achieved by introducing a bow-tie-
shaped slot instead of a conventional rectangular slot. A
SIW-fed circularly polarized antenna array with a broad
axial-ratio bandwidth was proposed in [34]. The antenna
array consisted of 16 sequentially rotated elliptical cavities
fed by slots on the SIW acting as radiating elements, four
1-to-4 SIW power dividers, and a transition from a
coaxial cable to SIW. Two dual band SIW cavity backed
antennas were introduced in [35, 36]: the first one, inte-
International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering/Vol. 26, No. 2, February 2016
1099047x, 2016, 2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mmce.20946 by Indian Institute Of Tech - Roorkee, Wiley Online Library on [27/10/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
grates cavity backed SIW and triangular slot (TLS), where
the dual mode of TLS is achieved by simultaneously
exciting the mode of the slot and the mode of the patch
inside the slot; the other one uses a dumbbell shaped slot
along with thin SIW cavity backing. The SIW-slot feeding
structure is introduced in a fully substrate-integrated thin
Fabry–Perot cavity (FPC) antenna to achieve low back-
ward radiation levels [37].
D. Conformal Antennas
A significant effort has been devoted very recently to the
development of conformal SIW antennas. There are a few
concerns regarding analysis of the SIW conformal anten-
nas and it requires the synthesis of planar antenna to be
carried over to conformal antennas. Unless a systematic
analysis method is developed to study the effect of con-
formal shape on the properties of antenna, it is impossible
to achieve satisfactory performance or special shaped
beam requirements with conformal antennas because the
curved shape of the conformal antenna determines its
characteristics to a great extent [44]. However, some
attempts have been made to come up with accurate syn-
thesis design for SIW conformal antennas. A 35 GHz slot
array antenna conforming to a prescribed curved surface
with shaped-beam was investigated in [44], which had
low side lobe level in H-plane and a flat-topped fan-beam
in E-plane (Fig. 12d). A conformal coplanar feed network
was designed for the desired excitation. The structure had
a 227.4 dB side lobe level beam in H-plane, and a flat-
topped fan beam with 2388–378 3-dB beam width in E-
plane, along with a cross-polarization lower than 241.7
dB at the beam direction. Subsequently, a travelling wave
slot array on a CSIW at K-band was presented in [136].
A 16 element longitudinal slot array on the broad wall of
CSIW was designed using Elliot’s procedure. For the
structure, about 108 beam steering is achieved when the
frequency is swept from 24 to 26 GHz with an antenna
gain of 14 dB. The capability to conform a substrate inte-
grated leaky wave antenna along an arbitrarily curved line
by suitably tapering the leaky mode along the antenna
length was demonstrated in [137]. It was shown that, by
means of locally adjusting the pointing angle of the radi-
ated wave, a coherent plane waveform at the far-field
region can be obtained. A conformal wideband SIW H-
plane horn antenna was presented in [138].
E. Active Antennas
The term active antenna here refers to “circuit–antenna
module” and hence it includes active integrated antennas,
where an active device is integrated in the same substrate
with the radiating antenna structure. In addition, it
includes antenna elements where an active device is used
to modify or reconfigure the properties of the antenna
such as beam direction, polarization or bandwidth [11].
Compact, single-substrate cavity-backed slot and patch
oscillator antennas were proposed in [45, 139], where a
square cavity was used along with antenna and the feed-
ing networks, etched on the top and bottom layers respec-
tively. Furthermore, a tunable oscillator was presented in

Figure 13 Demonstration of SoS (a) 24-GHz FMCW radar front end [128] and (b) 60-GHz multichip module receiver [142].
[46] by removing one via hole from the cavity wall and
introducing a varactor diode in its place.
Significant focus has been placed on design of frequency
reconfigurable SIW antennas. A frequency reconfigurable
antenna based on HMSIW was presented in [47]. Its reso-
nant frequency was electronically controlled by a varactor-
loaded interdigital capacitor on the top plate of HMSIW
and the bias network was designed on the bottom plate. A
reconfigurable SIW cavity-based antenna was presented in
[48] by loading the SIW cavity with shorting posts and
manipulating the field distribution within the cavity. The
frequency shift was controlled by the number of posts and
their location. Using this technique a frequency tuning ratio
as high as an octave (1.1–2.2 GHz) was achieved. A fre-
quency reconfigurable SIW interdigital capacitor antenna on
a composite right/left handed (CRLH) resonator was pre-
sented in [49]. A varactor diode was embedded on the inter-
digital slot of the short-ended SIW, whose zeroth-order
resonance varied from 4.13 to 4.50 GHz by changing the
bias voltage from 0 to 36 V. A varactor loaded CSRR was
used to design a compact eighth-mode SIW antenna [50]
operating in dual band. A broadband frequency tuning was
achieved in a ferrite loaded SIW antennas by simultane-
ously changing the location of ferrite slabs in the antennas
(mechanical tuning) and bias magnetic fields (magnetical
tuning) [53].
VI. RECONFIGURABILITY WITH SIW
Reconfigurable components are essential for millimeter-
wave multifunctional radio and radar systems, such as
smart and cognitive radio and radar techniques for better
use of the electromagnetic spectrum as they facilitate the
simplification of multiband and wideband wireless sys-
tems architecture [99]. These techniques can eliminate
interference while preserving good signal receiving condi-
tion. Through a dynamical reconfiguration of operational
frequency and bandwidth, tunable resonators efficiently
cope with time and regional variation of traffic demands.
Hence, they are crucial building blocks for design and
realization of tunable RF and microwave components.
One of the preliminary tuning solutions was proposed in
[52] based on the insertion of vertical capacitive posts
integrated within SIW cavities. Further, a low-loss tunable
resonator based on combline-SIW cavity loaded with
International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering DOI 10.1002/mmce
1099047x, 2016, 2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mmce.20946 by Indian Institute Of Tech - Roorkee, Wiley Online Library on [27/10/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Recent Advances in SIW 139
GaAs varactor was proposed in [53]. A 2.6–3.1 GHz tuna-
ble band was obtained with a Qu between 180 and 70, a
capacitance variation between 0.25 and 1.25 pF. An ultra-
wideband two-port resonator based on CSRR and varactor
based SIW was presented in [54]. The resonant frequency
was varied between 0.83 and 1.58 GHz and has a wide
tuning ratio of 90%. Subsequently, electrically tunable
evanescent mode HMSIW resonators were presented [55];
HMSIW loaded with CSRRs where a variable capacitor
connected to one of the conductors of CSRR changes its
effective capacitance with respect to ground, resulting in
frequency tuning of the resonator. A novel approach for
providing SIW tunable resonators by means of placing an
additional metalized via-hole on the waveguide cavity was
presented in [56]. The via hole contains an open loop slot
on the top metallic wall. The tuning range was defined by
the dimension, position and orientation of the open-loop
slot.
A novel tunable second-order filter was implemented
on three-layer Rogers RT/Duroid substrate using p-i-n
diode switching elements [57]; the filter provided six
states ranging from 1.55 to 2 GHz (25% tuning). A two
pole filter has been demonstrated on a low–cost substrate
showing a tunable center frequency between 2.64 and
2.88 GHz with 1.27–3.63-dB insertion loss across the tun-
ing range [58]. Tuning a SIW cavity by embedding a fre-
quency agile material into an SIW cavity was presented in
[140]. A specific switchable post constructed using plasma
(argon) was introduced in the SIW cavity. A compact tun-
able filter integrated in ferroelectric ceramic substrate was
reported [141] based on an evanescent-mode dielectric
cavity loaded by a pair of tunable-mushroom-type com-
plementary split-ring resonators.
VII. SYSTEM ON SUBSTRATE
The use of microstrip or coplanar waveguides is conven-
ient for frequencies below 30 GHz, but these techniques
become impractical at high frequencies due to the
incurred losses. The previous sections highlighted the pos-
sibility of SIW technology in the development of various
active and passive components. These possibilities provide
opportunities for design of SoS, where all the components
not included in chip-set are fabricated using SIW technol-
ogy. Two methodologies have been reported for the

140 Sahu et al.
Figure 14 Photograph of (a) SIW Filter based on PET substrate
[144], (b) Inkjet-printed multilayer broadband coupler on polyi-
mide film [145], and (c) fabricated 3-pole filter on LCP [146].
deployment and integration of SoS. The complete front
end of a 24 GHz frequency-modulation continuous-wave
(FMCW) was reported in [128]. All building blocks
including up-converters, down-converters, power dividers,
one transmitting and one receiving 16-element slotted
antenna array were integrated in the circuit (Fig. 13a).
This approach showed that the surface hybrid integration
scheme enables the complete integration of planar and
nonplanar microwave circuits.
The other approach was based on deployment of multi-
chip modules. Here, the active portions of the circuit were
implemented in the chipset whereas antennas, filters and
other passive components were developed off-chip on a
multilayer substrate (Fig. 13b). This methodology offers a
much simpler design, while exploiting the SIW technol-
ogy for those components which cannot be fabricated on-
chip. A 60 GHz receiver based on this methodology in
GaAs technology was proposed in [142].
VIII. FABRICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND NOVEL
MATERIALS
The fabrication is one of the key aspects in design of
SIWs, especially for millimetre-wave operation. PCB
techniques is one of the most common technologies
adopted for implementing SIWs as they provide advan-
International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering/Vol. 26, No. 2, February 2016
1099047x, 2016, 2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mmce.20946 by Indian Institute Of Tech - Roorkee, Wiley Online Library on [27/10/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
tages in terms of low cost and good design flexibility. In
the early versions of SIW components, the holes made by
a drilling machine and the metal vias were implemented
using metal rivets. More recently, the metalized holes are
usually obtained either by microdrilling or laser cutting,
and their metallization is subsequently performed by metal
plating or by filling the holes by a conductive paste [143].
Apart from PCB, LTCC technology has also been used in
SIW implementation. The possibility of using several
layers and the tiny dimension of the via holes, provides a
platform for implementation of extremely compact SIW
components.
The implementation of SIWs on novel materials has
also been explored. The design of SIW components and
antennas based on polyethylene terephthalate was pro-
posed in [142]. In the work, initially SIW interconnects
were designed and fabricated, which finally led to design
of a two cavity filter and a slotted waveguide SIW
antenna (Fig. 14a). The design and implementation of an
inkjet printed flexible broadband multilayer coupler on a
polyimide film (Kapton) in a SIW technology was demon-
strated in [145] (Fig. 14b). In [146], the flexible liquid
crystal polymer (LCP) was used to implement broadband
bandpass filters, that features 7.5% size reduction com-
pared to conventional SIW (Fig. 14c).
Popovic and her research team are exploiting a new
area of research on the microcoaxial array fed components
at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Performance of
broadband Wilkinson dividers covering 2–22GHz (11:1
bandwidth) implemented in microcoaxial lines along with
integration of active devices with microcoaxial compo-
nents for 20W transmitters covering the 4–18 GHz band
was shown, and challenges associated with high power
densities and interconnect parasitic are addressed in [147].
Although, this technology requires high precision and
complex fabrication process, it could be one of the
research area for SIW based components operating in
high frequencies. This technology provides advantages in
terms of low loss, high isolation, and large range of char-
acteristic impedances.
IX. CONCLUSIONS
The present state-of-the-art of the SIW technology is sum-
marized in this article, with a focus on recent advance-
ments. Design rules that are important for the
development of active and passive SIW circuits are dis-
cussed to highlight the attractiveness of this emerging
technology. The SIW technology has been compared with
other recently developed techniques from the view point
of different critical aspects such as loss, packaging and
design complexity. In addition to the traditional compo-
nents, the recently explored areas in SIW technology such
as switches, conformal antennas, have been discussed.
Furthermore, we have found that the attractive features of
this technology make it the ideal tuning platform for
reconfigurable filters, antennas and impedance matching
networks. Finally, issues related to fabrication technologies

and using novel materials for SIW based components have
been presented.
REFERENCES
1. T.S. Rappaport, R.W. Heath Jr., R.C. Daniels, and J.N.
Murdock, Millimeter wave wireless communications, Upper
Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall Communications, 2014.
2. M. Henry, C.E. Free, B.S. Izqueirdo, J. Batchelor, and P.
Young, Millimeter wave substrate integrated waveguide
antennas: Design and fabrication analysis, IEEE Trans Adv
Packaging 32 (2009), 93–100. Feb.
3. L. Yujiri, M. Shoucri, and P. Moffa, Passive millimeter wave
imaging, IEEE Microwave Mag 4 (2003), 39–50.
4. J. Sacsh, E. Topak, R. Schnabel, T. Zwick, R. Weigel, and C.
Waldschmidt, Millimeter–wave technology for automotive
radar sensors in the 77 GHz frequency band, IEEE Trans
Microwave Theory Tech 60 (2012), 845–860.
5. A.M. Niknejad and H. Hashemi, Millimeter–wave silicon
technology: 60 GHz and beyond, New York: Springer, 2008.
6. D. Deslandes and K. Wu, Integrated microstrip and rectangu-
lar waveguide in planar form, IEEE Microwave Wireless
Compon Lett 11 (2001), 68–70.
7. D. Deslandes and K. Wu, Single–substrate integration tech-
nique for planar circuits and waveguide filters, IEEE Trans
Microwave Theory Tech 51 (2003), 593–596.
8. D. Deslandes and K. Wu, Accurate modelling, wave mecha-
nisms, and design considerations of a substrate integrated
waveguide, IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech 54 (2006),
2516–2526.
9. J. Hirokawa and M. Ando, Single–layer feed waveguide con-
sisting of posts for plane TEM wave excitation in parallel
plates, IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 46 (1998), 625–630.
10. A. Piloto, K. Leahy, B. Flanick, and K.A. Zaki, Waveguide
filters having a layered dielectric structures, U.S. Patent
5382931, 1995
11. M. Bozzi, A. Georgiadis, and K. Wu, Review of substrate
integrated waveguide circuits and antennas, IET Microwave
Antennas Propag 5 (2011), 909–920.
12. R.S. Chen, S.W. Wong, L. Zhu, and Q.X. Chu, Wideband
bandpass filter using U–slotted substrate integrated waveguide
cavities, IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon Lett 25 (2015),
1–3.
13. P. Chu, W. Hong, L. Dai, H. Tang, J. Chen, Z. Hao, X. Zhu,
and K. Wu, A planar bandpass filter implemented with a
hybrid structure of substrate integrated waveguide and planar
waveguide, IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech 62 (2014),
266–274.
14. D.D. Zhang, L. Zhou, L.S. Wu, L.F. Qiu, W.Y. Yin, and J.F.
Mao, Novel bandpass by using cavity loaded dielectric reso-
nators in a substrate integrated waveguide, IEEE Trans
Microwave Theory Tech 62 (2014), 1173–1182.
15. M. Esmaeili and J. Bornemann, Substrate integrated wave-
guide triple–passband dual–stopband filter using six cascaded
singlets, IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon Lett 24 (2014),
439–441.
16. Y.D. Dong, T. Yang, and T. Itoh, Substrate integrated wave-
guide loaded by complementary split–ring resonators and
their application to miniaturized waveguide filters, IEEE
Trans Microwave Theory Tech 57 (2009), 2211–2223.
17. T. Yang, P.L. Chi, R. Xu, and W. Lin, Folded substrate inte-
grated waveguide based composite right/left–handed transmis-
sion line and its application to partial H–plane filters, IEEE
Trans Microwave Theory Tech 61 (2013), 789–799.
International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering DOI 10.1002/mmce
1099047x, 2016, 2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mmce.20946 by Indian Institute Of Tech - Roorkee, Wiley Online Library on [27/10/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Recent Advances in SIW 141
18. S. Germain, D. Deslandes, and K. Wu, Development of sub-
strate integrated power dividers, Canadian Conf Electr Com-
put Eng, May 4–7, 2003, 1921–1924.
19. T. Yang, M. Ettore, and R. Sauleau, Novel phase shifter
design based on substrate integrated waveguide technology,
IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon Lett 22 (2012), 518–520.
20. M. Ebrahimpouri, S. Nikmehr, and A. Pourzaid, Broadband
compact SIW phase shifter using omega particles, IEEE
Microwave Wireless Compon Lett 24 (2014), 748–750.
21. R.F. Xu, A.J. Farrall, and P.R. Young, Analysis of loaded
substrate integrated waveguides and attenuators, IEEE Micro-
wave Wireless Compon Lett 24 (2014), 62–64.
22. C. Zhong, J. Xu, Z. Yu, and Z. Yong, Ka–band substrate inte-
grated waveguide Gunn oscillator, IEEE Microwave Wireless
Compon Lett 18 (2008), 461–463.
23. L. Yan, W. Hong, G. Hua, J. Chen, K. Wu, and T.J. Cui,
Simulation and experiment on SIW slot array antennas, IEEE
Microwave Wireless Compon Lett 14 (2004), 446–448.
24. J. Wei, Z.N. Chen, X. Qing, J. Shi, and J. Xu, Compact
substrate integrated waveguide slot antenna array with low
back lobe, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag Lett 12 (2013),
999–1002.
25. D. Cho and H.Y. Lee, Folded corrugated SIW (FCSIW) slot
antenna for backlobe suppression, IEEE Antennas Wireless
Propag Lett 12 (2013), 1276–1279.
26. M. Mbaye, J. Hautcoeur, L. Talbi, and K. Hettak, Bandwidth
broadening of dual–slot antenna using susbtrate integrated
waveguide, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag Lett 12 (2013),
1169–1172.
27. S.E. Hosseininejad and N. Komjani, Optimum design of trav-
elling wave SIW slot array antennas, IEEE Trans Antennas
Propag 12 (2013), 1971–1975.
28. S.E. Hosseininejad, N. Komjani, and A. Mohammadi, Opti-
mum design of travelling wave SIW slot array antennas,
IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag Lett 14 (2015), 261–264.
29. L. Jin, R. Lee, and I. Robertson, Analysis and design of a slotted
waveguide antenna array using hollow substrate integrated wave-
guide, Eur Microwave Conf, Paris September 2015, p. 6–11.
30. Jin, L. Lee, M. Razak, and I.D. Robertson, Design and per-
formance of log-periodic substrate integrated waveguide slot
antennas, IEEE MTT-S Int Microwave Symp Digest, June
17–22, 2012, Montreal, Canada p. 1–3.
31. G.Q. Luo, T.Y. Wang, and X.H. Zhang, Review of low pro-
file substrate integrated waveguide cavity backed antennas,
Int J Antennas Propag 2013 (2013), 17.
32. T.Y. Yang, W. Hong, and Y. Zhang, Wideband millimeter–
wave substrate integrated waveguide cavity backed rectangu-
lar patch antenna, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag Lett 13
(2014), 205–208.
33. S. Mukherjee, A. Biswas, and K.V. Srivastava, Broadband
substrate integrated waveguide cavity–backed bow–tie slot
antenna, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag Lett 13 (2014),
1152–1155.
34. Y. Lang, S.W. Qu, and J.X. Chen, Wideband circularly–polar-
ized substrate integrated cavity–backed antenna array, IEEE
Antennas Wireless Propag Lett 13 (2014), 1513–1516.
35. T. Zhang, W. Hong, Y. Zhang, and K. Wu, Design analysis,
of cavity backed dual–band antennas with a dual–mode trian-
gular slot, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag Lett 62 (2014),
5007–5016.
36. S. Mukherjee, A. Biswas, and K.V. Srivastava, Substrate inte-
grated waveguide cavity backed dumbbell shaped slot antenna
for dual frequency applications, IEEE Antennas Wireless
Propag Lett 14 (2014), 1314–1317.

142 Sahu et al.
37. W. Liu, Z.N. Chen, T.S.P. See, and F. Liu, SIW–slot–fed thin
beam–squint–free Fabry–Perot cavity antenna with low back-
lobe levels, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag Lett 13 (2014),
552–555.
38. C. Jin and A. Alphones, Leaky–wave radiation behavior from
a double periodic composite Right/Left–handed substrate inte-
grated waveguide, IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 60 (2012),
1727–1735.
39. J. Machac, M. Polivka, and K. Zemlyakov, A dual band leaky
wave antenna on a CRLH substrate integrated waveguide,
IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 61 (2013), 3876–3879.
40. J. Liu, D.R. Jackson, and Y. Long, Substrate integrated wave-
guide (SIW) leaky wave antenna with transverse slots, IEEE
Trans Antennas Propag 60 (2012), 20–29.
41. J. Liu, X. Tang, Y. Li, and Y. Long, Substrate integrated
waveguide leaky–wave antenna with H–shaped slots, IEEE
Trans Antennas Propag 60 (2012), 3962–3967.
42. J. Liu, D.R. Jackson, Y. Li, C. Zhang, and Y. Long, Investi-
gations of SIW leaky–wave antenna for end–fire radiation
with narrow beam and sidelobe suppression, IEEE Trans Ant
Propag 62 (2014), 4489–4497.
43. A.J.M. Ros, J.L.G. Tornero, and G. Goussetis, Holographic
pattern synthesis with modulated substrate integrated wave-
guide line–source leaky wave antennas, IEEE Trans Antennas
Propag 61 (2013), 3466–3474.
44. Y.J. Cheng, H. Xu, D. Ma, J. Wu, L. Wang, and Y. Fan,
Millimeter–wave shaped–beam substrate integrated conformal
array antenna, IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 61 (2013), 4558–
4566.
45. F. Giuppi, A. Georgiadis, M. Bozzi, S. Via, A. Collado, and
L. Perregrini, An X band, compact active cavity backed patch
oscillator antenna using a substrate integrated waveguide
(SIW) resonator, IEEE Int Symp Antennas Propag (AP–S),
Toronto, ON, Canada, July 11–17, 2010, p. 14.
46. F. Giuppi, A. Georgiadis, M. Bozzi, S. Via, A. Collado, and
L. Perregrini, Tunable SIW cavity backed active antenna
oscillator, Electron Lett 46 (2010), 1053–1055.
47. S. Sam and S. Lim, Compact frequency–reconfigurable half–
mode substrate–integrated waveguide antenna, IEEE Antennas
Wireless Propag Lett 12 (2013), 951–954.
48. A.P. Saghati and K. Entesari, A reconfigurable SIW cavity–
backed slot antenna with one octave tuning range, IEEE
Trans Antennas Propag 61 (2013), 3937–3945.
49. S. Sam, H. Kang, and S. Lim, Frequency reconfigurable and
miniaturized substrate integrated waveguide interdigital
capacitor (SIW–IDC) antenna, IEEE Trans Antennas Propag
62 (2014), 1039–1045.
50. S. Sam and S. Lim, Electrically small dual band reconfigura-
ble complementary split–ring resonator (CSRR)–loaded eighth
mode substrate integrated waveguide antenna, IEEE Trans
Antennas Propag 62, (2014), 2368–2373.
51. L.R. Tan, R.X. Wu, C.Y. Wang, and Y. Poo, Ferrite loaded
SIW bowtie slot antenna with broadband frequency tunability,
IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag Lett 13 (2014), 325–328.
52. J.C. Bohorquez, B. Potelon, C. Person, E. Rius, C. Quendo,
G. Tanne, and E. Fourn, Reconfigurable planar SIW cavity
resonator and filter, IEEE MTT–S Int Microwave Symp Dig,
San Fransisco, CA, June 11–16, 2006, pp. 947–950.
53. J.D. Martinez, M. Taroncher, and V.E. Boria, Capacitively
loaded resonator for compact substrate integrated waveguide
filters, Proc Eur Microwave Conf, Paris, France, September
28–30, 2010, pp. 192–195.
54. S. Sam and S. Lim, Ultra–Wideband tunable resonator based
on varactor–loaded complementary split–ring resonators on a
International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering/Vol. 26, No. 2, February 2016
1099047x, 2016, 2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mmce.20946 by Indian Institute Of Tech - Roorkee, Wiley Online Library on [27/10/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
substrate–integrated waveguide for microwave sensor applica-
tions, IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 60
(2013), 657–660.
55. D.E. Senior, X. Cheng, and Y.K. Yoon, Electrically tunable
evanescent mode half–mode substrate integrated waveguide
resonators, IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon Lett 22
(2012), 123–125.
56. F. Mira, J. Mateu, and C. Collado, Mechanical tuning of sub-
strate integrated waveguide resonators, IEEE Microwave
Wireless Compon Lett 22 (2012), 447–449.
57. S. Sirci, J.D. Martinez, M. Taroncher, and V.E. Boria, Analog
tuning of compact varactor–loaded combline filters in sub-
strate–integrated waveguide, Proc Eur Conf, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands, October 29–November 1, 2012, pp. 257–260.
58. S. Sirci, J.D. Martinez, M. Taroncher, and V.E. Boria, Low–
loss 3–bit tunable SIW filter with PIN diodes and integrated
bias network, Proc Eur Conf, Nuremberg, Germany, October
6–11, 2013, pp. 1211–1244.
59. F. Shigeki, Waveguide line (in Japanese), Japan Patent 06–
053711, 1994.
60. M. Bozzi, L. Perregrini, K. Wu, and P. Arcioni, Current and
future research trends in substrate integrated waveguide tech-
nology, Radioengineering 18 (2009), 201–209.
61. Y. Cassivi, L. Perregrini, P. Arcioni, M. Bressan, K. Wu, and
G. Conciauro, Dispersion characteristics of substrate inte-
grated rectangular waveguide, IEEE Microwave Wireless
Compon Lett 12 (2002), 333–335.
62. F. Xu and K. Wu, Guided–wave and leakage characteristics
of substrate integrated waveguide, IEEE Trans Microwave
Theory Tech 53 (2005), 66–73.
63. M. Salehi and E. Mehrshahi, A closed–from formula for dis-
persion characteristics of fundamental SIW mode, IEEE
Microwave Wireless Compon Lett 21 (2011), 4–6.
64. Z. Kordiboroujeni and J. Bornemann, Designing the width of
substrate integrated waveguide structures, IEEE Microwave
Wireless Compon Lett 23 (2013), 518–520.
65. J. Liu, Y. Li, S. Zheng, and Y. Long, Method of auxiliary
sources for analyzing half–mode substrate integrated wave-
guide, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag Lett 13 (2014), 1043–
1046.
66. E.D. Caballero, H. Esteban, A. Belenguer, and V. Boria, Effi-
cient analysis of substrate integrated waveguide devices using
hybrid mode matching between cylindrical and guided modes,
IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech 60 (2012), 232–243.
67. M. Bozzi, M. Pasian, L. Perregrini, and K. Wu, Modeling of
conductor, dielectric, and radiation losses in substrate inte-
grated waveguide by the boundary integral–resonant mode
expansion method, IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech 56
(2008), 3153–3161.
68. M. Bozzi, M. Pasian, L. Perregrini, and K. Wu, A formula
for radiation loss in substrate integrated waveguide, IEEE
Trans Microwave Theory Tech 62 (2014), 2205–2213.
69. M. Passian, M. Bozzi, and L. Perregrini, Crosstalk in sub-
strate integrated waveguides, IEEE Trans Electromagn Com-
pat 57 (2015), 80–86.
70. M. Bozzi, M. Pasian, L. Perregrini, and K. Wu, Modelling of
losses in substrate integrated waveguide by the boundary inte-
gral–resonant mode expansion method, IEEE Int Microwave
Symp, Atlanta, GA, June 2008, pp. 515–518.
71. A. Polemi, S. Maci, and P.S. Kildal, Dispersion characteris-
tics of of a maetamaterial-based parallel-plate ridge gap
waveguide realized by bed of nails, 59 (2013), 904–913.
72. P.S. Kildal, Artificially soft and hard surfaces in electromag-
netics, IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 38 (1990), 1537–1544.

73. H. Raza, J. Yang, P.S. Kildal, and E.A. Alos, Microstrip-ridge
gap waveguide-study of losses, bends and transition to WR-15,
IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech 62 (2014), 1943–1952.
74. N. Grigoropoulos, B.S. Izquierdo, and P.R. Young, Substrate
integrated folded waveguides (SIFW) and filters, IEEE Micro-
wave Wireless Compon Lett 15 (2005), 829–831.
75. Q. Lai, C. Fumeaux, W. Hong, and R. Vahldieck, Characteri-
zation of the propagation properties of the half–mode sub-
strate integrated waveguide, IEEE Trans Microwave Theory
Tech 57 (2009), 1996–2004.
76. C. Jin, R. Li, A. Alphones, and X. Bao, Quarter–mode sub-
strate integrated waveguide and its applications to antenna
design, IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 61 (2013), 2921–2928.
77. F. Farzami, K. Forooraghi, and M. Norooziarab, Design and
modelling of a miniaturized substrate integrated waveguide
using embedded SRRs, IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon
Lett 15 (2011), 713–716.
78. K.W. Eccleston, Mode analysis of the corrugated substrate
integrated waveguide, IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech
60 (2012), 3004–3012.
79. K.W. Eccleston, Half–mode buried corrugated substrate inte-
grated waveguide, IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon Lett
24 (2014), 215–217.
80. A. Belenguer, H. Esteban, and V.E. Boria, Novel empty sub-
strate integrated waveguide for high–performance microwave
integrated circuits, IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech 62
(2014), 832–839.
81. L. Jin, R.M.A. Lee, and I. Robertson, Analysis and design of
a novel low–loss hollow substrate integrated waveguide,
IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech 62 (2014), 1616–1624.
82. A.N. Martin, V. Nasserddine, E. Pistono, H. Issa, A.L. Franc,
T.P. Vuong, and P. Ferrari, Slow wave substrate integrated
waveguide, IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech 62 (2014),
1625–1633.
83. H.J. Tang, W. Hong, C.Z. Hao, X.J. Chen, and K. Wu, Opti-
mal design of compact millimeter–wave SIW circular cavity
filters, Electron Lett 41 (2005), 1068–1069.
84. X.P. Chen and K. Wu, Substrate integrated waveguide cross–
coupled filter with negative coupling structure, IEEE Trans
Microwave Theory Tech 56 (2008), 142–149.
85. D. Deslandes and K. Wu, Substrate integrated waveguide dual–
mode filters for broadband wireless systems, Proc Radio Wire-
less Conf, Boston, MA, August 10–13, 2003, pp. 385–388.
86. R.Q. Li, X.H. Tang, and F. Xiao, Substrate integrated wave-
guide using slot line perturbation, Electron Lett 46 (2010),
845–846.
87. H.J. Tang, W. Hong, J.X. Chen, G.Q. Luo, and K. Wu,
Development of millimeter wave planar diplexers based on
complementary characters of dual mode substrate integrated
waveguide filters with circular and elliptic cavities, IEEE
Trans Microwave Theory Tech 55 (2007), 776–782.
88. W. Quin, W. Hong, H.J. Tang, and J. Wang, Design and
implementation of UWB bandpass filter with a frequency
notch for chocking back the interference from narrowband
wireless communication system, Proc Int Conf Ultra–Wide-
band, Nanjing, China, September 9–11, 2009, pp. 521–524.
89. X.P. Chen, K. Wu, and Z.L. Li, Dual–band and triple–band
substrate integrated waveguide filters with Chebyshev and
quasi–elliptic responses, IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech
55 (2007), 2569–2578. Dec.
90. H. Di, B. Wu, X. Lai, and C.H. Liang, Synthesis of cross–
coupled triple–passband filters based on frequency transfor-
mation, IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon Lett 20 (2010),
432–434.
International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering DOI 10.1002/mmce
1099047x, 2016, 2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mmce.20946 by Indian Institute Of Tech - Roorkee, Wiley Online Library on [27/10/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Recent Advances in SIW 143
91. W.L. Tsai and R.B. Wu, Tri–band filter design using sub-
strate integrated waveguide resonators in LTCC, IEEE MTT–
S Int Microwave Symp Digest, Anaheim, CA, June 23–28,
2010, pp. 445–448.
92. C.Z. Hao, W. Hong, X.P. Chen, X.J. Chen, K. Wu, and T.J.
Cui, Multilayered substrate integrated waveguide (MSIW)
elliptic filter, IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon Lett 15
(2005), 95–97.
93. C.Z. Hao, W. Hong, X.J. Chen, X.H. Zhou, and K. Wu, Com-
pact super–wide bandpass substrate integrated waveguide
(SIW) filters, IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech 53 (2005),
2968–2977.
94. W. Shen, W.Y. Yin, X.W. Sun, and L.S. Wu, Substrate inte-
grated waveguide bandpass filters with planar resonators for
system on package, IEEE Trans Compon Packing Manuf
Tech 3 (2013), 253–261.
95. L. Szydlowski, N. Leszczynska, A. Lamecki, M. Mrozowski,
A substrate, integrated waveguide bandpass filter in a box
configuration with frequency–dependent coupling, IEEE
Microwave Wireless Compon Lett 22 (2012), 556–558.
96. M.H. Ho and C.S. Li, Novel balanced bandpass filters using
substrate integrated half mode waveguide, IEEE Microwave
Wireless Compon Lett 23 (2013), 78–80.
97. C. Jin and Z. Shen, Compact triple–mode filter based on
quarter–mode substrate integrated waveguide, IEEE Trans
Microwave Theory Tech 62 (2014), 37–45.
98. H. Chu and J.X. Chen, Dual–band substrate integrated wave-
guide balun bandpass filter with high selectivity, IEEE Micro-
wave Wireless Compon Lett 24 (2014), 379–381.
99. L.S. Wu, Y.X. Guo, J.F. Mao, and W.Y. Yin, Design of a
substrate integrated waveguide balun filter based on three–
port coupled–resonator circuit model, IEEE Microwave Wire-
less Compon Lett 21 (2011), 252–254.
100. S.W. Wong, K. Wang, Z.N. Chen, and Q.X. Chu, Electric
coupling structure of substrate integrated waveguide for the
application of 140 GHz bandpass filter on LTCC, IEEE
Trans Compon Packaging Manuf Tech 4 (2014), 316–322.
101. K. Gong, W. Hong, Y. Zhang, P. Chen, and C.J. You, Sub-
strate integrated waveguide quasi–elliptic filters with con-
trollable electric and magnetic mixed coupling, IEEE Trans
Microwave Theory Tech 60 (2012), 3071–3078.
102. X.P. Chen and K. Wu, Substrate integrated waveguide fil-
ters: basic design rules and fundamental design structure fea-
tures, IEEE Microwave Mag 15 (2014), 108–116.
103. X.P. Chen and K. Wu, Substrate integrated waveguide fil-
ters: Design techniques and structure innovations, IEEE
Microwave Mag 15 (2014), 121–133.
104. X.P. Chen and K. Wu, Substrate integrated waveguide fil-
ters: practical aspects and design considerations, IEEE
Microwave Mag 15 (2014), 75–83.
105. Z.C. Hao, W. Hong, J.X. Chen, H.X. Zhou, and K. Wu, Sin-
gle–layer substrate integrated waveguide directional couplers,
IEE Proc Microwave Antennas Propag 153 (2006), 426–431.
106. T. Djerafi and K. Wu, Super–compact substrate integrated
waveguide cruciform directional coupler, IEEE Microwave
Wireless Compon Lett 17 (2011), 757–759.
107. L. Han, K. Wu, X.P. Chen, and F. He, Accurate and effi-
cient design technique for wideband substrate integrated
waveguide directional couplers, Int J RF Microwave Comput
Aided Eng 22 (2012), 248–259.
108. Y.J. Cheng, W. Hong, K. Wu, and Y. Fan, A hybrid–guided
wave structure of half mode substrate integrated waveguide
and conductor–backed slotline and its application in direc-
tional couplers, IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon Lett 21
(2011), 65–67.

144 Sahu et al.
109. X. Zou, C.M. tong, C.Z. Li, and W.J. Pang, Wideband
hybrid ring coupler based on half–mode substrate integrated
waveguide, IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon Lett 24
(2014), 596–598.
110. P.L. Chi and T.Y. Chen, Dual–band ring coupler based on
the composite right/left handed folded substrate integrated
waveguide, IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon Lett 24
(2014), 330–332.
111. A.A.M. Ali, H.B.E. Shaarawy, and H. Aubert, Miniaturized
hybrid ring coupler using electromagnetic bandgap loaded
ridge substrate integrated waveguide, IEEE Microwave
Wireless Compon Lett 21 (2011), 471–473.
112. K. Song, Y. Fan, and Y. Zhang, Eight–way substrate inte-
grated waveguide power divider with low insertion loss,
IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech 56 (2008), 1473–1477.
113. U. Rosenberg, M. Salehi, J. Bornemann, and E. Mehrshahi,
A novel frequency selective power combiner/divider in sin-
gle layer substrate integrated waveguide technology, IEEE
Microwave Wireless Compon Lett 23 (2013), 406–408. Aug.
114. D.S. Eom, J. Byun, and H.Y. Lee, Multilayer substrate inte-
grated waveguide four–way out of phase power divider,
IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech 57 (2009), 3469–3476.
115. T. Djerafi, D. Hammou, K. Wu, and S.O. Tatu, Ring–shaped
substrate integrated waveguide Wilkinson power dividers/
combiners, IEEE Trans Compon Packaging Manuf Tech 4
(2014), 1461–1469.
116. L.S. Wu, B. Xia, J. Mao, and W.Y. Yin, A half mode sub-
strate integrated waveguide ring for two–way power division
of balanced circuit, IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon Lett
22 (2012), 333–335.
117. F. Zhu, W. Hong, J.X. Chen, and K. Wu, Design and imple-
mentation of a broadband substrate integrated waveguide
magic–T, IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon Lett 22
(2012), 630–632.
118. D.S. Eom and H.Y. Lee, An X–band substrate integrated
waveguide attenuator, Microwave Opt Tech Lett 56 (2014),
2446–2449.
119. Y. Cassivi and K. Wu, Low cost microwave oscillator using
substrate integrated waveguide cavity, IEEE Microwave
Wireless Compon Lett 13 (2003), 48–50.
120. Z. Cao, X. Tang, and K. Qian, Ka–band substrate integrated
waveguide voltage–controlled Gunn oscillator, Microwave
Opt Tech Lett 56 (2010), 1232–1235.
121. A. Collado, S. Via, A. Georgiadis, and M. Bozzi, Optimized
design of substrate integrated waveguide cavity based oscil-
lators, Appl Comput Electromagn Conf (ACES), Tampere,
April 2010, p. 2629.
122. T. Djerafi, K. Wu, and D. Deslandes, Temperature drift
compensation technique for substrate integrated waveguide,
IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon Lett 22 (2012), 489–
491.
123. C. Zhong, J. Xu, F. Yu, and M. Wang, Design of half mode
substrate integrated waveguide Gunn oscillator, IEEE Trans
Compon Packaging Manuf Tech 1 (2011), 1790–1794.
124. F. Giuppi, A. Georgiadis, A. Collado, and M. Bozzi, A com-
pact single–layer substrate integrated waveguide cavity–
backed active antenna oscillator, IEEE Antennas Wireless
Propag Lett 11 (2012), 431–433.
125. Z. Chen, W. Hong, J. Chen, and L. Li, Design of a push–
push and push–pull oscillator based on SIW/SICL technique,
IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon Lett 24 (2014), 397–399.
126. A. Collado, F. Mira, and A. Georgiadis, Mechanically tunable
substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity based oscillator,
IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon Lett 23 (2013), 489–491.
International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering/Vol. 26, No. 2, February 2016
1099047x, 2016, 2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mmce.20946 by Indian Institute Of Tech - Roorkee, Wiley Online Library on [27/10/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
127. J.X. Chen, W. Hong, C.Z. Hao, H. Li, and K. Wu, Develop-
ment of a low cost microwave mixer using a broad–band
substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) coupler, IEEE Micro-
wave Wireless Compon Lett 16 (2006), 84–86.
128. Z. Li and K. Wu, 24-GHz frequency-modulation continuous-
wave radar front-end system-on-substrate, IEEE Trans
Microwave Theory Tech 56 (2008), 278–285.
129. Z.H. Zhang, Y.R. Wei, and K. Wu, Broadband millimeter–
wave single balanced mixer and its applications to substrate
integrated wireless systems, IEEE Trans Microwave Theory
Tech 56 (2008), 278–285.
130. L. Han, K. Wu, and S. Winkler, Singly balanced mixer
using substrate integrated waveguide magic–T structure, Eur
Conf Wireless Technology (EuWiT), Amsterdam, October
27–28, 2008
131. J. Xu and K. Wu, A subharmonic self–oscillating mixer
using substrate integrated waveguide cavity for millimeter–
wave application, IEEE MTT–S Int Microwave Symp, June
12–17, 2005, p. 14.
132. A. Collado, R. Diaz, and A. Georgiadis, X–band substrate
integrated waveguide (SIW) active antenna self–oscillating
mixer (SOM), IEEE Antennas Propag Soc Int Symp, Chi-
cago, IL, July 8–14, 2012, p. 12.
133. R.F. Xu, B.S. Izquierdo, and P.R. Young, Switchable sub-
strate integrated waveguide, IEEE Microwave Wireless
Compon Lett 21 (2011), 194–196.
134. A. Ghiotto, S. Adhikari, and K. Wu, Ferrite–loaded substrate
integrated waveguide switch, IEEE Microwave Wireless
Compon Lett 22 (2012), 120–122.
135. I. Lim and S. Lim, Substrate–integrated–waveguide (SIW) single–
pole–double–throw (SPDT) switch for X–band applications, IEEE
Microwave Wireless Compon Lett 24 (2014), 536–538.
136. O. Bayraktar and O.A. Civi, Circumferential travelling wave
slot array on cylindrical substrate integrated waveguide,
IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 62 (2014), 3557–3566.
137. A.J.M. Ros, J.L.G. Tornero, and G. Goussetis, Conformal
tapered substrate integrated waveguide leaky–wave antenna,
IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 62 (2014), 5983–5991.
138. Y. Zhao, Z. Shen, and W. Wu, Conformal SIW H–plane
horn antenna on a conducting cylinder, IEEE Antennas
Wireless Propag Lett 14 (2015), 1271–1274.
139. F. Giuppi, A. Georgiadis, M. Bozzi, S. Via, A. Collado, and
L. Perregrini, Hybrid nonlinear and electromagnetic design
of an active oscillator SIW cavity backed slot antenna, Appl
Comput Electromagn Soc Symp (ACES), Tampere, Finland,
April 23–29, 2010.
140. A. Djermoun, G. Prigent, N. Raveu, and T. callegari,
Widely–tunable high–Q SIW filter using plasma material,
IEEE MTT–S Int Microwave Symp Digest, Anaheim, CA,
June 23–28, 2010, pp. 205–208.
141. Y. Zheng, M. Sazegar, H. Moune, X. Zhou, J.R. Binder, and
R. Jackoby, Compact substrate integrated waveguide tunable
filter based on ferroelectric ceramics, IEEE Microwave
Wireless Compon Lett 21 (2011), 477–479.
142. K.K. Samanta, D. Stephens, and I.D. Robertson, Design and
performance of a 60–GHz multi–chip module receiver
employing substrate integrated waveguides, IET Microwave
Antennas Propag 1 (2007), 961–967.
143. R. Garg, I. Bahl, and M. Bozzi, Microstrip lines and slot-
lines, Artech House Publications, 2013.
144. R. Moro, M. Bozzi, A. Collado, A. Georgiadis, and S. Via,
Plastic based substrate integrated waveguides and antennas,
Microwave Int Circuits Conf, Amsterdam, October 29–30,
2012, pp. 627–630.

145. S. Kim, H. Aubert, and M.M. Tentzeris, An inkjet-printed
flexible broadband coupler in substrate integrated waveguide
technology for sensing, RFID and communication applica-
tions, IEEE MTT–S Int Microwave Symp Digest, Tampa,
FL, June 16, 2014, p. 14.
146. D.E. Senior, A. Rahimi, P. Jao, and Y.K. Yoon, Flexible
Liquid Crystal Polymer based complementary split ring reso-
nator loaded quarter mode substrate integrated waveguide
filters for compact and wearable broadband RF applications,
BIOGRAPHIES
Abhishek Sahu was born in India in 1990.
He received the B.Tech degree in ECE
from BPUT, India, in 2012. In 2013, he
joined the EECS Department at the Univer-
sity of Toledo, where is currently working
towards his Ph.D. degree in electrical engi-
neering. His present research interests are
applied electromagnetics, mm-wave com-
ponents design and microwave measure-
ment techniques. Mr. Sahu is the recipient of the Best Student Paper
Award at the Applied Electromagnetic Conference, India, 2011.
Vijay Devabhaktuni received the B.Eng.
degree in EEE and the M.Sc. degree in
Physics from BITS, Pilani, in 1996, and
the Ph.D. in Electronics from Carleton
University, Canada, in 2003. During
2005-2008, he held the prestigious Canada
Research Chair in Computer-Aided High-
Frequency Modeling and Design at Con-
cordia University. In 2008, he joined the
EECS Department at the University of Toledo, where he is a Pro-
fessor and Director of Interdisciplinary Research Initiatives. His
interests are applied electromagnetics, computer aided design,
device modeling, neural networks, and RF/microwave optimization.
He secured external funding close to $5M (sponsoring agencies
include AFOSR, CFI, ODOT, NASA, NSERC, NSF, and industry).
He co-authored around 190 peer-reviewed papers and is advising
13 MS/PhD students. He has won teaching excellence awards in
Canada and USA. Dr. Devabhaktuni is the Associate Editor of the
International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engi-
neering. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE.
Rabindra Kishore Mishra is a professor
in the Electronic Science Department of
the Berhampur University since 2007. He
has researched extensively in the areas of
planar antennas and applications of soft-
computing techniques for analysis and
design of planar antennas. He visited the
University of Birmingham as a British
Commonwealth Fellow during 1999–
2000. He has supervised 14 doctoral theses, published two mono-
graphs and over 150 learned articles in journals of repute and pro-
ceedings of conferences, seminars, and so on, which earned him
International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering DOI 10.1002/mmce
1099047x, 2016, 2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mmce.20946 by Indian Institute Of Tech - Roorkee, Wiley Online Library on [27/10/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Recent Advances in SIW 145
Electron Compon Technol Conf (ECTC), Orlando, FL, May
27–30, 2014, pp. 789–795.
147. Z. Popovic, Micro-coaxial micro-fabricated feeds for
phased array antennas, IEEE Int Symp Phased Array Syst
Technol (ARRAY), Waltham, MA, October 12–15, 2010,
110.
148. W.D. Orazio, K. Wu, and J. Helszahn, A substrate–inte-
grated waveguide degree–2 circulator, IEEE Microwave
Wireless Compon Lett 14 (2004), 207–209.
IETE Sir J. C. Bose best application paper award (1999) and Shri
Hari Ohm Ashram Prerit Hariballabha Das Chunilal Research
Endowment Award (2000), Samanta Chandra Sekhar Award in
Engineering and Technology (2008), which is the highest award by
the Govt. of Orissa. He had organized short courses on ANN appli-
cations for Microwave and Antennas. He is a reviewer for the IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.
Peter H. Aaen received the B.A.Sc.
degree in Engineering Science and the
M.A.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering,
both from the University of Toronto,
Toronto, ON., Canada, and the Ph.D.
degree in Electrical Engineering from Ari-
zona State University, Tempe, AZ., USA,
in 1995, 1997 and 2005, respectively. He
joined the Faculty of Engineering and
Physical Sciences at the University of Surrey in 2013, where he is a
Reader in Microwave Semiconductor Device Modeling. Before
joining the University of Surrey, he was the Manager of the RF
Modeling and Measurement Technology team of the RF Division
of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc, Tempe, AZ, USA; a company
which he joined in 1997 (then Motorola Inc. Semiconductor Prod-
uct Sector). His areas of expertise include calibration techniques for
microwave measurements, development of package modeling tech-
niques, development of passive and active compact models for the
design of microwave power transistors and ICs, and efficient elec-
tromagnetic simulation and optimization methodologies for com-
plex packaged environments. His current work focuses on the
development and validation of multi-physics based modeling meth-
odologies for high-power and high-frequency electronic devices.
He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, a member of the Microwave
Theory and Techniques Society, and is an active member of many
technical committees including: MTT-1 Computer-Aided Design,
technical program committee (TPC) of the IEEE Conference on
Electrical Performance of Electronic Packaging and Systems, and
the IMS TPRC sub-committee for CAD Algorithms and Techni-
ques. Most recently he served the ARFTG community as the Tech-
nical Program Chair for the 78th and 82nd Symposiums and is the
e-Publicity chair for the ARFTG Executive Committee. Dr. Aaen
co-authored Modeling and Characterization of RF and Microwave
Power FETs (Cambridge University Press, 2007) and has authored
over forty papers, articles and workshops in the fields of electro-
magnetic simulation, package modeling, and microwave device
modeling and characterization