Fundamentals of Information System (IS)

BSTL Collage Hawassa
Teaching Learning Core Process

Course title: Fundamentals of
Information system (IS)
Department :Mgt & Accounting
10/29/2022 Prepared by Inst.Etsegenet Lema 1

Objectives
After successfully completing this course, the
students should be able to:
• Explain the fundamental Information Technology
(IT) concepts that underpin Business Information
Systems.
• Explain the characteristics of different IT hardware
configurations, in terms of processor, storage and
input/output technologies.
• Describe different types of software as used by
business.
• Be competent in the use of a computer, produce
documents, design spreadsheets and make a
presentation and Internet.
Course Contents
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Information Systems
– Data and information
– Attributes of Information,
– Business Information,
– Information and decision making
Chapter 2 Hardware and Software Fundamentals
– Hardware
– Software Fundamentals
Basic application software
– Word Processing,
– Spreadsheets,
– Presentation software
Chapter 3 Introduction to Internet
What is Data, Information and Knowledge
• Data
Data commonly defined as raw facts and figures,
can be represented by numbers, text, video, or
images in to computer.
• In other approach Data is a collection of raw facts.
Data is the product of symbols or representations
of an event or facts about the world, like number,
letter, pictures, lines graphs, etc
• Data represents facts or figures obtained from
experiments or surveys, used as basis for making
calculations or drawing conclusions.
Types of data

Information
• Information is data that has been processed in such a way as to be
meaningful to the person who receives it.
Information is data that tells who, what, where and when to each other,
providing a baseline for a Process.
• Valuable information can be characterized by the following points:
1. Accessible
2. Simple
3. Relevant
4. Timely
5. Accurate
6. Complete
7. Verifiable
8. Flexible
9. Reliable
10. Secure
11. Economical

Knowledge
• Knowledge is the application of information.
Knowledge addresses how and why, in addition to
whom, what, where and when.
• The knowledge links all the information together to
produce a comprehensive policy, process or
procedures.
• knowledge= Information + understanding of the pattern
There are two types of knowledge:
1. Formal knowledge: which is in the form of written
information? It is consciously known and
communicable as a set of procedures.
2. Informal/Tacit knowledge: is usually acquired through
experience, is often unconscious, and is difficult to
put in to words. 10 K
What is a system?
Definition
• A system is an inter-related set of components
that work together within an identifiable
boundary to achieve a common goal. • A system
has a number of sub-systems (components), each
of which have:
– Elements
– Interactions
– Objectives
• Subsystems perform specialized tasks related to
the overall objectives of the total system.
What is Information System?
• Information system (IS): is a set of interrelated elements
that:
– Collect(input)
– Manipulate (process)
– Store
– Disseminate (output) data and information – Provide a
corrective reaction (feedback mechanism) to meet an
objective
• Input: – Activity of gathering and capturing raw data •
• Processing: – Converting data into useful outputs
• Output: – Producing useful information
• Feedback: – Information from the system that is used
to make changes to input or processing activities
Based on operation information system classified as:
1. Manual Information system (using pen, paper, etc.)
• Example: developing patterns and trends on
graph paper for stock analysis
2. Computer-based Information System (uses
electronic devices)
• Computer-Based Information Systems Single set of
hardware, software, databases,
telecommunications, people, and procedures: – That
are configured to collect, manipulate, store, and
process data into information
• Technology infrastructure: – Includes all hardware,
software, databases, people, telecommunications,
and procedures configured to collect, manipulate,
store, and process data into information.
Technology and E-business
• The strategic use of information technology is one of
the defining aspects of organizational success in
today’s world
E-business = any business that takes place by digital
processes over a computer network rather than in
physical space.
E-commerce = business exchanges that occur
electronically
• Many companies in industries from manufacturing to
entertainment use IT to
• Get closer to customers
• Enter new markets
• Streamline business processes

Chapter 2 Computer System
• Introduction
What is Computer?
A computer is any calculating device or machine,
which is electrical, mechanical or
electromechanical.
Computer is an electronic device or machine that can
insert ,store, proccess and retrive data by aset of
instructions .
• But that doesn’t mean that computer performs only
calculation. The name computer comes from a
Latin word computer, meaning “to rechon” or “to
compute” and can be applied to abacus or any
adding machine as to the modern computer.
•10/29/2022 Prepared by Inst.Etsegenet Lema 14
Cont…..
• However, the term “Computer has come to
mean a special electronic device having
certain definite characteristics. An electronic
device that accepts inputs from the computer
user, processes it and finally generates an
output device. Or An electronic devise that
perform diverse operation with the help of
instruction called a program to process the
information in order to archive desired results
Characteristics of computers
• Speed: Computers process data at extremely fast rate,
at millions or billions of instruction per second. The
speed of computer is calculated in MHz (megahertz)
that is one million instructions per second.
• Accuracy: Computers are very accurate. The level of
accuracy depends on the instruction and the type of
machine being used.
• Diligence: Computers being a machine doesn’t suffer
from the human traits of tiredness and lack of
concentration.
• Reliability: Generally reliability is measurement of
performance of a computer, which is measured
against some predetermined standard for operation
with out any failure. 39 Contd…
Cont….
• Storage capability: computer can store large amount
of data and can recall the required information almost
instantaneously.
• Versatility: Computers are quite versatile in nature. It
can perform multiple tasks simultaneously at equal
ease. For example, at one monument it can be used to
draft a letter, another monument it can be used to play
music and in between, one can print a document as
well.
• Resource Sharing: In the initial stage of development,
computers used to be isolated machine. With
tremendous growth in computer technologies,
computer today have the capability to connect with
each other.

Limitations of Computers
• A computer is not an intelligent device. It is only capable of
doing what it is told to do so.
• Computers can’t decide how to be programmed. It is
always people or humans that are responsible to program
the computers.
• Computers do not provide their own inputs unless people
provide them with the inputs.
• Interpretation of data and implementation of decisions is
always left for humans.
• Dependency
• Lack of Intelligence
• Lack of Detecting Errors
• Lack of Capability
• No Feelings
• 10/29/2022
Lack of Creativity andPrepared
imagination
by Inst.Etsegenet Lema 18
Types of computers
• There are different types of computers. The
classification depends on different
characteristics of computers such as:
• Purpose
• Method of data handling (Processing) and
• Physical size, price, capacity and Performance
of computers.

Classification of computers….

Classification by Physical size, price, capacity
and Performance

Classification by Physical size, price, capacity and
Performance
1. Supercomputer
• Computers are the fastest and most expensive
type of computers . their cost ranges from
$500,000 to $ 35 million.
• some supercomputers require extra floor support
to hold the extreme weight of the complete
system that includes storage units.
• highly trained data processing professionals are
required to operate supercomputers.
• can take inputs from over 10,000 individual
computers and users at the same time.
Cont…..
• are largely used by research organizations,
military defense systems, national weather for
casting agencies, large corporations, aircraft
manufacturer, etc
• The most powerful of the four categories
• Used by very large organizations, particularly
for very math-intensive types of tasks.

2. Mainframes
• Mainframe computers are large, powerful
computers that are physically larger than micros
and minis and usually have processors with faster
instruction processing speeds.
• To give some example, mainframes can handle
the processing of thousands of customer
inquiries, employee paychecks, student
registrations, sale transactions, and inventory
changes.
• They are also used as the center of computer
networking. These computers are used by
organizations that have enormous and complex
data processing assignments.
3. Minicomputers
• Minicomputers are midrange computers that are
larger and more powerful than most microcomputers
but are smaller and less powerful than mainframe
computer systems.
• The minicomputers size prevents it from being easily
portable although it can be moved more easily than a
mainframe computer.
• Minicomputers cost less to buy and maintain than
mainframe computers.
• Minicomputers are being used for a large number of
business and scientific applications.
• They are popularly used in scientific laboratories,
research centers, universities and colleges,
engineering firms, industrial process monitoring and
control etc.
4. Microcomputers (Personal Computers)
• Microcomputers are the most popular and widely used type’s
computers.
• They are also known as Personal computer (PC) because they
are single user computers.
• Students, professionals other individual use them due to
their small size, low price, and low maintenance cost and
easy in operation.
• Microcomputers come in a variety of sizes and shapes for a
variety of purposes.
• There are many different types of microcomputers, such as
Desktop, Laptops, tablet computers and smart phones.
• They are relatively small or compact in size and are often
found on a tabletop or desktop
II. Classification of computers based
on type of data they handle
By the type of data computers handle,
computers are classified as:
• Digital computers
• analog computers
• Hybrid computers.

Digital computers
• Digital computer is electronic devices that

process discrete data and calculations using
digits represented by number forms in high
speed.
• In this sense, Binary system is used to
represent the values of variables and
quantities.

Analogue computers
• Analog computer is electronic devices that

work on wave’s principle.
• They are used in specific to measure
continuous flow of data which can expressed
in tangible quantities such as atmospheric
pressure, temperature, and voltage. They are
used in scientific and engineering fields to give
round results.

Hybrid computers
• Hybrid computers are devices that incorporate

the qualities of the previous two types (digital
and analogue).
• They are used in scientific fields processing
necessary data from both kinds.
• They are characterized by their digital processing
the ability to store data, high accuracy, and the
ability to create arithmetic functions.
• Their disadvantages high cost, inevitable errors,
and overlapped programming.
Classification of computer based on
their purpose
• General Purpose computers

Designed for multipurpose functions such as
salaries and wages, and processing the storage
operation in factories and establishments,
analyze sales for they are flexible to assure
efficiency, commercial, scientific, medical, and
engineering fields.

Special Purpose computers
• Designed for specific functions such as early

alarm devise and computers used in industrial
operations, which may be microcomputers or
minicomputer.

Exercise 1
1. What is ICT?
2. What is the difference between Data and Information with
characteristic?
3. What is computer?
4. Write at least five characteristics of computer.
5. Describe Micro computer types.
6. Explain about Mainframe computer.
7. What makes Supercomputer different from other types of
computer?
8.Disscuss about both digital and analog computer ?

Definition of Computer System
• Can you define the term system? How do you
relate it with computer?
• A system is a group of related components
that are working together to achieve some
defined goal or objectives or purpose.
• A Computer system is a group of hardware
components and associated software,
designed and assembled to perform a specific
function or group of functions.

Cont..
• It is a complete, working computer that
includes not only the computer, but also any
software and peripheral devices that are
necessary to make the computer function.
• In general a complete computer system
includes four distinct parts: Data, Users,
Hardware and Software.

Parts of computer system
• A computer system has two main parts namely

computer hardware and computer software.
The Computer Hardware
Computer hardware is visible and tangible part of
the computer.
For example: Monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer,
modem, scanner and other peripheral devices
can be taken as computer hardware.
This computer hardware is sub divided into
different sub-components.

Cont..
• The following are sub-components of
computer hardware
I. Input devices
II. Output devices
III. Processor (The Central Processing Unit)
IV. Storage devices

Input Devices
• Some of input devices are mouse, keyboard,

scanner, touch pad, light pen, Joysticks, and Voice
input for PCs (microphones), Digital Cameras ,
etc.
• The mouse
• The mouse came into common use on a PC, with
the introduction of the Microsoft Windows
operating system.
• Before this, the operating system (DOS) would
normally be controlled via the keyboard.
The Keyboard
• The keyboard is still the most common way of

entering data into a computer.
• There are a number of keyboard types, including
those specially designed for use with Microsoft
Windows.
• The quality of the keyboard is often over looked
when buying a PC; it should be robust and easy to
use as illustrated in The number of keys in a
typical keyboard varies from 82 keys to 108
keys.
The keys are arranged as follows:
a. Alphanumeric keys – used for typing, similar to that of
a typewriter.
b. Numeric keypad found at the right side of the
keyboard, it is used for entering numbers .
c. Function keys – these are the twelve function keys,
F1 – F12, at the first row of the keyboard. They may
be programmed to perform different tasks.
d. Modifier keys – include keys like Alt, Ctrl and Shift.
e. Cursor movement keys – found between the
alphanumeric keys and numeric keypad, they are used
to move the cursor.
Scanners
• A scanner allows you to scan printed material and

convert it into a file format which may be used
within the PC.
• You can scan pictures and then manipulate these
inside the PC using a graphics application of your
choice.
• In addition, you can scan printed text and
convert this not just to a picture of the text but
also to, actual text which can be manipulated and
edited as text within your word-processor.
Touch Pads
• A touch pad is a desktop device and responds

to pressure. Used in conjunction with a special
pen they can be used by graphic artists
wishing to create original, digital artwork.
Light Pens
A light pen is used to allow users to point to
areas on a screen and is often used to select
menu choices.

Joysticks
• Many games require a joystick for the proper

playing of the game.
• There are many different types, the more
sophisticated respond to movement in 3 axis
directions, as well as having a number of
configurable buttons.

Output Devices
• Output devices are peripheral devices through

which processed data is made available for
humans.
• In other words output devices convert
machine readable data or information into
human readable form.

Cont..
• The computer output generated by output
devices is of two forms: Hard copy and soft
copy.
• The printed form of output is referred as hard
copy while the form of output which is shown
on a display screen or is in audio or voice form
is referred as soft copy.
•

Cont…
• Based on the hard copy and soft copy outputs,
the output devices are classified into two
types:
• Hard copy output devices and soft copy
output devices.
• Devices used to display information are
known as output devices some of the output
devices are The VDU, Flat screen monitors
Printer, Plotters, and Speakers.

The VDU (computer monitor or
screen)
• The VDU (Visual Display Unit) or Cathode ray
tube is the computer screen used for out
putting information in an understandable
format for humans.
• Remember that at the end of the day the
computer works in binary code (a series of
on/off impulses). It is hard to realize that the
original electronic computers did not have a
screen.

Flat screen monitors
• Traditional computer monitors are based on

the same sort of technology which is used
within a television screen.
• Flat Screen take up a lot less room on a desk
and use less energy than the traditional, more
bulky monitors.

Cont..
• You should be aware that often if you specify a
screen of a certain size, say a 17-inch screen,
this is the size measured diagonally, not
horizontally across the screen.
• If you are upgrading you should also ask for
the "visible viewing area" of the screen.

CRT Monitor
LCD Monitor

Printer
• is a computer peripheral device that produces a

hard copy (permanent human-readable text
and/or graphics, usually on paper) from data
stored in a computer connected to it.
• In most organizations, the printers are connected
to the computers via a network.
• This means that each person with a computer
does not require his or her own printer. Each
computer connected to the network can print
using a particular shared printer.

Plotters
• A plotter is an output device similar to a

printer, but normally allows you to print larger
images.
• Their use is common in the design and
research sector.

Speakers
• Most computers are sold with the capability to
add a pair of speakers to your system unit.
• In fact, in some cases, the monitor may have
speakers built directly into the unit.
• This enhances the value of educational and
presentation products and can now be
considered a standard PC component.

Central Processing Unit
• The CPU is the brains within your computer.
• It performs most of the calculations within the
computer and is responsible for the smooth running of
your operating system (Microsoft Windows) as well as
your application programs, such as word-processors,
spreadsheets and databases.
The CPU has two major functions:

i. It co-ordinates and controls the computer’s activities,
retrieving files, interpreting data etc
ii. It performs arithmetic and Logic operations using bits.

CPU has three major parts
i. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) -
this is the part of the CPU that executes
the computer's commands by doing
arithmetic or the logical comparisons.
The data and instructions, stored in the
primary storage prior to processing are
transferred as and when needed to the ALU,
where processing takes place.

Cont..
• Intermediate results generated in the ALU
are temporarily transferred back to the
primary storage until needed at a later time.
• Data may thus move from primary storage to
ALU and back again to storage many times
Before the processing is over.

Cont..
ii. The Control Unit: The control Unit controls
the whole computer system by performing
the following functions:
• Directs and coordinates all operation called for
by the program
• Activates the appropriate circuits necessary
for inputs and output devices.
• Causes the entire computer system to operate
in an automatic manner.
Cont..
iii. Registers– these are the memory
areas in the CPU that store data and
instructions while the CPU processes them.
• The size of the registers, also called word
size, determines the amount of data with
which the computer can work at one time.

Storage Device or Computer Memory
• The data and instructions that are entered
into the computer system through input units
have to be stored inside the computer before
the actual processing starts. The storage unit
comprises of two types of storage:
 Primary Storage or Main Memory
 Secondary or Auxiliary Storage Devices

Primary Storage or Main Memory
• Primary storages are also called internal
storages or memory. They are called main
storages because they are located in the
motherboard of the computer.
There are two kinds of main storages or
primary memories.
• RAM
• ROM

Random Access Memory (RAM)
• It is type of main memory used to store

programs and data currently being processed
by CPU. Primary storage circuits like light bulbs
need electricity to stay on. If the power to the
computer is turned off, all the circuits will
turn off and all data in primary storage
will be lost. When computer is turned back
on the data will not reappear RAM is volatile
and temporary .
Read Only Memory (ROM)
• Many computers have another type of
primary storage called ROM – Read Only
Memory. ROM is non-volatile storage and
permanent . This means that when the power
to the computer is turned off, the content of
the ROM is not lost. ROM can store preset
programs that are always put by computer
manufactures.

Secondary or Auxiliary Storage Devices
• The secondary storage, also known as auxiliary
storage, is used to take care of the limitations of
the primary storage.
• There exist two technologies for secondary
storage: magnetic and optical. Floppy disk,
hard disk magnetic tape is examples of magnetic
storage. CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, CD-R, CDRW are
examples of optical storage.

Hard Disks: Are used for permanent storage of
data and programs.
• Typically reside inside the computer (although

there are external and removable hard drives)
and can hold more information than other
forms of storage.

CDs and DVDs:
• CDs (Compact discs) hold 700MB of data (equivalent to 80 minutes

of audio).
• DVDs (Digital video discs) have a considerably higher storage

capacity than CDs and offer a fuller, multi-channel sound.
• DVDs storage capacity exists in different standards. A single sided,

single-layer DVD (DVD-5 standard) can store 4.7 GB of data or 135
minutes of video.
• A double-sided DVD (DVD-10 standard) has a storage capacity of

9.4GB or 270-minute of video.

Cont….
Removable Storage devices
• Include Flash disk, Tape drive and memory cards.
• Each device differs with regard to their storage
capacity, speed, cost, and performance.
• Many of the removable storage devices are great for
data backup and moving files from place to place.

Quize 1
1. What is mean of Input and output device in
computer part?
2. List and explain types of input device?
3. Explain the difference between printer and
scanner
4. What is the reason CPU is the Brain of
computer ?
5. What is the reason primary memory is main
and secondary is auxiliary storage device?
6. Explain the difference between RAM and ROM.
SOFTWARE
• Software comprises the programs that tell the
hardware what to do. A program is a sequence of
instructions stored in the memory of the
computer system. The central processing unit
fetches an instruction, decodes it and then
executes the required operation Computers
cannot do anything without step-by-step
instructions written out for them.
• These lists of instructions are called programs.
Programs (and the associated data) are known as
software. Software needs to be installed onto a
computer before it can be used.
Cont..
• Software is often sold in sets of several
programs and associated data called a
software package, and typically comes on a
CD-ROM or may be downloaded from the
Internet.
• The Microsoft Office Suite is such a collection
of programs and data that allows users to
manipulate words, numbers, and data.

Type of software

System Software
• The operating system is a special type of

program which loads automatically when you
start your computer.
• The operating system allows you to use the
advanced features of a modern computer
without having to learn all the details of how
the hardware works.

Cont….
• An operating system (such as Microsoft
Windows) acts as a link between you and your
computer hardware.
• Ultimately your computer works using binary
signals (i.e. 1s and 0s).
• The operating system means that you do not
have to work directly with binary arithmetic.
Using Windows means that you do not have to
worry how the computer works, you do not need
to be a computer expert.
Cont..
• It is also a vital link between the computer
hardware and application software.
• Without the operating system, application
software would be unable to perform its
function.
• Examples of operating system are MS-DOS,
and Ms-Windows (Windows 95, Windows 98,
Windows2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista,
window 7 and Window 8.1), Mac, UNIX, Linux
and etc.
Cont..
• The operating system is a special type of
program which loads automatically when you
start your computer.
• The operating system allows you to use the
advanced features of a modern computer
without having to learn all the details of how
the hardware works.

Application software
• An application program is the type of program
which you use once the operating system has
been loaded into memory (RAM).
• Examples include word processing programs (for
producing letters, memos etc), spreadsheets (for
doing accounts and working with numbers),
databases (for organizing large amounts of
information), games and graphics programs (for
producing pictures, advertisements, manuals
etc).

Word processing
• A word processing program (such as Microsoft

Word) allows you to produce letter writing,
creating documents and reports, etc. easily,
• You can easily mail merge a list of names and
addresses to produce mass mailers, individually
addressed to customers or subscribers.

Spreadsheets
• A spreadsheet program (such as Microsoft

Excel) allows you to work out a company’s
income, expenditure and then calculate the
balance. It enables you to make 'what if' type
projections of how the company will fair in the
future and to forecast how changes in prices
will affect profits.

Databases
• A database program (such as Microsoft
Access) allows you to compile information and
then to search this information to extract just
the information you require.
• For instance, if you have a database of all the
equipment housed within an office you can
very simply produce a report listing only the
equipment above a certain value.

Presentation
• A presentation program (such as Microsoft

PowerPoint) allows you to produce
professional looking presentations, which can
be printed out directly onto slides for use with
an overhead projector.
• Alternatively, you can display your
presentations directly on a computer screen
or via a computerized projector.

SETTING CRITERIA IN BUYING A COMPUTER
• Help you to buy a desktop on component by

component basis.
• As desktops are highly customizable, so it is
better to learn about main parts and then go to
manufacturer or retailer shop or site instead of
looking at some specific model directly.
• Compare the desktops based on their
specifications (criteria) and base price.
Monitor
Size - It is the diagonal size of the LCD screen. Larger
the area, bigger the picture screen.
• A bigger picture is preferable for movie watching and
gaming.
Resolution - This is the number of pixels on the screen.
• High resolution provides better picture quality and a
nice gaming experience.
Inputs - Now-a-days monitors can accept inputs from
cable as well apart from computer.
• They also can have USB ports.
Stand - Some monitors come with adjustable stands
while some may not.
Recommended - 24 Inch LCD.
Operating System
• The main software of the computer as everything will
run on it in one form or other.
• There are primarily three choices : Windows, Linux,
Apple OS X.
Linux is free but people generally do not use it for
home purpose.
Apple OS X works only on Apple Desktops.
Windows 7 is very popular among desktop users.
• Most of the computers come pre-equipped with
Windows 7 Starter edition.
Windows 8 is recently introduced and is available in
market.
Windows 7 and Windows 8 come in multiple versions
from starter, home basic, home premium,
professional, ultimate and enterprise editions.
• As edition version increases, their features list and
price increases.
Recommended - Windows 7 Home Premium.
Optical Drive CD/DVD/Blu − ray
• Is the drive on a computer which is responsible for
using CD, DVD and Blu-ray discs.
• Now-a-days, DVD burners are industry standards.
• DVD Burner can burn CD, DVD and play them.
• DVD Burner is cheaper than Blu-ray drives.
• Blu-ray drives can play HD movies but are costlier
component.
• Recommended - DVD Burner.
Memory
• RAM is considered as Computer Memory as performance
of a computer is directly proportional to its memory and
processor.
• Today's software and operating system require high
memory.
• Today commonly used RAM is DDR3 which operates at
1066Mhz As per Windows 7, 1 GB is the minimum RAM
required to function properly.
Recommended - 4 GB.
Hard Drive
• Is used for storage purpose. Higher the capacity, more
data you can save in it.
• Now-a-days computers are equipped with 500GB hard
drive which can be extended to 2TB.
• Most hard drives in desktop operate at the standard
performance speed of 7200RPM.
Recommended - 500GB.
CPU
• Frequency GHz - This determines speed of the processor.
More the speed, better the CPU.
• Cores - Now-a-days CPUs come with more than one
core, which is like having more than one CPU in the
computer. Programs which can take advantage of multi-
core environment will run faster on such machines.

• Brand - Intel or AMD. Both are equivalent. Intel
is in lead.
• Cache - Higher the L1, L2 cache, better the CPU
performance
• Recommended - Intel Core i3, 3.30 GHz
Processor.

Asssigmnet 1
1. What is Internet ?
2. List and explain application of internet ?
3. Write advantage and disadvantage of internet
4. What is computer security ?
5. List and explain security threats with its
procedure.
6. Explain counter measure of computer security.

Chapter 3 The Internet

What is the Internet?
What is Network?
Network is defined to be an interconnected
collection of autonomous computers Types of
network: LAN, WAN, … ….
Intranet is an internal communications system that
uses the technology and standards of the Internet
but is accessible only to people within the
organization
Extranet is external communications system that
uses the Internet and is shared by two or more
organizations
Internet: is a computer network made up of
thousands of networks on the world wide. Can be
defined as a collection of interconnected
networks
Cont….
The popular term for the Internet is the
“Information Highway”.
No governing body is in control
The internet backbone through which internet
traffic flows is owned by private companies.
All computers on the internet communicate
with one another using the TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol)
Advantages of the Internet
 Send and receive massages all over the world
 Cheap communication
 Participate in discussion group
 Find and access information
 Retrieve files: access files that contain programs,
images, music and other
 Banking and shopping
Disadvantages of the Internet
• Theft of personal details While using
• The spread of Viruses
• Addiction
• Isolation from society
• Pornography and other illegal sites which are
unnecessary
Some Terms on Internet:
• Web page: a single web document seen in a browser
window at one time Can contain text, pictures, music,
videos, …
• Browser: a software helps to view a web page. e.g.
Mozilla fire fox, internet explorer, Google chrome, …
Website: or shortly a site is a collection of web pages
relating to a common theme.
• Homepage: one of the starting website, introductory or
welcome page for a web site.
• Link/Hyper Link: a part of a web page that can be clicked
to get related another webpage.
• Usually in different color and/or underlined

Cont….
• HTML: Hyper Text Markup Language Is a
language that all webpages are written.
• URL: Uniform Resource Locator The address
of a web page e.g. http://www.google.com
• Web Server: a computer which holds a
number of web webpages, and serves them to
other computers.

• Post: sending a message for discussion forum
• FAQ: stands for frequently asked question
• Remote: not on your own computer Or on a network
directly connected with yours through internet in
somewhere
• Local: on your own computer
• Internet Service Provider (ISP): – A commercial
organization with permanent connection to the Internet
that sells temporary connections to subscribers.
Examples: – ETC (Ethio Telecom), America Online,
Microsoft network, AT&T Networks.

Cont….
• Download: copying a file from a remote
computer to your computer
• Upload: transferring a file from your computer
to remote computer
• E-anything- e.g. E-learning, E-commerce, E-
mail, …

Accessing the Internet
• Modem connection
• Web browser
• Navigate through the web address (URLs)
• Searching the web: through search engine
• Search engine: is a computer programs which helps us to
find a required information. e.g. Google
• Use key words to search
Addresses on the Web: IP Address
• Select a related link from the result
• Each computer on the internet does have a unique
identification number, called an IP (Internet Protocol)
address.
• The IP addressing system currently in use on the Internet
uses a four-part number.
• Each part of the address is a number ranging from 0 to 255,
and each part is separated from the previous part by
period, For example, 106.29.242.17
Uniform Resource Locators
• The IP address and the domain name each identify a
particular computer on the Internet.
• However, they do not indicate where a Web page’s HTML
document resides on that computer.
• To identify a Web pages exact location, Web browsers rely on
Uniform Resource Locator (URL).

How to find Information on the Web?
• A number of search tools have been developed and

available to you on certain Web sites that provide search
services to help you find information. • Examples:
• Yahoo www.yahoo.com
• Excite www.excite.com
• Lycos www.lycos.com
• AltaVista www.alta-vista.com
• MSN Web Search www.search.msn.com

Information on the Web cont.
You can find information by two basic means.
Search by Topic and Search by keywords.
Some search services offer both methods,
others only one.
• Yahoo offers both. Search by Topic You can
navigate through topic lists
Search by keywords You can navigate by
entering a keyword or phase into a search text
box.

Chapter 4 Windows Operating System
• Introduction
What is software?
Software:- is a set of instruction which tells the computer
what to do ,how to do and when to do it. Generally
software is classified into two
1. Application software:- allows a user to accomplish one
or more specific tasks. example. MS-office, Game,
business software, educational software.
2. System software:-includes the computer’s basic
operating system. The term also usually covers any
software used to manage the computer and the network
.
What is an Operating System?
An operating system is system software that
allows you to use a computer. It controls
operations of the computer. Without an
operating system, the computer can not
perform even simple tasks. Based on the way
users interact with the computer, operating
system is categorized into:-
1. Command Line Interface(CLI)
2. Graphical User Interface(GUI)

• Opening and Closing Computer
Major Parts of the Windows Screen
After the window is opened, you will get screen which
contains icons and shortcut for different program.
Some of them are:-
Desktop:- is the large background area of the windows
screen.
My computer:- lets you see everything on your computer.
It shows you the contents of your floppy disk, hard disk,
CD, and network drives.
My document:- is a special folders that provides a
convenient place to store and quickly access files and
documents you create on your computer.
My Network Place:-lists and access to computer on your
network if your computer is connected to a network.
Cont…
Recycle Bin:-When you delete files, windows puts them in the
Recycle Bin. They will stay there until you empty the
Recycle Bin.
• Taskbar:- usually appears at the bottom of your screen and
contains the start button, which you use to start your
programs. Whenever you open a program, document, or
windows, an icon for that program appears on the taskbar.
• Start Button:- lets you quickly open your programs and
documents. You can also use the start button to find and
change the setting for windows.
• Quick launch Toolbar:- gives you quick access to the
programs you use most often.

The END
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Teaching Learning Core Process

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• Digital computer is electronic devices that

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• Analog computer is electronic devices that

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• Hybrid computers are devices that incorporate

• General Purpose computers

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• Designed for specific functions such as early

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• A computer system has two main parts namely

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• Some of input devices are mouse, keyboard,

• The keyboard is still the most common way of

• A scanner allows you to scan printed material and

• A touch pad is a desktop device and responds

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• Many games require a joystick for the proper

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• Output devices are peripheral devices through

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• Traditional computer monitors are based on

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• is a computer peripheral device that produces a

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• A plotter is an output device similar to a

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The CPU has two major functions:

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• It is type of main memory used to store

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• Typically reside inside the computer (although

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• CDs (Compact discs) hold 700MB of data (equivalent to 80 minutes

• DVDs (Digital video discs) have a considerably higher storage

• DVDs storage capacity exists in different standards. A single sided,